CA1154226A - Roof construction, especially for flat and/or shallowly inclined roofs - Google Patents
Roof construction, especially for flat and/or shallowly inclined roofsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1154226A CA1154226A CA000368857A CA368857A CA1154226A CA 1154226 A CA1154226 A CA 1154226A CA 000368857 A CA000368857 A CA 000368857A CA 368857 A CA368857 A CA 368857A CA 1154226 A CA1154226 A CA 1154226A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- understructure
- sealing
- roofing
- skin
- roof
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
- E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage; Sky-lights
- E04D13/17—Ventilation of roof coverings not otherwise provided for
- E04D13/172—Roof insulating material with provisions for or being arranged for permitting ventilation of the roof covering
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
- E04D11/00—Roof covering, as far as not restricted to features covered by only one of groups E04D1/00 - E04D9/00; Roof covering in ways not provided for by groups E04D1/00 - E04D9/00, e.g. built-up roofs, elevated load-supporting roof coverings
- E04D11/02—Build-up roofs, i.e. consisting of two or more layers bonded together in situ, at least one of the layers being of watertight composition
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
- E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage; Sky-lights
- E04D13/14—Junctions of roof sheathings to chimneys or other parts extending above the roof
- E04D13/1407—Junctions of roof sheathings to chimneys or other parts extending above the roof for flat roofs
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
- E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage; Sky-lights
- E04D13/15—Trimming strips; Edge strips; Fascias; Expansion joints for roofs
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
- E04D5/00—Roof covering by making use of flexible material, e.g. supplied in roll form
- E04D5/14—Fastening means therefor
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Roof Covering Using Slabs Or Stiff Sheets (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
- Working Measures On Existing Buildindgs (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE:
Roof construction, especially for flat and/or shallowly inclined roofs with an understructure and a roofing skin, loosely laid thereon, of elastic sealing sheets, optionally with intermediate layers such as a thermal insulating layer, a protective later, a vapor barrier layer, etc., wherein the roofing skin is flashed at the rim of the understructure, such roof construction being characterized in that the in-terspace present between the roofing skin and the understruc-ture is sealed off to prevent pressure compensation.
Roof construction, especially for flat and/or shallowly inclined roofs with an understructure and a roofing skin, loosely laid thereon, of elastic sealing sheets, optionally with intermediate layers such as a thermal insulating layer, a protective later, a vapor barrier layer, etc., wherein the roofing skin is flashed at the rim of the understructure, such roof construction being characterized in that the in-terspace present between the roofing skin and the understruc-ture is sealed off to prevent pressure compensation.
Description
~S~'2.~
DY~MIT ~l~BEL ~KIl'IE!~GFS~LI.SCll~.FT
Troisdor~, District of Cologrle Roo Constl-uction, Es~ecially for Flat and/or Shallowl~ Inclined Roofs The invention relates to a roof constrLIction, especially for flat and/or sha1lo~ly inclined roofs with an underst:ructure and a roofing skin, loosely laid thereon, of elastic sealing sheets, optionally with intermediate layers such as a thermal insulating layer, a protective layer, a vapor barxier layer, etc., wherein the roofing skin is flashed at the rim of the understructure.
The sealing of flat roofs is performed in accordance with the flat-roof regulations of the"Zentral~erband des Deutschen Dachdeckerhandwerkes" [Central ~ssociation of German Roofers]. In accordance with DIN 1055 [German Industrial Standard~, it is necessary in the building of flat roofs to consider the wind load. In this connection, considerable wind suction ~orces must be expected, particularly due to vortex for~ation in the edge region of a flat roof. The roof constructions are consequently designed, for the a~sorption of the wind suction forces, either witll a partial-area or total-area glued connection of the roofing skin or ~ith an additionally applied weight in case of a loose laying of the roofing skin, or with a mechanical, area-wide fixatiGn in case o~ a loose laying of the roofing skin without weightin~.
]
$~
12~6 .
The wind suction forces are produced by an increased wind velocity on the roof surface. These forces are even more enhanced by vortex formation, for example conical vortices in the,edge and corner zone of the roof surface. Thereby a vacuum is produced on the roof construction.
German Patent No. 2,317,545 discloses an installation for changing the air flow relationships on roof~s without slope or with a slight slope; with the aid of this installation, the ; vortex formation and ~hus the,ensuing wind suction forces are weakened in order to reduce in this way the load on flat roof constructions. As~per~German Patent 2,317,545 baffles are~
arranged for th1s purpose in the region of the roof oorners of the roof construction, these baffles reducing the vortex ::: :
formation in the edge and'corner zone and thus decreasing the ,~
risk of lifting~off of~the roof conskruction and the ~load due ~ '~
to wind suction forces.' ; ' - The i'~vention i9 based on the object of providin~ a , roof construction~with a~loosely laid roofing skin without ~ ~ ;
weighting and without fixation of the flat area, ~ut yet,being :: :
able to withstand the wind suction forces.
Accordin~g~to~the present 1nvention, there is provlded a roof construction,;qspec~ially for flat and/or shallowy ' ~ inclined roofs;having~an understructure and a roofing skin -~
made of resilient sealing sheets loosely laid on sald under-structure, said skin being secured to an edge zone of said understructure, characterized in that it comprises: an inter- '~
space provided between said roofing skin and said understruc-ture, and sealing means for sealing off said interspace and preventing outside air entering into said interspace.
The type of construction of the roofing seal'accord-ing to this invention in a loosely laid roofing skin with the roof surface being exposed to wind load is based on preventlng ' , ~:~S~Z;~6 air pressure compensation between the loosely laid roofing skin (roofing seal) and the understructure.
Considering the roofing.seal.with loosely laid struc-ture a multiple-layer pack with the supporting understructure, thermal insulating layer, roofing skin, then it becomes.clear . that atmospheric air pressure is ambient in the layers, this pressure urging the roofing skln upwards in case of a vacuum above the roof surface, produced, for example, by wind suction f~rces. During this process, the interspace in the multiple-10. layer pack is increased until here, too, the same pressure --subatmospheric pressure -- is produced as ambient on the outside surface of the roofing skin. As long as equal pressure relationships prevail on the outside of the roofing skin and on the inside in the interspace, no further movement of the roofing skin takes place. By means of the solution according to the invention, pressure compensation in the multiple-layer pack and/or between the roofing ~kin and the understructure is prevented. For this purpose, the sealing means are preferably provided in the zone of the roof edge and the roof perforations and a sealing action is produced by a tight understructure in .
the zone of the entire roof surface.
Therefore, according to the prior art and in accord-ance with the flat-roof guidelines of the Central Association of German Roofers, wind suction forces representing a lessening of the air pressure on a surface exposed to wind load and tending to move this surface in the direction toward the sub-atmospheric pressure are prevented by either .. _. _ , ... . . __ , ., i4~
providing a roof surface ~eighting which is equal to or laraer than the pressure difference, or by absorbing the pressure dif-ference by way of the deformation of the roofing skin and transmission of the occurring tensile forces into fastening points. In contrast thereto, according to the invention, the pressure difference is reduced by the feature that the excess pressure underneath the roofing skin is decreased due to lack of connection with the outside air, i.e. by preventing the influx of air into this interspace between the roofing skin and the understructure, until pressure equalization has been attained.
In a further development of the inventlon, the further provision is made to prevent the influx of air into the interspace between the roofing skin and the understructure by arranging a seal in the zone of joints for the joints them-selves with the aid of sealing strips, sealing compounds, foam materials, or similar means, or by establishing tight connec-tions beside the joints on both sides on the understructure.
An elastic, extensible sealing sheet resistant to tensile and tearing stresses,having an appropriate weathering resistance,is ~o be employed for the roof construction of this invention as the so~called outer membrane. These required properties are met, for example, by thermoplastic or elastomeric~ or thermoplastic-elastomeric synthetic resin sealing sheets on the basis of soft PVC, polyisobutylene, butyl rubber, polychloroprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, ethylene-propylene-terpolymer elastomer, with or wit~out fabric reinforcement. The understructure, as the so-called second mernbrane, however, is to be designed with a sufficicnt ~:~LS4~
rigidity and static stability to ahsorb the wind suction forces without resiliency. The understructure can consist, for example, of a solid concrete ceiling, a wrefabrlcated, concrete or lightweight concrete, sectional ceiling with sealed joints, a roofing seal in finished form glued over its entire surface to a substrate, for example on a bitu~inous basis with good adhesion to the substrate, trapeæe sheet-metal roofs, old bituminous roofs, or a roofing surface formed from chipboards with sealed joints.
In addition to providing a tight understructure, i.e. the surface to be sealed by the roofing skin, this latter skin must also not only be attached to the edge of the roof, bu must be sealed as well. For this purpose, in a further develo ment of the invention, it is proposed to flash the roofing skin in the zone of the rim of the understructure so that it is sealed off by mechanical means with the use of contact pressure by means of sealing strips, sealing compounds, etc. and/or by means of solution welding, by means of adhesion promot~rs, adhesive strips, or the like. The means to be utilized for the seal also depend on the materials employed for the roofing skin; for example, when using soft PVC sealing sheets, solution welding can frequently be performed for bonding the sheets to connecting materials whereas, or example, when using sealing sheets on EPDM basis, adhesive strips and/or corresponding adhesion promoters are utilized for sealing pur-poses.
~s~
~ nothcr adval-tageous eml~odiment of the invention provides that air is removed by suction during the building of the roofing seal in order to reduce the air pressure in the interspace bet~een the roofing skin and the understructure.
In this way, the interspace between the roofing skin and the unders-tructure can be initially kept maximally small, and at the same time a planar contacting of the roofing skin, which is loosely laid, against the roof surface can be obtained from the beginning.
It is of no significance for the construction of the roof of this invention without pressure compensation with a loosely laid roofing skin and for the functioning of this in-stallation whether further, loosely laid intermediate layers are present between the roofing skin and the understructure.
If intermediate layers exist which are firmly joined to the understructure, then these intermediate layers constitute, in the function of the roof without pressure compensation, an integrated component of the understructure and take over the tasks of the latter~ There are no objections, either, asainst laying, for exam~le, cover panels on the roof construction of this invention in order to ~ake it possible to walk on the roof surface. These do not impede the function of the roofing structure of this invention, either.
The invention will be explained in greater detail in the drawings showing examples, to wit: ~
Figure 1 shows a cross section of a configuration of the edge of a flat roof, :~54~
"
Figure 2 sllows a cross section of a roof gutter installed in the ~lat roof, Figure 3 shows a cross section of a configuration of a 1at roof edge for a renovated bituminous roo~, Figures 4 and S show cxoss sections of various connections for mounting rings or dome-shaped skylights, Figures 6 and 7 are cross sections o~ various wall connections of the roofing seal, E'igure 8 is a cross section of an attic connection o the roofing seal, Figure lO shows schematically a house with flat roof.
Figure 9 shows a schematic demonsl:ration of the vacuum roof construction according to the invention.
Figure 9 shows the basic structure and mode of opera-tion of the roof construction according to this invention.
The roofing skin 6 of an elastic syn~hetic-resin sealing sheet is placed upon the mechanically rigid understructure l, which latter is adequately dimensioned statically for absorbing wind suction forces and is sealed against the influx of air, and is firmly connected to the understructuxe l in the edge zone 37, forming a seal. Between the understructure l and the roofing skin 6, the interspace 36 is produced. The wind oncoming in the direction of arrow 38 produces a vacuum due to wind suction forces in the edge region due to vortex formation by increased wind velocity on the roof surface while flowing in the direction of arrow 39 in the zone 40 above the roofing skin 6. However, since atmospheric air pressure is ambient .; ' ';, , ' ' ':
~154~
in thc interspace 36, the roofincJ skin 6 is urged upwardly in th direction of arrow 41 on account thereof. During this process, the interspace 36 is increased, and the pressure therein dro~s until it is equal to the pressure prevailing on the outer surface of the roofing skin. ~s lony as the same pressure is ambient on the two sides of the roofing skin 6, no further movement of the roofing skin takes place. This means that there will not be any further elongation of the roofing skin 6, either, and the latter is in a load--free condition. The vacuum in the interspace 36 now leads to the effect that the understructure 1 is urged upwardly by the full atmospheric pressure prevailing therebelow, but absorbs this pressure due to its construction.
In order to provide the roof construction of this in-vention in practice, it is thus necessary to provide sufficient seals for the outer membrane, namely the roofing skin, the inner membrane, namely the understructure, and for the air space disposed therebetween, regarding the influx of air and thus for the prevention of a pressure compensation. Figure 1 shows an example for the edge construction of a ro,f structure with loosely laid roofing skin. The understructure 1, for ex-ample a poured concrete ceiling, is fashioned in the roof edge zone with the upwardly eY.tending rim la. This understructure 1 is sealed by a multiple-layer roof seal. In the illustrated embodiment, a loosely laid protective layer, e.g. a polyester mat, is disposed direc~ly on the understructure, followed by the vapor barrier ilm 3, e.g. a polyethylene film, laid loosely thereon, and thereover a thermal insulating layer 4, for e~ample of polystyrelle foam panels, which la~ter are intcrlockecl alon~ t:heir edges, is tl~en loosely placed thereovex. The thermal insulating layer, however, can also be produced from other foam materials, for example from phenolic resin foam materials, polyurethane fo~m materials, polyethylene foam materials, crosslinked polyethylene foam materials. The protective layer 5, for example a glass mat having a weight per unit area o above 100 g/m2, is loosely laid on top of the thermal insulatir,g layer 4. The outer final layer is constituted by the roofing skin 6 of elastic, extensibl roof sealing sheets tightly joined along their seams, made for example, of soft PVC. The air interspace seal between the individual layers remaining between the roofing skin 6 and the understructure, and the mounting of the layers to the under-structure, are achieved by the following means. The vapor barrier sheet 3 is pulled over the upwardly extènding rim la o the understructure in the upward direction and sealed with respect to the understructure with the sealing strip 9 and to-ward the outside with the sealing strip 10, for example of a closed-cell soft foam material. The fixation of the layers is effected in the edge zone by means of wooden planks 8 resting on the vapor barrier sheet 3 and attached to the under-structure 1 b~ means of screws and dowels, these planks simultaneously pressing the sealing strip 9 in place. The wooden plank 8 corresponds in its thickness to that of the thermal insulating layer 4. An anyular composite plastic-sheet-metal profile 18 is attached by means of nails 19 to the wooden plank 8 with the interposition of a further sealing , strip 11 wher~in the plastic-coated side of the profile 18 serves for firm welding onto the roofing skin 6. Pre~erahly, the plastic coating of the profile 18 is like-~ise of so~ PVC
so that solution welding can be per~ormed in a simpl~ manner in the zone 15. The upwardly projecting rim la of the under-structure is likewise sealed additionally with the ~urther :~
thermal insulating layer 16 and the loose protective layer 17;
the composite plastlc-sheet-~.etal profile 12 constltutes; the outer boundary of the edge~, this profile being attached with :
nails 14 to the rlm~la with the interposition of the sealing strip 10; the plastic:-coated topside of this pro~ile serves:
for connecting the strip~13 of sealing sheet stock additionally t~
the roofing skin 6 by welding, thus ~orming the solution weld seam 15. The strip~:13 bridg:es the:boundary zone from;pro~ile 12 .`
,: :: :
to profile 18, to which latter~it is likewise welded with its:
other end, thus establishin~ the seaml~ess, ti~ht transition;~to the roofing skin 6.~ ~While~the composite pla~ltic-sheet-metal profiles 12, 18 produoe the mechanical fixati.on of the rooflng skin and the ro~of construction to the understructure l, the:;
solution weld seams lS~a~s well as~the sealing strips~9,~10, 11, which are provided, serve for sealing the interspace 36 between the understructure l and the roofing skin 6.
Figure 2 shows an example for mounting and sealing a roof aperture in the form of the roof gutter 20 with downspout 21. Roo~ gutter 20 and downspout 21 are made, for example, of hard~PVC and fitted one into the o~her with the interposition of a gasket 2? to be vertically adjustablc. The :roof gutter 20 rests with its sup~ortinq flange on the t~apor : ' ?
:: - 10 -barricr film 3 and is extended through the aperture ~3 of the understructure 1. The downspout 21 inserted in the roof gutter 20 rests with its supportiny flange on the protective layer 5 above the thermal insulating layer ~. The roofing skin 6 is firmly and tightly joined to the supporting flange of the downspout by solution welding in the zone 15. The roof gutter 20 extended through the understructure 1 is sealed in the region of the joint 23 between the roof gutter 20 and the aper-ture 43, for example by a polyurethane foam sealing member which, for example, is foamed in place at the building site.
Figure 3 shows the structure of a roo construction for renovating an old bituminous roof with a loosely laid roofing skin 6 and with the edge flashing. On the understructur the existing roofing seal, for example a multiple-layer ~itumin-ized pulpboard glued with bitumen, is provided, this roofing sea also being joined to th, understructure 1, for example aerated concrete. The thermal insulating layer 4 is then applied loosely thereover, and this layer lS covered on the topside with a protective layer S and the loosely laid roofing skin 6.
The fixation of the roofing skin 6 in the understructure is achieved by means of the wooden plank 8 attached by means of anchor nails 7 to the understructure 1 with the interposition of the sealing strip 9. On the topside of the wooden plank 8, the composite plastic-sheet-metal profile 18 is attached with nails 19, the sealing strip 11 being interposed. On the plastic-coated side of the profile 18, which side points up-wards, the roofing skin 6 i5 firmly attached so that it adheres to ~he plastic-coatcd side in the zone 15, for e~.ample :~5~2~
by solution welding. The roof edge is formed by the roof edcJe pro~ile 12 and the T-ed~e pro~ilc 27, which a~e attached with the interposition of the sealing strip 10 by means of hammer-type rivets 25 to the understructure. The strip 13 as a supplement to the roofing skin 6, made of likcwise elastic sealing sheet, bridges the edge zone and :is solution-welded so that it adheres firmly to the composite plastic-sheet-metal profile 12, as well as to the co~posite plastic-sheet-metal profile 18 in the zone lS. With this construction of the edge flashing of the roofillg skin 6 and the understructure 1, the interspace 36 is safely sealed off sufficiently against air infl-~from the outside. Additionally, an additional securement can be effected at the ends of the seams by means of liquid film 26.
Figure 4 shows the fixation o:E the mounting ring 29 for a dome skylight to the understructure 1 and the tight extension through the roofing skin and the understructure.
A protective layer 2 is placed, for example, on the understruc-ture 1/ and on this layer rests the mounting ring 29 with its supporting flange 29a ~ith the interposition of the sealing strip 9.
Qn the outside of the mounting ring 29, the film strip 13, corresponding in its composition of material to the roo~ing skin 6, is adhesively mounted by means of an adhesive layer 28. The mounting ring is subsequently attached to the understructure 1 by means of nails 19 and by the placement of flat composite plastic-sheet-metal strips 30. The composite plastic-sheet-metal strips 30 serve for the firmly adhering and tigllt mounting of the roofing skin 6, for example by means of solution welding, in the zone 15. Additionally, end zones can be sealed off by means of liquid film 26.
.. ... .
:~LS4~
` :
~ i~ure 5 S]lowS a variatioll for the fasteni~lg of the mounting ring 29 clnd sealing means on a flat roo~. In this arrangement, the composite plastic-sheet-metal profile 31 is attachcd on the outside of the mounting ring 29 by means of rivets 32; the outer, plastic-coated side of this profile serves for connecting the roofing skin tightly and with firm adhesion in the zone 15.
Pigures 6 and 7 show examples of arranyements for the adhesive and tight mounting of the loosely laid roofing skin in -the zone of a wall junction. In the illustrated example according to Figure 6, an old roofing seal 24 applied over the.
entire area is still present on the understructure l; .a further roofing skin 6, with the interposition of the protective layer 2 is at this point loosely laid thereon. The wall junction is established by means of the composite plastic-sheet-metal profile 33, attached to the understructure, for example aerated concrete, with the interposition of a sealing strip 9 by means of anchor nails 7. The outwardly facing side of the profile 33 is coated with plastic, so that welding or also gluing of the roofing skin 6 to the profile 33 can be effected in the zone 15. A modification of the wall connection is shown in Figure 7, wherein no old roofing seal 24 is present, but wherein the roofing skin 6 is extended at an angle upwardly on the composite sheet-metal profile 33 and is solution~
welded in the zone 15 and secured by means of liquid film 26, whereby the desired, adhesive and tight bond and the sealing o the interspace 36 are accomplished.
- 13 - ..
.~ ~
1~L5~
If roof constxuct:ions having an attic ~unction are intended, then the invention can be put into practice as shown, for example, in Figure 8. The mounting profile 35 is here attached to the understructure la by means of the hammer-type rivets 7 with the interposition of the sealing strips 9.
The composite plastic~sheet-metal profile 34 forming the edge flashing is laid thereover, the roofing skin 6 being mounted thereto in a firmly adhering and tight fashion, for example by solution welding, in the zone 15. For sealiny purposesl sealing strips can be employed made of an elastomer, neoprene, elastic or plastic synthetic resins, closed-cell soft foam materials, which are optionally also coated on one side with an adhesive serving as the mounting aid~ However, elastic or elastic-plasti putties can also be utilized, depending on the application site.
Figure 10 shows a basic diagram of a house 44 with flat roof construction. The loosely laid roofing skin 6 covers the roof surface and is sealed and fastened in the zones of the roof edge 37 and of the roof cutouts, such as chimney 45 and mounting ring 29 for the dome skylight. Moreover, the roofing skin 6 is alsG sealed with respect to the under-structure.
DY~MIT ~l~BEL ~KIl'IE!~GFS~LI.SCll~.FT
Troisdor~, District of Cologrle Roo Constl-uction, Es~ecially for Flat and/or Shallowl~ Inclined Roofs The invention relates to a roof constrLIction, especially for flat and/or sha1lo~ly inclined roofs with an underst:ructure and a roofing skin, loosely laid thereon, of elastic sealing sheets, optionally with intermediate layers such as a thermal insulating layer, a protective layer, a vapor barxier layer, etc., wherein the roofing skin is flashed at the rim of the understructure.
The sealing of flat roofs is performed in accordance with the flat-roof regulations of the"Zentral~erband des Deutschen Dachdeckerhandwerkes" [Central ~ssociation of German Roofers]. In accordance with DIN 1055 [German Industrial Standard~, it is necessary in the building of flat roofs to consider the wind load. In this connection, considerable wind suction ~orces must be expected, particularly due to vortex for~ation in the edge region of a flat roof. The roof constructions are consequently designed, for the a~sorption of the wind suction forces, either witll a partial-area or total-area glued connection of the roofing skin or ~ith an additionally applied weight in case of a loose laying of the roofing skin, or with a mechanical, area-wide fixatiGn in case o~ a loose laying of the roofing skin without weightin~.
]
$~
12~6 .
The wind suction forces are produced by an increased wind velocity on the roof surface. These forces are even more enhanced by vortex formation, for example conical vortices in the,edge and corner zone of the roof surface. Thereby a vacuum is produced on the roof construction.
German Patent No. 2,317,545 discloses an installation for changing the air flow relationships on roof~s without slope or with a slight slope; with the aid of this installation, the ; vortex formation and ~hus the,ensuing wind suction forces are weakened in order to reduce in this way the load on flat roof constructions. As~per~German Patent 2,317,545 baffles are~
arranged for th1s purpose in the region of the roof oorners of the roof construction, these baffles reducing the vortex ::: :
formation in the edge and'corner zone and thus decreasing the ,~
risk of lifting~off of~the roof conskruction and the ~load due ~ '~
to wind suction forces.' ; ' - The i'~vention i9 based on the object of providin~ a , roof construction~with a~loosely laid roofing skin without ~ ~ ;
weighting and without fixation of the flat area, ~ut yet,being :: :
able to withstand the wind suction forces.
Accordin~g~to~the present 1nvention, there is provlded a roof construction,;qspec~ially for flat and/or shallowy ' ~ inclined roofs;having~an understructure and a roofing skin -~
made of resilient sealing sheets loosely laid on sald under-structure, said skin being secured to an edge zone of said understructure, characterized in that it comprises: an inter- '~
space provided between said roofing skin and said understruc-ture, and sealing means for sealing off said interspace and preventing outside air entering into said interspace.
The type of construction of the roofing seal'accord-ing to this invention in a loosely laid roofing skin with the roof surface being exposed to wind load is based on preventlng ' , ~:~S~Z;~6 air pressure compensation between the loosely laid roofing skin (roofing seal) and the understructure.
Considering the roofing.seal.with loosely laid struc-ture a multiple-layer pack with the supporting understructure, thermal insulating layer, roofing skin, then it becomes.clear . that atmospheric air pressure is ambient in the layers, this pressure urging the roofing skln upwards in case of a vacuum above the roof surface, produced, for example, by wind suction f~rces. During this process, the interspace in the multiple-10. layer pack is increased until here, too, the same pressure --subatmospheric pressure -- is produced as ambient on the outside surface of the roofing skin. As long as equal pressure relationships prevail on the outside of the roofing skin and on the inside in the interspace, no further movement of the roofing skin takes place. By means of the solution according to the invention, pressure compensation in the multiple-layer pack and/or between the roofing ~kin and the understructure is prevented. For this purpose, the sealing means are preferably provided in the zone of the roof edge and the roof perforations and a sealing action is produced by a tight understructure in .
the zone of the entire roof surface.
Therefore, according to the prior art and in accord-ance with the flat-roof guidelines of the Central Association of German Roofers, wind suction forces representing a lessening of the air pressure on a surface exposed to wind load and tending to move this surface in the direction toward the sub-atmospheric pressure are prevented by either .. _. _ , ... . . __ , ., i4~
providing a roof surface ~eighting which is equal to or laraer than the pressure difference, or by absorbing the pressure dif-ference by way of the deformation of the roofing skin and transmission of the occurring tensile forces into fastening points. In contrast thereto, according to the invention, the pressure difference is reduced by the feature that the excess pressure underneath the roofing skin is decreased due to lack of connection with the outside air, i.e. by preventing the influx of air into this interspace between the roofing skin and the understructure, until pressure equalization has been attained.
In a further development of the inventlon, the further provision is made to prevent the influx of air into the interspace between the roofing skin and the understructure by arranging a seal in the zone of joints for the joints them-selves with the aid of sealing strips, sealing compounds, foam materials, or similar means, or by establishing tight connec-tions beside the joints on both sides on the understructure.
An elastic, extensible sealing sheet resistant to tensile and tearing stresses,having an appropriate weathering resistance,is ~o be employed for the roof construction of this invention as the so~called outer membrane. These required properties are met, for example, by thermoplastic or elastomeric~ or thermoplastic-elastomeric synthetic resin sealing sheets on the basis of soft PVC, polyisobutylene, butyl rubber, polychloroprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, ethylene-propylene-terpolymer elastomer, with or wit~out fabric reinforcement. The understructure, as the so-called second mernbrane, however, is to be designed with a sufficicnt ~:~LS4~
rigidity and static stability to ahsorb the wind suction forces without resiliency. The understructure can consist, for example, of a solid concrete ceiling, a wrefabrlcated, concrete or lightweight concrete, sectional ceiling with sealed joints, a roofing seal in finished form glued over its entire surface to a substrate, for example on a bitu~inous basis with good adhesion to the substrate, trapeæe sheet-metal roofs, old bituminous roofs, or a roofing surface formed from chipboards with sealed joints.
In addition to providing a tight understructure, i.e. the surface to be sealed by the roofing skin, this latter skin must also not only be attached to the edge of the roof, bu must be sealed as well. For this purpose, in a further develo ment of the invention, it is proposed to flash the roofing skin in the zone of the rim of the understructure so that it is sealed off by mechanical means with the use of contact pressure by means of sealing strips, sealing compounds, etc. and/or by means of solution welding, by means of adhesion promot~rs, adhesive strips, or the like. The means to be utilized for the seal also depend on the materials employed for the roofing skin; for example, when using soft PVC sealing sheets, solution welding can frequently be performed for bonding the sheets to connecting materials whereas, or example, when using sealing sheets on EPDM basis, adhesive strips and/or corresponding adhesion promoters are utilized for sealing pur-poses.
~s~
~ nothcr adval-tageous eml~odiment of the invention provides that air is removed by suction during the building of the roofing seal in order to reduce the air pressure in the interspace bet~een the roofing skin and the understructure.
In this way, the interspace between the roofing skin and the unders-tructure can be initially kept maximally small, and at the same time a planar contacting of the roofing skin, which is loosely laid, against the roof surface can be obtained from the beginning.
It is of no significance for the construction of the roof of this invention without pressure compensation with a loosely laid roofing skin and for the functioning of this in-stallation whether further, loosely laid intermediate layers are present between the roofing skin and the understructure.
If intermediate layers exist which are firmly joined to the understructure, then these intermediate layers constitute, in the function of the roof without pressure compensation, an integrated component of the understructure and take over the tasks of the latter~ There are no objections, either, asainst laying, for exam~le, cover panels on the roof construction of this invention in order to ~ake it possible to walk on the roof surface. These do not impede the function of the roofing structure of this invention, either.
The invention will be explained in greater detail in the drawings showing examples, to wit: ~
Figure 1 shows a cross section of a configuration of the edge of a flat roof, :~54~
"
Figure 2 sllows a cross section of a roof gutter installed in the ~lat roof, Figure 3 shows a cross section of a configuration of a 1at roof edge for a renovated bituminous roo~, Figures 4 and S show cxoss sections of various connections for mounting rings or dome-shaped skylights, Figures 6 and 7 are cross sections o~ various wall connections of the roofing seal, E'igure 8 is a cross section of an attic connection o the roofing seal, Figure lO shows schematically a house with flat roof.
Figure 9 shows a schematic demonsl:ration of the vacuum roof construction according to the invention.
Figure 9 shows the basic structure and mode of opera-tion of the roof construction according to this invention.
The roofing skin 6 of an elastic syn~hetic-resin sealing sheet is placed upon the mechanically rigid understructure l, which latter is adequately dimensioned statically for absorbing wind suction forces and is sealed against the influx of air, and is firmly connected to the understructuxe l in the edge zone 37, forming a seal. Between the understructure l and the roofing skin 6, the interspace 36 is produced. The wind oncoming in the direction of arrow 38 produces a vacuum due to wind suction forces in the edge region due to vortex formation by increased wind velocity on the roof surface while flowing in the direction of arrow 39 in the zone 40 above the roofing skin 6. However, since atmospheric air pressure is ambient .; ' ';, , ' ' ':
~154~
in thc interspace 36, the roofincJ skin 6 is urged upwardly in th direction of arrow 41 on account thereof. During this process, the interspace 36 is increased, and the pressure therein dro~s until it is equal to the pressure prevailing on the outer surface of the roofing skin. ~s lony as the same pressure is ambient on the two sides of the roofing skin 6, no further movement of the roofing skin takes place. This means that there will not be any further elongation of the roofing skin 6, either, and the latter is in a load--free condition. The vacuum in the interspace 36 now leads to the effect that the understructure 1 is urged upwardly by the full atmospheric pressure prevailing therebelow, but absorbs this pressure due to its construction.
In order to provide the roof construction of this in-vention in practice, it is thus necessary to provide sufficient seals for the outer membrane, namely the roofing skin, the inner membrane, namely the understructure, and for the air space disposed therebetween, regarding the influx of air and thus for the prevention of a pressure compensation. Figure 1 shows an example for the edge construction of a ro,f structure with loosely laid roofing skin. The understructure 1, for ex-ample a poured concrete ceiling, is fashioned in the roof edge zone with the upwardly eY.tending rim la. This understructure 1 is sealed by a multiple-layer roof seal. In the illustrated embodiment, a loosely laid protective layer, e.g. a polyester mat, is disposed direc~ly on the understructure, followed by the vapor barrier ilm 3, e.g. a polyethylene film, laid loosely thereon, and thereover a thermal insulating layer 4, for e~ample of polystyrelle foam panels, which la~ter are intcrlockecl alon~ t:heir edges, is tl~en loosely placed thereovex. The thermal insulating layer, however, can also be produced from other foam materials, for example from phenolic resin foam materials, polyurethane fo~m materials, polyethylene foam materials, crosslinked polyethylene foam materials. The protective layer 5, for example a glass mat having a weight per unit area o above 100 g/m2, is loosely laid on top of the thermal insulatir,g layer 4. The outer final layer is constituted by the roofing skin 6 of elastic, extensibl roof sealing sheets tightly joined along their seams, made for example, of soft PVC. The air interspace seal between the individual layers remaining between the roofing skin 6 and the understructure, and the mounting of the layers to the under-structure, are achieved by the following means. The vapor barrier sheet 3 is pulled over the upwardly extènding rim la o the understructure in the upward direction and sealed with respect to the understructure with the sealing strip 9 and to-ward the outside with the sealing strip 10, for example of a closed-cell soft foam material. The fixation of the layers is effected in the edge zone by means of wooden planks 8 resting on the vapor barrier sheet 3 and attached to the under-structure 1 b~ means of screws and dowels, these planks simultaneously pressing the sealing strip 9 in place. The wooden plank 8 corresponds in its thickness to that of the thermal insulating layer 4. An anyular composite plastic-sheet-metal profile 18 is attached by means of nails 19 to the wooden plank 8 with the interposition of a further sealing , strip 11 wher~in the plastic-coated side of the profile 18 serves for firm welding onto the roofing skin 6. Pre~erahly, the plastic coating of the profile 18 is like-~ise of so~ PVC
so that solution welding can be per~ormed in a simpl~ manner in the zone 15. The upwardly projecting rim la of the under-structure is likewise sealed additionally with the ~urther :~
thermal insulating layer 16 and the loose protective layer 17;
the composite plastlc-sheet-~.etal profile 12 constltutes; the outer boundary of the edge~, this profile being attached with :
nails 14 to the rlm~la with the interposition of the sealing strip 10; the plastic:-coated topside of this pro~ile serves:
for connecting the strip~13 of sealing sheet stock additionally t~
the roofing skin 6 by welding, thus ~orming the solution weld seam 15. The strip~:13 bridg:es the:boundary zone from;pro~ile 12 .`
,: :: :
to profile 18, to which latter~it is likewise welded with its:
other end, thus establishin~ the seaml~ess, ti~ht transition;~to the roofing skin 6.~ ~While~the composite pla~ltic-sheet-metal profiles 12, 18 produoe the mechanical fixati.on of the rooflng skin and the ro~of construction to the understructure l, the:;
solution weld seams lS~a~s well as~the sealing strips~9,~10, 11, which are provided, serve for sealing the interspace 36 between the understructure l and the roofing skin 6.
Figure 2 shows an example for mounting and sealing a roof aperture in the form of the roof gutter 20 with downspout 21. Roo~ gutter 20 and downspout 21 are made, for example, of hard~PVC and fitted one into the o~her with the interposition of a gasket 2? to be vertically adjustablc. The :roof gutter 20 rests with its sup~ortinq flange on the t~apor : ' ?
:: - 10 -barricr film 3 and is extended through the aperture ~3 of the understructure 1. The downspout 21 inserted in the roof gutter 20 rests with its supportiny flange on the protective layer 5 above the thermal insulating layer ~. The roofing skin 6 is firmly and tightly joined to the supporting flange of the downspout by solution welding in the zone 15. The roof gutter 20 extended through the understructure 1 is sealed in the region of the joint 23 between the roof gutter 20 and the aper-ture 43, for example by a polyurethane foam sealing member which, for example, is foamed in place at the building site.
Figure 3 shows the structure of a roo construction for renovating an old bituminous roof with a loosely laid roofing skin 6 and with the edge flashing. On the understructur the existing roofing seal, for example a multiple-layer ~itumin-ized pulpboard glued with bitumen, is provided, this roofing sea also being joined to th, understructure 1, for example aerated concrete. The thermal insulating layer 4 is then applied loosely thereover, and this layer lS covered on the topside with a protective layer S and the loosely laid roofing skin 6.
The fixation of the roofing skin 6 in the understructure is achieved by means of the wooden plank 8 attached by means of anchor nails 7 to the understructure 1 with the interposition of the sealing strip 9. On the topside of the wooden plank 8, the composite plastic-sheet-metal profile 18 is attached with nails 19, the sealing strip 11 being interposed. On the plastic-coated side of the profile 18, which side points up-wards, the roofing skin 6 i5 firmly attached so that it adheres to ~he plastic-coatcd side in the zone 15, for e~.ample :~5~2~
by solution welding. The roof edge is formed by the roof edcJe pro~ile 12 and the T-ed~e pro~ilc 27, which a~e attached with the interposition of the sealing strip 10 by means of hammer-type rivets 25 to the understructure. The strip 13 as a supplement to the roofing skin 6, made of likcwise elastic sealing sheet, bridges the edge zone and :is solution-welded so that it adheres firmly to the composite plastic-sheet-metal profile 12, as well as to the co~posite plastic-sheet-metal profile 18 in the zone lS. With this construction of the edge flashing of the roofillg skin 6 and the understructure 1, the interspace 36 is safely sealed off sufficiently against air infl-~from the outside. Additionally, an additional securement can be effected at the ends of the seams by means of liquid film 26.
Figure 4 shows the fixation o:E the mounting ring 29 for a dome skylight to the understructure 1 and the tight extension through the roofing skin and the understructure.
A protective layer 2 is placed, for example, on the understruc-ture 1/ and on this layer rests the mounting ring 29 with its supporting flange 29a ~ith the interposition of the sealing strip 9.
Qn the outside of the mounting ring 29, the film strip 13, corresponding in its composition of material to the roo~ing skin 6, is adhesively mounted by means of an adhesive layer 28. The mounting ring is subsequently attached to the understructure 1 by means of nails 19 and by the placement of flat composite plastic-sheet-metal strips 30. The composite plastic-sheet-metal strips 30 serve for the firmly adhering and tigllt mounting of the roofing skin 6, for example by means of solution welding, in the zone 15. Additionally, end zones can be sealed off by means of liquid film 26.
.. ... .
:~LS4~
` :
~ i~ure 5 S]lowS a variatioll for the fasteni~lg of the mounting ring 29 clnd sealing means on a flat roo~. In this arrangement, the composite plastic-sheet-metal profile 31 is attachcd on the outside of the mounting ring 29 by means of rivets 32; the outer, plastic-coated side of this profile serves for connecting the roofing skin tightly and with firm adhesion in the zone 15.
Pigures 6 and 7 show examples of arranyements for the adhesive and tight mounting of the loosely laid roofing skin in -the zone of a wall junction. In the illustrated example according to Figure 6, an old roofing seal 24 applied over the.
entire area is still present on the understructure l; .a further roofing skin 6, with the interposition of the protective layer 2 is at this point loosely laid thereon. The wall junction is established by means of the composite plastic-sheet-metal profile 33, attached to the understructure, for example aerated concrete, with the interposition of a sealing strip 9 by means of anchor nails 7. The outwardly facing side of the profile 33 is coated with plastic, so that welding or also gluing of the roofing skin 6 to the profile 33 can be effected in the zone 15. A modification of the wall connection is shown in Figure 7, wherein no old roofing seal 24 is present, but wherein the roofing skin 6 is extended at an angle upwardly on the composite sheet-metal profile 33 and is solution~
welded in the zone 15 and secured by means of liquid film 26, whereby the desired, adhesive and tight bond and the sealing o the interspace 36 are accomplished.
- 13 - ..
.~ ~
1~L5~
If roof constxuct:ions having an attic ~unction are intended, then the invention can be put into practice as shown, for example, in Figure 8. The mounting profile 35 is here attached to the understructure la by means of the hammer-type rivets 7 with the interposition of the sealing strips 9.
The composite plastic~sheet-metal profile 34 forming the edge flashing is laid thereover, the roofing skin 6 being mounted thereto in a firmly adhering and tight fashion, for example by solution welding, in the zone 15. For sealiny purposesl sealing strips can be employed made of an elastomer, neoprene, elastic or plastic synthetic resins, closed-cell soft foam materials, which are optionally also coated on one side with an adhesive serving as the mounting aid~ However, elastic or elastic-plasti putties can also be utilized, depending on the application site.
Figure 10 shows a basic diagram of a house 44 with flat roof construction. The loosely laid roofing skin 6 covers the roof surface and is sealed and fastened in the zones of the roof edge 37 and of the roof cutouts, such as chimney 45 and mounting ring 29 for the dome skylight. Moreover, the roofing skin 6 is alsG sealed with respect to the under-structure.
Claims (8)
1. Roof construction, especially for flat and/or shallowy inclined roofs having an understructure and a roofing skin made of resilient sealing sheets loosely laid on said understructure, said skin being secured to an edge zone of said understructure, characterized in that it comprises:
- an interspace provided between said roofing skin and said understructure, and - sealing means for sealing off said inter-space and preventing outside air entering into said interspace.
- an interspace provided between said roofing skin and said understructure, and - sealing means for sealing off said inter-space and preventing outside air entering into said interspace.
2. Roof construction according to claim 1, characterized in that the roofing skin is sealed at the rim of the understructure, and the understructure is fashioned to be sealingly tight, and the roof cutouts are sealed off with respect to the roofing skin and with respect to the under-structure.
3. Roof construction according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, in the region of joints, sealing strips are provided for sealing said joints.
4. Roof construction according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, in the region of joints, sealing compounds are provided for sealing said joints.
5. Roof construction according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, in the region of joints, foam materials are provided for sealing said joints.
6. Roof construction according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, in the region of joints, tight connec-tions are established beside the joints on both sides on the understructure.
7. Roof construction according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the roofing skin is flashed in the zone of the rim of the understructure in a sealing fashion by mechanical means with the use of contact pressure by means of sealing strips, sealing compounds, or the like and/or by means of solution welding, by means of adhesion promoters, adhesive strips, or the like.
8. Roof construction according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that for reducing the air pressure in the interspace between the roofing skin and the understructure air is removed by suction during construction of the roofing seal arrangement.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3001956A DE3001956C2 (en) | 1980-01-21 | 1980-01-21 | Flat roof or the like. |
| DEP3001956.8 | 1980-01-21 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1154226A true CA1154226A (en) | 1983-09-27 |
Family
ID=6092520
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000368857A Expired CA1154226A (en) | 1980-01-21 | 1981-01-20 | Roof construction, especially for flat and/or shallowly inclined roofs |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0032585B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS56115452A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE6682T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU535547B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1154226A (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3001956C2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3309443A1 (en) * | 1982-05-29 | 1983-12-08 | Heidelberger Druckmaschinen Ag, 6900 Heidelberg | METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE SURFACE COVERAGE OF A PRINT ORIGINAL OR PRINT PLATE FOR PRINTING MACHINES |
| FR2630147B1 (en) * | 1988-04-19 | 1993-04-09 | Hart Marcel | SEALING IMPLEMENTATION DEVICE FOR TILING |
| DE102006035227B3 (en) * | 2006-07-26 | 2007-09-06 | Mt-Energie Gmbh & Co. Kg | Biogas fermenter comprises a rotating wall enclosing an inner chamber and a cover held at the wall for covering the inner chambers |
| CN103184784A (en) * | 2011-12-30 | 2013-07-03 | 五冶集团上海有限公司 | Method for paving roof asphalt felt tiles |
| CN110512751B (en) * | 2019-09-02 | 2021-05-18 | 山西五建集团有限公司 | FS mold protection integrated plate outer wall waterproof layer fixing construction method |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2203310A1 (en) * | 1972-01-25 | 1973-08-02 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Roof insulation - of loose blocks held by z-shaped section dividers of metal and/or plastic |
| BE787268A (en) * | 1972-08-07 | 1972-12-01 | Deckers Edwin | SUPPORTED WALL, SUCH AS FOR EXAMPLE A ROOF. |
| DE2317545C3 (en) * | 1973-04-07 | 1980-01-03 | Dynamit Nobel Ag, 5210 Troisdorf | Device for changing the wind flow conditions on roofs with no slope or slightly inclined |
| DE2358102A1 (en) * | 1973-11-21 | 1975-05-28 | Saar Gummiwerk Gmbh | Waterproof roof covering for flat roofs - is held by screwing and vulcanising of loose layers |
| FR2286929A1 (en) * | 1974-10-02 | 1976-04-30 | Siplast Soc Nouvelle | IMPROVEMENT OF DEVICES TO ENSURE THE WATERPROOFING OF ROOFS AND TERRACES |
-
1980
- 1980-01-21 DE DE3001956A patent/DE3001956C2/en not_active Expired
- 1980-12-23 EP EP80108169A patent/EP0032585B1/en not_active Expired
- 1980-12-23 DE DE8080108169T patent/DE3067067D1/en not_active Expired
- 1980-12-23 AT AT80108169T patent/ATE6682T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1981
- 1981-01-20 AU AU66356/81A patent/AU535547B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1981-01-20 CA CA000368857A patent/CA1154226A/en not_active Expired
- 1981-01-21 JP JP654281A patent/JPS56115452A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU535547B2 (en) | 1984-03-29 |
| AU6635681A (en) | 1981-07-30 |
| DE3001956A1 (en) | 1981-07-23 |
| EP0032585A2 (en) | 1981-07-29 |
| DE3067067D1 (en) | 1984-04-19 |
| EP0032585A3 (en) | 1981-09-02 |
| ATE6682T1 (en) | 1984-03-15 |
| JPS56115452A (en) | 1981-09-10 |
| JPH0144863B2 (en) | 1989-09-29 |
| DE3001956C2 (en) | 1982-09-16 |
| EP0032585B1 (en) | 1984-03-14 |
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| MKEX | Expiry |