CA1253896A

CA1253896A - Pedestrian, vehicular or sports playing surfaces and underlays/shock pads

Info

Publication number: CA1253896A
Application number: CA000489360A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Peter L.K. Dury
Original assignee: NOTTINGHAMSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL
Current assignee: NOTTINGHAMSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL
Priority date: 1984-08-25
Filing date: 1985-08-23
Publication date: 1989-05-09
Also published as: EP0174755A1; EP0174755B1; NZ213237A; ES546393A0; ES8702970A1; DE3573815D1

Abstract

ABSTRACT
PEDESTRIAN, VEHICULAR, OR SPORTS PLAYING SURFACES AND
UNDERLAYS/SHOCK PADS
An artificial turf or underlay/shock pad for an artificial turf or similar surface is prepared using as one layer an open fibrous structure made of synthetic material having vertical, horizontal and angularly inclined fibres the open fibrous structure being filled with a particulate material such as sand or soil to produce a composite structure having a desired compressibility. The open fibrous structure enables the particles to move with the fibres when pressure is applied in almost any direction and to "spring" back again. The composite open fibrous structure is therefore suitable either as an underlay for an articifial turf of conventional design or as an artificial surface on its own. When used as an artificial surface laid on soil natural grass may be seeded into the particulate material and is able to grow through the base of the open fibrous structure to root into the soil.

Description

~LZ~ 89~i PEDESTRIAN, VEHICULAR, OR SPORTS PLAYING SURFACES AND
~ UNDE~LAYS/SHOCK PADS
', This invention relates to a method of forming a j pedestrian, vehicular or sports playing surEace or ¦ underlay/shock pad.
The present invention relates to sports playing surfaces for use in the playing of athletic games such as tennis courts, football fields etc. Such surfaces may also be used for pedestrian pathways and vehicular ~ pathways.
i Artificial grass surfaces are well known and comprise a grass-like carpeting laid upon a suitably prepared surface such as soil or sand. The grass-li~e ; carpeting may be filled with soil or other particulate material to improve or alter its playing charac-teristics.
Examples of this type of construction are shown in U.S.
15 Patent Nos. 4,337,283 and 4,396,653.
The present invention relates to an improvement in the above known surfaces wherein a controlled amoun~ of resiliency can be provided and wherein the quality of the surface is improved.
~he invention relates to the provision of a layer which may either form the top surface of an artificial turf or may be used as an intermediate underlay/shock pad layer. The layer comprises an open fibrous structure having verticall horizontal and angular fibres made from synthetic material the open spaces then being filled with a particulate material selected to provide a desired characteristic for example a desired ball bounce height for a particular type of ball.
The use of a fibrous structure which is preEerably provided by needle punching through a flat sheet of wadding material, produces a structure which has resilience in many directions. Thereby when used as a surface with a suitable filler such as sand or fine soil ~2~3~39~

-2-the surface has better qualities than the conventional artificial turf of vertical pile formation.
Accordingly the present invention provides a method of forming a pedestrian, vehicular or sports playing surface or underlay/shock pad comprises providing a layer of an open fibrous synthetic material, and distributing a particulate material throughout the ~ibrous material so that the compressibility of the fibrous material is reduced The particulate material is preferably a fine aggregate material such as sand or soil, or a synthetic particulate material, for example o~ plastics or rubber.
Peat or other organic growth-supporting materials may also be used. The particles applied are suitably sized ~5 at 0.125 to 3 mm for rubber or the like and 0.125 to 5 mm for sand, which is most suitably of rounded grains, although for certain applications, such as cricket pitches and vehicular surfaces, angular particles are preferable. For soil, the minimum particle size will be substantially smaller than 0.125 mm. A combination of filler particles may be used, for example rubber particles and sand in distinct layers, or even uniformly mixed to achieve the desired characteristics of ball bounce, for example, in a sports playing surface.
The fibrous material is preferably a polyester or polypropylene fibre wadding formed by distributing fibres randomly in a layer and then needle-punching the layer to bind the fibres together, followed by at least one further needling operation in which fibres are pushed 30 through the layer so as to extend from one face thereof, while remaining anchored at one end in the layer. The wadding resulting from such an operation may thus have initially 50% to 75% of the fibres vertical or substantially vertical, some fibres extending obliquely, 35 and the remainder horizontal or substantially horizontal.

~i3~

The horizontal or near-horizontal fibres may form a layer at one face of the wadding, giving a pile carpet-like structure on the opposite face. The initial air space in the wadding represents about 35% to 80~ by volume of the wadding. A suitable wadding can be formed from a mixture of fibres, comprising 10% to 30% of 10 to 30 denier fibres, for example polypropylene, and the balance of about 100 to lSO denier fibres. Fibres in excess of 150 denier in particular in the range 150 to 300 denier may be desirable for specific surfaces but there are difficulties in needle punching as the fibre weight increases which make it difficult to produce a good open fibrous structure. Fibres in the intermediate range 30 to lOO denier may be used in substitution for or in mixture with the other fibre ranges.
The thickness of the wadding is preferably 4 mm to 37 mm, more preferably at least 12.5 mm, and the density is preferably from 0.25 to 1.2 kgm 2 for an 18 mm thick wadding. The wadding may contain some resin as a binder.
A further material may be placed on top of the filled wadding, for example a synthetic turf material, but the surface may be usable without any additional materials.
Alternatively, the fibrous material, when covered with another surface material, may be a tufted carpet material formed from synthetic materials such as polypropylene or polyester fibres or strips.
One aspect of the invention provides a method which further comprises introducing grass seed into a particulate growth medium within the wadding so that grass may be cultivated therein. Although it is known to use plastics reinforcing meshes and the like to reinforce a turf surface, many of these systems result in the growth nodes of the grass lying on the surface, where they are more readily damaged. With the method of -this ~ 2~

aspect of the present invention, the growth nodes are within the surface and, as these and part of the aerial growth are protected by the filled wadding, a more durable turf may be formed This method may be adapted to produce turf to be laid at another location. The wadding with growth medium filler is laid on a suitably drained, ¦ but preferably non-growth supporting surface, e.g. of I concrete, and when the grass has grown to the desired ¦ density the resultant turf can be rolled up for I 10 transport.
In a preferred method of preparing a mixed natural and synthetic turf, or a reinforced material turf~ the area to be turfed is excavated to a depth of, for example, 45 to 100 mm below the desired surface level. A
lining of water-permeable membrane, for example formed I from needle-punched, resin-bonded, synthetic fibres, is ¦ placed in the excavation, and a layer of sand 25 to 80 mm ¦ thick is introduced. Wadding approximately 18 mm thick ¦ is laid on to the sand and a soil-or peat~based particulate growth medium or sand is introduced into the wadding and seeded with grass seed. With suitable feeding and watering, a strong reinforced turf surface can be produced, which is suitable for use as a hard-wearing sports surface.
The method of the invention is simple and economical and provides a stable surface suitable for a variety of uses such as footpaths, roads, especially temporary roads, sports playing surfaces and decorative turf areas in locations susceptible to erosion or instability. The surface formed by the method of the invention may also be used to provide a sports playing surface of predetermined playing characteristics, such as ball bounce, the characteristics being chosen by varying the position of the layer of wadding in the structure of the surface, and the particulate material used to fill the wadding.

~ ~ 3~g~i Another aspect of the invention provides a pile carpet, preferably comprising bonded needle-punched synthetic fibres with a bonded backing layer, and resilient particles, e.g.,of rubber, introduced into the fibre pile of the carpet.
It has been found that such a carpet is cheap to manufacture and has an extended life in comparison with conventional carpets, particluarly in use as a sports playing surface where spiked shoes are used. In such circumstances, a further advantage of the carpet in accordance with the invention is that it gives rise to less drag on the spikes than conventional surfaces formed from bonded rubber particles and may permit a runner to achieve a greater speed, for example.
Reference is made to the drawings, in which:-Figure 1 shows a section through a surface constructed by a method according to one embodiment of the invention;
Figure 2 shows a section through a playing surface 20 according to another aspect of the invention;
Figure 3 shows a section through a surface in which the open fibrous layer is used as an underlay/shock pad with an artificial turf layer on top;
Figure 4 shows a section through a further surface 25 in which the open fibrous layer is used as the top surface layer and in which natural grass is planted therein to form a composite structure; and Figure 5 shows a section through a similar structure to Figure 4 laid over a defined area in which a pit with 30 defined drainage is provided.
Referring to Figure l, on to a suitably prepared surface 1, which may be soil, sand, or even suitably drained concrete or tarmacadam, is laid a sheet 2 of polypropylene fibre wadding 18 mm thick and comprising 3s 20~ of lS denier fibres, with the balance of lO0 denier ~L2~i 3~3~3r~

fibres. The wadding is formed by needle-punching a random mat of the fibres to produce a smooth base layer 3 ~, of substantially hori~ontal fibres and an open layer ~ in which at least 60% of the fibres are vertical or substantially vertical.
A layer of rubber particles 5 sized from 0.25 to 0O75 mm is produced in the open layer 4 to approximately half the height thereof by sprinkling and/or brushing in ¦ such a manner as not to flatten the wadding significantly. A layer of sand 6, in the form of rounded ~ grains sized about 0.5 mm, is then introduced into the ¦ upper half o~ the open layer 4, to overlie the rubber particle layer 5.
The resulting structure can be used without further cover as a pedestrian surface or sports surface, but an ¦ artificial turf may be laid on top, if desired.
In an alternative construction, the layer of wadding ¦ is encl~sed, after filling with sand or rubber particles, ¦ in permeable membrane, for example a thin (1 mm) resin-bonded polyester fibre mat. This may form an envelope, in the manner disclosed and claimed in our published European Patent Application No. 93008.
Referring to Figure 2, a sports playing surface suitable for use as a running track surface, for example, is laid on a suitably prepared base 10 and comprises needle-punched polyester fibres in which a base layer has been formed by introducing on one side of the I needle-punched wadding a layer 11 of an adhesive, which `~ is then cured. The free fibres 12 upstanding from the base layer 1 are sprinkled with rubber particles 13 of a maximum particle dimension of about 0.25 to 0.75 millimetres, and the particles are introduced into the pile by brushing or rubbing. The rubber is suitably a synthetic rubber, and is applied at a density of about 0.5 to 2.5 kgm 2.

- ~2~3~g~i i The resultant playing surface of carpet loses no j resilience in the introduction of the rubber particles, and maintains its resilience throughout prolonged wear, ~ whereas an unfilled ca~pet of similar construction ¦ 5 becomes compressed and less resilient wit~ the same amount of wear.
Figure 3 represents a por~ion of a sports playing surface, for example a soccer pitch. ~ suitably-drained ~ base 30, for example a layer of sand, is prepared, and a I lO wadding 31 approximately 18 mm thick of a type hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 1, is ~ laid thereon. Sand 32 having rounded grains of maximum ! dimension up to 2 mm is introduced into the wadding until the wadding is filled to the height of the fibres therein. A conventional artificial turE 33 is then laid on top. The surface is relatively quick and inexpensive to construct, and provides a playing surface avourably comparable with a good quality, good condition, natural turf pitch in its playing characteristics.
Figure 4 shows the use of the wadding of the type hereinbefore described wi-th reference to Figure l in a mixed natural and synthetic playing surface. A bed 40 of said or soil or other growth medium is laid on a suitably-drained surface. The wadding 41 is laid on to the bed 40 and is filled with sand, soil or other particulate growth medium, and seeded The resulting grass plants 42 have their roots 43 within the bed 40, and are protected from damage by the wadding and its particulate filling. The grass is cut, watered and fed in conventional manner, and the surface can be spiked as necessary to maintain the drainage and structure of the turf.
Figure 5 illustrates a variation on the structure illustrated in Figure 4. An area of soil is first excavated to give a shallow pit 50, in the base of which ~2~3a~, drainage slits 51 are cut and filled with gravel or the like. If necessary, porous drainage pipes may be laid in the bases of the slits. The pit 50 is lined with a layer 52 of a water-permeable membrane, for example a non-woven synthetic fibre material, and then filled with sand 40.
The wadding 41 is laid and grass seeded in it in the manner hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 4.
The resulting surface is suitable for use as a soccer pitch, providing a hard-wearing low-maintenance grass turf.
A comparison of the ball-bounce characteristics of surfaces prepared in accordance with the invention may be made by a simple test, in which a cricket ball and a soccer ball are dropped from a predetermined height on to a surface, and the height of the first bounce is measured. Bounce heights are expressed as a percentage of the drop height. Firstly, by way of comparison only~
an envelope containing a layer of sand 37 mm thick was prepared in the manner described in our published European Patent Application No. 93008, on a concrete base.
Secondly, a 15 mm thick wadding, of the type described herein, having a weight of 1.1 kgm 2, and filled with sand, was used and thirdly, a 15 mm wadding filled with rubber particles was used.
The following table gives the bounce heights obtained for these surfaces.
TABLE: Comparison of bounce heights Type of System Soccer Ball "Victa" Cricket Ball 30 Concrete 50% to 60~ 36~ to 40%
Sand Envelope on concrete 33% to 40~ 10% to 12 Sand-filled wadding on 35 concrete 33% to 40% 10% to 12%
Rubber-filled wadding 42~ to 45~ 17~ to 20%

3~g~

It will be appreciated that, within the scope of the invention, surfaces can be produced having widely differing characteristics and tnese surfaces may be selected and combined according to the desired use.
5The weight per square metre of the open fibrous structure may be extremely light, for e~ampls as low as 250 grms for a 12 mm thick layer. The structure is therefore not on its own suitable for articifial turf or as an underlay/shock pad and it is only when fLlled with the particulate material that the desired characteristics are obtained.
When used as a top surface with natural grass as shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5 the particulate material is selected such that the temperature at the grass root nodes is reduced from the surface temperature during periods of sunshine such that the nodes are not destroyed. It is therefore particularly important to ensure that the selection of particulate material and the depth of the fibrous layer are such that the root nodes are protected from excess temperatures. For geographical areas where high temperatures are expected the minimum depth for the open fibrous layer must be at least 15 mm to protect the grass nodes.

Claims

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed, are defined as follows:

1. A method of forming a structure for a pedestrian vehicular or sports playing surface comprising the steps of providing a structure which includes a layer of an open fibrous synthetic material in which the open fibrous synthetic material is formed from needle punching, in which the open fibrous synthetic material comprises a plurality of individual fibres, with open spaces therebetween, in which at least a substantial proportion of the fibres are substantially oriented vertically throughout the layer, in which a proportion of the fibres are oriented in an angular direction throughout the layer, in which a further proportion of the fibres are oriented for a proportion of their length in a vertical manner and are then bent over to be oriented for at least a further portion of their length in a substantially horizontal direction parallel to the plane of the layer to thereby cross behind at least one of the vertical fibres, in which a still further proportion of the fibres are oriented for a proportion of their length in an angular direction and are then bent over to be oriented for at least a further portion of their length in a substantially horizontal direction parallel to the plane of the layer to thereby cross behind at least one of the vertical fibres, spreading on the upper surface of said layer a particulate material gradually working said particulate material into the open fibrous synthetic material in such a manner that the structure of the open fibrous synthetic material is not substantially changed such that the particulate material substantially fills the open spaces between the fibres, in which the particulate material is constrained from any substantial movement by the fibres and in which the horizontal portions of the fibres are responsive in combination with the vertical and angular fibres and the particulate material to resist sideways movement of the particulate material.

2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the particulate material is at least one particulate material selected from sand, soil, particles of rubber, particles of a plastics material and peat.

3. A method according to claim 2, characterized in that the sand is sized at 0.125 to 5 mm, the particles of rubber are sized at 0.125 to 3 mm, and the minimum size of soil particles is substantially smaller than 0.125 mm.

4. A method according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterised in that the fibrous material is a needle-punched wadding formed from synthetic fibres.

5. A method according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterised in that the fibrous material is a needle-punched wadding formed from synthetic fibres and the wadding has vertical, horizontal and angular fibres, 50% to 75% of the fibres being vertical or substantially vertical.

6. A method according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterised in that the thickness of the layer of fibrous material is 4 mm to 37 mm.

7. A method according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterised in that the said thickness of the layer of fibrous material is at least 12.5 mm.

8. A method according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the particulate material is a growth medium, characterised by cultivating grass or the like in said layer.

9. A method of forming a pedestrian vehicular or sports playing surface including preparation of a first surface permeable to water, characterised in that a first layer of an open fibrous synthetic material the open fibrous material being formed from needle punching, in which the open fibrous synthetic material comprises a plurality of individual fibres, with open spaces therebetween, in which at least a substantial proportion of the fibres are substantially oriented vertically throughout the layer, in which a proportion of the fibres are oriented in an angular direction throughout the layer, in which a further proportion of the fibres are oriented for a proportion of their length in a vertical manner and are then bent over to be oriented for a least a further portion of their length in a substantially horizontal direction parallel to the plane of the layer to thereby cross behind at least one of the vertical fibres, in which a still further proportion of the fibres are oriented for a proportion of their length in an angular direction and are then bent over to be oriented for at least a further portion of their length in a substantially horizontal direction parallel to the plane of the layer to thereby cross behind at least one of the vertical fibres, the first layer being laid on top of the first surface, the open fibrous synthetic material being subsequently substantially completely filled with a particulate material to form a composite layer the particulate material being selected to produce a desired compressibility of the composite layer, and in which a second layer comprising a sheet of artificial turf material is laid on top of the composite layer.

10. A method of forming a pedestrian, vehicular or sports playing surface comprising a mixture of artificial and natural grass including preparation of a first surface permeable to water characterised in that a layer of an open fibrous synthetic material the open fibrous material being formed from needle punching, in which the open fibrous synthetic material comprises a plurality of individual fibres, with open spaces therebetween, in which at least a substantial proportion of the fibres are substantially oriented vertically throughout the layer, in which a proportion of the fibres are oriented in an angular direction throughout the layer, in which a further proportion of the fibres are oriented for a proportion of their length in a vertical manner and are then bent over to be oriented for at least a further portion of their length in a substantially horizontal direction parallel to the plane of the layer to thereby cross behind at least one of the vertical fibres, in which a still further proportion of the fibres are oriented for a proportion of their length in an angular direction and are then bent over to be oriented for at least a further portion of their length in a substantially horizontal direction parallel to the plane of the layer to thereby cross behind at least one of the vertical fibres, the layer being laid on top of the first surface the open fibrous material being subsequently substantially completely filled with a particulate material to form a composite layer, and in that grass seed is planted into or included within the particulate material, the sheet of open fibrous material being formed such that the grass when grown has roots which pass through the fibrous material into the first surface.