CA1205642A - Marine structure constructing method - Google Patents
Marine structure constructing methodInfo
- Publication number
- CA1205642A CA1205642A CA000429442A CA429442A CA1205642A CA 1205642 A CA1205642 A CA 1205642A CA 000429442 A CA000429442 A CA 000429442A CA 429442 A CA429442 A CA 429442A CA 1205642 A CA1205642 A CA 1205642A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- side walls
- caisson
- longitudinal side
- pair
- seabed
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 for example Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
- E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
- E02B3/06—Moles; Piers; Quays; Quay walls; Groynes; Breakwaters ; Wave dissipating walls; Quay equipment
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D23/00—Caissons; Construction or placing of caissons
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D23/00—Caissons; Construction or placing of caissons
- E02D23/16—Jointing caissons to the foundation soil, specially to uneven foundation soil
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D27/00—Foundations as substructures
- E02D27/10—Deep foundations
- E02D27/18—Foundations formed by making use of caissons
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Revetment (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A marine structure is constructed by placing on seabed a topless r bottomless, hollow box-like caisson having a pair of longitudinal side walls each consisting of interconnected arch shells, a pair of straight lateral side walls connecting the longitudinal side walls and a footing extending along and outwardly from the bottom edge of each longitudinal side wall, and introducing concrete into the cavity of the caisson in staking rela-tion to the seabed, and further introducing sand and earth into the caisson cavity above the concrete layer.
A marine structure is constructed by placing on seabed a topless r bottomless, hollow box-like caisson having a pair of longitudinal side walls each consisting of interconnected arch shells, a pair of straight lateral side walls connecting the longitudinal side walls and a footing extending along and outwardly from the bottom edge of each longitudinal side wall, and introducing concrete into the cavity of the caisson in staking rela-tion to the seabed, and further introducing sand and earth into the caisson cavity above the concrete layer.
Description
~lLZ~564Z
This invention relates to marine structures, and moxe particularly, to a method of constructing a marine structure and an improved caisson.
Generally, marine structures for a breakwater, revetment, quay and the like are constructed by fabri-cating a bo-ttom-covered caisson on land, towing it on water to a selected site, and submerging it to rest on seabed. Since the caisson has a bottom cover, the entire area of seabed on which the caisson is placed must be properly leveled. Such a leveIing operation is quite difficult and inefficient because of submarine operations and the finished accuracy is very low. Particularly at sites having a great depth of water, where there is a strong tid~, and in muddy water, ground leveling opera-tions are very difficult and inhibit the overall construc-tion process.
Another construction method uses a caisson without a bottom cover. ~ottomless caissons are economic since their area of contact with seabed is small so that the area of seabed required to be leveled is less than that required for bottom-covered caissons. Even in the case of bottomless caissons, an area of the seabed must be leveled where it is irregular.
`~;
\
~2~56~2 Under these circumstances, it was proposed to use provisional supports as shown in Fig. 6 and as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Kokai No. 57-15727, for example. In this method, a limited area of seabed a on which provisional supports c are to rest is horiæontally leveled with little treatment on the outside seabed area.
A caisson d is placed on the provisional supports c on the leveled area and then filled with concrete at the bottom.
This method can reduce the area of seabed to be leveled, but has several disadvantages. Where the depth of water is large, it is not necessarily easy to accutately rest the caisson d on the provisional supports c. The provisional supports c are fabricated, transported, and submerged separately from the caisson d, adding to the cost of construc-tion. Since only two provisional supports are placed longitu-I s c~s~d dinal of the caisson, a great reaction rcsults in the provi-B sional supports when waves act on them immediately after placement. It is, therefore, required that the provisional supports be of great strength and the ground reaction be sufficient.
In addition to caissons having a rectangular cross section, caissons having a side wall consisting of a plurality of interconnected arcuate shells as shown in Fig. 5 are known in the art. Such aFcuate shell walls reduce the stress or bending moment exerted by external and internal forces due to their arch effect, considerably reducing the wall thick-ness or the material required with an economic benefit. In ~ILæ~56~2 installing such an arcuate shell caisson on seabed using pro-visional supports as described above, calculation must be made on the assumption that the width of the caisson is an internal width s' rather than an external width s as shown in Fig. 5. This is disadvantageous in view of stability calculation because of increased ground reaction, and thus uneconomlc.
The present invention provides a method of con-structing a marine structure in which a caisson may be steadily installed on a m;n;m~l leveled area without the need for accurate placement of provisional supports on seabed.
The present invention also provides a method of construction a marine structure without the need for fabri-~ating and transporting provisional supports separately from a caisson body.
The present invention further provides an improved arcuate shell type caisson whose external width is an effective width in structural calculation.
The present invention again provides an improved arched shell type caisson which requires m;n;m; zed ground reaction when it is subjected to waves immediately after placement on seabed.
According to a first aspect of the present inven--tion, there is provided a method of constructing a marine structure, comprising the steps oE placing on the seabed a hollow caisson S6~Z
which is open at the top and bottom and has a pair of longi-tudinal side walls each consisting of at least one, and preferably, a plurality of curved shells, a pair of straight and lateral side walls connecting said longitudinal side walls and a footing extending outwardly from the bottom edge of each longitudinal side wall; and introducing a fillin~ into an interior cavity defined by the seabed and the hollow caisson. Preferably concrete is firs-t intro-duced into the interior cavity of the caisson to form a lower concrete layer in staking relation to the seabed, and ano-ther filling material, for example, sand and earth, stone, silt and cement, and industrial wastes is then in-troduced into the interior cavity above the concrete layer.
According to a second aspect of the present inven-tion, there is provided a box-like caisson for use in con-structing a marine structure, comprising a first pair of open top and bottom sides, a second pair of opposite longitudinal side walls each consisting of at least one, and preferably a plurality of curved shells, a thixd pair of opposite straight transverse side walls, and a pair of footings extending longitudinally and outwardly from the bottom edge of the longitudinal side walls.
The present invention will be more closely des-cribed in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which Fig. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the caisson according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 is an elevational view of a marine structure constructed on seabed according to the present invention;
' i6~2 Fig. 3 is a vertical cross section of the marine structure shown in Fig. 2;
Fig. ~ is a plan view of the caisson shown in Fig~ 1;
Fig. 5 is a plan view of a prior art caisson; and Fig. 6 is an illustration of a caisson placed on a provisional support according to a prior art method.
One preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described.
[A] Structure Referring to Figs. 1 - 4, a ho~low caisson 1 according to the present invention is illustrated in the form of a box-like caisson of concrete which is topless and bottomless or has a first pair of open top and bottom sides. The caisson 1 has a second pair of opposed longitudinal side walls 2 each consisting of a plurality of interconnected curved shells such as arcuate or arched shells, and a third pair of transverse straight side walls joining the longitudinal side walls at their ends. The caisson 1 is usually fabricated by integrating a plurality of arched shells into a shell side wall, and joining two shell side walls by straight side walls into a unit.
The above-described caisson is of a well-known configu-ration. According ~o the present invention, the caisson 1 is provided with an integral footing 3 at the bottom edge of each longitudinal shell side wall 2. This footing 3 is a shelf-like member formed integral with the caisson 1 and extends -~Z~564Z
throughout the length of the side wall 2 and outwardly from the bottom edge of the side wall 2 to ~orm a straight edge.
In the illustrated embodiment, the caisson 1 has in its interior longitudinal and transverse intermediate partitions 4 e ~ e ~
which ~ro c~tcnd~d between the opposed side walls to enhance B the strength of the caisson. The transverse partitions connect the connections between adjacent shells in the side walls 2 and extend parallel to the straight side walls. The longitudinal partition connects the straight side walls and crosses with the transverse partitions. The partitions 4 need not be provided with a footing at their bottom edge.
~B] Construction After the caisson 1 is fabricated on land, it is S~ ~e~
transported to a destincd site ~ the sea. Transportation may be carried out by various methods, for example, by attach-ing a ceiling plate to the top of the caisson 1 to render it buoyant, using a ship equipped with a crane by which the caisson is suspended, or by attaching floats to the caisson to allow it to float.
The seabed on which a marine structure is to be constructed is leveled. More specifically, the limited linear areas of seabed on which the footings 3 are to rest are roughly leveled~
Then, the caisson is gently submerged and rested on the leveled seabed area~ Since the footings 3 are formed integral with the caisson 1, the caisson 1 may be placed in a steady manner irrespective of some irregularities in the seabed.
After placement, concrete is introduced into the interior 12~6~
cavity of the caisson 1 to form a lower concrete layer 4.
Since the concrete layer 4 fills recesses in the seabed ground, it serves to stake the caisson to the ground, provid-ing a substantial resistance to horizontal forces by waves together with the caisson itself.
~ onstruction is completed by introducing a filling 5 of sand and earth on the concrete layer 4 in the cavity of the caisson 1. In addition to sand, examples of the filling ma-terial 5 include stones, mixtures of silt and cement, muddy deposits and cement, and industrial wastes.
The present invention has the following advantages.
(a) The caisson may be rested on seabed in a sufficiently steady manner only by leveling the seabed over a narrow area on which the footings sit, eliminating the need for leveling the seabed over a wider area in contact with an entire bottom surface as required in the case of bottom covered caissons.
The labor and time required for leveling operation and con-comitant danger may be substantially reduced.
(b) The footings formed integral with the caisson lead to a substantial reduction in work and construction period because the two step construction of first submerging provi-sional supports and accurately submerging and resting a caisson body on them as in the prior art is unnecessary.
(c) The presence bf footings allows the external width B
(shown in Fig. 4) between the footing outer edges to be used as the effective width in stability calculation. The present invention thus allows the ground reaction to be reduced more ~20~ 42 than possible for the effective width in the prior art.
(d) When the caisson undergoes horizontal forces by waves in an unsteady condition immediately after placement on sea~
bed, the footing integral with the caisson allow the ground reaction to be reduced.
~,
This invention relates to marine structures, and moxe particularly, to a method of constructing a marine structure and an improved caisson.
Generally, marine structures for a breakwater, revetment, quay and the like are constructed by fabri-cating a bo-ttom-covered caisson on land, towing it on water to a selected site, and submerging it to rest on seabed. Since the caisson has a bottom cover, the entire area of seabed on which the caisson is placed must be properly leveled. Such a leveIing operation is quite difficult and inefficient because of submarine operations and the finished accuracy is very low. Particularly at sites having a great depth of water, where there is a strong tid~, and in muddy water, ground leveling opera-tions are very difficult and inhibit the overall construc-tion process.
Another construction method uses a caisson without a bottom cover. ~ottomless caissons are economic since their area of contact with seabed is small so that the area of seabed required to be leveled is less than that required for bottom-covered caissons. Even in the case of bottomless caissons, an area of the seabed must be leveled where it is irregular.
`~;
\
~2~56~2 Under these circumstances, it was proposed to use provisional supports as shown in Fig. 6 and as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Kokai No. 57-15727, for example. In this method, a limited area of seabed a on which provisional supports c are to rest is horiæontally leveled with little treatment on the outside seabed area.
A caisson d is placed on the provisional supports c on the leveled area and then filled with concrete at the bottom.
This method can reduce the area of seabed to be leveled, but has several disadvantages. Where the depth of water is large, it is not necessarily easy to accutately rest the caisson d on the provisional supports c. The provisional supports c are fabricated, transported, and submerged separately from the caisson d, adding to the cost of construc-tion. Since only two provisional supports are placed longitu-I s c~s~d dinal of the caisson, a great reaction rcsults in the provi-B sional supports when waves act on them immediately after placement. It is, therefore, required that the provisional supports be of great strength and the ground reaction be sufficient.
In addition to caissons having a rectangular cross section, caissons having a side wall consisting of a plurality of interconnected arcuate shells as shown in Fig. 5 are known in the art. Such aFcuate shell walls reduce the stress or bending moment exerted by external and internal forces due to their arch effect, considerably reducing the wall thick-ness or the material required with an economic benefit. In ~ILæ~56~2 installing such an arcuate shell caisson on seabed using pro-visional supports as described above, calculation must be made on the assumption that the width of the caisson is an internal width s' rather than an external width s as shown in Fig. 5. This is disadvantageous in view of stability calculation because of increased ground reaction, and thus uneconomlc.
The present invention provides a method of con-structing a marine structure in which a caisson may be steadily installed on a m;n;m~l leveled area without the need for accurate placement of provisional supports on seabed.
The present invention also provides a method of construction a marine structure without the need for fabri-~ating and transporting provisional supports separately from a caisson body.
The present invention further provides an improved arcuate shell type caisson whose external width is an effective width in structural calculation.
The present invention again provides an improved arched shell type caisson which requires m;n;m; zed ground reaction when it is subjected to waves immediately after placement on seabed.
According to a first aspect of the present inven--tion, there is provided a method of constructing a marine structure, comprising the steps oE placing on the seabed a hollow caisson S6~Z
which is open at the top and bottom and has a pair of longi-tudinal side walls each consisting of at least one, and preferably, a plurality of curved shells, a pair of straight and lateral side walls connecting said longitudinal side walls and a footing extending outwardly from the bottom edge of each longitudinal side wall; and introducing a fillin~ into an interior cavity defined by the seabed and the hollow caisson. Preferably concrete is firs-t intro-duced into the interior cavity of the caisson to form a lower concrete layer in staking relation to the seabed, and ano-ther filling material, for example, sand and earth, stone, silt and cement, and industrial wastes is then in-troduced into the interior cavity above the concrete layer.
According to a second aspect of the present inven-tion, there is provided a box-like caisson for use in con-structing a marine structure, comprising a first pair of open top and bottom sides, a second pair of opposite longitudinal side walls each consisting of at least one, and preferably a plurality of curved shells, a thixd pair of opposite straight transverse side walls, and a pair of footings extending longitudinally and outwardly from the bottom edge of the longitudinal side walls.
The present invention will be more closely des-cribed in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which Fig. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the caisson according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 is an elevational view of a marine structure constructed on seabed according to the present invention;
' i6~2 Fig. 3 is a vertical cross section of the marine structure shown in Fig. 2;
Fig. ~ is a plan view of the caisson shown in Fig~ 1;
Fig. 5 is a plan view of a prior art caisson; and Fig. 6 is an illustration of a caisson placed on a provisional support according to a prior art method.
One preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described.
[A] Structure Referring to Figs. 1 - 4, a ho~low caisson 1 according to the present invention is illustrated in the form of a box-like caisson of concrete which is topless and bottomless or has a first pair of open top and bottom sides. The caisson 1 has a second pair of opposed longitudinal side walls 2 each consisting of a plurality of interconnected curved shells such as arcuate or arched shells, and a third pair of transverse straight side walls joining the longitudinal side walls at their ends. The caisson 1 is usually fabricated by integrating a plurality of arched shells into a shell side wall, and joining two shell side walls by straight side walls into a unit.
The above-described caisson is of a well-known configu-ration. According ~o the present invention, the caisson 1 is provided with an integral footing 3 at the bottom edge of each longitudinal shell side wall 2. This footing 3 is a shelf-like member formed integral with the caisson 1 and extends -~Z~564Z
throughout the length of the side wall 2 and outwardly from the bottom edge of the side wall 2 to ~orm a straight edge.
In the illustrated embodiment, the caisson 1 has in its interior longitudinal and transverse intermediate partitions 4 e ~ e ~
which ~ro c~tcnd~d between the opposed side walls to enhance B the strength of the caisson. The transverse partitions connect the connections between adjacent shells in the side walls 2 and extend parallel to the straight side walls. The longitudinal partition connects the straight side walls and crosses with the transverse partitions. The partitions 4 need not be provided with a footing at their bottom edge.
~B] Construction After the caisson 1 is fabricated on land, it is S~ ~e~
transported to a destincd site ~ the sea. Transportation may be carried out by various methods, for example, by attach-ing a ceiling plate to the top of the caisson 1 to render it buoyant, using a ship equipped with a crane by which the caisson is suspended, or by attaching floats to the caisson to allow it to float.
The seabed on which a marine structure is to be constructed is leveled. More specifically, the limited linear areas of seabed on which the footings 3 are to rest are roughly leveled~
Then, the caisson is gently submerged and rested on the leveled seabed area~ Since the footings 3 are formed integral with the caisson 1, the caisson 1 may be placed in a steady manner irrespective of some irregularities in the seabed.
After placement, concrete is introduced into the interior 12~6~
cavity of the caisson 1 to form a lower concrete layer 4.
Since the concrete layer 4 fills recesses in the seabed ground, it serves to stake the caisson to the ground, provid-ing a substantial resistance to horizontal forces by waves together with the caisson itself.
~ onstruction is completed by introducing a filling 5 of sand and earth on the concrete layer 4 in the cavity of the caisson 1. In addition to sand, examples of the filling ma-terial 5 include stones, mixtures of silt and cement, muddy deposits and cement, and industrial wastes.
The present invention has the following advantages.
(a) The caisson may be rested on seabed in a sufficiently steady manner only by leveling the seabed over a narrow area on which the footings sit, eliminating the need for leveling the seabed over a wider area in contact with an entire bottom surface as required in the case of bottom covered caissons.
The labor and time required for leveling operation and con-comitant danger may be substantially reduced.
(b) The footings formed integral with the caisson lead to a substantial reduction in work and construction period because the two step construction of first submerging provi-sional supports and accurately submerging and resting a caisson body on them as in the prior art is unnecessary.
(c) The presence bf footings allows the external width B
(shown in Fig. 4) between the footing outer edges to be used as the effective width in stability calculation. The present invention thus allows the ground reaction to be reduced more ~20~ 42 than possible for the effective width in the prior art.
(d) When the caisson undergoes horizontal forces by waves in an unsteady condition immediately after placement on sea~
bed, the footing integral with the caisson allow the ground reaction to be reduced.
~,
Claims (8)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method of constructing a marine structure, comprising the steps of: placing on seabed a hollow caisson which is open at the top and bottom and has an opposite pair of longitudinal side walls each consisting of at least one curved shell, an opposite pair of straight and trans-verse side walls connecting said longitudinal side walls, and a footing extending outwardly from the bottom edge of each said longitudinal side wall, and introducing a filling into an interior cavity defined by the seabed and the hollow caisson.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the filling introducing step includes introducing concrete into the interior cavity of the hollow caisson to form a lower concrete layer in staking relation to the seabed, and introducing another filling material into the interior cavity above the concrete layer.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the other filling material is selected from the group con-sisting of sand and earth, stone, silt and cement, muddy deposits and cement, industrial wastes, and mixtures there-of.
4. The method according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein each of said longitudinal side walls of the caisson consists of a plurality of interconnected curved shells.
5. A box-like caisson for use in constructing a marine structure, comprising a first pair of open top and bottom sides, a second pair of opposite longitudinal side walls each consisting of at least one curved shell, a third pair of oppoiste straight transverse side walls each connecting said longitudinal side walls, and a pair of footings extending longitudinally and outwardly from the bottom edge of said longitudinal side walls.
6. The caisson according to claim 5, wherein said longitudinal side walls each consists of a plurality of interconnected curved shells.
7. The caisson according to claim 6 includes at least one transverse partition connecting the connections between adjacent shells in the longitudinal side walls and extending parallel to the transverse side walls.
8. The caisson according to claim 7 includes at least one longitudinal partition connecting said transverse side walls.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP9697482A JPS58213909A (en) | 1982-06-08 | 1982-06-08 | Construction of marine structure |
| JP57-96974 | 1982-06-08 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1205642A true CA1205642A (en) | 1986-06-10 |
Family
ID=14179184
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000429442A Expired CA1205642A (en) | 1982-06-08 | 1983-06-01 | Marine structure constructing method |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS58213909A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1205642A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2121854B (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104120729B (en) * | 2014-08-01 | 2015-12-30 | 中国铁建大桥工程局集团有限公司 | A kind of large steel suspension box inner supporting structure and construction technology thereof |
| CN105133633A (en) * | 2015-07-17 | 2015-12-09 | 朱奎 | Box foundation |
| CN108612122B (en) * | 2018-06-05 | 2023-09-22 | 西南交通大学 | Ultra-large plane-size open caisson foundation structure and construction method thereof |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS526766Y2 (en) * | 1971-09-14 | 1977-02-12 | ||
| FR2173367A5 (en) * | 1972-02-21 | 1973-10-05 | Doris Dev Richesse Sous Marine | |
| GB1436119A (en) * | 1972-06-21 | 1976-05-19 | Elsom N D | Breakwaters |
-
1982
- 1982-06-08 JP JP9697482A patent/JPS58213909A/en active Granted
-
1983
- 1983-05-18 GB GB08313785A patent/GB2121854B/en not_active Expired
- 1983-06-01 CA CA000429442A patent/CA1205642A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS631411B2 (en) | 1988-01-12 |
| GB8313785D0 (en) | 1983-06-22 |
| GB2121854B (en) | 1985-11-27 |
| GB2121854A (en) | 1984-01-04 |
| JPS58213909A (en) | 1983-12-13 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |