CA1137521A - Fired process heater - Google Patents
Fired process heaterInfo
- Publication number
- CA1137521A CA1137521A CA000380294A CA380294A CA1137521A CA 1137521 A CA1137521 A CA 1137521A CA 000380294 A CA000380294 A CA 000380294A CA 380294 A CA380294 A CA 380294A CA 1137521 A CA1137521 A CA 1137521A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- combustion gas
- side walls
- heat exchange
- tubes
- radiant chamber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 210000003141 lower extremity Anatomy 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 210000001364 upper extremity Anatomy 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002352 steam pyrolysis Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 claims 9
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004230 steam cracking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 3
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 101100014660 Rattus norvegicus Gimap8 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- WYTGDNHDOZPMIW-RCBQFDQVSA-N alstonine Natural products C1=CC2=C3C=CC=CC3=NC2=C2N1C[C@H]1[C@H](C)OC=C(C(=O)OC)[C@H]1C2 WYTGDNHDOZPMIW-RCBQFDQVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001193 catalytic steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020030 perry Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004227 thermal cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
- C01B3/384—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts the catalyst being continuously externally heated
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C1/00—Combustion apparatus specially adapted for combustion of two or more kinds of fuel simultaneously or alternately, at least one kind of fuel being either a fluid fuel or a solid fuel suspended in a carrier gas or air
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
- B01J8/06—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds in tube reactors; the solid particles being arranged in tubes
- B01J8/062—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds in tube reactors; the solid particles being arranged in tubes being installed in a furnace
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
- C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
- C01B2203/0233—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a steam reforming step
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/06—Integration with other chemical processes
- C01B2203/062—Hydrocarbon production, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch process
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
- C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0811—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by combustion of fuel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
- C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0811—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by combustion of fuel
- C01B2203/0816—Heating by flames
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
- C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0838—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by heat exchange with exothermic reactions, other than by combustion of fuel
- C01B2203/0844—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by heat exchange with exothermic reactions, other than by combustion of fuel the non-combustive exothermic reaction being another reforming reaction as defined in groups C01B2203/02 - C01B2203/0294
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
- C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0866—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by combination of different heating methods
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/12—Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/1205—Composition of the feed
- C01B2203/1211—Organic compounds or organic mixtures used in the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/1235—Hydrocarbons
- C01B2203/1241—Natural gas or methane
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/12—Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/1205—Composition of the feed
- C01B2203/1211—Organic compounds or organic mixtures used in the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/1235—Hydrocarbons
- C01B2203/1247—Higher hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
- C10G2400/20—C2-C4 olefins
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
- C10G2400/26—Fuel gas
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S585/00—Chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds
- Y10S585/919—Apparatus considerations
- Y10S585/921—Apparatus considerations using recited apparatus structure
- Y10S585/924—Reactor shape or disposition
- Y10S585/925—Dimension or proportion
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Incineration Of Waste (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US166,880 | 1980-07-08 | ||
| US06/166,880 US4324649A (en) | 1980-07-08 | 1980-07-08 | Fired process heater |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1137521A true CA1137521A (en) | 1982-12-14 |
Family
ID=22605054
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000380294A Expired CA1137521A (en) | 1980-07-08 | 1981-06-22 | Fired process heater |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4324649A (en:Method) |
| EP (1) | EP0047359B1 (en:Method) |
| JP (1) | JPS5929632B2 (en:Method) |
| KR (1) | KR850001672B1 (en:Method) |
| AU (1) | AU523784B2 (en:Method) |
| CA (1) | CA1137521A (en:Method) |
| DD (1) | DD200677C4 (en:Method) |
| DE (1) | DE3162862D1 (en:Method) |
| GR (1) | GR76986B (en:Method) |
| YU (2) | YU43770B (en:Method) |
Families Citing this family (21)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4479869A (en) * | 1983-12-14 | 1984-10-30 | The M. W. Kellogg Company | Flexible feed pyrolysis process |
| JPS60194244A (ja) * | 1984-03-15 | 1985-10-02 | Natl House Ind Co Ltd | 壁開口部の構造 |
| US4762958A (en) * | 1986-06-25 | 1988-08-09 | Naphtachimie S.A. | Process and furnace for the steam cracking of hydrocarbons for the preparation of olefins and diolefins |
| US4959079A (en) * | 1987-10-23 | 1990-09-25 | Santa Fe Braun Inc. | Steam reforming process with low fired duty |
| DE3885710T2 (de) * | 1987-10-23 | 1994-03-10 | Braun C F Inc | Reformer mit niedriger Feuer-Nutzleistung pro Beschickungseinheit. |
| JPH02178546A (ja) * | 1988-12-28 | 1990-07-11 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 結露防止装置 |
| FR2641543B1 (fr) * | 1989-01-12 | 1991-05-03 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede et dispositif de vapocraquage d'un hydrocarbure a deux atomes de carbone au moins dans une zone reactionnelle tubulaire chauffee par convection |
| JPH03293493A (ja) * | 1990-04-12 | 1991-12-25 | Fujita Corp | 部屋窓の結露防上方法 |
| US5283049A (en) * | 1992-06-18 | 1994-02-01 | Quantum Chemical Corporation | Minimizing coking problems in tubular process furnaces |
| DE4327176C1 (de) * | 1993-08-13 | 1995-01-26 | Metallgesellschaft Ag | Röhrenofen für die Erzeugung kohlenmonoxidhaltiger Gasgemische |
| US6395251B1 (en) * | 1999-10-18 | 2002-05-28 | Steven R. Cotting | Steam-hydrocarbon reformer and process |
| US6425757B1 (en) * | 2001-06-13 | 2002-07-30 | Abb Lummus Global Inc. | Pyrolysis heater with paired burner zoned firing system |
| RU2202591C1 (ru) * | 2002-02-08 | 2003-04-20 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Фирма ЭСКОРТ" | Трубчатая печь |
| US6910878B2 (en) * | 2003-06-19 | 2005-06-28 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Oxy-fuel fired process heaters |
| US20070196502A1 (en) * | 2004-02-13 | 2007-08-23 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Flowable particulates |
| US20080110801A1 (en) * | 2006-11-09 | 2008-05-15 | Leon Yuan | Process For Heating A Hydrocarbon Stream Entering A Reaction Zone With A Heater Convection Section |
| US7740751B2 (en) | 2006-11-09 | 2010-06-22 | Uop Llc | Process for heating a stream for a hydrocarbon conversion process |
| US8128399B1 (en) * | 2008-02-22 | 2012-03-06 | Great Southern Flameless, Llc | Method and apparatus for controlling gas flow patterns inside a heater chamber and equalizing radiant heat flux to a double fired coil |
| FR2932173B1 (fr) | 2008-06-05 | 2010-07-30 | Air Liquide | Procede de reformage a la vapeur avec ecoulement des fumees ameliore |
| US8282814B2 (en) * | 2009-03-31 | 2012-10-09 | Uop Llc | Fired heater for a hydrocarbon conversion process |
| US10415820B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2019-09-17 | Uop Llc | Process fired heater configuration |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2342011A (en) * | 1941-04-10 | 1944-02-15 | Kellogg M W Co | Furnace for heating fluids |
| US2625918A (en) * | 1949-01-19 | 1953-01-20 | Thomas M Lumly | Fluid heating apparatus |
| US2625916A (en) * | 1950-11-16 | 1953-01-20 | Universal Oil Prod Co | Modified up-draft type of heaters |
| US2721735A (en) * | 1951-10-23 | 1955-10-25 | Shell Dev | Tubular heater with partial flue gas recirculation and heating method |
| US2825313A (en) * | 1955-01-10 | 1958-03-04 | Born Engineering Company | Heaters |
| US3181508A (en) * | 1961-06-26 | 1965-05-04 | Shell Oil Co | Industrial furnaces |
| US3182638A (en) * | 1963-02-19 | 1965-05-11 | Foster Wheeler Corp | Fired heater |
| US3385269A (en) * | 1967-01-26 | 1968-05-28 | Selas Corp Of America | Tube heating furnace |
| US3656913A (en) * | 1970-01-27 | 1972-04-18 | Selas Corp Of America | Catalytic reactor |
| US3671198A (en) * | 1970-06-15 | 1972-06-20 | Pullman Inc | Cracking furnace having thin straight single pass reaction tubes |
-
1980
- 1980-07-08 US US06/166,880 patent/US4324649A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1981
- 1981-05-27 DE DE8181104097T patent/DE3162862D1/de not_active Expired
- 1981-05-27 AU AU71068/81A patent/AU523784B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1981-05-27 EP EP81104097A patent/EP0047359B1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-06-12 GR GR65232A patent/GR76986B/el unknown
- 1981-06-22 CA CA000380294A patent/CA1137521A/en not_active Expired
- 1981-06-26 YU YU1604/81A patent/YU43770B/xx unknown
- 1981-07-07 DD DD81231530A patent/DD200677C4/de unknown
- 1981-07-07 KR KR1019810002456A patent/KR850001672B1/ko not_active Expired
- 1981-07-07 JP JP56106169A patent/JPS5929632B2/ja not_active Expired
-
1983
- 1983-04-15 YU YU859/83A patent/YU43167B/xx unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU7106881A (en) | 1982-01-14 |
| EP0047359B1 (en) | 1984-03-28 |
| AU523784B2 (en) | 1982-08-12 |
| YU43167B (en) | 1989-04-30 |
| JPS5929632B2 (ja) | 1984-07-21 |
| DD200677C4 (de) | 1987-09-23 |
| YU85983A (en) | 1983-12-31 |
| JPS5785887A (en) | 1982-05-28 |
| DE3162862D1 (en) | 1984-05-03 |
| KR850001672B1 (ko) | 1985-11-13 |
| EP0047359A1 (en) | 1982-03-17 |
| KR830006622A (ko) | 1983-09-28 |
| GR76986B (en:Method) | 1984-09-04 |
| US4324649A (en) | 1982-04-13 |
| DD200677A5 (de) | 1983-06-01 |
| YU160481A (en) | 1983-09-30 |
| YU43770B (en) | 1989-12-31 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |