CA1232663A - Instant speaker algorithm for digital conference bridge - Google Patents

Abstract

INSTANT SPEAKER ALGORITHM FOR
DIGITAL CONFERENCE BRIDGE

ABSTRACT

Digital conference bridge for use with a plurality of telephones (#1 ...#n) and arranged whereby in accordance with predetermined output conditions from the telephones, as existing from time to time during use of the telephones for communication therebetween, the output signal from one telephone is directed to the remainder of the tele-phones and the output signals of the remainder are suppressed. The bridge generates products xn.gn and xi.gi where xn and xi are instantaneous magnitudes of samples of all of the signals and of the selected signal respectively, and gn and gi are predetermined gain factors for all of the signals and for the selected signal respect-ively. A register storing the value of "i", designating the presently selected telephone, is updated by a circuit including comparators connected to a gate whereby to surplant a selection of an existing value of "i"
by anew value under the following conditions:-xn.gn > xi.gi; and xn.gn > T.gn.
One of the comparators is arranyed to compare the last held values xi.gi as stored in a register with the incoming products xn.gn, to determine whether the first of these conditions prevails and the second com-parator is arranged to compare the incoming product xn.gn with the product T.gn to determine whethcr the second of these conditions prevails. The value "T"
represents a threshold value stored in the threshold register. The bridge is arranged to replace a threshold "T" as stored in the threshold register by a new value equal to xi.gi in the event that a product xi.gi should exceed the existing value of "T". The bridge is also arranged to decrement the threshold value "T" by a pre-determined amount in the event that the threshold value "T" should exceed one or a plurality of successive products xi.gi.

Description

i6 BACKGROUND OF THE IN~ENTION
eld of the Invention This in~ention relates to a conference bridge.
(ii~ Pxior Art .
Difficulties arise in communications networkst such as telephone networks, designed to permit multiple interconnections between a number of csmmunications devices, such as where a number of telephones are to be interconnected or the purpose of permitting users to conduct a conference during which each speaker may speak 10 and be heard as the occasion requires. In principle, without consideration of practical transmission performance limitations, if the telephones are analogue devices with ~wo wire links therebetween, it is possible to interconnect a number of telephones for conference 15 type calls provided the interconnection routes between the telephones are also two wire links. Where, howeverr four wire links are employed, such as where the signals are digitally encoded at some point in the communica~ions circuit, an equivalent technique of 20 direct multiple interconnection is not possible and arrangements must be made for switching the incoming and outgoing signals from each telephone in such a fashion 26~3 as to direct the signals between telephones in a way which will permit intelligibl.e communication. To separate incoming and outgoing signals from each two wire telephone link, a hybrid is used to convert two wire to four wire links. It is known to digitise the outgoing signals from each of the telephones and, hy using a suitable switch, to block outgoing calls from all but one selected one of the telephones from reaching the remainder whilst directi.ng the outgoing signal from the selected telephone to the remainder. Various means have been proposed to control such a switch. United States patents 3,958,084 and 3,947,639 describe an arrangement in which the determination of which telephone is to be selected for the time being as providing the outcoming signal to the remaining telephones is made in accordance with a comparison of the instantaneous magnitude of the signal from the last selected telephone with the magnitude of signals from the remaining telephones and operating to replace the prevailing selection by another in the event that certain conditions are fulfilled. More particularly, the conditions are if the instantaneous magnitude of a non-selected signal is greater than the corresponding instantaneous magnitude of the signal from the pre-vailing selection, and if that greater instantaneous magnitude is also greater than a predetermined threshold value. In the arrangement of these patents, an arrangement is provided for varying the threshold under certain conditions. More particularly, the thresho]d is determined as representing peak amplitudes of the signal from the selected telephone but, manipulation is made to ~3~ ii3 decrea~e the thxeshold stepwise in the event that fresh samples of the selected signal fall below the preceding threshold. Thus, in the event that the selected signal outp~t should fail to reach the threshold level for a succession of sampling intervals, the threshold will eventually reach a zero state unless supplanted by a threshold derived from a supplanting signal. This has the effect that it is relatively more difficult for a selected signal to be supplanted where other of the 10 signals are of larger magnitude but are possible echoes in their local hybrids, whilst still permitting a relatively free transition to another selected signal in the case where the earlier selected signal has, say, fallen to zero for an acceptable interval.
A difficulty arises, however, in implementing devices as described above, called conference bridges, in that the signal levels from each of the telephones may not reach the bridge with equal signal levels for equal sound input to the respective telephones. This 20 phenomena arises, for example, where there are differences in the links interconnecting the telephones with the bridge such as due to different line lengths or line characteristics. In this case, it will be seen that unless adjustments are made to the signal levels, 25 improper operation may occur since a signal from a particular telephone which exhibits, naturally, a greater signal level than those from other telephones would tend to tak precedence even where this was not desired.
An object of ~he present invention is to at least in part alleviate the above mentioned difficulty.

~L232~;63 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TEIE INVENTION
.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention there is provided a diyital conference bridge whereby outp~k signals from a plurality of com~unications davices can be controlled whereby the output signal from a selected one of the devices is directed to the remainder, the signal for the time being so selected being determined by selection means incorporated into said bridge and receiving time spaced digitised sa~ples at least representing said signals, characterised in that said selection means comprises first generating means for generating the products xn. gn, xi. gi where Xn and xi are instantaneous magnitudes of the samples of all of the signals, and of the selected signal respec~ively and gn and gi are predetermined gain factors for all of the signals and fox the selected signal respectively; first store means for storing a threshold value "T"; first compaxator means for comparing the proaucts XD . gn with the product xi.gi;
switch means for routing the selected signal to each non-selected communications device; and control means responsive to the conditions xn.gn > xi.gi and xn.gn>
T.gn to control said switch means to supplant a selection of an existing said signal with a newly selected signal in accordance with that one of the previously non-selected signals which meets said conditions~
In this arrangement, the selection means may further include updating means for updating said first store means, including a second comparator means for comparing a presently stored threshold value T in said ~3~i63 threshold register with products xi.gi and means for supplanting the existing threshold value by a new value equal to xi gi in the event that a product xi.gi should exceed the existing threshold value, said updating means further including decrementing means coupled to said comparator for decrementing said threshold value T by a predetermined amoun~ in the event that the threshold value T should exceed one or a plurality of successive~
products xi.gi.
1o BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIh~S OF THE
ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS
The invention is further described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a diagram showing the interconnection of telephones in a conferencing network, through encoding devices to buffers;
Figure 2 is a diagram of part of a conference bridge constructed in accordance with the invention; and Figure 3 is a circuit diagram of a further part of a conference bridge constructed in accordance with the inventionO
DETAILED DESCRIPTION:
-Figure 1 shows a telephone hook-up arrangement intended to be used in conjunction with a conference bridge constructed in accordance with the invention.
In Figure 1, two telephones designated #1 and #n as shown, being the first and nth respectively of a series of such telephones, the intervening members of the series of telephones being omitted for clarity. Each ~L~3~63 telephone #l through #n is connected to a respective hybrid 20. Each hybrid 20 has an input-output port coupled by a two wire link 22 to a respective telephone, an outgoing port coupled t~ an outgoing line 24 for directing outgoing signal on line 22 from the hybrid and an incoming port connected to an incoming signal line 26 for receiving incoming signal and directing it from the hybrid to the line 22. Lines 24~ 26 associated with a hybrid 20 are connected to a respective digital encoder/decoder device 28. Devices 28 operate at a high sampling rate such as 8 Khz. The devices 28 are in turn connected to respective PCM highways 30, 32, Highway 30 in use carries thereon pulse-code modulated time-division multiplexed signals from the encoders/decoder devices 28 and connects to a serial to parallel buffer 34 via a gain control device 37. Highway 32 in use receives time division multiplexed pulse-code modulated signals from a parallel to serial buffer 36 for direction to the encoder/coder device 23. As in 20 accordance with conventional practice in pulse-code modulated time-division multi-plexed communications arrangements, the coder/decoder device 28 operate to generate digitised signals from the respective telephones 18 and hybrids 20 and to appropriately ~5 position them in successive time windows forming~ for each set of windows corresponding to a set of digitised signals a respective time frame, for data transmission on the highway 30 and likewise to receive and decode the respective correspondingly positioned signals on highway 30 32,to direct signals to appropriate ones of the hybrids 20 and telephones 13.

-;3 The gain control device 37 is operative to multiply digitised samples signal Xn, corresponding to respective ones of the telephones 18 by predetermined gain factors gn the gain factor being capable of being different for each signal xn. The device may comprise a digital multiplier suitably programmed and capable of being programmed in a predetermined fashion such that, for constant sound levels at each telephone 18 as pxovided by a speaker thereat, products xn.gn will be the same for signals derived from each of the telephones 18. There will of course be a set of products xn.gn for each set of digitised sample signals from the telephones 18.
The buffers 34, 36 and the device 37 form part of conference bridge, which bridge includes further components as shown in Figures 2 and 3.
Figure 2 shows a register 40 for storing a product Xi gi this corresponding to a predetermined one of the set of products xn.gn. Register 40 is updated each time 20 a new set of signals representing products xn.gn is received, the signal "i~ selected to have the product xn.gn corresponding thereto s~orea being determined in accordance with the particular telephone 18 which is for the time being selected as one from which output signal is to be directed to all of the remaining telephones.
Thus, for example, if telephone ~3 is ~o be so selected n i~ will have the value 3.
The value of n i~ for the preceding set of products xn.gn i~ stored in a register 60. ~hen the new set of 30 products xn.gn is received, it is the product xi.gi from that set which is stored in register 40/ where the value ~3~3 of "i" is that prevailing from the selection made from the preceding set of products.
The now stored value xi.gi in register 40 is applied to one input of a comparator 42 the other input of which comparator receives the signals representing products xn.gn. Comparator 42 is operable to compare, for each set of products xn.g~, the now skored product xi.gi in store 40 with the current set of products xn.gn. The comparator 42 has its output connected to an AND gate 44.
Figure 2 also shows a threshold register 48 having a stored threshold value "T" therein. Register 48 is connected to a gain adjusting device 50,~ such as a gain look-up table) and the output therefrom is connected to one input of a second comparator 52. The other output of comparator 52 receives the products xn.gn.
Comparator 52 operates to compare the product T.gn and xn.gn wh~re T is the stored value in the register 48.
Output ~rom comparator 52 is coupled to AND gate 44.
In the event that output from comparator 42 should be indicative of the condition that a product xn.gn is greater than a product xi.gi stored in register 40 the output of the comparator 42 will be enabled. Similarly, the outpu~ of comparator 52 will be enabled in the event that the product xn.gn is greater than the product T~gi derived from the threshold register and gain look-up table 50.
In the event ~hat output of both of the comparators 42 and 52 should be enabled, the ou~put fxom gate 44 is enabled~ Gate 44 has its output oonnected to a register 60 for storing the value of "i", the identification of the particular telephone for the time being to be the telephone from which signal i5 to be directed to the remaining telephones. Enabling of the output of gate 44 causes updating of the regis~er 60 to record the identity of "in derived from the corresponding set of products xn.gn Register 60 is able to identify the selected telephone on the basis that the enabling of the output of gate 44 will occur at a time period during the relevant PCM fra~e indicative of a particular telephone.
Register 40 is coupled to register 60 so that register 40 can be conditioned for each time frame to store the selected product xi.gi as before described. The whole of the described updating function in resp~ct of register 60 may be effected under control of microprocessor 65, which microprocessor may also be employed for outputting of the products xn.gn to the circui, of Figuxe 2.
The actual switching of signal as between tel~phones 18, once "i" has been identified, is effected

2~ by a microprocessor 65 which is coupled to the register 60 and which i~ also coupled to the buffers 34, 36 which act as controllable switches for directing the signal from the ~elephone identified in accordanoe with the last selection of "i" to the remaining telephone. More par~icularly, the microprocessor 65 is coupled to a bus 80 to which the buff~rs 34, 36 are likewise connected, for the transfer of signals between buffers under control of the microprocessor.
In Figure 3, which shows a further part of the bridge, the means for updating the register 48 is shown.
Here, the register 48 is shown connected to a tristate 2~3 78 which can be enabled to permit the value T stored in register 48 to be outputted as required to a data bus 80, which bus 80 communicates inter alia with device 50.
The register 40 is also shown, together with a comparator 66 which receives the output fxom the register 48 and from the register 40. Comparator 66 operates during each PCM time frame to compare the threshold value T stored in register 48 with the last stored product xi. gi in register 400 In the event that the stored threshold value T in register 48 ls equal to or less than the product xi.gi one output 66a of the comparator 66 is enabled. This output is connected to a tristate 70 and is arranged such that the tristate 70 is enabled in this condition. The tristate is coupled to the register 40 so that when enable~ it provides the product xi.gi ~from the register 40~ on an output line 70a therefrom to data bus 800 Bus 80 provides a connection to the microprocessor 65 which updates register 48 by substituting the so outputted product xi.gi for the previous threshold value T.
In the event that the pre~existing threshold T, exceeds the stored product xi gi, an output 66b of comparator 66 is enabled. This output is connected to one input of each of two AND gates 74 and 90. The other input of gate 74 is connected to the output of a counter 76. The other input of gate 90 is connected via an inverter 89 to the output of counter 76. The input of counter 76 is selectively couplable to threshold register 48 and to register 90 in a manner described 30 later. When a carry over of the contents of the counter 76 occurs the output from the counter is enabled and, on ~.æ3æ~3 simultaneous enabling of output 66b, gate 74 is Qnabled and gate 90 is disabled. Enabling of gate 74 disenables tristate 78 and enables a further tristate 64. Tristate 64 then provides a connection from the ou~put of register 48, through a table look-up device 51 to bus 80. Device 51 is constructed so as to operate on the digital signal applied thereto, representing the threshold value T stored in register 48, to decrement the value repxesented thereby ~such as by digi~al ~ln) so that a new~ lower, value threshold value T is generated.. By operation of the microprocessor 65, the new value is substituted for the previously existing value T in the register 48.
It is possible however that under the condition of lS enabling of output 66a of comparator 66, the counter 76 does not overflow~ In this case, gate 74 is disabled and gate 90 is enabled. Then, tristate 64 is disabled and tristate 78 is enabled allowing output from register 48 to reach bus 80. Microprocessor 85 in this case reads the threshold value stored in register 48, . directly, for transfer to bus 80. Thus, each time a new frame of PCM signals is processed, the threshold vallle held in register 48 will either be updated by replacing the value therein with a new value xi.gi repr~senting a 25 new, higher threshold or if the condition T < xi.g prevails, the existing threshold will either be maintained lif counter 76 has not overflowed~ or be reduced (if counter 76 overflows). The look-up table device 51 is preferably constructed, however, so that 30 decrementation of the threshold value does not occur once a zero value is reached.

12 ~3~3 The counter 76 is provided in view of the fact that the threshold value stored in register 48 will normally be a 7 bit A-law codad P~M signal, ancl if that were directly acted on to effect decrementation of the value S of ~T" in register 48, undesired steps in the decrementation of the threshold value in the register would occur. In use counter 76 is preloaded to a predetermined count less than its full capacity.
Outputs of tristates 81 and 82 are joined on a common input bus 84 to a look-up table 83. When output 66b is - enabled (i.e. when T > xigi), tristate 81 is enabled;
when output 66a is enabled (i.e. when T < xigi), tristate 82 is enabled. The counter 76 is preloaded with the output of look-up table 83 (which output is in that case conditioned in a predetermined manner in accordance with the value "T" stored in register 48) whenever output 66a is enabled (i.e. when T ~ xigi) or the counter overflows. The input of tristate 82 is connected to the register 40 and enabling of tristate 82 is effecti~e to increment the count in counter 76 in a manner proportional to the value xigi then stored in register 40. Thus the number of enablings of output 66b necessary to produce an overflow from the counter 76 is dependent upon the magnitude of the stored values in register 48 and in register 40. In this regard, the look up table 83 may be constructed so as to effect preloading of counter 76 with a value which is in some manner inversely proportiona~ to the value of "T"
presented thereto. Then, since the output of the counter is enabled only at the overflow condition, the time taken for a decrementation of the stored threshold i3 value to occur is correspondingly proportional to the magnitude of the stored threshold value. Similarly 7 each incrementation of the counter vi.a tristate 82 from register 40 may be made by a value in some manner inversely proportional to the respective xi.gi value presented to the look up table 83~
The operation of the bridge can be described by the following alogrithm written in Pascal:-i := Instant Speaker;
For n :- l to Number of conferees do If (Xn*Gn > Xi*Gi) AND (Xn*Gn > Threshold*Gn) ~hen i : = n; ~l) If Xi*Gi~ Threshold Then threshold := ABS
~Xi*Gi);
If Threshold ~ O Then Threshold : = Threshold - l;
For n := 1 to Number of conferees do If n <> i Then Yn := Xi*Gi;
Instant speaker ~

The described arrangement has been advanced merely by way of explanation and many modifications may be made thereto without departing from ~he spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims (9)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A digital conference bridge whereby output signals from a plurality of communications devices can be controlled whereby the output signal from a selected one of the devices is directed to the remainder, the signal for the time being so selected being determined by selection means incorporated into said bridge and receiving time spaced digitised samples at least representing said signals, characterised in that said selection means comprises first generating means for generating the products xn.gn, xi. gi where xn and xi are instantaneous magnitudes of the samples of all of the signals, and of the selected signal respectively and gn and gi are predetermined gain factors for all of the signals and for the selected signals first store means for storing a threshold value "T"; first comparator means for comparing the products xn. gn with the product xi.gi; switch means for routing the selected signal to each non-selected communications device; and control means responsive to the conditions xn.gn > xi.gi and xn.gn> T.gn to control said switch means to supplant a selection of an existing said signal with a newly selected signal in accordance with that one of the previously non-selected signals which meets said conditions.

2. A digital conference bridge as claimed in claim 1, including updating means for updating said first store means, said updating means including a second comparator means for comparing a presently stored threshold value T

in said first store means with products xi.gi and means for supplanting the existing threshold value by a new value equal to xi.gi in the event that a product xi.gi should exceed the existing threshold value/ said updating means further including decrementing means coupled to said second comparator means for decrementing said threshold value T by a predetermined amount in the event that the threshold value T should exceed one or a plurality of successive products xi.gi.

3. A digital conference bridge as claimed in claim 2 wherein said decrementing means is operated under control of a counter, means being provided for preloading the counter with a value at least derived from said threshold value T, and means being provided for incrementing the counter when the threshold value is found to exceed a product xigi whereby overflow of the counter occurs after one or a number of successive products xigi are exceeded by the threshold value T, said counter being coupled to means for modifying the threshold T stored in said first store means, on overflow of the counter.

4. A digital conference bridge as claimed in claim 19 claim 2 or claim 3 wherein said first generating means comprises a gain adjusting device coupled to receive said digitised signal samples.

5. A digital conference bridge as claimed in claim l wherein said control means includes a gain look up table having its input coupled to the output of the first store means for producing at the output of the gain look up table the product T.gn, a control comparator having inputs coupled respectively to receive the output of the gain look up table and to receive the products xn.gn, gate means having inputs coupled to receive the output of said first comparator means and said control comparator, the output of said first comparator means and said control comparator being enabled when respectively xn.gn > xi.gi and xn.gn > T.gn and said gate means being enabled when both of these outputs are enabled, but not otherwise, said gate means being coupled to an identification register to store a value "i" when the gate is enabled.

6. A digital conference bridge as claimed in claim 2 wherein said control means includes a gain look up table having its input coupled to the output of the first store means for producing at the output of the gain look up table the product T.gn, a control comparator having inputs coupled respectively to receive the output of the gain look up table and to receive the products xn.gn, gate means having inputs coupled to receive the output of said first comparator means and said control comparator, the output of said first comparator means and said control comparator being enabled when respectively xn.gn > xi.gi and xn.gn > T.gn and said gate means being enabled when both of these outputs are enabled, but not otherwise, said gate means being coupled to an identification register to store a value "i" when the gate is enabled.

7. A digital conference bridge as claimed in claim 3 wherein said control means includes a gain look up table having its input coupled to the output of the first store means for producing at the output of the gain look up table the product T.gn, a control comparator having inputs coupled respectively to receive the output of the gain look up table and to receive the products xn.gn, gate means having inputs coupled to receive the output of said first comparator means and said control comparator, the output of said first comparator means and said control comparator being enabled when respectively xn.gn > xi.gi and xn.gn > T.gn and said gate means being enabled when both of these outputs are enabled, but not otherwise, said gate means being coupled to an identification register to store a value "i" when the gate is enabled.

8. A digital conference bridge as claimed in claim 5, claim 6 or claim 7 wherein said switch means is in use conditioned by said control means to effect said routing of the selected signal in accordance with the value of "i" stored in the identification register.

9. A digital conference bridge as claimed in claim 5, claim 5 or claim 7 wherein said first generating means comprises a gain adjusting device coupled to receive said digitised signal samples.