CA1152280A - Modular-skeleton type building - Google Patents
Modular-skeleton type buildingInfo
- Publication number
- CA1152280A CA1152280A CA000369829A CA369829A CA1152280A CA 1152280 A CA1152280 A CA 1152280A CA 000369829 A CA000369829 A CA 000369829A CA 369829 A CA369829 A CA 369829A CA 1152280 A CA1152280 A CA 1152280A
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- post
- elements
- building
- building construction
- girder
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/26—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of wood
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/26—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of wood
- E04B1/2604—Connections specially adapted therefor
- E04B2001/268—Connection to foundations
- E04B2001/2684—Connection to foundations with metal connectors
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/35—Extraordinary methods of construction, e.g. lift-slab, jack-block
- E04B2001/3583—Extraordinary methods of construction, e.g. lift-slab, jack-block using permanent tensioning means, e.g. cables or rods, to assemble or rigidify structures (not pre- or poststressing concrete), e.g. by tying them around the structure
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A building construction system that permits the erection of a modular-skeleton structure type building in a very short time utilizing relatively unskilled labour. The construction system utilizes a skeleton-type structure consisting of vertical metal profile posts which extend from the foundation to the horizontal roof girders in a single unit of uniform cross-section. The roof girders are attached by means of slotted tension bolts. The one-piece vertical profile posts have a cross-section which is essentially the combination of a T-section and a U-section. In the lower part of the building, basement wall elements extend into the vertical profile posts with their angled legs on the inside of the building. In this position, they are secured by a bracing tube.
A building construction system that permits the erection of a modular-skeleton structure type building in a very short time utilizing relatively unskilled labour. The construction system utilizes a skeleton-type structure consisting of vertical metal profile posts which extend from the foundation to the horizontal roof girders in a single unit of uniform cross-section. The roof girders are attached by means of slotted tension bolts. The one-piece vertical profile posts have a cross-section which is essentially the combination of a T-section and a U-section. In the lower part of the building, basement wall elements extend into the vertical profile posts with their angled legs on the inside of the building. In this position, they are secured by a bracing tube.
Description
115Z2~
This invention relates to a pre-fabricated house construction and more particularly a modular-skeleton structure building construction that can be quickly assembled from a relatively small number of pre-fabricated components with a minimum input of unskilled labour.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There is a strong need in the building construction industry, and particularly the private home construction industry, for a simple, high quality, rigid, stable, storm and earthquake-proof building construction system that utilizes relatively few long lasting components and permits rapid building erection time involving basically unskilled labour. Existing building construction systems in the industrialized world are expensive, compllcated, labour intensive and time consuming to erect.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The applicant's modular-skeleton structure building construction system comprises a skelet~n construction combined with grid elements. Th0 materials of construction are mainly long lasting and sturdy non-corrodable metals, plastics and naturally occuring and synthetic materials. The system is versatile in that the modular-type components permit a wide range of individual custom designs to be constructed. The materials used to construct the building are relatively few in number and type (compared to conventional houses) and enable simple and rapid construction because the components are standardized and pre-fabricated.
~' ~15Z280 The applicant's construction system is particularly suitable for private homes (residential blocks, bungalows and detached houses~ and for industrial sheds and camps.
The system is believed to be superior to known construction systems because of the short construction time involved and the quality of building that is erected. The system is designed for easy self-assembly by basically unskilled labour, including the owner, since all easy-to-follow assembly plans and drawings are supplied. The system permits flexible designs and individual housing developments to be custom built to suit terrain and individual tastes of consumers.
The structures erected are basically earthquake-proof, since the components are somewhat elastic in nature and neither wood nor stone is used for load-carrying elements. The sy~tem uses a grid design comprising a skeleton-type structure constructed of pre-fabricated elements which can be assembled basically by hand. The grid element construction system does not require the use of heavy lift equipment or a crane at the site.
The grid-type construction system can be disassembled in whole or in part thereby permitting extensions or modifications of the building to be made easily.
The system includes a basement made of aluminum elements constructed according to the same system as the super structure which means that all components required to construct and complete building l~SZ~
including the basement, can be supplied by one firm. No separate basement contractor is required. The basement elements, by utilizing the same basic materials, permit short construction time and dry construction conditions. The basement includes pre-fabricated windows and window-wells.
The basement construction is of elastic design and as with other components of the building is earthquake-proof. Both basement and living level, including the roof, can be erected cost-effectively and without mortar by labour that is basically unskilled.
All aluminum posts and all basement wall elements are of very sturdy design and feature anticapillary connections. All windows and doors of the system have triple glazing thereby ensuring favourable K-values with minimum thermal conductivity. Windows, doors and shutters for the main floor are pre-fabricated.
The construction 9ystem is fully suitable for complete erection by the buyer. The complete home, including basement, living level and roof structure, can be assembled in only a ew days by baslcally unskilled labour following the assembly plans, drawings and simple construction order.
The system is light-weight, very stable and of dry and hygienic design. Excellent properties are offered for countries where earthquakes are a risk. The skeleton-type structure makes substantial use of aluminum panels in a grid-type structure, and is resistant to termites, timber worms and decay.
The system can be supplied with different llSZ280 facade options, for example:
(a) Plastic cement plaster finish, (b) Building panels in different colours and shapes, (c) Conventional timber panels in different forms, (d) Aluminum panels forming a vapour barrier, (e) Ready-mixed external plaster with glass fibre reinforcement in all colours; and (f) Tile panelling to form a curtain wall for decoration. This latter option is not earthquake-proof.
The grid-type construction system is particularly well suited for the installation or assembly of standard grid measure doors and windows, including shutters, which do not require modifications.
The construction system includes a stainless-steel hot-air heating system which can be fired with wood. This heating system is suitable for tiled stove and fireplace heating, under~loor and radiator heating. The sy~tem can inc~ude a reflector-based solar-collector heating svstem.
The construction system permits every type of home form and layout. All types of roof covers can be used. The type to be used is generally dependent on the built-up environment. Roof coverings consisting of clay tiles, Plas,tic tiles or concrete tiles can be used. A
corrugated-aluminum roof can be supplied for earthquake-prone regions. The house system can be llSZ280 supplied with different roof options, e.g. flat roof, flat-saddle roof, saddle roof, sundeck roof, hipped roof, hipped saddle roof.
The elements for the system can be supplied on a turnkey basis, including sanitary fittings and equipment, lavatory and bathrooms, completely equipped kitchens, wall papers, timber ceilings, floor carpets, optional ceramic-tile or wood parquetry floors, and including the complete heating system.
The house components are easily transported from one location to another because parts of the construction elements can be used to crate and containerize other elements of the construction. This significantly reduces packaging costs, which can be a major expense item in conventional systems.
STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION
The house construction of the invention employs a skeleton-type structure which consists of vertical metal profile posts which extend from the foundation of the house to horizontal roof girders in a single unit of uniforrn cross-section. The roof girders are attached to the vertical metal profile posts by means of slotted tension bolts. The one-piece vertical profile posts have a cross-section which is essentially the combination of a T-section and a U-section. In the lower part of the building, basement wall elemen-ts extend into the vertical profile posts with angled legs on the inside of the building. In this position, they are secured by a bracing tube.
House construction using a skeleton-type 1:~522~30 structure with posts and horizontal girders, characterised in that the posts are made of metal and are single-unit vertical profile posts, supported on a foundation whose uniform cross-section extends from the foundation to the horizontal roof girders, the vertical profiled posts and the horizontal roof girders being interconnected by tension bolts.
A house construction as described wherein each tension bolt penetrates the respective horizontal roof girder and engages in a central section of the vertical profile post with its lower end which is split and the nut of the bolt engages in an opening in the central section.
A house construction as described wherein heat-insulating and stabilizing timber cores are inserted in the upper part of the vertical profile posts on the inner side of the posts.
A house construction as described wherein disassembleable vertically arranged basement wall elements having approximately a U-shape horizontal cross-section, with two legs extending from the base engaging in a recess in the vertical proile post.
A house construction as described wherein the ends of the legs of the basement wall elements have a U-shape bend which opens to the outside, with the legs of the neighbouring basement wall elements forming a wedge-shape recess opening to the inside and the leg ends engaging in vertical grooves of the vertical profile posts, being secured in that position by a catch inserted in the recess of the vertical profile post.
llS~28o A house construction as described wherein the basement wall element accomodates a plate-type protective element between its legs.
A house construction as described wherein a plurality of vertical profile posts are penetrated at least at their upper ends by horizontal steel cables that brace each of the posts.
A house construction as described wherein the horizontal floor girders rest on the upper sides of basement wall elements and are connected with the vertical profile posts by tension elements.
A house construction as described wherein the vertical profile posts support a wall combination consisting of one or more wall elements, comprisiny a facade element separating wall and an interior wall element.
A building structure of the skeleton structure type with vertical profile posts resting on a foundation, characterised in that the central webs of the vertical profile posts are pierced in the vicinity of the base by at least one wire cable which extends parallel to the external walls of the building and which is passed through lower~lying holding devices, the holding devices being ixed in said foundation, and tensioning devices are provided by means of which the wire cable can be tensioned in a downwardly-directed manner whereby pressure downwardly on the foundation is exerted on the vertical profile posts.
A building structure of the skeleton structure type with vertical profile posts spacially oriented llSZZ~
around the walls, including the corners, characterised in that at least the corner vertical profile posts rest on and are guyed onto a horizontal girder, in the vicinity of the base of the posts by a longitudinally slit tensioning bolt which holds the web of the vertical profile post.
A building structure as described wherein the vertical profile posts are constructed with an I-shaped girder cross-section with bent out flanges by which two of said vertical profile posts are engagable with each other when juxtapositioned with one another in a corner location.
A building structure as described wherein the vertical profile posts have therein substantially H-shaped holes spaced at intervals over more than half the length of their web.
A building structure as described wherein the length of the web is at least one and one third times the width of the parallel legs.
A building structure as described wherein on both sides of the space in which the wire cable i9 located, wall elements made of thermally insulating material are placed, the outer wall element being additionally covered by a facade element.
A building structure, characterised in that basement wall elements with an approximately U-shaped horizontal cross-section are provided when wall elements are juxtapositioned to one another, the bent-out legs on the adjacent basement wall elements defining a V-shaped space, the legs each containing a bowed-out section for ~5Z280 a tensioning bolt to pass therethrough, and the basement wall elements each having a hole therein for accomodating a nut or a bolt-head connected to the tensioning bolt.
A building structure as described wherein resting on the end face of two adjacent basement wall elements there is a horizontal floor girder through which a tensioning bolt passes, the bolt having therein a longitudinal slit at the top in which the central web of a vertical profile post engages.
A building structure with a roof ridge, characterised in that part of the building is constructed as a transportation container for the remaining parts of the building structure, the transportation container being smaller compared to the finished building structure with regard to its extent in the longitudinal direction of the roof ridge.
A building structure as described wherein the basement wall elements rest at the base on the foundations, the V-shaped spaces in the elements are open towards the outside of the building, and the basement wall elements are anchored by means oE oblique guying elements.
A building structure as described wherein a transverse bolt passes through the bent-out legs of adjacent basement wall elements and the guying element is a wire cable which projects into the V-shaped space and is connected to the transverse bolt.
A building structure as described wherein the V-shaped space which is open towards ~he outside of the ~15Z2~
building by the bent-out legs of the basement wall elements is covered and maintained by a vertical rail.
DRAWINGS
FIGURE 1 represents a perspective view of part of the skeleton structure of the building;
FIGURE 2 represents a vertical section through one execution variant with interior elements;
FIGURE 3 represents a horizontal section through a vertical profile post with basement wall elements attached to it;
FIGURE 4 represents a horizontal section through one floor girder, mounted to one vertical profile post;
FIGURE 5 represents a horizontal section taken along the line V-V in FIGURE 2;
FIGURE 6 represents a side elevation view of a joint variation used to attach a floor beam to a vertical profile post;
FIGURE 7 represents a plan elevation view of a variant of a basement floor beam attached to a vertical profile post, as illustrated in FIGURE 6;
FIGURE 8 represents a detail of the tension-bolt connection;
FIGURE 9 represents a cross-section side elevation view of a house construction;
FIGURE 10 represents a detai.led vertical cross-section view of a basement ceiling construction;
FIGURE 11 represents a detailed vertical cross-section view of an upper level beam support;
FIGURE 12 represents a detailed vertical 1~5228~1 cross-section view of a variation of upper level beam support;
FIGURE 13 represents a detailed vertical cross-section view of an upper level beam support with a wall attachment;
FIGURE 14 represents a horizontal cross-section view of an exterior wall construction including a corner;
FIGURE 15 represents a detailed horizontal cross-section view of an exterior wall construction, with insulation in the wall cavity;
FIGURE 16 represents a detailed horizontal cross-section view of an exterior wall construction;
FIGURE 17 represents a perspective view of a skeleton structure with vertical profile posts which are guyed down to the foundations by means of a wire cable;
FIGURE 18 represents a perspective illustration of an embodiment in which the vertical profile posts are guyed onto a frame consisting of profile rails;
FIGURE 19 represents a vertical section through a base section ~ith a floor girder screwed to a vertical profile post;
FIGURE 20 represents a horizontal section through a double-walled embodiment;
FIGURE 21 represents a perspective illustration of the bold connection of a basement wall part to ceiling beams and vertical profile posts;
FIGURE 22 represents a perspective illustration in which a basement wall element rests at 1152~80 the base of a concrete formulation;
FIGURE 23 represents a schematic perspective illustration of a building structure where a transportation container is being used to accomodate the remainder of the house.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS _F THE INVENTION
The house construction using the skeleton-type design according to the invention, as may be seen in FIGUR~ l, includes a plurality of vertical profile posts 2 arranged in parallel grid form. These extend respectively from a foundation 3, which is preferably constructed of masonry work, to corresponding horizontal roof girders 4. The vertical profile posts 2 have a uniform cross-section throughout, and are constructed of a single piece of metal, preferably aluminum.
The cross-section construction of vertical profile post 2 is shown in detail in FIGURE 3. It consists of an outer transverse web 5, a centre web 7, an inner transverse web 6 and parallel legs 8 extending from the latter. Legs 8 have one U-shape transverse web 10 each at their free ends forming one vertical, longitudinal groove 15 each. The two parallel legs 8 limit a recess 9 which opens to the inside of the house.
The connection of each horizontal roof girder 4 with a related vertical profile post 2, as can be seen in FIGURE 2, is made by means of a tension bolt 14, which penetrates the horizontal roof girder 4 in one bore. In the centre web 7 of each vertical profile post 2, close to its upper end, there is ~15Z2~0 positioned one opening 16 to take up the nut 11. The lower end of the shank of tension bolt 14 has a longitudinal groove which engages in the centre web 7 of the vertical profile post 2. The nut 11 is placed on the grooved end of tension bolt 14, engaging in opening 16. By clamping it, a force is exerted which contracts the two elements, as shown in detail in FIGURE 6.
Rafters 18, as seen in FIGURES 1 and 2, are placed on the upper side of the horizontal roof girders 4. In addition, there are steel cables 20 which horizontally penetrate the top of the centre webs 7 of the vertical profile posts 2 and are braced on the outside in order to prov.ide a support for the vertical profile posts 2. Other steel cables 20 are also located in the horizontal roof girders 4. The vertical profile posts 2 are spaced and braced from each other preferably by horizontal tension bolts.
In the basement, as shown generally in FIGURE 1 and in detail in FIGURE 3, there are vertically placed basement wall elements 24 along the inside of the house. These consist preferably of a].uminum or other suitable materials and include a flat plate section 26 and two legs 28 slopiny downward at the ends and forming an essentially U-shape cross-section (when seen in a horizontal plane as in FIGURE 3). The two legs 28 are tapered toward each other so that a wedge-shape opening 31 forms between two neighbouring basement wall elements 24 (see FIGURE 3). The individual basement wall elements 24 rest against each other and their width ~52;280 is sized such that any two such basement wall elements 24 side by side can be arranged between two vertical profile posts 2. The ends 29 of the legs 28 of the basement wall elements 24 are bent to form a U shape and engage between the two parallel legs 8 on a related vertical profile post 2, in which they are secured by a vertical bracing tube 19. In the braced condition, the bent ends 29 engage in vertical grooves 15 of the vertical profile posts 2, formed by transverse tabs 10 at the ends of parallel legs 8. The bracing tube 19 is only inserted from above after the basement wall elements 24 have been installed and ensures that the basement wall elements 24 are secured in their respective positions.
Parallel to the plate element 26 of the basement wall elements 24, protective boards 34 are inserted, and these may, for example, be made of expanded plastic or impregnated corrugated cardboard.
Panel elements 32 are installed between the inner and out~r transverse webs 5 and 6 of the vertical profile posts 2 and are adapted in height to correspond with the terrain. Panel elements 32 may be con~tructed of a core of cork particles sandwiched between particle board outer panels utilizing adhesive and considerable heat and pressure. Panel elemènts 32 may also be expanded polystyrene beads sandwiched between inner layers of particle board and outer layers of aluminum sheeting utilizing adhesive, heat and pressure.
In the part of the vertical profile posts 2 extending above basement level, timber cores 36 are used i~S2281~
in a dual manner as a reinforcement of the vertical profile posts 2 for heat insulation and fire protection.
The horizontal floor girders 38 are supported by the upper edge of the basement wall elements 24 and preferably contain one shoulder each. Flooring is laid on floor girders 38.
FIGURE 4 shows the fastening of one floor girder 38 to one vertical profile post 2. An angular tab 44 is attached to both sides of the floor girder 38 by means of bolts 46 and screws 48. A U-shape bracket 42 engages in the tab 44 and is secured by nuts 43 at the ends. The bracket 42 penetrates a bore in the vertical profile post 2 in such a way that the bracket 42 is held both by the parallel legs 8 and by the centre web 7. The face 39 of the floor girder 38 is supported by the transverse tabs 10 at the end of the parallel legs 8, when nuts 43 have been tightened.
FIGURES 2 and 5 (the latter in detail) show a variant suitable for buildings with interior fittings.
In place of a bracket 42, as shown in FIGURE 4, there are a pair of nearly Z-shape attachment elements 56, which grip behind the transverse webs 6 of the vertical profile post 2. Tabs 58 are attached to the respective elements 56 by means of bolts 60, allowing the floor girders 38 to be secured against the transverse tabs 10 of the vertical profile post 2. A vertical tension bolt 62 penetrates floor girder 38 and a rectangular binding rafter 63, horizontally installed, on the underside of the joist. Supporting wall elements 64 are provided on the inside of the building on which the floor elements ~22~1~
are placed.
On the outside of the building (as shown in FIGURE 5), the outer transverse webs 5 of the post 2 are surrounded by an insulation layer 54 to enhance heat insulation properties. External facade elements 50 are fastened to the separating walls 32 by means of spacers 52. The panel-type separating walls 32 are inserted between the outer transverse webs 5 and the inner transverse webs 6 of the vertical profile posts 2.
In this way, the vertical profile posts 2 carry a stable, insulation efficient three-wall structure, i.e.
facade elements 50, separating walls 32, and interior wall elements 64.
A variant for fastening the floor girder 38 to the vertical profile post 2 is to provide the retaining tab 58, which engages in an outer vertical groove formed by the parallel legs 8 and the transverse tab 10, with a tensioning device. This tensioning device contains a cone which engages on one side in an opening or a longitudinal hole by means of a nut which rests in floor girder 38 (similar to screw-type connection 46 shown in FIGURE 4) to pull the face 39 of the 100r girder 38 against the transverse tabs 10 of the vertical profile post 2.
Another variant is characterised by extended tension bolts 14, which penetrate the rafters 18 as well as the horizontal roof girder 14 and draw these against the horizontal roof girder 14.
FIGURE 7 illustrates a plan sectional view of a method of securing a floor girder 38 to a vertical ~SZ2~0 profile post 2, which method is alternative to those illustrated and discussed above in association with FIGURES 4 and 5. A post connector 65 is secured to floor girder 38 by a bolt 66. When the girder 38 is being installed, connector 65 is tipped upwardly about bolt 66, the girder is slid down the post 2 from the top, and then, when in place, connector 65 is tilted horizontally and snapped in place about post 2.
Connector 65 may then be nailed to girder 38 for strength. A vertical wood core piece 67 is positioned within post 2 as shown.
A side elevation view of connector 65, bolt 66, floor girder 38, and post 2, as installed, is illustrated in FIGURE 6. A stiffener 68 is located below girder 38 where it joins post 2.
Referring to FIGURE 9, which represents a side elevation cross-section view of a completed house construction partly excavated into the side of a hill, it may be seen that, except for the part that is underground, which preferably is of aluminum, the basic frame-work for the exterior walls consists of vertical profile posts 2, exterllal facade elements 50, insulating panels 32, interior panels 34, and internal facade sheets 24, connected and fitted together as shown. The roof, including exterior shingles 70 or the like, and underlying sheeting 72, and bracing 74, are mounted on rafters 18, which are secured together by steel cables 20, and secured to the vertical profile posts 2 by means of tension bolts 14 and post openings 16.
The basement floor is normally poured ~:~L52~80 concrete, with a floor finish of some conventional type above it. The basement wall that is against the excavated earth can be constructed of some suitable earth contacting material. Preferably, aluminum inner panels 80 and 82 with expanded polystyrene foam cores and aluminum exterior sheets for corrosion protection against ground fluids are used. The vertical profile posts 2 on that side of the building are secured on the foundation by bolts 84. An outer wall base plate 76 made of an inert material sealæ the outer walls with the surrounding ground. The interior surface can be a basement wall element 24 to conform with the opposite and adjacent walls of the basement. Reinforcing laterally extending steel cables or rods 84 can be secured in the basement walls.
The main floor of the building is supported by laterally extending floor girders 38. These are each connected at the ends to respective posts 2 by connecting means such as that disclosed and discussed above in relation to FIGURES 4 and 5, including bolts 42 or 46, or by the means discussed previously ln rela~ion to FIGURES 6 and 7. The floor girders 38 support cross bearns 86, floor sheeting 88, and overlying carpet or other floor material.
The basement ceiling is formed by panels 90, held in place between the parallel floor girders 38.
The main floor ceiling is constructed in a manner somewhat analogous to the floor between the basement and the main floor, although the main floor ceiling does not have to be able to support a traffic load and hence can 11522~30 be of somewhat lighter construction. Roof girders 4 are positioned between and connected to respective posts 2 and rafters 18. Panels 92 are positioned between the roof girders 4 to form the main floor ceiling.
FIGURE 10 illustrates a typical cross-section floor construction including a floor girder 38, ceiling panels 90 on each side and floor sheeting 88 (all shown in section).
FIGURE 11 illustrates a typical cross-section of floor construction taken at a point where a basement wall is in place. The wall panel 94 is connected to ceiling panels 90 by means of a cross brace 96. A pair of cords 98 is positioned between wall panels 94 and ceiling panels 90 to provide a tight joint.
FIGURE 12 illustrates a typical cross-section of an alternative floor construction showing floor girder 38 and panels 90 in section. This cross-section shows a decorative beam 100 which is suitable in areas where there is no wall.
FIGURE 13 illustrates a typical cross-section of an alternative floor construction showing floor girder 3~ and panels 90 in section and a wall panel 94 also in section. The wall panel is secured in place with nails 102 between parallel runners 104.
As shown in FIGURE 14, which illustrates a top sectional view of a typical wall construction, the walls can be constructed of three basic layers of materials, if required, for maximum heat insulation benefits, both to keep heat in the building in cold climates or keep heat out of the building in hot climates. One or two of 115Z2~30 these walls can be omitted, if required.
The vertical profile posts 2 are secured spacially by steel rods 20. Panels 32 are positioned between each of the posts 2~ A vertical timber core 36 is positioned within each post 2. Insulation 106 is installed between the panels 32 and the outer wall 50.
Inner walls constructed of panels 34 are secured to the inner sides of posts 2. FIGURE 14 also shows sections of wall detail made up of support posts 110, wall sandwich panels 113, door frames 125, and corner support posts 126.
FIGURES 15 and 16 illustrate plan section views of wall sections useful respectively for a cold weather country and a hot weather country. The wall construction shown in FIGURE 15 has insulation 69 in the wall cavity. The wall construction shown in FIGURE 16 has only air in the cavity. Cool air from the basement, or as generated by an air conditioner may be circulated through this cavity to help keep the walls cool.
The panels 32 positioned between the vertical profile posts 2, and elsewhere in the building are known and can be constructed in a number of alternative conventional ways.
FIGURE 17 shows a skeleton structure in which firstly the vertical profile posts 2 are erected. They rest on foundations 3 which are preferably made of solid building materials. The lower ends of the vertical profile posts 2 are set down freely on these foundations; however, it would also be conceivable for a 1~5Z281~
short section to be built in. On their central web, the vertical profile posts 2 are provided with H-shaped cut-outs 1~ which are spaced at intervals and extend over the whole height. In the lowest zone of each of these vertical profile posts 2, and at a defined distance from their lower end face, a bore is provided, through which a wire cable 22 is drawn. Between adjacent vertical profile posts 2, there is at least one lug 23 or other holding device for the wire cable 22, anchored in the foundations 3. The bore in the vertical profile posts 2 for the wire cable is located above the lugs 23 so that when the wire cable 22 is tensioned with a tensioning device a downwards traction effect on the foundations 3 is exerted by the vertical profile posts 2. The tensioning device is constructed in such a way that the wire cable 22 is connected to a threaded bolt 55 on which is screwed a nut 11 by means of which the tensioning force can be produced. The lug 23 may also be constructed as a hook, ring or tubular part, and permits relative displacement therethrough of the wire cable 22 in its longitudinal direction. In this way, the stability of the building structure is greatly increased in the event of earth~uakes or storms.
FIGURE 18 shows a generally similar construction to that in FIGURE 17, except that, instead of foundations made of building materials, floor rails 25 made of metal are provided. These are connected together at the corners to form a frame.
Again, the vertical profile posts 2 rest freely on these base rails 29 and are urged downwardly by the wire ~S22BO
cable 22. An upwardly extending flange 27 on the inner face of the base rail 25 acts as a stop for the vertical profile posts. The plurality of wire cables 22, each extending over only one longitudinal face of the building and tensioned at its respective end, can be used, or only one single wire cable 22 may be used, extending over all four sides of the building.
FIGURE 19 represents an embodiment of a building structure which does not have a basement. The floor joists 38 each rest on supporting blocks 37 which are made, for example, from aeroconcrete and rest directly on the ground. The vertical profile posts 2 in this instance are tensioned on floor joists 38 made of wood by means of a tensioning bolt 14 which is slit longitudinally through its upper section and engages with the central web 7 of the vertical profile post 2.
The nut 11 is located in the hole 16 through the vertical profile post 2 and thus holds the two slit parts of the tensioning screw 14 together and makes it possible to set the vertical profile posts 2 firmly on the floor joists 38. A framework 53 of lathes is built on the floor joists 38, and the floor panels 51 or the like are laid on this framework.
FIGURE 20 shows a horizontal section through a building structure in which a double-wall type of construction is used. In this structure, the H-shaped vertical profile posts 2 are disposed so that the central web 7 extends at right-angles to the respective side of the building. In the corners, these vertical profile posts 2 engage with each other and thereby ~1522E~0 provide a high degree of rigidity. The outer wall panels 32 and the inner wall panels 33 are all equipped with projecting plate elements which engage in the vertical profile posts 23. Between these outer and inner wall panels 32, 33, there is a space 35 in which the lower part of the wire cable 22 with the tensioning devices 11, 55 is located. Facade elements 50 made, for example, out of concrete, are fixed on the outer wall panel 32. This double-walled method of construciton provides an additional insulating and ventilation effect, useful in both cold and hot regions. In hot regions, the air in the space 35 may be cooled, which provides an air-conditioning effect.
FIGURE 21 shows a perspective illustration of the connection of the basement wall elements 24 to a floor joist 38 and to a vertical profile post 2. The basement wall elements 24, which have a U-shaped horizontal section and are made, for example, from aluminum, have a flat vertical plate Plement 26 and a bent-out leg 28 on both sides. When two of such basement wall elements 24 are juxtapositioned together, a V-shaped space 31 is produced between the respective legs 28. A bowed-out section 49 for the passage therethrough of a tensioning bolt 14 is provided towards the top of the legs in the central region. At a certain distance from the upper edges of these basement wall elements 24, rectangular holes 41 are provided in the legs 28, and a nut 11, or a bolt-head, is located in these holes. The nut 11 lies against a washer 45 adapted to the hole 41 and provided with bent-up tabs to 11~22~0 hold it in position.
The horizontal floor joist 38 is supported on the upper edge of the basement wall elements 24. A
piece of sheet metal 47, serving to distribute the pressure, is disposed between the floor joist 38 and the vertical profile post 2 placed thereon. A nut 11 is located in the cut-out 16 in the central web 7 of this vertical profile post 2, being screwed onto the longitudinally slit tensioning bolt 14. The central web 7 of the vertical profile post 2 projects into this longitudinal slit in the tensioning bolt 14, so that a secure connection is obtained when the nut 11 is screwed down tightly. The central web 7 and the longitudinal central axis of the floor joist 38 are located at least approximately in the same vertical plane. The distance ~a~i of this central web 7 should amount to at least one and one third times the width "b", and preferably to approximately one and seven-eighths times this width.
The ends of the parallel legs 8 are provided with transverse tabs 10 which extend parallel to the central web 7. The ends of the tabs 10 are bent inward~ to form vertical grooves 15.
In FIGURE 22, an embodiment is shown in which the basement wall elements 24 rest at the base on the concrete foundations 3. The V-shaped space 31 formed by two adjacent bent-out les 28 is open towards the outside of the building and is covered on the outside by a vertical rail 77. This has a substantially U-shaped cross-section and each end engages behind the respective channels 83 at the ends of the legs 28 by inwardly-~522~30 projecting rail sections 81. In order to enable the vertical rails 77 to be inserted in place, the end face of the floor joist 38 is set back relative to the channel 83. The legs 28 are traversed by a through-bolt 75 which holds one loop 85 of a wire cable 73 serving as a guying element. The wire cable 73 projects into the V-shaped space 31 between two adjacent legs 28 and extends obliquely downwardly to a picket 87 which is seated in the foundations 3 or has been hammered into the ground. The wire cable 73 is formed into a loop 89 in the vicinity of the picket 87. It is also possible to effect adjustable tensioning of the wire cable 73 by using a tensioning bolt. This oblique tensioning is carried out mainly on sloping sites, or when the building is provided with a basement on one side, to secure the basement wall elements against lateral pressure of earth piled against the building. A ceiling profile rail 91 with an angular cross-section is placed on the top edge of the basement wall elements 24.
FIGURE 23 shows schematically how part of the builiding structure can serve as a transportation container in which the remaining structural elements of the building which is to be erected are contained. Two floor joists 38 can be used as skids. In this way, the container 59 can be transported with the aid of a traction vehicle in snow in an upright position, in the direction of the arrow T, the length of the building being governed by the length of the floor joists 38, and the width corresponding approximately to the distance between the two floor joists 38. The dimensions of the ~iSZ2~
transportation container 59 in the longitudinal direction of the roof ridge 57 is less than that of ~he finished erected building. In this way, additional packing costs are avoided and it is possible to deliver to site even large-roomed buildings with a small transportation volume.
As will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be construed in accordance with the substance of the following claims.
This invention relates to a pre-fabricated house construction and more particularly a modular-skeleton structure building construction that can be quickly assembled from a relatively small number of pre-fabricated components with a minimum input of unskilled labour.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There is a strong need in the building construction industry, and particularly the private home construction industry, for a simple, high quality, rigid, stable, storm and earthquake-proof building construction system that utilizes relatively few long lasting components and permits rapid building erection time involving basically unskilled labour. Existing building construction systems in the industrialized world are expensive, compllcated, labour intensive and time consuming to erect.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The applicant's modular-skeleton structure building construction system comprises a skelet~n construction combined with grid elements. Th0 materials of construction are mainly long lasting and sturdy non-corrodable metals, plastics and naturally occuring and synthetic materials. The system is versatile in that the modular-type components permit a wide range of individual custom designs to be constructed. The materials used to construct the building are relatively few in number and type (compared to conventional houses) and enable simple and rapid construction because the components are standardized and pre-fabricated.
~' ~15Z280 The applicant's construction system is particularly suitable for private homes (residential blocks, bungalows and detached houses~ and for industrial sheds and camps.
The system is believed to be superior to known construction systems because of the short construction time involved and the quality of building that is erected. The system is designed for easy self-assembly by basically unskilled labour, including the owner, since all easy-to-follow assembly plans and drawings are supplied. The system permits flexible designs and individual housing developments to be custom built to suit terrain and individual tastes of consumers.
The structures erected are basically earthquake-proof, since the components are somewhat elastic in nature and neither wood nor stone is used for load-carrying elements. The sy~tem uses a grid design comprising a skeleton-type structure constructed of pre-fabricated elements which can be assembled basically by hand. The grid element construction system does not require the use of heavy lift equipment or a crane at the site.
The grid-type construction system can be disassembled in whole or in part thereby permitting extensions or modifications of the building to be made easily.
The system includes a basement made of aluminum elements constructed according to the same system as the super structure which means that all components required to construct and complete building l~SZ~
including the basement, can be supplied by one firm. No separate basement contractor is required. The basement elements, by utilizing the same basic materials, permit short construction time and dry construction conditions. The basement includes pre-fabricated windows and window-wells.
The basement construction is of elastic design and as with other components of the building is earthquake-proof. Both basement and living level, including the roof, can be erected cost-effectively and without mortar by labour that is basically unskilled.
All aluminum posts and all basement wall elements are of very sturdy design and feature anticapillary connections. All windows and doors of the system have triple glazing thereby ensuring favourable K-values with minimum thermal conductivity. Windows, doors and shutters for the main floor are pre-fabricated.
The construction 9ystem is fully suitable for complete erection by the buyer. The complete home, including basement, living level and roof structure, can be assembled in only a ew days by baslcally unskilled labour following the assembly plans, drawings and simple construction order.
The system is light-weight, very stable and of dry and hygienic design. Excellent properties are offered for countries where earthquakes are a risk. The skeleton-type structure makes substantial use of aluminum panels in a grid-type structure, and is resistant to termites, timber worms and decay.
The system can be supplied with different llSZ280 facade options, for example:
(a) Plastic cement plaster finish, (b) Building panels in different colours and shapes, (c) Conventional timber panels in different forms, (d) Aluminum panels forming a vapour barrier, (e) Ready-mixed external plaster with glass fibre reinforcement in all colours; and (f) Tile panelling to form a curtain wall for decoration. This latter option is not earthquake-proof.
The grid-type construction system is particularly well suited for the installation or assembly of standard grid measure doors and windows, including shutters, which do not require modifications.
The construction system includes a stainless-steel hot-air heating system which can be fired with wood. This heating system is suitable for tiled stove and fireplace heating, under~loor and radiator heating. The sy~tem can inc~ude a reflector-based solar-collector heating svstem.
The construction system permits every type of home form and layout. All types of roof covers can be used. The type to be used is generally dependent on the built-up environment. Roof coverings consisting of clay tiles, Plas,tic tiles or concrete tiles can be used. A
corrugated-aluminum roof can be supplied for earthquake-prone regions. The house system can be llSZ280 supplied with different roof options, e.g. flat roof, flat-saddle roof, saddle roof, sundeck roof, hipped roof, hipped saddle roof.
The elements for the system can be supplied on a turnkey basis, including sanitary fittings and equipment, lavatory and bathrooms, completely equipped kitchens, wall papers, timber ceilings, floor carpets, optional ceramic-tile or wood parquetry floors, and including the complete heating system.
The house components are easily transported from one location to another because parts of the construction elements can be used to crate and containerize other elements of the construction. This significantly reduces packaging costs, which can be a major expense item in conventional systems.
STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION
The house construction of the invention employs a skeleton-type structure which consists of vertical metal profile posts which extend from the foundation of the house to horizontal roof girders in a single unit of uniforrn cross-section. The roof girders are attached to the vertical metal profile posts by means of slotted tension bolts. The one-piece vertical profile posts have a cross-section which is essentially the combination of a T-section and a U-section. In the lower part of the building, basement wall elemen-ts extend into the vertical profile posts with angled legs on the inside of the building. In this position, they are secured by a bracing tube.
House construction using a skeleton-type 1:~522~30 structure with posts and horizontal girders, characterised in that the posts are made of metal and are single-unit vertical profile posts, supported on a foundation whose uniform cross-section extends from the foundation to the horizontal roof girders, the vertical profiled posts and the horizontal roof girders being interconnected by tension bolts.
A house construction as described wherein each tension bolt penetrates the respective horizontal roof girder and engages in a central section of the vertical profile post with its lower end which is split and the nut of the bolt engages in an opening in the central section.
A house construction as described wherein heat-insulating and stabilizing timber cores are inserted in the upper part of the vertical profile posts on the inner side of the posts.
A house construction as described wherein disassembleable vertically arranged basement wall elements having approximately a U-shape horizontal cross-section, with two legs extending from the base engaging in a recess in the vertical proile post.
A house construction as described wherein the ends of the legs of the basement wall elements have a U-shape bend which opens to the outside, with the legs of the neighbouring basement wall elements forming a wedge-shape recess opening to the inside and the leg ends engaging in vertical grooves of the vertical profile posts, being secured in that position by a catch inserted in the recess of the vertical profile post.
llS~28o A house construction as described wherein the basement wall element accomodates a plate-type protective element between its legs.
A house construction as described wherein a plurality of vertical profile posts are penetrated at least at their upper ends by horizontal steel cables that brace each of the posts.
A house construction as described wherein the horizontal floor girders rest on the upper sides of basement wall elements and are connected with the vertical profile posts by tension elements.
A house construction as described wherein the vertical profile posts support a wall combination consisting of one or more wall elements, comprisiny a facade element separating wall and an interior wall element.
A building structure of the skeleton structure type with vertical profile posts resting on a foundation, characterised in that the central webs of the vertical profile posts are pierced in the vicinity of the base by at least one wire cable which extends parallel to the external walls of the building and which is passed through lower~lying holding devices, the holding devices being ixed in said foundation, and tensioning devices are provided by means of which the wire cable can be tensioned in a downwardly-directed manner whereby pressure downwardly on the foundation is exerted on the vertical profile posts.
A building structure of the skeleton structure type with vertical profile posts spacially oriented llSZZ~
around the walls, including the corners, characterised in that at least the corner vertical profile posts rest on and are guyed onto a horizontal girder, in the vicinity of the base of the posts by a longitudinally slit tensioning bolt which holds the web of the vertical profile post.
A building structure as described wherein the vertical profile posts are constructed with an I-shaped girder cross-section with bent out flanges by which two of said vertical profile posts are engagable with each other when juxtapositioned with one another in a corner location.
A building structure as described wherein the vertical profile posts have therein substantially H-shaped holes spaced at intervals over more than half the length of their web.
A building structure as described wherein the length of the web is at least one and one third times the width of the parallel legs.
A building structure as described wherein on both sides of the space in which the wire cable i9 located, wall elements made of thermally insulating material are placed, the outer wall element being additionally covered by a facade element.
A building structure, characterised in that basement wall elements with an approximately U-shaped horizontal cross-section are provided when wall elements are juxtapositioned to one another, the bent-out legs on the adjacent basement wall elements defining a V-shaped space, the legs each containing a bowed-out section for ~5Z280 a tensioning bolt to pass therethrough, and the basement wall elements each having a hole therein for accomodating a nut or a bolt-head connected to the tensioning bolt.
A building structure as described wherein resting on the end face of two adjacent basement wall elements there is a horizontal floor girder through which a tensioning bolt passes, the bolt having therein a longitudinal slit at the top in which the central web of a vertical profile post engages.
A building structure with a roof ridge, characterised in that part of the building is constructed as a transportation container for the remaining parts of the building structure, the transportation container being smaller compared to the finished building structure with regard to its extent in the longitudinal direction of the roof ridge.
A building structure as described wherein the basement wall elements rest at the base on the foundations, the V-shaped spaces in the elements are open towards the outside of the building, and the basement wall elements are anchored by means oE oblique guying elements.
A building structure as described wherein a transverse bolt passes through the bent-out legs of adjacent basement wall elements and the guying element is a wire cable which projects into the V-shaped space and is connected to the transverse bolt.
A building structure as described wherein the V-shaped space which is open towards ~he outside of the ~15Z2~
building by the bent-out legs of the basement wall elements is covered and maintained by a vertical rail.
DRAWINGS
FIGURE 1 represents a perspective view of part of the skeleton structure of the building;
FIGURE 2 represents a vertical section through one execution variant with interior elements;
FIGURE 3 represents a horizontal section through a vertical profile post with basement wall elements attached to it;
FIGURE 4 represents a horizontal section through one floor girder, mounted to one vertical profile post;
FIGURE 5 represents a horizontal section taken along the line V-V in FIGURE 2;
FIGURE 6 represents a side elevation view of a joint variation used to attach a floor beam to a vertical profile post;
FIGURE 7 represents a plan elevation view of a variant of a basement floor beam attached to a vertical profile post, as illustrated in FIGURE 6;
FIGURE 8 represents a detail of the tension-bolt connection;
FIGURE 9 represents a cross-section side elevation view of a house construction;
FIGURE 10 represents a detai.led vertical cross-section view of a basement ceiling construction;
FIGURE 11 represents a detailed vertical cross-section view of an upper level beam support;
FIGURE 12 represents a detailed vertical 1~5228~1 cross-section view of a variation of upper level beam support;
FIGURE 13 represents a detailed vertical cross-section view of an upper level beam support with a wall attachment;
FIGURE 14 represents a horizontal cross-section view of an exterior wall construction including a corner;
FIGURE 15 represents a detailed horizontal cross-section view of an exterior wall construction, with insulation in the wall cavity;
FIGURE 16 represents a detailed horizontal cross-section view of an exterior wall construction;
FIGURE 17 represents a perspective view of a skeleton structure with vertical profile posts which are guyed down to the foundations by means of a wire cable;
FIGURE 18 represents a perspective illustration of an embodiment in which the vertical profile posts are guyed onto a frame consisting of profile rails;
FIGURE 19 represents a vertical section through a base section ~ith a floor girder screwed to a vertical profile post;
FIGURE 20 represents a horizontal section through a double-walled embodiment;
FIGURE 21 represents a perspective illustration of the bold connection of a basement wall part to ceiling beams and vertical profile posts;
FIGURE 22 represents a perspective illustration in which a basement wall element rests at 1152~80 the base of a concrete formulation;
FIGURE 23 represents a schematic perspective illustration of a building structure where a transportation container is being used to accomodate the remainder of the house.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS _F THE INVENTION
The house construction using the skeleton-type design according to the invention, as may be seen in FIGUR~ l, includes a plurality of vertical profile posts 2 arranged in parallel grid form. These extend respectively from a foundation 3, which is preferably constructed of masonry work, to corresponding horizontal roof girders 4. The vertical profile posts 2 have a uniform cross-section throughout, and are constructed of a single piece of metal, preferably aluminum.
The cross-section construction of vertical profile post 2 is shown in detail in FIGURE 3. It consists of an outer transverse web 5, a centre web 7, an inner transverse web 6 and parallel legs 8 extending from the latter. Legs 8 have one U-shape transverse web 10 each at their free ends forming one vertical, longitudinal groove 15 each. The two parallel legs 8 limit a recess 9 which opens to the inside of the house.
The connection of each horizontal roof girder 4 with a related vertical profile post 2, as can be seen in FIGURE 2, is made by means of a tension bolt 14, which penetrates the horizontal roof girder 4 in one bore. In the centre web 7 of each vertical profile post 2, close to its upper end, there is ~15Z2~0 positioned one opening 16 to take up the nut 11. The lower end of the shank of tension bolt 14 has a longitudinal groove which engages in the centre web 7 of the vertical profile post 2. The nut 11 is placed on the grooved end of tension bolt 14, engaging in opening 16. By clamping it, a force is exerted which contracts the two elements, as shown in detail in FIGURE 6.
Rafters 18, as seen in FIGURES 1 and 2, are placed on the upper side of the horizontal roof girders 4. In addition, there are steel cables 20 which horizontally penetrate the top of the centre webs 7 of the vertical profile posts 2 and are braced on the outside in order to prov.ide a support for the vertical profile posts 2. Other steel cables 20 are also located in the horizontal roof girders 4. The vertical profile posts 2 are spaced and braced from each other preferably by horizontal tension bolts.
In the basement, as shown generally in FIGURE 1 and in detail in FIGURE 3, there are vertically placed basement wall elements 24 along the inside of the house. These consist preferably of a].uminum or other suitable materials and include a flat plate section 26 and two legs 28 slopiny downward at the ends and forming an essentially U-shape cross-section (when seen in a horizontal plane as in FIGURE 3). The two legs 28 are tapered toward each other so that a wedge-shape opening 31 forms between two neighbouring basement wall elements 24 (see FIGURE 3). The individual basement wall elements 24 rest against each other and their width ~52;280 is sized such that any two such basement wall elements 24 side by side can be arranged between two vertical profile posts 2. The ends 29 of the legs 28 of the basement wall elements 24 are bent to form a U shape and engage between the two parallel legs 8 on a related vertical profile post 2, in which they are secured by a vertical bracing tube 19. In the braced condition, the bent ends 29 engage in vertical grooves 15 of the vertical profile posts 2, formed by transverse tabs 10 at the ends of parallel legs 8. The bracing tube 19 is only inserted from above after the basement wall elements 24 have been installed and ensures that the basement wall elements 24 are secured in their respective positions.
Parallel to the plate element 26 of the basement wall elements 24, protective boards 34 are inserted, and these may, for example, be made of expanded plastic or impregnated corrugated cardboard.
Panel elements 32 are installed between the inner and out~r transverse webs 5 and 6 of the vertical profile posts 2 and are adapted in height to correspond with the terrain. Panel elements 32 may be con~tructed of a core of cork particles sandwiched between particle board outer panels utilizing adhesive and considerable heat and pressure. Panel elemènts 32 may also be expanded polystyrene beads sandwiched between inner layers of particle board and outer layers of aluminum sheeting utilizing adhesive, heat and pressure.
In the part of the vertical profile posts 2 extending above basement level, timber cores 36 are used i~S2281~
in a dual manner as a reinforcement of the vertical profile posts 2 for heat insulation and fire protection.
The horizontal floor girders 38 are supported by the upper edge of the basement wall elements 24 and preferably contain one shoulder each. Flooring is laid on floor girders 38.
FIGURE 4 shows the fastening of one floor girder 38 to one vertical profile post 2. An angular tab 44 is attached to both sides of the floor girder 38 by means of bolts 46 and screws 48. A U-shape bracket 42 engages in the tab 44 and is secured by nuts 43 at the ends. The bracket 42 penetrates a bore in the vertical profile post 2 in such a way that the bracket 42 is held both by the parallel legs 8 and by the centre web 7. The face 39 of the floor girder 38 is supported by the transverse tabs 10 at the end of the parallel legs 8, when nuts 43 have been tightened.
FIGURES 2 and 5 (the latter in detail) show a variant suitable for buildings with interior fittings.
In place of a bracket 42, as shown in FIGURE 4, there are a pair of nearly Z-shape attachment elements 56, which grip behind the transverse webs 6 of the vertical profile post 2. Tabs 58 are attached to the respective elements 56 by means of bolts 60, allowing the floor girders 38 to be secured against the transverse tabs 10 of the vertical profile post 2. A vertical tension bolt 62 penetrates floor girder 38 and a rectangular binding rafter 63, horizontally installed, on the underside of the joist. Supporting wall elements 64 are provided on the inside of the building on which the floor elements ~22~1~
are placed.
On the outside of the building (as shown in FIGURE 5), the outer transverse webs 5 of the post 2 are surrounded by an insulation layer 54 to enhance heat insulation properties. External facade elements 50 are fastened to the separating walls 32 by means of spacers 52. The panel-type separating walls 32 are inserted between the outer transverse webs 5 and the inner transverse webs 6 of the vertical profile posts 2.
In this way, the vertical profile posts 2 carry a stable, insulation efficient three-wall structure, i.e.
facade elements 50, separating walls 32, and interior wall elements 64.
A variant for fastening the floor girder 38 to the vertical profile post 2 is to provide the retaining tab 58, which engages in an outer vertical groove formed by the parallel legs 8 and the transverse tab 10, with a tensioning device. This tensioning device contains a cone which engages on one side in an opening or a longitudinal hole by means of a nut which rests in floor girder 38 (similar to screw-type connection 46 shown in FIGURE 4) to pull the face 39 of the 100r girder 38 against the transverse tabs 10 of the vertical profile post 2.
Another variant is characterised by extended tension bolts 14, which penetrate the rafters 18 as well as the horizontal roof girder 14 and draw these against the horizontal roof girder 14.
FIGURE 7 illustrates a plan sectional view of a method of securing a floor girder 38 to a vertical ~SZ2~0 profile post 2, which method is alternative to those illustrated and discussed above in association with FIGURES 4 and 5. A post connector 65 is secured to floor girder 38 by a bolt 66. When the girder 38 is being installed, connector 65 is tipped upwardly about bolt 66, the girder is slid down the post 2 from the top, and then, when in place, connector 65 is tilted horizontally and snapped in place about post 2.
Connector 65 may then be nailed to girder 38 for strength. A vertical wood core piece 67 is positioned within post 2 as shown.
A side elevation view of connector 65, bolt 66, floor girder 38, and post 2, as installed, is illustrated in FIGURE 6. A stiffener 68 is located below girder 38 where it joins post 2.
Referring to FIGURE 9, which represents a side elevation cross-section view of a completed house construction partly excavated into the side of a hill, it may be seen that, except for the part that is underground, which preferably is of aluminum, the basic frame-work for the exterior walls consists of vertical profile posts 2, exterllal facade elements 50, insulating panels 32, interior panels 34, and internal facade sheets 24, connected and fitted together as shown. The roof, including exterior shingles 70 or the like, and underlying sheeting 72, and bracing 74, are mounted on rafters 18, which are secured together by steel cables 20, and secured to the vertical profile posts 2 by means of tension bolts 14 and post openings 16.
The basement floor is normally poured ~:~L52~80 concrete, with a floor finish of some conventional type above it. The basement wall that is against the excavated earth can be constructed of some suitable earth contacting material. Preferably, aluminum inner panels 80 and 82 with expanded polystyrene foam cores and aluminum exterior sheets for corrosion protection against ground fluids are used. The vertical profile posts 2 on that side of the building are secured on the foundation by bolts 84. An outer wall base plate 76 made of an inert material sealæ the outer walls with the surrounding ground. The interior surface can be a basement wall element 24 to conform with the opposite and adjacent walls of the basement. Reinforcing laterally extending steel cables or rods 84 can be secured in the basement walls.
The main floor of the building is supported by laterally extending floor girders 38. These are each connected at the ends to respective posts 2 by connecting means such as that disclosed and discussed above in relation to FIGURES 4 and 5, including bolts 42 or 46, or by the means discussed previously ln rela~ion to FIGURES 6 and 7. The floor girders 38 support cross bearns 86, floor sheeting 88, and overlying carpet or other floor material.
The basement ceiling is formed by panels 90, held in place between the parallel floor girders 38.
The main floor ceiling is constructed in a manner somewhat analogous to the floor between the basement and the main floor, although the main floor ceiling does not have to be able to support a traffic load and hence can 11522~30 be of somewhat lighter construction. Roof girders 4 are positioned between and connected to respective posts 2 and rafters 18. Panels 92 are positioned between the roof girders 4 to form the main floor ceiling.
FIGURE 10 illustrates a typical cross-section floor construction including a floor girder 38, ceiling panels 90 on each side and floor sheeting 88 (all shown in section).
FIGURE 11 illustrates a typical cross-section of floor construction taken at a point where a basement wall is in place. The wall panel 94 is connected to ceiling panels 90 by means of a cross brace 96. A pair of cords 98 is positioned between wall panels 94 and ceiling panels 90 to provide a tight joint.
FIGURE 12 illustrates a typical cross-section of an alternative floor construction showing floor girder 38 and panels 90 in section. This cross-section shows a decorative beam 100 which is suitable in areas where there is no wall.
FIGURE 13 illustrates a typical cross-section of an alternative floor construction showing floor girder 3~ and panels 90 in section and a wall panel 94 also in section. The wall panel is secured in place with nails 102 between parallel runners 104.
As shown in FIGURE 14, which illustrates a top sectional view of a typical wall construction, the walls can be constructed of three basic layers of materials, if required, for maximum heat insulation benefits, both to keep heat in the building in cold climates or keep heat out of the building in hot climates. One or two of 115Z2~30 these walls can be omitted, if required.
The vertical profile posts 2 are secured spacially by steel rods 20. Panels 32 are positioned between each of the posts 2~ A vertical timber core 36 is positioned within each post 2. Insulation 106 is installed between the panels 32 and the outer wall 50.
Inner walls constructed of panels 34 are secured to the inner sides of posts 2. FIGURE 14 also shows sections of wall detail made up of support posts 110, wall sandwich panels 113, door frames 125, and corner support posts 126.
FIGURES 15 and 16 illustrate plan section views of wall sections useful respectively for a cold weather country and a hot weather country. The wall construction shown in FIGURE 15 has insulation 69 in the wall cavity. The wall construction shown in FIGURE 16 has only air in the cavity. Cool air from the basement, or as generated by an air conditioner may be circulated through this cavity to help keep the walls cool.
The panels 32 positioned between the vertical profile posts 2, and elsewhere in the building are known and can be constructed in a number of alternative conventional ways.
FIGURE 17 shows a skeleton structure in which firstly the vertical profile posts 2 are erected. They rest on foundations 3 which are preferably made of solid building materials. The lower ends of the vertical profile posts 2 are set down freely on these foundations; however, it would also be conceivable for a 1~5Z281~
short section to be built in. On their central web, the vertical profile posts 2 are provided with H-shaped cut-outs 1~ which are spaced at intervals and extend over the whole height. In the lowest zone of each of these vertical profile posts 2, and at a defined distance from their lower end face, a bore is provided, through which a wire cable 22 is drawn. Between adjacent vertical profile posts 2, there is at least one lug 23 or other holding device for the wire cable 22, anchored in the foundations 3. The bore in the vertical profile posts 2 for the wire cable is located above the lugs 23 so that when the wire cable 22 is tensioned with a tensioning device a downwards traction effect on the foundations 3 is exerted by the vertical profile posts 2. The tensioning device is constructed in such a way that the wire cable 22 is connected to a threaded bolt 55 on which is screwed a nut 11 by means of which the tensioning force can be produced. The lug 23 may also be constructed as a hook, ring or tubular part, and permits relative displacement therethrough of the wire cable 22 in its longitudinal direction. In this way, the stability of the building structure is greatly increased in the event of earth~uakes or storms.
FIGURE 18 shows a generally similar construction to that in FIGURE 17, except that, instead of foundations made of building materials, floor rails 25 made of metal are provided. These are connected together at the corners to form a frame.
Again, the vertical profile posts 2 rest freely on these base rails 29 and are urged downwardly by the wire ~S22BO
cable 22. An upwardly extending flange 27 on the inner face of the base rail 25 acts as a stop for the vertical profile posts. The plurality of wire cables 22, each extending over only one longitudinal face of the building and tensioned at its respective end, can be used, or only one single wire cable 22 may be used, extending over all four sides of the building.
FIGURE 19 represents an embodiment of a building structure which does not have a basement. The floor joists 38 each rest on supporting blocks 37 which are made, for example, from aeroconcrete and rest directly on the ground. The vertical profile posts 2 in this instance are tensioned on floor joists 38 made of wood by means of a tensioning bolt 14 which is slit longitudinally through its upper section and engages with the central web 7 of the vertical profile post 2.
The nut 11 is located in the hole 16 through the vertical profile post 2 and thus holds the two slit parts of the tensioning screw 14 together and makes it possible to set the vertical profile posts 2 firmly on the floor joists 38. A framework 53 of lathes is built on the floor joists 38, and the floor panels 51 or the like are laid on this framework.
FIGURE 20 shows a horizontal section through a building structure in which a double-wall type of construction is used. In this structure, the H-shaped vertical profile posts 2 are disposed so that the central web 7 extends at right-angles to the respective side of the building. In the corners, these vertical profile posts 2 engage with each other and thereby ~1522E~0 provide a high degree of rigidity. The outer wall panels 32 and the inner wall panels 33 are all equipped with projecting plate elements which engage in the vertical profile posts 23. Between these outer and inner wall panels 32, 33, there is a space 35 in which the lower part of the wire cable 22 with the tensioning devices 11, 55 is located. Facade elements 50 made, for example, out of concrete, are fixed on the outer wall panel 32. This double-walled method of construciton provides an additional insulating and ventilation effect, useful in both cold and hot regions. In hot regions, the air in the space 35 may be cooled, which provides an air-conditioning effect.
FIGURE 21 shows a perspective illustration of the connection of the basement wall elements 24 to a floor joist 38 and to a vertical profile post 2. The basement wall elements 24, which have a U-shaped horizontal section and are made, for example, from aluminum, have a flat vertical plate Plement 26 and a bent-out leg 28 on both sides. When two of such basement wall elements 24 are juxtapositioned together, a V-shaped space 31 is produced between the respective legs 28. A bowed-out section 49 for the passage therethrough of a tensioning bolt 14 is provided towards the top of the legs in the central region. At a certain distance from the upper edges of these basement wall elements 24, rectangular holes 41 are provided in the legs 28, and a nut 11, or a bolt-head, is located in these holes. The nut 11 lies against a washer 45 adapted to the hole 41 and provided with bent-up tabs to 11~22~0 hold it in position.
The horizontal floor joist 38 is supported on the upper edge of the basement wall elements 24. A
piece of sheet metal 47, serving to distribute the pressure, is disposed between the floor joist 38 and the vertical profile post 2 placed thereon. A nut 11 is located in the cut-out 16 in the central web 7 of this vertical profile post 2, being screwed onto the longitudinally slit tensioning bolt 14. The central web 7 of the vertical profile post 2 projects into this longitudinal slit in the tensioning bolt 14, so that a secure connection is obtained when the nut 11 is screwed down tightly. The central web 7 and the longitudinal central axis of the floor joist 38 are located at least approximately in the same vertical plane. The distance ~a~i of this central web 7 should amount to at least one and one third times the width "b", and preferably to approximately one and seven-eighths times this width.
The ends of the parallel legs 8 are provided with transverse tabs 10 which extend parallel to the central web 7. The ends of the tabs 10 are bent inward~ to form vertical grooves 15.
In FIGURE 22, an embodiment is shown in which the basement wall elements 24 rest at the base on the concrete foundations 3. The V-shaped space 31 formed by two adjacent bent-out les 28 is open towards the outside of the building and is covered on the outside by a vertical rail 77. This has a substantially U-shaped cross-section and each end engages behind the respective channels 83 at the ends of the legs 28 by inwardly-~522~30 projecting rail sections 81. In order to enable the vertical rails 77 to be inserted in place, the end face of the floor joist 38 is set back relative to the channel 83. The legs 28 are traversed by a through-bolt 75 which holds one loop 85 of a wire cable 73 serving as a guying element. The wire cable 73 projects into the V-shaped space 31 between two adjacent legs 28 and extends obliquely downwardly to a picket 87 which is seated in the foundations 3 or has been hammered into the ground. The wire cable 73 is formed into a loop 89 in the vicinity of the picket 87. It is also possible to effect adjustable tensioning of the wire cable 73 by using a tensioning bolt. This oblique tensioning is carried out mainly on sloping sites, or when the building is provided with a basement on one side, to secure the basement wall elements against lateral pressure of earth piled against the building. A ceiling profile rail 91 with an angular cross-section is placed on the top edge of the basement wall elements 24.
FIGURE 23 shows schematically how part of the builiding structure can serve as a transportation container in which the remaining structural elements of the building which is to be erected are contained. Two floor joists 38 can be used as skids. In this way, the container 59 can be transported with the aid of a traction vehicle in snow in an upright position, in the direction of the arrow T, the length of the building being governed by the length of the floor joists 38, and the width corresponding approximately to the distance between the two floor joists 38. The dimensions of the ~iSZ2~
transportation container 59 in the longitudinal direction of the roof ridge 57 is less than that of ~he finished erected building. In this way, additional packing costs are avoided and it is possible to deliver to site even large-roomed buildings with a small transportation volume.
As will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be construed in accordance with the substance of the following claims.
Claims (17)
1. A building construction using a skeleton-type structure with substantially vertically disposed posts and substantially horizontally disposed girders, and tensioning means for drawing and clamping the posts and the girders together, characterized in that either the post or the girder has therein a web portion extending from the end adjacent the post or girder, and an aperture in the web portion spaced from the end of said post or girder, the tensioning means comprising a tension bolt which penetrates a respective post or girder and has at the end opposite the post or girder a longitudinal split extending from the end into the shaft of the bolt for engaging over the web section of said post or girder, the split end portion of the shaft being secured by a screw nut which is supported by and fits within the aperture of the web portion of the post or girder.
2. A building construction according to Claim 1, wherein the tension bolt penetrating the post or girder extends beyond the post or girder, and elements with an approximately U-shaped horizontal cross-section are positioned on either side of the extending tension bolt and are juxtapositioned to one another so that bent-out legs are formed by the adjacent elements to define a V-shaped space, the legs each containing a bowed-out section suitable for enabling the tensioning bolt to pass therethrough, and the legs of the elements each - Page 1 of Claims -having therein an opening for receiving the screw nut of the tension bolt.
3. A building construction according to Claim 2, wherein the elements are basement wall elements which rest at the base on a foundation, the V-shaped space in the elements being open towards the outside of the building, and the basement wall elements being anchored to the foundation by oblique guying elements and transverse bolts passing through said bent-out legs of adjacent basement wall elements, the guying elements projecting into the V-shaped space and being connected to the transverse bolt.
4. A building construction as defined in Claim 1, wherein dissassembleable vertically arranged basement wall elements having approximately a U-shaped horizontal cross-section, with two legs extending from the base thereof, engage in a recess in the vertical post.
5. A building construction as defined in Claim 4, wherein the ends of the legs of the basement wall elements have a U-shape bend which opens to the outside of the building, the legs of neighbouring basement wall elements form a wedge-shape recess opening to the inside of the building, and the leg ends engage in vertical grooves of the vertical posts, and are secured in that position by a catch inserted in a recess of the vertical post.
6. A building construction as defined in Claim 4 or 5, wherein the basement wall element accomodates a plate-type protective element between its legs.
- Page 2 of Claims -
- Page 2 of Claims -
7. A building construction as defined in Claim 1 or 5, wherein a plurality of vertical posts are penetrated at least at their upper ends by horizontal steel cables that brace each of the posts.
8. A building construction as defined in Claim 4 or 5, wherein horizontal floor girders rest on the upper sides of basement wall elements and are secured to the vertical posts by tension elements.
9. A building construction as defined in Claim 1, 2 or 4, wherein the vertical posts support a wall combination consisting of a facade element, a separating element and an interior wall element.
10. A building construction as defined in Claim 1 wherein the vertical posts rest on a foundation, characterized in that the central webs of the vertical posts are pierced in the vicinity of the base by at least one wire cable which extends parallel to the external walls of the building and which passes through lower-lying holding devices fixed in the foundation, and tensioning devices are provided by means of which the wire cable can be tensioned in a downwardly-directed manner so that a downward pressure is exerted on the foundation by the vertical posts.
11. A building construction as defined in Claim 1 wherein the vertical posts are spacially oriented around the walls, including the corners, and at least the corner vertical posts rest on and are guyed onto a horizontal girder in the vicinity of the base of the posts by a longitudinally slit tensioning bolt which holds the web of the vertical post.
- Page 3 of Claims -
- Page 3 of Claims -
12. A building construction as defined in Claim 10 or 11 wherein the vertical posts are constructed with an I-shaped girder cross-section with bent-out flanges, whereby two of said vertical posts are engagable with each other when juxtapositioned with one another in a corner location.
13. A building construction as defined in Claim 10 or 11 wherein the vertical posts have therein substantially H-shaped holes spaced at intervals over more than half the length of their web.
14. A building construction as defined in Claim 10 or 11 wherein the length of the web is at least one and one third times the width of the parallel legs.
15. A building construction as defined in Claim 10 or 11 wherein wall elements made of thermally insulating material are placed on both sides of the space in which the wire cable is located, the outer wall element being additionally covered by a facade element.
16. A building construction as defined in Claim 10 wherein basement wall elements with an approximately U-shaped horizontal cross-secion are provided when wall elements are juxtapositioned to one another, the bent-out legs on the adjacent basement wall elements defining a V-shaped space, the legs each containing a bowed-out section for a tensioning bolt to pass therethrough, and the basement wall elements each having a hole therein for accomodating a nut or a bolt-head connected to the tensioning bolt.
17. A building construction as defined in Claim 16, wherein resting on the end face of two adjacent - Page 4 of Claims -basement wall elements there is a horizontal floor girder through which a tensioning bolt passes, the bolt having therein a longitudinal slit at the top in which the central web of a vertical profile post engages.
- Page 5 of Claims -
- Page 5 of Claims -
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000427122A CA1174428A (en) | 1981-01-30 | 1983-04-29 | Modular-skeleton type building |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH4254/80 | 1980-06-02 | ||
| CH425480A CH647030A5 (en) | 1980-06-02 | 1980-06-02 | Building of the skeleton construction type |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000427122A Division CA1174428A (en) | 1981-01-30 | 1983-04-29 | Modular-skeleton type building |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1152280A true CA1152280A (en) | 1983-08-23 |
Family
ID=4272686
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000369829A Expired CA1152280A (en) | 1980-06-02 | 1981-01-30 | Modular-skeleton type building |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1152280A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH647030A5 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA813661B (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19633127A1 (en) * | 1996-08-16 | 1998-02-19 | Kettner Franz | New construction method for buildings |
-
1980
- 1980-06-02 CH CH425480A patent/CH647030A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1981
- 1981-01-30 CA CA000369829A patent/CA1152280A/en not_active Expired
- 1981-06-02 ZA ZA00813661A patent/ZA813661B/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ZA813661B (en) | 1982-06-30 |
| CH647030A5 (en) | 1984-12-28 |
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