CA1161625A - Concrete mould and method of moulding concrete panels - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT

A concrete mould employs resilient side shuttering, made of rubber for example, which is prevented from deflecting, when concrete is poured, by tensioning wires extending along the length of the shuttering. Pieces of the shuttering, forming the sides of a casting box, extend between fixed and plates having a series of holes to receive the tensioning wires for adjusting the modular width of panels cast in the box. A
series of apertures is provided in each piece of side shuttering so that pneumatic core formers can be inserted through aligned apertures so as to extend across the casting box. Different types of joint formers, either fully or partly resilient, can be located about the core formers, each joint former having a series of grooves to receive reinforcement or tensioning wires or rods. When inflated the pneumatic core former locks the joint formers in place. Opening formers can be made from the shuttering and joint formers. Standard reinforcement cages can be located in the casting box at modular position corres-ponding with aligned apertures in the side pieces of shuttering.
The modular positions are digitally coded to enable the casting process to be automated by a machine travelling on rails along the length of a casting bed which supports the side shuttering and end plates. The machine stops at the modular position to locate the respective formers and/or reinforcement cages and it also carries out automatic functions such as cleaning and oiling, laying, packing, screeding and finishing wet concrete.

Description

i2~

Concrete Mould and Method of Mouldin~ oncrete Ranels .
This invention relates to a mould for casting con-crete and to a method of moulding concrete panels, the panels being particularly useful in a form of mo-dular buildiny construction.
In my British Patent Specification ~o. 1,109,501 there is described a continuous casting process for industrialized building. My British Patent Specifi-cation No. 1,516,679 also describes a core-former for use in the latter continous casting process and in the present invention.
The normal method for casting concrete panels is to lay heavy steel or other solid side shuttering sec-tions of suitable profile along the length of a casting bed, which sections are then bolted or wedged together to form a continuous long line. Light sec-tions cannot be used as they would soon deflect and create tolerance problems. Whilst this method of preparing the side shuttering is superior to normal moulding box processes, it has the following disadvantages.
(1) Slow assembly due to heavy weight and bolting and wedging.

(2) Side shuttering alignment difficulties.

(3) The side shuttering requires to be cleaned and oiled after each casting.

(4) Care is required when the side shuttering is re-moved, after partial hardening of the concrete, to ,, - 2 ~ 625 avoid damaging the concrete and for the same reason early removal is not possible.
(5~ Difficulties in unbolting and removal of heavy side shutteriny.
(6) Damage to the casting bed as well as to rubber sleeved core-formers.
(7) Rust and damage leading to inaccuracies.
(8) When narrow panels or floor slabs are cast on the bed, the uncast portion of the bed is wasted whereas the production could be doubled if the side shuttering could be used to cast on both side faces.
(9) Damage to shuttering or to machines such as vibrators, screeders and finishing machines.
(10) The side shutterings create considerable vibra-tional noise when in contact with the compactingmachines.
(ll) The step-by-step assembly of side shuttering pieces is laborious and time consuming.
Attempts to improve traditional building techniques and to avoid problems such as those described above have failed to produce any significant advantages ;...
over traditional methods. Over a hundred major systems of one sort or another have been developed over the past 30 years but they all have one common characteristic. They all depended on standardization of components to overcome the problem of manufac-turing innumerable component variants, which are required even for the smallest non-standard building.

_ 3 - ~ 6Z5 This leads to a restriction in the design of build-ings since the complete structures depend on the shape and versatility of the components used in cons-truction. If ~he number of different components is reduced to simplify the system, then further limita-tions are normally imposed on building design.
Moreover, the problems and disadvantages mentioned above may still be present, because of the use of traditional methods of producing the building components.
The invention seeks to solve the latter problems by providing a concrete mould which has resilient shuttering (for example, made of rubber), which ex-tends between rigid end anchorages on a casting bed.
The shuttering and the end anchorages form a casting box for wet concrete. Laterally spaced tensioning wires extend longitudinally of the shuttering and are stretched between the end anchorages to prevent any substantial deflection of the shuttering when the casting box is filled with wet concrete.
The advantages offered by the invention are that:
~` (1) the assembly of the side shuttering is speedily carried out;
(2) the alignment of the shuttering is facilitated by stretching the tensioning wires;
(3) no cleaning or oiling of the shuttering is re-quired, because wet concrete does not adhere to rubber, for example;

(4) the resilient shuttering does not damage cast concrete and early removal is possible~ for example, the rubber shuttering can be easily peeled off:

(5) the resilient shuttering does not damage the casting bed;

(6) wear and tear of the resilient shuttering is minimal, thereby avoiding inaccuracies in tolerance and extending the life of the shuttering;

(7) multiple adjacent casting of concrete slabs is possible, thereby enabling economic use of the eas-ting bed and increasing production yield;

(8) vibrational noise is eliminated; and

(9) time is saved in setting up the shuttering to cast panels of different sizes.
Referring to the use of metal joint formers to sepa-rate cast panels and to provide a desired joint profile as described, for example, in British Patent Specification No. 1109501, they are reasonably efficient, but they have the following defects:-(1) They are relatively heavy and are hence not easyto handle.
(2) They are bulky and occupy space when stored out side the casting bed, in between use.
(3) They involve the use of several different sec-tions which need to be bolted or wedged together andthen unbolted again after use.
(4) They tend to damage the bed due to their weight.
(5) They are subject to rapid wear and tear due to the severe abrasive, wet and mechanically damaging _ 5 - ~ 6~ 6 ~S

environment especially ~hen in contact with casting machines~
(6) They tend to damage the casting machines when placed with slight inaccuracies in height such as when a small sand particle gets lodged between the joint formers and the casting bed.
(7) They can be damaged when the panels are sepa-rated from each other if the sliding and lifting of the several ton weight of panels is carried out slightly inaccurately.
(8) When different heiyhts of wall panels or differ-ent widths of floor panels have to be cast, the metal joint fQrmers must be made in different sizes as they cannot be easily assernbled together to give the va-rious heights required. This is because the metaljoint formers are heavy rigid sections and extendlng them in length can only be done by careEully bolting attachments to maintain accuracy and alignment.
(~) They require careful cleaning and oiling after each use. This is a laborious and time consuming process and the work is out of keeping with the industrial process.

(10) ~hey create considerable vibration noise when in contact with the casting machines~
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a series of core apertures extend longitudinally of the shut-tering, i.e. the apertures are provided in each piece of shuttering which forms one of the sides of the castiny box. These apertures receive resilient pneu-~;i -- 6 ~ ~6~62~

matic core formers as described in ~K PS 1516679 which pass through aligned apertures in the side pieces of the shuttering and hence through the casting box. Joint formers are located about the core formers on the casting box; each joint former being resilient or part resilient (for example, made of rubber or partly made of rubber) and having - . grooves transverse to its length to receive reinfor-cement or tensioning wires.
The joint formers have different profiles and are used separately or in combination to provide slots in the side edges of the concrete panels, or at posi-tions between the side edges of the panels, or to separate panels which are cast adjacent one another on the same casting bed.
The advantages of the joint formers in the preferred embodiment of the invention are that:-(1~ they are extremely light and small in section;
(2) an entire joint former system can be made up of only 4 different section profiles to make a range of 12 different vertical and horizontal joints;
(3) waste is reduced;
(4) they do not damage the box;
(5) they do not damage or wear easily and are resis-tant to dampness, abrasion and vibration;
(6) they do not damage the casting machines when in contact with them;
(7) rubber joint formers are not damaged when the concrete panels are separated;

_ 7 ~ 62~

(8) joint ~ormers for the different heights of pa-nels are provided by simply placing different lengths of rubber joint formers toge~her to make the total length. (The pneumatic core ~ormers to which they are attached provide the necessary rigidity and joint accuracy);
(9) as with the preferred rubber side shuttering of the invention, rubber joint formers need very little cleaning and no oiling prior to use;
(10) as with rubber side shuttering, these joint formers do not create any vibration noise when in contact with the casting machines.
The normal method of making openings in concrete panels is to use opening formers made of rigid heavy sections. These are complex devices and adjustment of size is very difficult. This is because the opening formers must be held very rigidly while casting but must be collapsed into the opening before removal. For this reason variation in sizes and location in the panels are avoided by other manufacturers.
According to another embodiment of the inventionl the resilient side shuttering and the resilient joint formers can be used as opening formers for opposite sides of a frame to form a window opening. A modular building system according to the invention combines the resilient side shuttering, the pneumatic core formers, the resilient and part resilient joint for-~L~6~6~5i mers and the opening formers. This system provides a moulding box with an interlocking arrangement of cores, side shuttering, joint formers and opening formers which can be fastened together, almost like zips, in precise positions, without using any bolts or metal wedges or ~ies. There is also no fixing to a base as the total combined weight, as well as the weight of the concrete on the casting portion of the bed, hold the moulding box down tightly against the floor, whilst the resilient side shuttering, the joint formers and opening formers act as waterproof seals to confine the concrete. The pneumatic core formers described in UK PS 151667~ are preferred because they keep the mould rigid when they are in-flated. Whil~t the tensioning wires, which extend longitudinally of the side shuttering, are stretched to prevent any substantial deflection of the shut-tering~when the mould is filled with wet concrete, the inflated core formers also make a tight fit in the respective apertures in the shuttering and there-by assist in preventing such deflection when the mould is filled and vibrated. The core formers can be expanded pneumatically with a pressure of about 40 ; lb.sq. in (28 Newtons/sq.cm.), which is equal to a pressure of about 5,000 lbs ~22240 Newtons~ exerted outwards to expand the core formers. AdditionaI
pressure will notj however, cause further substantial pressure to be exerted on the side shuttering, be-cause the aperture which receives the core former is dimensioned to provide the correct fit and the core - 9 - ~6~L6Z5 former interlock arrangement prevents further sub-stantial expansion. Whilst on the one hand, the individual weight of all the components of the moulding box can be considerably reduced to only a fraction of what they are in the prior art, on the other hand, full advantage can be taken of the total combined weight of the assembled moulding box to eliminate any need for bolting and wedging.
Rubber is preferably used for all the shuttering, core formers and joint formers and this can be hard wearing tyre rubber. However, other resilient plas-tics materials may be used. The invention may also be adapted or used for casting polymer concrete which includes chopped fibres of, for example, polypropy-lene filament, glass reinforced plastics, or carbonfilaments. These materials may also be used as fibre reinforcement, in combination with steel reinforce-ment, in the form of strings or ropes stretched between the end anchorages of the mould (described above) which employs the resilient side shuttering.
The modular casting system of the invention may be automated. For example, rails may be provided, one on each side of the casting bed, to support a machine for traversing the bed in order to carry out auto-matic func~ions such as cleaning and oiling, locatingcore formers and joint formers as well as opening formers in position, and laying, packing and screeding and finishing wet concrete. This machine is controlled by a computer having suitable software - 10~ ~6~62~ii or a program with regards to a digital code desig-nating, for example, the centres of the core ormer apertures along the length of a piece of side shuttering. Each core former opening represents a module and hence the code number represents the module number. The travel of the machine on the rails and the location of reinforcement cages, joint formers and aIl other inserts in the modular direc-tion is controlled by a digital counter (on the machine) that counts from one end of the casting bed, from 0, and then continues along the bed. The counter is operated by trip devices, which may be either magnetic, e.g. responding to embedded iron studs along t~e casting bed, or pneumatic e.g. which operates by following a perforated strip. These trip devices may be attached on one side of the bed where they do not interfere with the preparation work. The machine stops at predetermined digital locations corresponding to the modular positions.
Prior to starting (position 0), the machine is loaded with the inserts in placement sequence The opera-tion is carried out by placing only one type of article at a time. This makes the digital coding simple and fool proof. Reinforcement cages are for instance not mixed with light fitting inserts joint formers or other items. Each insert suppliedr other than when it spans the full width of the casting area, is coded with a second co-ordinate (see below) which is required to locate the insert in positicn s~25 relative to the side shuttering. The machine is loaded with the insert in an exact position relative to the second co-ordinate (see below).
Coded holes are also provided at the end anchorages so that concrete panels can be cast with reference to code numbers representing, for example, the width and the height of a wall.
The digital system enables all conventional engineer-ing and architectural drawings, which are usually emplo~ed in providing information to personnel who carry out continuous casting bed techniques, to be dispensed with. Whilst the digital system is auto-matic, (i.e. by using magnetic discs or punched tape), the digital coding may also be such that it can be read by operators with regard to locating articles at certain modular positions on the casting bed. In either or both cases, skilled labour is not required, for example, to manufacture and to place reinforcement wires or rods on the casting bed.
In the case of either an automated, or non-automated continuous casting procedure, standard reinforcement cages can be located in the moulding box at the modular positions corresponding with the core former apertures in the resilient side shuttering. These cages can first be located between upper and lower runs of reinforcing wires, stretched between the end anchorages of the moulding box, and the cages can be subsequently secured in position by introducing joint formers and then the pneumatic core formers which are expanded to lock each cage in position. Similarly, the joint formers, opening formers as well as all other inserts are located with reference to the modular positions. In the case of opening formers and other inserts, which do not run the full width of the casting space, a second co-ordinate is required to position the items along the modular positions.
This second co-ordinate is given in the coding for the item itself. For instance, an opening former, representing a window, will have a second co-ordinate representing the head height of the window. Similar-ly an insert for an electrical fitting may have a centre line co-ordinate. These second co-ordinates represent the top height of the window and the centre line of the light fitting from the floor level and may be used~as code numbers on the supplied items.
When a machine is used to position inserts in the bed, the various ltems are located on the machine in exact position with reference to the co-ordinate along the width of the bed. The machine need there-fore be given only the modular co-ordinate to posi-tion the various reinforcement cages, joint formers, opening formers and other inserts along the full length of the bed. Beside the advantaye that skilled labour is not required to interpret drawings as in conventional practice, the technique according to the invention reduces the time and costs of manufacturing .~
reinforced concrete panels.

Specific details of the digital system for automati~
cally deriving the digital code from building designs is not given as it is essentially software. However, the digital system can cater for one off production of several different housing designs per day whereby information for production can be rapidly transferred accurately and simply and production times are much faster with substantial savings in manufacturing costs.
The different advantages and features of the inven-tion will become more apparent from the following description of certain preferred embodiments which are described with reference to the accompanyiny drawings, in which:
Fig 1 is an isometric view of a concrete panel which is cast in a mould having end plates fixed to a casting bed.
Fig 2 is an elevation of one of the end platesO
Fig 3 is an enlarged view, in side elevation, of rubber side shuttering having a series of core apertures along its length, the figure alos showing tensioning wires which support the shuttering and which are fix`ed to the end plates.
~ig 4 schematically illustrates two moulds side-by-side on the same casting bed.Figs 5-7 show different ways of supporting the side shuttering with tensioning wires.
Fig 8 shows one technique for embedding the ten-sioning wires in concrete.

- 14 ~ 25 Figs 9 and 10 schematically illustrate how the shuttering may be used (with reference to Figs S, 6 and 7).
Fig 11 illustrates one technique for inserting wires in the shuttering.
Fig 12 illustrates how adjacent pieces of shuttering can be joined.
Figs 13, 14 and 15 illustrate different types of joint formers and show how they are fitted to rein-forcing wires extending between the end plates and tocore formers received in core apertures in the shuttering shown in Fig 3.
Fig 16 is a section showing the use of some of the joint formers of Figs 13 and 14 and another type of joint former which acts as end shuttering.
Figs 17 20 are diagrams to show how panels made with ` the aid of the joint formers are joined in different ways.
Fig 21 is a diagram for further explaining how the joints are made.
Fig 22 is a section showing the use of the joint formers of Fig 15.
Fiys 23-25 are diagrams showing how joints c~n be made.
Fig 26 illustrates how the joint formers are used to make an opening former.
Figs 27-28 show details of the opening former.

~ j L6~i Fig 29 is a plan view of the casting bed to illus-trate the use of standard reinforcement cages and the insertion o~ core formers.
Fig 30 is an elevational view to show a detail of the cages~
Fig 31 is a perspective view of part of the concrete mould with an opening former.
Figs 32-33 show different panels cast in moulds according to the invention.
Fig 34 shows a series of schematic diagrams illustra-ting a technique of the invention, and, Figs 35-37 are respective plan, end elevational and side elevational views of a panel produced according to the invention.
Figs 1-4 generally illustrate a casting bed for cas-ting prestressed concrete panels. The bed supports one or more concrete moulds each comprising resilient shuttering 2 (as side pieces 2a, 2b), rigid end anchorages 10 (as end plates lOa, lOb), and ten-sioning wire 6 (where respective wires 6a, 6b arespaced apart in a piece of shuttering 2 and extend along its length).
The mould, without the side shuttering in position, i5 schematically illustrated in Fig. 1. The end plates lOa, lOb are secured to the casting bed so as to form the ends of the mould and so as to provide anchorage for tensioning wire 6. A concrete panel 16 is also schematically illustrated, although this would extend, when cast, up to each end plate lOa, - 16 - ~6~6~5 10b. The length of panel 16 may be approximately 120 metres and its width approxi~ately 8 metresO A
series of reference digit codings 18, are provided on the bed in positions at which core formers can be inserted in the mould before pouring the concrete.
The purpose of the core formers i5 explained below, although it is noted here that the reference digits code the core former positions with regard to a modular system of casting concrete panels 16. One of the rigid end plates 10, which is made of steel, is shown in detail in Fig. 2. It has a series of holes 8 through which the tensioning wire 6 can be threaded. One piece of shuttering 2a is spaced from a second piece of shuttering 2b (as indicated by the broken lines) to form the ~ides of the mould. The holes 8a, 8b adjacent the side shuttering 2a receive tensioning wires which extend along the length of the side shuttering 2a and which are tensioned (between the end plates 10a, 10b) to prevent any substantial deflection of the shuttering when the mould is filled with wet concrete. The spacing between the holes 8 is constant, for example, 25 mm so that concrete panels can be cast having different widths which are multiples of the hole spacing.
As shown in Fig 3, each piece of side shuttering 2 has a series of core former apertures 4, the centres of which are aligned with the respective digit 18 on the casting bed when the shuttering 2 is secured between the end plates 10a, 10b. The shuttering 2 is - 17 ~ 5 made of rubber and it may be sufficiently strong to locate wires Ça, 6b in respective upper and lower grooves (as shown, for example, in Fig 7). The ends of wires 6a, 6b pass out through holes 8a, 8b in the end plate 10 and are tensioned by conventional jacks (not shown~ before being secured, under tension~ by conventional fittings or clamps 12.
Fig 4 schematically illustrates adjacent concrete moulds 20a, 20b on the same casting bed 14, the mould having respective end plates lOa, and lOc across, for example, an 8 metre width. The end plates have feet or pegs 29 which are received in apertures 21 in the casting bed 14. When using two moulds as shown in Fig 4, the same core formers (not shown) can be used in a first casting in mould 20a, and subsequently moved, in the direction of the arrow 22, into second mould 20b for a second casting. The manner by which this is achieved will be apparent from the followiny description and from the description of the preferred core formers in UK PS 1516679, the core formers being received in the apertures 4 in shuttering 2.
Figs 5~7 illustrate different ways in which the tensioning wire 6 can be used to prevent substantial deflection of the side shuttering when the mould is filled with wet concrete.
In Fig 5, tensioning wires 6a, 6b are received in respective holes 7a, 7b passing through the length of the side piece of shuttering 2. The wires may be inserted through the holes, or covered with rubber - 18 - ~6~625 when the rubher shuttering 2 is moulded, or made in accordance with the method described below with reference to Fig 11.
In Fig 6, tensioning wires 6a, 6b and 6cl 6d are stretched adjacent the rsspective side faces of the side shuttering 2. In this caset the wires may be removed from the wet concrete when the shuttering is a common wall to adjacent moulds.
In Fig 7, tensioning wires 6a, 6b are located in respective grooves 24a, 24b. In this case, when con-crete is cast on the grooved side of the shuttering 2, the shuttering may be removed in the direction of arrows 26, leaving the wires 6a, 6b in place, and a second casting may be made, adjacent the first, to embed the wires 6a, 6b. This is illustrated in Fig 8, wherein the broken line 26 represents the joint between the first and second castings 28, 30. The arrangeent shown in Figs 5, 6 and 7, which will be designated as types A, B and C, may be used for casting concrete on either one, or both faces of the shuttering 2. This is illustrated schematically in Figs 9 and 10 where the diffsrent types A, B or C are used as side shuttering in adjacent moulds. With type B, the wire 6 may be removed on one, or both sides of the shuttering 2 when the shuttering forms a common wall between adjacent moulds, the wire being removed before the concrete sets. Reference numeral 30 represents joint formers which are described below and reference numeral 32 represents opening formers - 1 9 - ~ ~ 6~l6~;

(which are also joint formers) also as described below The opening formers define an opening 34 in a cast panel. The type A arrangement is preferred for continuous lengths of cast panels, the type B
arrangement is preferred for non-continuous medium lengths to divide sub-widths and the type C arrange-ment is preferred for making openings 34.
Fig 11 illustrates a section of shuttering 2 in which wires 6a, 6b are received in grooves 24a, 24b. The wires are sealed in the respective grooves by strips of rubber ~4a, 34b which are vulcanized to the walls o~ the grooves.
Fig 12 illustrates adjacent lengths of shuttering 2 which are vulcanized together at a seam 36 to make a continuous length.
Figs 13-15, illustrate different types of joint for-mers which may be used so as to form slots in the concrete panels cast in the mould, or to enclose core formers 40, made of rubber, which are introduced through aligned apertures ~ (see Fig. 3) in opposite pieces of side shuttering 2 so as to separate adja-~ cent panels which are cast on the same bed. These joint formers are used in different assemblies and arrangements (as will be described below with refer-ence to Figs 16~25), to provide concrete panels, such as wall, floor and ceiling panels, which can be joined together to form a structure.
Referring in general to Figs 26-28, the panels may have openings 34 (for example, to receive windows).

- 20 ~ 6~

The method of forming these openings is described below in detail.
Figs 29-31 show how the core formers 40 are intro-duced through aligned apertures 4 (see Fig 3) in opposite pieces of side shuttering 2a, 2b. Fig 29 shows how standard reinforcement cages 52 are intro-duced between aligned core apertures 4, the cages resting on tensioning wires which extend between respective end pla~es (not shown in Fig 29, but see Fig 1). The core formers 40 are threaded through the cages 52 after the cages have been secured in place.
Additional standard binders or cages 54 may also be introduced alongside the inner surface of each piece of side shu~tering 2a, 2b. Cages 5~ are arranged and secured in the mould before introducing core formers 40 and so as not to obscure the apertures 4. Fig 30 schematically illustrates how a cage 52 is located between tensioning wires 6a, 6b and is centered with respect to the aperture 4 in the side shuttering 2.
Fig 31 schematically illustrates a typical mould wherein a plurality of core formers 40 (some of which are threaded through cages 52) extend through aligned aper~ures 4 in opposite pieces of side shuttering 2a, 2b, The figure also shows a region 55 which repre-~5 sents a covered opening (see the technique describedbelow with reference to Figs 26-28). The process of casting concrete panels generally involves pouring wet concrete into the mould and settling the core 6~;
formers, cages, formers, etc. by conventional vibra-ting techniques. As the eoncrete does not adhere to rubber, when the concrete has set the side shuttering 2 and the formers 40 can be easily be removed. This results in a concrete panel having a series of paral-lel tubular cavities 53 across its width, as shown for example in Figs 32 and 33.
The panel shown in Fig 32 may be used as a floor or roof slab and it has a series of reinforcement mem-bers 6c, similar to the tensioning wires 6a, 6b (Fig3) and made of steel, or made of non-ferrous mate-rial, such as polypropylene (i.e. in the form of strings or ropes). Members 6c extend at spaced intervals across the width of the panel and a series of reinforcement cages 52, which were previously located to correspond with alternate core ~ormer apertures 4 in the side shuttering of the mould, extend at spaced intervals along the length of the panel.
Fig 33 shows an upper panel 56, which forms a hor-izontal cantilever resting on a lower vertical panel 58. The tensioning wires 6 extend at spaced inter-vals across the width of panel 56, as in the case of the panel shown in Fig 32, and reinforcement cages 52 are provided at the end of panel 56 and at a position at which a panel 56 rests on the upper edge of the lower panel 58. Cages 54 also extend on the side edges of the panel 56. A more detailed description will now be given of how the joint Eormers are used to finish the panels so that they may be either joined together either edge-to-edge, or at right angles to one another, or separated when cast on the same bed.
Fig 13 shows two of the same type 42 of joint former 42a, 42b, which are applied to the top and bottom portions of the core former 40 to provide a respec-tive slot or a series of slots 108 in the cast panel (see description of Figs 16-22 below). In the case of providing of slots, the joint formers 42a, 42b are each one of a series extending at spaced intervals across the width of the mould. The joint former type 42 is made entirely of rubber and has a first face 70 in which a series of parallel grooves 50 are provided. Some of these grooves receive tensioning or reinforcement wires 6, which are secured to the end plates 10a, 10b (not shown, but see Fig 1~ and which extend along or between the side shuttering 2.
Other grooves 50 receive ties 46,-in the form of steel wires or rods, which are taken around the upper and lower joint formers 42a, 42b and the core former 40. Free ends of the ties 46 may be bent, as shown by reference 72, and secured to adjacent steel cages or joint formers. Opposite the face 70 of each joint former 42a, 42b is a concave face 74 which is shaped to conform with the contour of the respective part of the core former 40. The ends of the joint formers 42a, 42b have a wedge-shaped or tapering cross sec-tion between inclined side faces 73. After tension-ing the wires 6 between the anchor plates 10a, 10b, - 23 - ~6~6~5 joint formers 42a/ 42b may be fitted, almost like zip-fasteners, to the respecti~e wires 6. The core formers 40 are then introduced and the ties 46 are applied as shown.
Referring to Fig 14, side formers 44a, 44b, which are of a different type 44, are almost completely made of rubber and have opposite faces 78, 80 each provided with a series of parallel grooves 82 which can be aligned with the grooves 50 in the upper and lower formers 42a, 42b. Each side formers 42a, 44b also has an outer side face 86 opposite to which is an inner concave face 84 which is shaped to conform with the contour of the respective portion of the core former 40. Inner edge parts 88 of each side former are also inclined so as to correspond with the respective tapered portion of the upper and lower former 42a, 42b. The type 44 joint formers are used in combination with the type 42 joint formers for totally enclosing the formers 40 where it is required to separate panels cast on the same bed (see descrip-tion of Fig 16).
Fig 15 illustrates another type of joint former 43, which is partly resilient and which consists of a narrow strip 90 made of rubber with corresponding grooves 91 (similar to those shown in Fig 13) along its length~ The resilient rubber strip 90 is at-tached to a rigid base 92, made of glass fibre or metal, with flanges 92a, 92b extending on either side of the strip 90~ The base 92 has a concave face (95) 6~3~
which is shaped to conform with a respective part of the core former 40. The tensioning wires 6 and the ties 46 are the same as those described with refer-ence to ~ig 13. Also shown in Fig 15 is a lower joint former 42, of a similar construct:ion to that shown and described with reference to F:ig 13.
The pneumatic core formers 40 can be expanded, by inflation, as described in UK PS 1516679, whereby they secure the upper and lower joint formers in the required positions on the tens.ioning wire 6.
Fig 16 illustrates how the joint formers, including another type of joint former acting as a form of end shuttering 100, can be used in casting concrete panels which can be ~oined to form a right-angled corner joint, a "T" joint and a cross or four-way joint as shown in Figs 17-20. The joint former or : end shuttering 100 has a pair of longitudinally extending side flanges 101 each provided with a series of parallel grooves 82, not shown in Fig 16(a) but similar to the grooves 82 in the joint former 44 of Fig 14, The joint former 100 has a plane face 103 opposite a concave face 105 flanked by tapering portions 107 extending between the concavity and the respective side flanges 101~
Fig 16 is a cross-sectional elevation of a part of a concrete mould in which end shuttering 100 is used in section ta); a joint former assembly 102, similar to that shown in Fig 14, is used in section ~b); and joint formers of type 42 are used in section tc).

Use of the joint former or end shuttering 100 pro-vides openings 103 in the side edges of the panels 16a schematically illustrated in Figs 17-20.
Openings 103 communicate with the tu~ular cavities 53 in the panels which are adjacent the respective side edge. Panels 16a form part of the corner, "T", and cross joints shown in Figs 17, 18 and 19 and they form the four members of a cross joint in Fig 20.
The assembly 102 shown in section (b) of ~ig 16 is used to separate panel 16c of section (a) from panel 16d of section (c). In this case the joint for~ers 42a, 44a, 44b form an assemb]y 102 which totally encloses the core formers 40 (not shown) across the width of the mould.
The joint formers 42 used in section (c) of Fig 16 enable a slot or a series of slots 108 to be made across the width of a panel 16e as schematically illustrated in Fig 21. In the latter case, the joint ormers 42 are spaced at intervals along the length of the core former 40 (~ot shown) across the mould.
As shown in section (c) t the joint formers 42 (only one of which is seen) are located adjacent the side edge of panel 16d. This provides corresponding slots 108 as shown in panel 16d of Fig 17. ~owever, the joint formers 42 can also be positioned between other aligned apertures 4 (not shown) in the side shutter-ing 2 (not shown) to provide a slot or a series of slots 108 at intermediate positions. This is shown 25i in panels 16e of Figs 18, 19 and 21. In Fig 1~, upper and lower joint formers 4?a, 42b (see Fig 13) have been used to provide an upper and lower series of slots 108 in the panel 16f. Fig 21 illustrates a concrete panel 16 wherein the ties 46 protrude from one edge as a series of U-shaped members (after removing end shuttering 100). The slots 108 are re-quired to make the "T" joint between panals 16e and 16a shown in Fig 13.
The joints between the respective panels shown in Figs 17-20 may be made by using a concrete infill according to the technique described in British Patent Specification No. 1109501. Hence no detailed description need be given of that technique.
Figs 22-25 illustrate similar techniques for making a "T" joints (Figs 22, 23), edge-to-edge joints (Fig 24) and a floor-to-floor joint ~Fig 25) by employing the joint formers 90 and 42b as shown in Fig 15. The joint-forming parts of the concrete panels 169 shown in Figs 22 and 23 are made by using joints formers 43 and 42b. Two joint formers 43 are used, top and bottom, to provide the panels 16h shown in Fig 24 which can be joined edge-to-edge. Two joint formers 42b are used at, top and bottom~ to provide the panels 16i shown in Fig 25 which form a floor-to-floor joint with a wall 110 (indicated by the broken line).
Fig 26 i~ a plan view showing how the rubber side shuttering 2 and the type 44 joint formers are - 27 - ~6~6~5 employed to form an opening in a concrete panel, The broken lines represent how the shuttering and joint formers are flexed away from the edges of the opening in the panel once the concrete has set. Some of the core formers 40 passing through the opening 34 are also illustrated.
Figs 27 and 28 illustrate the use of double-peg jointing pieces 112, each provided with a pair of pegs 114 which are received in corresponding aper-tures in the side shuttering 2 for joining respectivelengths of shuttering 2 edge-to-edge. Fig 28 illus-trates how a flexible cover 116, made of rubber, is fitted over the frame formed by the shuttering 2 and joint formers 44 of Fig 26 before the concrete is poured. The cover 116 is provided with pegs 118 which fit between respective core formers introduced through the aperkures 4 in the side shuttering 2.
The moulding box technique described above could be used with traditional reinforcement design and placement methods but a further improvement is pos-sible as described below. The usual method of making reinforcement for wall slabs is in the form of flat mats which are prepared by welding or tying bars kogekher in the correct position. Usually a jig is used to prepare the different reinforcement mats and this is a time consuming and laborious process. The drawings from the engineer have to be first inter-preted7 then the bars cut to size followed by the welding or tying of the bars together to get a ~ 28 ~ 5 suitable mat to fit a particular panel, the mats would have to be made with cut outs for windows and doors and would also incorporate projecting ties~
There is no way in which this work can be done with-out taking days even for a simple building.
Furthermore when the reinforcement is placed in the moulds, it is difficult to handle due to its lack of rigidity and the reinforcement itself has to be held in place by supports to keep it at the suitable height from the mould base.
Spacers have also to be used to keep the reinforce-ment in the correct position relative to the sides.
After all this preparation is done there is no gua-rantee that the reinforcement has not moved during casting of the concrete. An improved reinforcement technique will now be described with reference to Figs 35-37 which can be used for all panel designs without any prior preparation of special steel work.
In this process, which employs the mould of the in-vention, the main steel wire 6 is drawn from the endanchorages along the full length of the bed. A lower run of steel 61 is first drawn and after anchoring on each side, the steel is stretched similar to stres-sing wires used as prestressed wires. Non-ferrous or ferrous reinforcement 120 is also drawn between the end plates (which is subsequently cut out of window openings 34).

- 2g - ~6~z~

Following this, standard mechanically prepared rigid cages o steel reinforcement 52 are placed all along the bed at selected centres 52a An upper run of steel 6u is then stretched from the end anchorages, while the rest of the work such as placement of door and window opening formers 2a, 2b, 44a~ 44b and joint formers is carried out. The joint formers are also introduced into the steel c~ges and the core formers are then threaded through the joint formers in the cages and expanded to lock all the moulding box sections and the steel reinforcement together.
Additional steel loops 46 are clipped on to the end of the panels to form the vertical joints between the walls. The bed is now ready for casting.
The reinforcement technigue described above has the following advantages:-(1) No prior preparation of steel work is required.
(2) It is a simple, quick, accurate and efficient technique to stretch the top and bottom reinfor-cement wires between the end anchorages.
(3) Exactly the same technique is used for the casting of floor and roof panels.
(4) Some plastics, like polypropylene fibrillated fibres, can be used (as known) partly or wholly to replace steel in certain types of concrete elements. Polypropylene fibre reinforcement is usually employed in the form of chopped fibres of short length, mixed with the cement matrix. The - 30 ~ 6~5 ~.
disadvantages of this method are that chopped fibres tend to bunch up; the fibres may surface and affect finishing operations; filaments are dispersed throughout the mix and hence are ran-domly placed not only where they are most re-quired but also everywhere else. This reinforce-ment technique (see, for example, British Patent Specification No. 1,130,612) may thus not be used except where the disadvantages can be accepted.
(The non-ferrous reinforcement 120 shown in the embodiment of Fig. 36, such as polyproplyne fila-ment, is used by stretching the filament strings between the end anchorages. This has advantages over the chopped fibre method in simplifying the work involved; enabling the same equipment and technique to be used as for the steel wires and the filament; enabling the filament to be pre-cisely located; and to permit a reduction of, for example, the outer face of concrete of the hollow panel sections to less than 25 mm, thereby re-ducing the overall weight and cost.
(5) High cost mater]als such as polymer concrete can be used more efficiently as the face thickness of hollow sections can be reduced, provided some amount of fibre such as fibreglass or polypropy-lene is introduced in the thinnest part of the sections. The most practical way to do this is by the method described.

- 31 ~ 6Z~

Referring to Fig. 35, this shows 16 schematically illustrated stages~ indicated by numbers in circles, which correspond with stagas in the following table wherein the designation "autolock" indicates a machine which travels along the rails to a point at which the joint formers, ties and cages are deposited on the casting bed so that they may be assembled (as described above).
When casting panels which are intended for a modular form of building construction, automatic placing equipment can locate the reinforcement, cores and joint formers angles to the direction of the casting bed by reference only to the reference digit codings 18 (see Fig. 1) which indicate the positions of the centres of the core former apertures 4. The use of these reference digit codings 18 avoids certain of the usual engineering drawings used in ~nown casting bed techniques because the information for casting a particular component can be given in the form of a simple code related to the digits on the casting beds and the standard cages to be used. No reference need be made to the particular wall, roof or other ele-ments being cast. Thus, skilled labour would not be required to manufacture, or to place the reinforce-ment and all types of loading conditions can becatered for without changing the manufacturing tech-nique for any type of component. Identical manufac-turing techniques and equipment are used for manufac-turing normally reinforced wall panels, columns, - 3~

beams, floor/roof panels as well as prestressed floor/roof panels and wall panels. The same tech-nique is also used for manufacturing po:Lymer concrete products which are reinforced with stee:L or non-ferrous reinforcement.
Another method is now described for preparing re-inforcement in the bed which is mainly suitable for floor and roof panels but may also be used for wall slabs without openings. In this process instead of using cage reinforcement across the bed a "ladder"
reinforcement is used instead.
The main steel wires 6 are anchored to one end anchorage and unwound along the full length of the bed from coils fitted on to a moving trolley running along the length of the bed.
Prior to anchoring however the cross reinforcement "ladders" are first suspended on edge on a dispenser trolley that can eject one ladder at a time at posi-tions lying between core former positions. The trolley runs along the length of the bed following behind the first trolley carrying the coils of wire.
The main wires are threaded although the entire stack of "ladder" reinforcement before being anchored to one end anchorage.
The trolleys one and two now follow each other direc-tly behind the clearing machine. As the main wires are unwound the "ladder" reinforcement is ejected one at a time on to the stretched main wires. The exact locations are determined by following the modular - 33 ~

numbers which can be counted off from the start at 0 by sensing simple magnetic trip sensors located at modular centres embedded on one side of the casting bed. The "ladders" are laid out on the dispenser in sequence so that the correct "ladder" falls in the right place.
The joint formers are now threaded in from the sides between the top and the bottom reinforcement.
The side shuttering is placed after all the previous-ly cast panels are lifted off the bed, additional joint reinforcement are clipped on, the core formers are threaded in and casting is commenced.
The advantages of this "ladder" reinforcement method are as follows:
(a1 A simple small continuous welding machine simi-lar to that used for producing welded mesh fed with steel wires can automatically produce the standard "ladder" reinforcement to very accurate dimensions, on the same day of casting at very high speed, as no bend of reinforcement is required.
(b) The "ladder" reinforcement is easy to handle and place as they occupy very little space when bunched together and as each piece is very light in weight.
(c) Due to the compactness of the reinforcement, the entire "ladder" reinforcement for the total bed can be stacked together on the dispensing machine.

- 34 ~

(d) The l'autolock" dispensing machine can be a simple device sequentially operated by a trip device on the bed.
(e~ The main advantage of this "ladder" reinforce--ment is that work can commence in one single sequence immediately following lift-off of previously cast panels without waiting for the bed to be completely cleared.

- 35 ~ 6~2~

The table referred to above, in connection with Fig. 34 now follows:
Check List & Time/Labour/Cost Chart Details o~ Stage Labour Stage No. Automatic Estimated Man Machin~es Labour Hours Rates on Rails Cost Clean bed and Stage 1 autoclean spray with clean bed release a~ent and oil ~ . .
Lay side shutter- Stage 2 ing in place and stretch . _ _ _ _ _ _ .
Thread stirrups Stage 3a Lay bottom rein- Stage 3b forcement and stretch ~ = _ _ . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ Locate joint Stage 4 autolock formers in position together with tie locate by bars and cages mcdule and drop items -~- -- - _ Lay O-formers at Stage 5 joints and expand ._ _ . ......... . :
Lay cpening autolock formers position Stage 6 locate by module and drop items _ _ _ . . . _ . .
Lay two side 0-formers in place at each cpening form and expand Stage 7 Lay additional autolock special bottom reinforcement locate by where required Stage 8 module and drop items _ . _ _ _ Details of Stage Labour Stage No. ~utomatic Estirnated Man Machines Labour Hours Rates on Ra:ils Cost . .
Lay reinforce- autolock ment cages in modular locate by position Stage 9 module and drop items _ _ . _ _ Lay O-formers to autolock take electrical or Stage 10 other inserts and locate by expand rnodule and drop items . _ _ _ . . _ . _ _ _ .
Insert other 0-fonmers and Stage 11 expand .. . . _ . . _ . _ . .. . .. _ Thread stirrups Stage 12a Lay top reinforce- Stage 12b ment For floor/roof slabs, clip on additional stirrups Stage 13a where top rein-forcement occurs Slide on stirrup reinforcernent binders at all Stage 13b modules adjacent to slide shuttering '? ---- - ------ -- .. ... _ Lay additional autolock special top rein- Stage 14 forcement where locate by reguired module and drop iterns . _ _ . . _ . . .. _ . . .. _ Covering all autolock openings Stage 15 as above _ _ . ... . . . . _ . . . _ , . _ _ 37 _ ~ 6Z5 Details o~ Stage Labour Stage No. Aut~matic Estimated Man Machines Labour Hours Rates on Rails Cost _ Check location and accuracy of:- Stage 16 1. Side shuttering 2. Joint formers 3. Opening fonmers 4. Inserts 5. Reinforcements Ccmmence casting Stage 17 (not illustrated)

Claims (41)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A mould for casting concrete panels on a casting bed, the mould including end members and side members which form a casting box for casting at least one concrete panel, characterized in that said side members are pieces of shuttering made of resilient material, and that said end members are rigid end anchorages receiving tensioning members which extend between said end anchorages along the length of said shuttering to prevent any substantial deflection of said shuttering when the casting box is filled with wet concrete.

2. A mould according to claim 1, characterized in that said resilient material is rubber.

3. A mould according to claim 1, characterized in that said end anchorages are plates each having a series of holes in which the tensioning members are selectively received to determine the spacing between the respective pieces of shuttering forming the side members of said casting box.

4. A mould according to claim 2, characterized in that said end anchorages are plates each having a series of holes in which the tensioning members are selectively received to determine the spacing between the respective pieces of shuttering forming the side members of said casting box.

5. A mould according to claims 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the tensioning members extend adjacent the sides of said shuttering.

6. A mould according to claim 4, characterized in that the tensioning members extend adjacent the sides of said shuttering.

7. A mould according to claims 2, 3 or 4, characterized in that said shuttering includes apertures adopted to receive the tensioning members.

8. A mould according to claim 6, characterized in that said shuttering has grooves along its length to accommodate the tensioning members.

9. A mould according to claims 3, 4 or 6, characterized in that said shuttering has grooves along its length to accommodate the tensioning members.

10. A mould according to claim 8, characterized in that said shuttering has grooves along its length to accommodate the tensioning members.

11. A system according to claims 1, 2 or 3, in which the casting bed has apertures, characterized in that said end anchorages have feet which are received in apertures in the casting bed whereby said anchorages are secured.

12. A system according to claims 4, 6 or 8, in which the casting bed has apertures, characterized in that said end anchorages have feet which are received in apertures in the casting bed whereby said anchorages are secured.

13. A system according to claim 10, in which said casting bed has apertures, characterized in that said end anchorages have feet which are received in apertures in the casting bed whereby said anchorages are secured.

14. A system according to claims 2, 3 or 6 in which a series of core former apertures are provided along the length of each side member of the mould, and in which respective resilient and pneumatic core formers are received in said apertures characterized in that one or more resilient or part-resilient joint formers are positioned adjacent respective portions of selected core formers, each of said joint formers having a series of grooves transverse to its length, said grooves respectively receiving said tensioning members, or ties.

15. A system according to claims 8 or 10 in which a series of core former apertures are provided along the length of each side member of the mould, and in which respective resilient and pneumatic core formers are received in said apertures characterized in that one or more resilient or part-resilient joint formers are positioned adjacent respective portions of selected core formers, each of said joint formers having a series of grooves transverse to its length, said grooves respectively receiving said tensioning members, or ties.

16. A system according to claim 13 in which a series of core former apertures are provided along the length of each side member of the mould, and in which respective resilient and pneumatic core formers are received in said apertures characterized in that one or more resilient or part-resilient joint formers are positioned adjacent respective portions of selected core formers, each of said joint formers having a series of grooves transverse to its length, said grooves respectively receiving said tensioning members, or ties.

17. A system according to claim 16, characterized in that said joint formers are selected from a group including:
a) a fully resilient joint former having a first face in which said grooves are provided, a second face opposite said first face, said second face being concave and third and fourth faces opposite to one another and extending between said first and second faces;
b) a fully resilient joint former having first and second faces which are opposite to one another and which are provided with said grooves, a third face which is concave and which is flanked at each side by outwardly extending portions, and a fourth face which is opposite the third face and which extends between the first and second faces;
c) a fully resilient joint former having a pair of side flanges each provided with said grooves, said joint former having a first plane face which is opposite a second concave face and which is flanked by tapering portions extending between the concavity and the respective side flanges; and, d) a partly resilient and a partly rigid joint former wherein the resilient part is in the form of a rib having a series of grooves along its length and the rigid part is in the form of a base attached to the rib and having flange portions extending on each side of the rib, said base having a concave face.

18. A system according to claim 17, characterized in that said shuttering is used to form a part of a frame within the mould to provide an opening in the concrete.

19. A system according to claim 18, characterized in that the other part of the frame is the type (a) joint former of claim 20.

20. A system according to claim 19, characterized in that a cover is provided for said frame, the cover being positioned by pegs which extend between adjacent core formers received in the respective apertures in said pieces of shuttering.

21. A system according to claims 17, 18 or 19, charac-terized in that the joint formers are made either entirely, or partly of rubber.

22. A system according to claim 20, characterized in that the joint formers are made either entirely, or partly of rubber.

23. A system according to claims 16, 17 or 18, charac-terized in that reinforcement members also extend between said end anchorages at spaced intervals between the pieces of shuttering and conventional reinforcement cages are positioned between selected pairs of opposite apertures in said pieces of shuttering so that the respective core formers can be received within said cages.

24. A system according to claims 19 or 20, characterized in that reinforcement members also extend between said end anchorages at spaced intervals between the pieces of shuttering and conventional reinforcement cages are positioned between selected pairs of opposite apertures in said pieces of shuttering so that the respective core formers can be received within said cages.

25. A system according to claim 22, characterized in that reinforcement members also extend between said end anchorages at spaced intervals between the pieces of shuttering and conventional reinforcement cages are positioned between selected pairs of opposite apertures in said pieces of shuttering so that the respective core formers can be received within said cages.

26. A system according to claims 16, 17 or 18, charac-terized in that said apertures are located at digitally coded positions along the casting bed to enable machinery, which traverses the casting bed along the longitudinal extent of said shuttering, to be automatically controlled to locate the core formers and joint formers at required positions.

27. A system according to claims 19, 20 or 22, charac-terized in that said apertures are located at digitally coded positions along the casting bed to enable machinery, which traverses the casting bed along the longitudinal extent of said shuttering, to be automatically controlled to locate the core formers and joint formers at required positions.

28. A system according to claim 25, characterized in that said apertures are located at digitally coded positions along the casting bed to enable machinery, which traverses the casting bed along the longitudinal extent of said shuttering, to be automatically controlled to locate the core formers and joint formers at required positions.

29. A system according to claims 4, 6 or 8 characterized in that said tensioning members include non-ferrous strings.

30. A system according to claims 10, 13 or 19 charac-terized in that said tensioning members include non-ferrous strings.

31. A system according to claims 20, 22 or 25 charac-terized in that said tensioning members include non-ferrous strings.

32. A system according to claim 28 characterized in that said tensioning members include non-ferrous strings.

33. A method of continuous casting concrete panels on a casting bed having apertures therein, characterized in that the method comprises the steps of assembling a casting box including side members and end members on the casting bed, fastening the rigid end anchorages to the casting box, fastening opposed side members between opposite rigid end anchorages using tensioning members, tensioning said tensioning members between said end anchorages; locating joint formers and core formers at selected positions along the casting bed, which positions correspond with opposite pairs of said apertures in the respective pieces of shuttering; laying reinforcement members and ties in the respective grooves in the joint formers, said reinforcement members being tensioned between said end anchorages and extending across the casting bed at spaced intervals;
expanding the core formers; pouring concrete into the mould and, when the concrete has set, removing the shuttering and removing the joint formers by first extracting the core formers, and then peeling the joint formers from the reinforcement members and ties.

34. A method of continuous casting concrete panels on a casting bed having apertures therein, characterized in that the method comprises the steps of assembling a casting box including side members and end members on the casting bed, fastening the rigid end anchorages to the casting box, fastening opposed side members between opposite rigid end anchorages using tensioning members, tensioning said tensioning members between said end anchorages; locating the joint formers and core formers at selected positions along the casting bed, which positions correspond with opposite pairs of said apertures in the respective pieces of shuttering; laying reinforcement members and ties in the respective grooves in the joint formers, said reinforcement members being tensioned between said end anchorages and extending across the casting bed at spaced intervals; expanding the core formers; pouring concrete into the mould and, when the concrete has set, removing the shuttering and removing the joint formers by first extracting the core formers, and then peeling the joint formers from the reinforcement members and ties.

35. A method of continuous casting on a casting bed having apertures therein, characterized in that the method comprises the steps of assembling a casting box including side members and end members on the casting bed, fastening the rigid end anchorages to the casting box, fastening opposed side members between opposite rigid end anchorages using tensioning members, tensioning said tensioning members between said end anchorages; locating the joint formers and core formers at selected positions along the casting bed, which positions correspond with opposite pairs of said apertures in the respective pieces of shuttering; laying reinforcement members and ties in the respective grooves in the joint formers, said reinforcement members being tensioned between said end anchorages and extending across the casting bed at spaced intervals; expanding the core formers; pouring concrete into the mould and, when the concrete has set, removing the shuttering and removing the joint formers by first extracting the core formers, and then peeling the joint formers from the reinforcement members and ties.

36. A method according to claim 35 characterized in that the shuttering and the joint formers are used as an opening former to provide an opening of the required dimensions in a concrete panel cast in the mould.

37. A method according to claim 35 characterized in that conventional reinforcement cages, for reinforcing a concrete panel cast in the mould, are located at selected positions along the casting bed, said positions correspond-ing with opposite pairs of said apertures in the respective pieces of shuttering, and introducing the respective core formers into said cages.

38. A method according to claim 36 characterized in that conventional reinforcement cages, for reinforcing a concrete panel cast in the mould, are located at selected positions along the casting bed, said positions correspond-ing with opposite pairs of said apertures in the respective pieces of shuttering, and introducing the respective core formers into said cages.

39. A method according to claims 35, 36 or 37 charac-terized in that the method is automated by providing machinery for traversing the length of the casting bed automatically to carry out at least one of the functions of cleaning and oiling; locating the core formers and joint formers; locating opening formers; and laying, packing, screeding and finishing wet concrete; the machines being controlled with respect to a code designating the position of the cores apertures along the length of the shuttering whereby the method is used for producing cast concrete panels of modular construction.

40. A method according to claim 38 characterized in that the method is automated by providing machinery for traversing the length of the casting bed automatically to carry out at least one of the functions of cleaning and oiling; locating the core formers and joint formers;
locating opening formers; and laying, packing, screeding and finishing wet concrete; the machines being controlled with respect to a code designating the position of the cores apertures along the length of the shuttering whereby the method is used for producing cast concrete panels of modular construction.

41. A method according to claim 40 characterized in that the spacing between the pieces of shuttering is adjusted with regard to a series of holes in the end anchorages to cast concrete panels of various modular widths.