CA1180205A - Vibratory apparatus - Google Patents
Vibratory apparatusInfo
- Publication number
- CA1180205A CA1180205A CA000398156A CA398156A CA1180205A CA 1180205 A CA1180205 A CA 1180205A CA 000398156 A CA000398156 A CA 000398156A CA 398156 A CA398156 A CA 398156A CA 1180205 A CA1180205 A CA 1180205A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- cylinder
- shaft
- weight
- axis
- spring
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B06—GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
- B06B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
- B06B1/00—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency
- B06B1/10—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of mechanical energy
- B06B1/16—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of mechanical energy operating with systems involving rotary unbalanced masses
- B06B1/161—Adjustable systems, i.e. where amplitude or direction of frequency of vibration can be varied
- B06B1/162—Making use of masses with adjustable amount of eccentricity
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Jigging Conveyors (AREA)
- Apparatuses For Generation Of Mechanical Vibrations (AREA)
- Connection Of Motors, Electrical Generators, Mechanical Devices, And The Like (AREA)
- Vibration Prevention Devices (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A system for varying the vibration generating force of a rotating eccentric weight by providing a second weight movable from a position on the same side of the axis of rotation as the eccentric weight to a second posi-tion on the opposite side of the axis of rotation, the movement being linear and radially across said axis of rotation. In addition, a coil spring may be employed to move the movable weight toward the second position init-ially, in compression, and later to resist additional movement in said direction, in tension, so as to provide basically a linear system for varying the vibrational force.
A system for varying the vibration generating force of a rotating eccentric weight by providing a second weight movable from a position on the same side of the axis of rotation as the eccentric weight to a second posi-tion on the opposite side of the axis of rotation, the movement being linear and radially across said axis of rotation. In addition, a coil spring may be employed to move the movable weight toward the second position init-ially, in compression, and later to resist additional movement in said direction, in tension, so as to provide basically a linear system for varying the vibrational force.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Vibratory feeding or conveying apparatus has been used in indus-try for many years. A basic type of vibratory feeder is shown in the Musschoot et al U.S. patent 3,089,582 wherein a two-mass exciter system is employed to impart vibratory movement to a material-carrying member or trough. In the vibration generating apparatus shown in that pa-tent, a constant speed motor carries a pair of ec-~entric weights, one on each end of the motor shaft, and the vibrational force generated with operation of the motor is ~ransmitted through a spring system to the material-carrying trough. In the apparatus shown in said patent, the amplitude of vibration is constant, hence a constant nonvariable feed is provided.
An improved variable rate vibratory feeder is shown in Musschoot et al U.S. patent 3,358,815 wherein theelec-tric motor carries at each end of its shaft a wheel-like member rotated with the shaft, with the wheel-like member being provided with a weight shiftable in an arcuate path from a first position near a fixed eccentric weight on ea~
wheel to a second position opposite the Eixed weight. The preferred system shown in the las-t-mentioned patent is one where th~ weight is a 1uid, namely, mercury, and thus readily susceptible to movement by varying the pressure.
In some situations, mercury is considered as a pollutan-t
Vibratory feeding or conveying apparatus has been used in indus-try for many years. A basic type of vibratory feeder is shown in the Musschoot et al U.S. patent 3,089,582 wherein a two-mass exciter system is employed to impart vibratory movement to a material-carrying member or trough. In the vibration generating apparatus shown in that pa-tent, a constant speed motor carries a pair of ec-~entric weights, one on each end of the motor shaft, and the vibrational force generated with operation of the motor is ~ransmitted through a spring system to the material-carrying trough. In the apparatus shown in said patent, the amplitude of vibration is constant, hence a constant nonvariable feed is provided.
An improved variable rate vibratory feeder is shown in Musschoot et al U.S. patent 3,358,815 wherein theelec-tric motor carries at each end of its shaft a wheel-like member rotated with the shaft, with the wheel-like member being provided with a weight shiftable in an arcuate path from a first position near a fixed eccentric weight on ea~
wheel to a second position opposite the Eixed weight. The preferred system shown in the las-t-mentioned patent is one where th~ weight is a 1uid, namely, mercury, and thus readily susceptible to movement by varying the pressure.
In some situations, mercury is considered as a pollutan-t
2~ and hence the mercury type of variable rate feeder has not beell universally accepted.
SUMMARY OF l'HE PRESENT IN~EN~IO~
According to the prcsent inven-~ion~ a s~s-tem is provided somewllat similar to that shown in my previous U.S.
patent MQ3,35B,815, but differing therefrom in -that a metal weight may be used and the movement of the weight is not in a curved path around the axis of rotation, but ra-ther in a linear path extending radially Qf the axis o rotation~
Thus, broadly~, the invention contemplates an apparatus for varying the vibratory force generated by a rotating mass which comprises a rotatably mounted shaf-t, means for rotating the shaf-t, a cylinder carried by the shaft with the cylinder ,~
~`B
2~5 extending radially on either side of the shaft, a movable weight moun-ted for axial movement in the cylinder, and a spring in the cylinder urging the weight toward a position on one side of -the axis of the shaft. A fluid pressure responsive means is operable to move the weight toward a position on the cjther side of the axis of the shaft and a means connects the fluid pressure responsive means to a source of fluid under pressure.
More particularly, the system may be utilized wherein a coil spring is employed ~o move the movable weight from a first position on the sam~ side of the axis- of rotation of the wheel-like member as a fixed eccentric wei~ht, to a posi-tion on the opposite side of the axis of rotation, with the spring operating initially in compression to move the movable weight beyond said axis and the spring thereafter operating in tension, resisting but not preventi.ng move- .
men-t of the movable weight outwardly in response to centrifugal force. The movable weight includes a piston which is controlled by fluid pressure and because of the spring action ~ust described, the ratio between fluid pressure and the movement of the movable weight is linear, thus greatly ~acilitating and simplifying the control.
BRIEF ~ESCR TION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a side elevational view of a vibratory feeder embodying the invention;
Fig. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of one of the two wheel-like members af~ixed to -the motor shaft; and FigO 3 is a view of a po.rtion of Fig~ 2 showing the movable weight in a chan~ed position, DESCRIPTION ~F THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
... . ~ . __ Referring to the drawings, in ~ig. 1 there is shown a vibrakory eeder 10 similar to that shown in U.S. pat-ent 3,358,815, and includes a material-carrying member in the ~orm of a trough 11 mounted on isolation springs 12 supported on legs 13 upstanding from a base 14. The vibration generating apparatus includes an exciter member generally designated as 15 having a constant speed elec-tric motor 16. The electric motor is connected to frame member 17 secured to the trough 11 through t~e medium of xubber shear springs such as shown in my previous U.S. patents
SUMMARY OF l'HE PRESENT IN~EN~IO~
According to the prcsent inven-~ion~ a s~s-tem is provided somewllat similar to that shown in my previous U.S.
patent MQ3,35B,815, but differing therefrom in -that a metal weight may be used and the movement of the weight is not in a curved path around the axis of rotation, but ra-ther in a linear path extending radially Qf the axis o rotation~
Thus, broadly~, the invention contemplates an apparatus for varying the vibratory force generated by a rotating mass which comprises a rotatably mounted shaf-t, means for rotating the shaf-t, a cylinder carried by the shaft with the cylinder ,~
~`B
2~5 extending radially on either side of the shaft, a movable weight moun-ted for axial movement in the cylinder, and a spring in the cylinder urging the weight toward a position on one side of -the axis of the shaft. A fluid pressure responsive means is operable to move the weight toward a position on the cjther side of the axis of the shaft and a means connects the fluid pressure responsive means to a source of fluid under pressure.
More particularly, the system may be utilized wherein a coil spring is employed ~o move the movable weight from a first position on the sam~ side of the axis- of rotation of the wheel-like member as a fixed eccentric wei~ht, to a posi-tion on the opposite side of the axis of rotation, with the spring operating initially in compression to move the movable weight beyond said axis and the spring thereafter operating in tension, resisting but not preventi.ng move- .
men-t of the movable weight outwardly in response to centrifugal force. The movable weight includes a piston which is controlled by fluid pressure and because of the spring action ~ust described, the ratio between fluid pressure and the movement of the movable weight is linear, thus greatly ~acilitating and simplifying the control.
BRIEF ~ESCR TION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a side elevational view of a vibratory feeder embodying the invention;
Fig. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of one of the two wheel-like members af~ixed to -the motor shaft; and FigO 3 is a view of a po.rtion of Fig~ 2 showing the movable weight in a chan~ed position, DESCRIPTION ~F THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
... . ~ . __ Referring to the drawings, in ~ig. 1 there is shown a vibrakory eeder 10 similar to that shown in U.S. pat-ent 3,358,815, and includes a material-carrying member in the ~orm of a trough 11 mounted on isolation springs 12 supported on legs 13 upstanding from a base 14. The vibration generating apparatus includes an exciter member generally designated as 15 having a constant speed elec-tric motor 16. The electric motor is connected to frame member 17 secured to the trough 11 through t~e medium of xubber shear springs such as shown in my previous U.S. patents
3,0~9,532 and 3,358,815. The rubber shear springs are PZ~5 diagramma-tically shown at 18, Thus, the motor 16 is con-nected to the frame member 17 through a sprin~ system and the motor operates at a constant speed near the natural frequency o~ such spring system.
The motor 16 has a motor sha~t 20 indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 2 and the shaft carries at each end duplicate wheel-like members 21, one of which is shown and the other of which is identica~ in construction. Fixed on each wheel on one side of the axis of rotation of the shaft 20 is a fi~ed weight 22. Also mounted on each wheel is a cylinder 23 which extends radially on either side of the shaft 20. The cylinder has one end 24 near the center of gravity o the weigh-t 22 and opposite end 25 on the other side oE the axis o~ rotation oE the sha~t. A cap 26 closes the end 24 oE the cylinder and secured thereto is a coil spring 27. Within the cylinder 23 is a weight 28 secured to a piston 29 slidable in the cylinder. The piston and weight together form a movable weight within -the cylinder 23.
A cap 30 closes -the end 25 oE the cylinder to form therein a pressure chamber 31 between the piston 29 and the cap 30. A fluid pressure line 32 connects at one end to the pressure chamber 31 and at its other end to a rotatable connector 33 mounted on the shaEt 20 as shown in Fig. 1. ~ fluid pressure line 3~ connects a-t one end to the connector 33 and at its other end -to a source oE
~luid under pressure, ~or example, compressed air~
When at res-t, -the center o~ gra~ity ~indicated at 3~) o~ the piston and weight system plus that portion o~ the spring 3~ located to ~he ri~ht oE khe aXis o:E
rotation o~ the sha~t as seen in Fi~. 2 is in the posi-tion indicated. A~ter startup and as the motor reaches operating speed, the piston and weight move outwardly ~rom the axis o~ rotation to the position shown in Fi~. 3.
The rotatiQn extends the spring 27 in tension opposing
The motor 16 has a motor sha~t 20 indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 2 and the shaft carries at each end duplicate wheel-like members 21, one of which is shown and the other of which is identica~ in construction. Fixed on each wheel on one side of the axis of rotation of the shaft 20 is a fi~ed weight 22. Also mounted on each wheel is a cylinder 23 which extends radially on either side of the shaft 20. The cylinder has one end 24 near the center of gravity o the weigh-t 22 and opposite end 25 on the other side oE the axis o~ rotation oE the sha~t. A cap 26 closes the end 24 oE the cylinder and secured thereto is a coil spring 27. Within the cylinder 23 is a weight 28 secured to a piston 29 slidable in the cylinder. The piston and weight together form a movable weight within -the cylinder 23.
A cap 30 closes -the end 25 oE the cylinder to form therein a pressure chamber 31 between the piston 29 and the cap 30. A fluid pressure line 32 connects at one end to the pressure chamber 31 and at its other end to a rotatable connector 33 mounted on the shaEt 20 as shown in Fig. 1. ~ fluid pressure line 3~ connects a-t one end to the connector 33 and at its other end -to a source oE
~luid under pressure, ~or example, compressed air~
When at res-t, -the center o~ gra~ity ~indicated at 3~) o~ the piston and weight system plus that portion o~ the spring 3~ located to ~he ri~ht oE khe aXis o:E
rotation o~ the sha~t as seen in Fi~. 2 is in the posi-tion indicated. A~ter startup and as the motor reaches operating speed, the piston and weight move outwardly ~rom the axis o~ rotation to the position shown in Fi~. 3.
The rotatiQn extends the spring 27 in tension opposing
-4--the centrifugal force on the piston and weight. In the position of the parts as shown in Fig. 3, the vibratory force generated by the fixed weight 22 and the spring portion to the ]eft of the axis of rotation (as shown in Fig. 3) is equal and opposite to the vibra-tory force generated by the weight, p.iston, and spring portion 36 to the right of the axis of rota-tion, with -the result that no vibratory force is imparted by the exciter member to the trough 11. Applying fluid pressure thrcugh the lines 34, connector 33, and line 32, and into -the pressu.re chamber 31 t will cause the piston and wei.ght to move to the left (as shown in Fig. 3) with the tension of the spring initially assisting the force exerted by the fluid pressure but with the spring assistance diminishing as the piston and weight move toward the axis of ro-tation ~thus reducing the centrifugal force exerted by those members) and finally as the piston and cylinder are moved further to the left beyond -the position shown in Fig. 2, the coil spring resists Eurther movement of the piston and weight which are then being moved to the left by a combination of fluid pressure and cen-trifugal force.
Thus it can be seen that when the centrifugal force generated by the movable weight and pis-ton i9 at its ~reatest, as shown in Fig~ 3, and is sufficient to move the weigh-t and spring ko the position show.n in that figure agaillst the tension of the spring, -the spring ten-sion assists the fluid pressure in moving the sp.ring and weight to the left, with such assistance ~y the spring diminishing to 2e.ro as the piston and weigh-t reach the position of Fig~ 2 r and the.n operà-ting in compression and in opposition to the fluid pressure when the piston and weight move farther to the left from the position shown in Fig. 2, which movement of the piston and cylinder creates a centrifugal force tending to move them out-wardly toward the fi~ed weight 22.
~8~ S
It is especially advantageous to use a eoil spring in the arranyement shown due to the fact that the deflection of a eoil spring in either tension or compres-sion is directly proportional to the force, i.e., is in linear relationship. This linear relationship eontributes to the ease and aeeuraey of eontrol of the vibratory force produeed by the system.
Thus it can be seen that when the centrifugal force generated by the movable weight and pis-ton i9 at its ~reatest, as shown in Fig~ 3, and is sufficient to move the weigh-t and spring ko the position show.n in that figure agaillst the tension of the spring, -the spring ten-sion assists the fluid pressure in moving the sp.ring and weight to the left, with such assistance ~y the spring diminishing to 2e.ro as the piston and weigh-t reach the position of Fig~ 2 r and the.n operà-ting in compression and in opposition to the fluid pressure when the piston and weight move farther to the left from the position shown in Fig. 2, which movement of the piston and cylinder creates a centrifugal force tending to move them out-wardly toward the fi~ed weight 22.
~8~ S
It is especially advantageous to use a eoil spring in the arranyement shown due to the fact that the deflection of a eoil spring in either tension or compres-sion is directly proportional to the force, i.e., is in linear relationship. This linear relationship eontributes to the ease and aeeuraey of eontrol of the vibratory force produeed by the system.
Claims (5)
1. Apparatus for varying the vibratory force generated by a rotating mass comprising a rotatably mounted shaft, means for rotating the shaft, a cylinder carried by the shaft, said cylinder extending radially on either side of said shaft, a movable weight mounted for axial movement in the cylinder, a spring in the cylinder urging the weight toward a position on one side of the axis of the shaft, fluid pressure responsive means operable to move the weight toward a position on the other side of the axis of the shaft and means connecting said fluid pressure responsive means to a source of fluid under pressure.
2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein a wheel-like device is carried by the shaft, a fixed weight is mounted on the wheel in a fixed position on one side of the axis of rotation of the shaft, said cylinder is mounted on the wheel, said cylinder having one end positioned adjacent the center of gravity of said fixed weight and extending radially of the wheel to locate the opposite end of the cylinder on the other side of the axis of rotation of the shaft, and said spring in the cylinder urging the movable weight toward a position on the side of the axis of rotation of the shaft opposite to the position of the fixed weight.
3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein said spring in the cylinder is a coil spring having its one end secured to said one end of the cylinder and having its other end secured to the movable weight, said spring being designed and arranged to move the movable weight to a position on the other side of the axis of rotation of the shaft from said fixed weight toward but not at said opposite end of the cylinder when the shaft is at rest, and said spring tensionally resisting but not preventing movement of the movable weight to said opposite end of the cylinder when the shaft is rotated, and a piston in the cylinder secured to the movable weight, said piston being operable in response to said fluid pressure to move the movable weight in the direction toward the fixed weight.
4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 3 wherein means at said opposite end of the cylinder forming with the piston a fluid pressure chamber, the arrangement being such that when said movable weight is adjacent said opposite end of the cylinder the vibratory force generated by the movable weight and the portion of the spring on said other side of said axis of rotation substantially counterbalances the vibratory force generated by the fixed weight and the portion of the spring between said axis and said one end of the cylinder.
5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein a weight is fixed to the shaft and has a center of gravity offset from the axis of rotation of the shaft, the center of gravity of the fixed weight is mounted in alignment with the cylinder on the side of the axis of rotation of the shaft opposite to the movable weight during the at rest position of the apparatus.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US25011281A | 1981-04-02 | 1981-04-02 | |
| US250,112 | 1981-04-02 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1180205A true CA1180205A (en) | 1985-01-02 |
Family
ID=22946344
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000398156A Expired CA1180205A (en) | 1981-04-02 | 1982-03-11 | Vibratory apparatus |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS57173348A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU556359B2 (en) |
| BE (1) | BE892713A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1180205A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH659720A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3212599A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2502987B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2096271B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1147833B (en) |
| MX (1) | MX155192A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE461572B (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4495826A (en) * | 1981-04-02 | 1985-01-29 | General Kinematics Corporation | Vibratory apparatus |
| FR2675967A1 (en) * | 1991-04-29 | 1992-10-30 | Devoir Jean Claude | Inertia device recovering a force, in the same sector of a circle |
| FR2698293B1 (en) * | 1992-11-23 | 1995-01-27 | Pellenc Sa | Vibrator with rotary masses with adjustable and removable unbalance, and machines equipped with this vibrator. |
| DE10102470C1 (en) * | 2001-01-18 | 2002-09-05 | Olaf Przybilski | Damper for rotary mechanical rotational vibration has oppositely rotating discs with masses movable in paths extending through cent res of rotation |
| CN102705310B (en) * | 2011-03-28 | 2017-03-29 | 李卓 | A kind of vibrator |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH331129A (en) * | 1954-04-23 | 1958-06-30 | Lehmann Pottkaemper Gerhard | Process for stepless regulation of the balance force of vibration generators |
| GB769547A (en) * | 1955-05-13 | 1957-03-06 | Gerhard Lehmann Pottkamper | Improvements in or relating to mechanical vibrators |
| US3059483A (en) * | 1960-05-31 | 1962-10-23 | Continental Oil Co | Vibrator with hydraulically controlled eccentricity |
| US3089582A (en) * | 1960-12-19 | 1963-05-14 | Gen Kinematics Corp | Vibratory device |
| NL6701609A (en) * | 1966-02-05 | 1967-08-07 | ||
| US3358815A (en) * | 1967-01-09 | 1967-12-19 | Gen Kinematics Corp | Vibratory apparatus |
| ES382128A1 (en) * | 1969-07-14 | 1973-04-01 | Babbitless Sa | Improvements in the vibrant appliances. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) |
| DE2163019C3 (en) * | 1971-12-18 | 1974-06-20 | Wacker-Werke Kg, 8000 Muenchen | Electrically driven unbalance vibrator |
| DE2236695C3 (en) * | 1972-07-26 | 1975-04-17 | Wacker-Werke Kg, 8000 Muenchen | Device for continuously changing the centrifugal force, especially for vibration generators |
| JPS5059701A (en) * | 1973-09-28 | 1975-05-23 | ||
| SE416145B (en) * | 1974-07-31 | 1980-12-01 | Dynapac Maskin Ab | EXCENTER ELEMENT FOR CREATING CIRCULATED VIBRATIONS |
| US4111061A (en) * | 1977-02-02 | 1978-09-05 | Thomas Hubert E | Variable eccentric vibration generating mechanism |
-
1982
- 1982-03-10 AU AU81245/82A patent/AU556359B2/en not_active Expired
- 1982-03-11 CA CA000398156A patent/CA1180205A/en not_active Expired
- 1982-03-19 GB GB8208172A patent/GB2096271B/en not_active Expired
- 1982-03-22 CH CH1755/82A patent/CH659720A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-03-24 FR FR8204986A patent/FR2502987B1/en not_active Expired
- 1982-03-24 MX MX191947A patent/MX155192A/en unknown
- 1982-03-29 JP JP57049260A patent/JPS57173348A/en active Granted
- 1982-03-29 IT IT48114/82A patent/IT1147833B/en active
- 1982-03-30 SE SE8202031A patent/SE461572B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-03-31 BE BE0/207719A patent/BE892713A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-04-02 DE DE19823212599 patent/DE3212599A1/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU8124582A (en) | 1982-10-07 |
| IT1147833B (en) | 1986-11-26 |
| DE3212599C2 (en) | 1989-08-10 |
| AU556359B2 (en) | 1986-10-30 |
| JPS57173348A (en) | 1982-10-25 |
| SE8202031L (en) | 1982-10-03 |
| FR2502987B1 (en) | 1986-04-18 |
| GB2096271B (en) | 1984-12-12 |
| BE892713A (en) | 1982-07-16 |
| CH659720A5 (en) | 1987-02-13 |
| GB2096271A (en) | 1982-10-13 |
| FR2502987A1 (en) | 1982-10-08 |
| DE3212599A1 (en) | 1982-11-11 |
| SE461572B (en) | 1990-03-05 |
| MX155192A (en) | 1988-02-01 |
| JPS642021B2 (en) | 1989-01-13 |
| IT8248114A0 (en) | 1982-03-29 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEC | Expiry (correction) | ||
| MKEX | Expiry |