CA1131259A - Cadmium glass having low cadmium oxide solubility - Google Patents
Cadmium glass having low cadmium oxide solubilityInfo
- Publication number
- CA1131259A CA1131259A CA332,244A CA332244A CA1131259A CA 1131259 A CA1131259 A CA 1131259A CA 332244 A CA332244 A CA 332244A CA 1131259 A CA1131259 A CA 1131259A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- glass
- cadmium
- cdo
- solubility
- cadmium oxide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 98
- CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium oxide Inorganic materials [Cd]=O CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- CFEAAQFZALKQPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Cd+2] CFEAAQFZALKQPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Li2O Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Na2O Inorganic materials [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000006060 molten glass Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006121 base glass Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 5
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 5
- XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M dilithium;hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[OH-] XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000005337 ground glass Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Pb+2] HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 3
- PGWFQHBXMJMAPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ctk4b5078 Chemical compound [Cd].OS(=O)(=O)[Se]S(O)(=O)=O PGWFQHBXMJMAPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(oxolan-2-yl)propanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC1CCCO1 WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YKYOUMDCQGMQQO-UHFFFAOYSA-L cadmium dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Cd]Cl YKYOUMDCQGMQQO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052980 cadmium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000464 lead oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 2
- SBMYBOVJMOVVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[3-[[4-(2,2-difluoroethyl)piperazin-1-yl]methyl]-4-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]pyrazol-1-yl]-1-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethanone Chemical compound FC(CN1CCN(CC1)CC1=NN(C=C1C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NC1CC2=CC=CC=C2C1)CC(=O)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2)F SBMYBOVJMOVVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CCNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001062472 Stokellia anisodon Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001661 cadmium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000011 cadmium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XIEPJMXMMWZAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nitrate Inorganic materials [Cd+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XIEPJMXMMWZAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000005882 cadmium poisoning Diseases 0.000 description 1
- GKDXQAKPHKQZSC-UHFFFAOYSA-L cadmium(2+);carbonate Chemical compound [Cd+2].[O-]C([O-])=O GKDXQAKPHKQZSC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002249 digestive system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037406 food intake Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004051 gastric juice Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012994 industrial processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- HYWYRSMBCFDLJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N nimesulide Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)NC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1OC1=CC=CC=C1 HYWYRSMBCFDLJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000965 nimesulide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NMHMNPHRMNGLLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N phloretic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 NMHMNPHRMNGLLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940065287 selenium compound Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003343 selenium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C8/00—Enamels; Glazes; Fusion seal compositions being frit compositions having non-frit additions
- C03C8/02—Frit compositions, i.e. in a powdered or comminuted form
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C12/00—Powdered glass; Bead compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/062—Glass compositions containing silica with less than 40% silica by weight
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
- C03C3/078—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing an oxide of a divalent metal, e.g. an oxide of zinc
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
- C03C3/083—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound
- C03C3/085—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound containing an oxide of a divalent metal
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract:
A cadmium glass is disclosed, particularly adapted for use in fritted form, characterized in that the glass is a highly concentrated source of cadmium with relatively low cadmium oxide solubility or release, as when ingested in the human system, to render it essentially nontoxic and thereby adapted for many applications. In addition to cadmium oxide, the basic glass comprises titania, zirconia, alumina, and silica. A chief use for the nontoxic cadmium glass is as a stabilizer for inorganic red or yellow glazes. Cadmium oxide solubilities as low as 0.0% are possible, depending on particle size of the ground glass.
A cadmium glass is disclosed, particularly adapted for use in fritted form, characterized in that the glass is a highly concentrated source of cadmium with relatively low cadmium oxide solubility or release, as when ingested in the human system, to render it essentially nontoxic and thereby adapted for many applications. In addition to cadmium oxide, the basic glass comprises titania, zirconia, alumina, and silica. A chief use for the nontoxic cadmium glass is as a stabilizer for inorganic red or yellow glazes. Cadmium oxide solubilities as low as 0.0% are possible, depending on particle size of the ground glass.
Description
~3~59 -Cadmium glass having low cadmium oxide solubility Cadmium has long been used as an ingredient of glass, including fritted glass. One important use of cadmium fritted glass is as a stabilizer for inorganic red or yellow glazes, that is, to prevent such glazes from burning out and discoloring at elevatecl temperatures. For example, cadmium sulfide yellow and cadmium sulfoselenide red are two piyments that can be mixed with low melting 10 base frit or glasses, applied to ceramic or glass bodies, and then fired to provide colored glazes ranging from brilliant yellow through orange and red to maroon.
To provide temperature stable yellow to red glazes con-taining cadmium sulfide and/or cadmium sulfoselenide as a color carrier, it has been the practice to form a base frit and a color frit in which the color frit consists of the cadmium, sulfur, and/or selenium compounds. U.S.
Patents No. 3,527,649 to Sullivan and No. 4,008,091 to Wagner et al relate to processes for producing cadmium-containing glazes.
In the course of producing cadmium glazes, and in the actual use of cadmium bearing glasses, many workers neces-sarily must handle the glasses or otherwise become exposedto them.
There is a growing concern about possible cadmium poisoning due to ingested material or inhaled dust of a cadmium-containing glass, especially in finely divided frit Eorm,or due to direct contact with a cadmium-containing glass.
If there is, in fact, such a danger, it is heightened by the relative ease in which cadmium oxide is dissolved or leached from a glassy matrix, and this of course is a function of its solubility in the environment of use. Waste water may readily become contaminated from cadmium-soluble glasses in industrial processes. However, a greater danger ,,, .. , .,, . .. . ,, . ., , , .. ... . _ _ . . . .. .. . .
1~L3~lZ59 apparently resides in the ingestion of cadmium-containing glasses in the human system where significant solubility of cadmium oxide, as in stomach acid, could produce a toxic effect.
A principal object of the invention is to provide a highly concentrated, source of cadmium ~or use in ceramic, glass, and other applications where cadmium is required or desired as a component. A further object is to provide a cadmium glass in which cadmium oxide has xelatively low solubility, paxticularly when ingested in the human system. A still further object is to provide such a glass that may be handled by workers with reasonable safety.
According to the present invention there is provided a cadmium glass having relatively high percentage of cadmium oxide and relatively low cadmium oxide solu~ility, said glass consisting essentially of in weight percent about:
CdO 42% to 46%
~ ~ ~ TiO20.0% to 30%
; ~ Zr2 % to 30%
SiO210% to 60%
A1230.0% to 10~
said glass having a CdO solubility no greater than about 2.0%
~5 as determined by u~ing the extraction procedure of the Brimsdown Method.
The glass may contain additionally various fluxing agents, such as SrO, PbO, CaO, Li20, ZnO, MgO, BaO, Na20, and still others. Preferably, in general the present glass has a cadmium oxide solubility limit of no greater than 2.0% by weight using tXe extraction procedure of the Brimsdown Method.
However, solubilities as low as o.o% are possible for glasses apt to be ingested in a human system.
As one use, the glass can be conventionally fritted and mixed with a base glass frit to form a stabilized red or ~ellow glaze in a manner known in the art~
~3~
General glass compositions found useful in the present invention are given, followed by a description of one manner of using such glasses. The examples illustrate some o~ the specific glass compositions that may be used and include data showing the relatively low cadmium oxide solubility using the extraction procedure of the Brimsdown Method.
In general, a nontoxic cadmium glass of the present invention having a relatively low cadmium oxide solubility comprises in weight percent about:
CdO 42~ to 46%
TiO2 0.0% to 30%
Zr2 % to 30%
SiO2 10% to 60%
A123 0.0% to 10%
The use of fluxing agents facilitate the smelting of the glasses at lower temperatures than would otherwise be the case. A wide number of ~luxing agents in varying amounts can be added to the general glass compositions without appreciably affecting the desired properties of the glass. Useful fluxing agents, for example, include one or more of the following in weight percent based on the weight of the glass:
SrO 0.1% to 20~
PbO 0.1~ to 20%
CaO 0.1% to 20%
ZnO 0.1% to 10%
MgO 0.1% to 10%
BaO 0.1% to 10%
Li20 0.1% to 3%
Na20 0.1% to 34 K20 0.1% to 3 B203 0.1% to 3~
F 0.1% to 3%
~13~ZS9 in which the source of the fluorine is a fluoride of a metal o~ the glass.
Even though lead oxide may be used as a fluxing agent, the glass does not become toxic because of the lead content. The lead oxide is also suf~iciently insoluble in the prasent glasses that it does not pre~ent a toxicity problem. When the fluxing agents are used outside of the ranges given and the cadmium oxide level remains the same, the solubility of the cadmium oxide increases to an unacceptable level. The increased solubility may be due in part to the lowering of the silica level.
Desirable glass compositions u~eful in the present invention comprise in weight percent about:
CdO 42% to 46%
TiO2 0.0% to 20%
To provide temperature stable yellow to red glazes con-taining cadmium sulfide and/or cadmium sulfoselenide as a color carrier, it has been the practice to form a base frit and a color frit in which the color frit consists of the cadmium, sulfur, and/or selenium compounds. U.S.
Patents No. 3,527,649 to Sullivan and No. 4,008,091 to Wagner et al relate to processes for producing cadmium-containing glazes.
In the course of producing cadmium glazes, and in the actual use of cadmium bearing glasses, many workers neces-sarily must handle the glasses or otherwise become exposedto them.
There is a growing concern about possible cadmium poisoning due to ingested material or inhaled dust of a cadmium-containing glass, especially in finely divided frit Eorm,or due to direct contact with a cadmium-containing glass.
If there is, in fact, such a danger, it is heightened by the relative ease in which cadmium oxide is dissolved or leached from a glassy matrix, and this of course is a function of its solubility in the environment of use. Waste water may readily become contaminated from cadmium-soluble glasses in industrial processes. However, a greater danger ,,, .. , .,, . .. . ,, . ., , , .. ... . _ _ . . . .. .. . .
1~L3~lZ59 apparently resides in the ingestion of cadmium-containing glasses in the human system where significant solubility of cadmium oxide, as in stomach acid, could produce a toxic effect.
A principal object of the invention is to provide a highly concentrated, source of cadmium ~or use in ceramic, glass, and other applications where cadmium is required or desired as a component. A further object is to provide a cadmium glass in which cadmium oxide has xelatively low solubility, paxticularly when ingested in the human system. A still further object is to provide such a glass that may be handled by workers with reasonable safety.
According to the present invention there is provided a cadmium glass having relatively high percentage of cadmium oxide and relatively low cadmium oxide solu~ility, said glass consisting essentially of in weight percent about:
CdO 42% to 46%
~ ~ ~ TiO20.0% to 30%
; ~ Zr2 % to 30%
SiO210% to 60%
A1230.0% to 10~
said glass having a CdO solubility no greater than about 2.0%
~5 as determined by u~ing the extraction procedure of the Brimsdown Method.
The glass may contain additionally various fluxing agents, such as SrO, PbO, CaO, Li20, ZnO, MgO, BaO, Na20, and still others. Preferably, in general the present glass has a cadmium oxide solubility limit of no greater than 2.0% by weight using tXe extraction procedure of the Brimsdown Method.
However, solubilities as low as o.o% are possible for glasses apt to be ingested in a human system.
As one use, the glass can be conventionally fritted and mixed with a base glass frit to form a stabilized red or ~ellow glaze in a manner known in the art~
~3~
General glass compositions found useful in the present invention are given, followed by a description of one manner of using such glasses. The examples illustrate some o~ the specific glass compositions that may be used and include data showing the relatively low cadmium oxide solubility using the extraction procedure of the Brimsdown Method.
In general, a nontoxic cadmium glass of the present invention having a relatively low cadmium oxide solubility comprises in weight percent about:
CdO 42~ to 46%
TiO2 0.0% to 30%
Zr2 % to 30%
SiO2 10% to 60%
A123 0.0% to 10%
The use of fluxing agents facilitate the smelting of the glasses at lower temperatures than would otherwise be the case. A wide number of ~luxing agents in varying amounts can be added to the general glass compositions without appreciably affecting the desired properties of the glass. Useful fluxing agents, for example, include one or more of the following in weight percent based on the weight of the glass:
SrO 0.1% to 20~
PbO 0.1~ to 20%
CaO 0.1% to 20%
ZnO 0.1% to 10%
MgO 0.1% to 10%
BaO 0.1% to 10%
Li20 0.1% to 3%
Na20 0.1% to 34 K20 0.1% to 3 B203 0.1% to 3~
F 0.1% to 3%
~13~ZS9 in which the source of the fluorine is a fluoride of a metal o~ the glass.
Even though lead oxide may be used as a fluxing agent, the glass does not become toxic because of the lead content. The lead oxide is also suf~iciently insoluble in the prasent glasses that it does not pre~ent a toxicity problem. When the fluxing agents are used outside of the ranges given and the cadmium oxide level remains the same, the solubility of the cadmium oxide increases to an unacceptable level. The increased solubility may be due in part to the lowering of the silica level.
Desirable glass compositions u~eful in the present invention comprise in weight percent about:
CdO 42% to 46%
TiO2 0.0% to 20%
2 % to 20%
, SiO2 25~ to 50%
; A1203 2% to 8%
Fluxing agent 0% to 8%
the fluxing agent bei~g selected from one or more o~ the following: -SrO 0.1~ to 8%
PbO 0.1% to 8%
CaO 0.1~ to 8~
ZnO 0.1% to 8%
MgO 0.1~ to 8 BaO 0.1~ to 8~
Li20 0.1% to 3%
Na20 0.1~ to 3%
K20 0.1~ to 3%
B203 0.1% to 3%
F Ool~ to 3~
~L33~%~3 in which the source of the fluorine is a fluoride of a metal of the glass.
A preferred glass comprises in weight percent about:
CdO 42.0% to 46.0 TiO2 2.0%
Zr2 3-0%
SiO2 32.0% to 45.0%
A123 2.0% to 8.0%
CaO 5%
It is understood that the relative amounts of the indicated ingredients are selected to total 100%.
The previously described glass compositions may be conventially smelted from the indicated oxides or fluorides either directly or from compounds which during the heat of the smelt axe converted to such oxides or fluorides. For example, the cadmium component can be cadmium oxide itself or obtained from such cadmium salts as cadmium carbonate, cadmium nitrate, cadmium chloride, cadmium sul~ate, and the like.
: ` .
The cadmium component may be directly smelted into the glass during its initiaL formation, or the cadmium can be added as an addition and sintered into the glass after the glass, minus the cadmium, has been smelted and fritted.
When incorpora-ted as an addition, the cadmium is pxeferably used as the oxide. Fritting of the gla s, either before or after the addition of the cadmium component, is by conventional means, such as by passing a stream of molten glass between fritting rollers or by quenching the stream in cold water. The resulting frit can be ground as by ball milling, to a desired average particle size.
An example showing the preparation of a representative low-solubility cadmium glass follows.
EXAMPLE OF PREPARATION
A raw batch fonmula amounting to 1000 weight units having the following ingredients, in weight:
~3~Z5~
TiO2 19 CaC03 84 Silica Quartz 382 C~O 400 Zn2 ~3 having a theoretical melted weight of 938 weight units was smelted in a continuous smelter at about 2650F and the molten glass was poured onto water-cooled rollers at a rate of about 800 lbs/hour, the quenched glass optionally converted into frit and the resulting glass was analyzed to have the following composition, in weight percen~:
15 CaO 4.92 CdO 42.58 SiO2 ~2.34 TiO2 2.05 ZrO~ 3.00 20 MgO (impurity) 0.03 Fe203 (impurity) 0.01 While the cadmium glasses may be used whenever cadmium is required or desired as a component, the present glasses find excellent utility as stabilizers for inorganic red or yellow glazes. A cadmium glass in fritted form is mixed with one ~r more other frits, especially glaze frits, which may, for instance, contain sulphur and/or selenium in some available form. When mixed frits are fired at an elevated temperature, cadmium sulide and/or cadmium sulfoselenide forms and an integral inorganic red or yellow glaze results~
Cadmium oxide solubilities of the glasses were determined using the extraction procedure o~ the Brimsdown Method.
This is an extraction test described in "Ceramic Glazes"
' ' ' ' : - :
, ~3~Z~
by Felix Singer and W.L. German, published by Borax Consolidated Limited, London, 1960, at page 108, appendix 12. A weighed amount of powdered glass to be tested is placed in a co~tainer and a given volume of a 0.25% aqueous S solution of hydrochloric acid added. The container is continuously agitated for one hour in standard shaker equipment providing a constant shaking force. The container is set aside for one hour. The solution is then filtered and the filtrate tested for the percent of cadmium oxide 10 present based on the weigh~ of the original sample.
The Brimsdown Method of extraction is designed to simulate the action of stomach acid in ingested materials. On pages 26 and 27 of the above cited reference it is stated that 15 "hydrochloric acid in the gastric juices is actually 0.17%
but the figure 0.2S% is arrived at to compensate for the fact t,hat the acid in the body is at blood temperature."
In general, glasses having a cadmium oxide solubility no 20 greater than about 2.0% represent an improvement and can be used for certain applications. However, for most applications, lower solubilities are recommended such as less than 1.0%. A highly desirable range possible with the present glasses is from about 0.0% to 0.5% cadmium oxide 25 solubility and from about 0.0% to about 0.05% where the glass is apt to be ingested in a human system.
The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention and should not be construed as imposing 30 limitations on the claims. Where oxide compositions of glasses are given, they are by weight percent.
/
.
~3~Z5~
Example 1 - 2 3 4 5 6 CaO 5.3 --- 4.8 4.7 3.4 5.0 BaO --- 5.1 --- --- --- ---CdO 45.745.6 45.6 45.6 45.7 44.6 23 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.7 6.0 6.1 SiO2 40.538.2 36.9 36.1 37.7 39.3 ZrO2 - - 3~0 2.9 6.1 3.0 3.0 TiO2 2.1 2.0 4.0 1.8 1.9 2.0 F --- --- --- --- 2.3 ---100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0 100.0 These examples illustra-te useful glass compositions having cadmium oxide solubilities less than 1%:
Example 7 8 9 10 11 _ CaO 5.0 --- 1.8 5.0 5.0 SrO --- 5.1 CdO 45.746.6 45.7 45.6 4~5.7 ; 25 A1203 3.0 6.2 6.3 5.1 4~0 SiO2 41.339.0 39.8 39.3 40.3 Zr2 3-0 3.1 3.2 3.0 3.0 TiO2 2.0 --- 2.0 -2.0 2.0 F -~ 1.2 --- ---100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0 , .
.:
1131'~59 Example 12 13 14 15 16 CaO 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.0 CdO45.7 43.7 44.644.1 42.6 A1236.3 6.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 SiO240.0 40.2 40.340.6 42.3 Zr2 2.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 TiO21.6 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 100.0 100.0 100.0100.0 100.0 These examples illustrate still further glass compositions having cadmi~n oxide solubilities of 0.0%.
Example 17 18 19 20 f 15 K20 ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ Trace Na20 --- --- --- Trace Li20 --- -__ ___ 1.1 CaO 5.0 --- --- Trace SrO --- 5-0 --- ~~~
20 PbO ~__ ___ 4.9 ___ CdO 45.7 45.7 45.7 45.6 A123 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.5 SiO2 38.2 38.2 38.3 41.3 Zr2 3-0 3.0 3.0 3.3 25 TiO22.0 2.0 2.0 2~2 100 . O100 . O100 . O100 . O
The above listed solubility results were obtained based on glass ground 95% through 200 mesh, U.S. Standard sieve. The cadmium release of some of the others listed previously would also be lower and approach 0.0~ when ground to a coarser particle size.
Any of the foregoing glasses of the present invention can be added to other glass frit compositions to meet diverse , ' , I
~, . ~:
~13~Z~9 requirements, such as a stabilizer for glazes. It is very unexpected for glasses having cadmium oxide contents o 10% and more to as much as 55~ to have such relatively low cadmium oxide solubilities. Because of these low solubilities, the cadmium oxide contents of the present glasses do not appreciably dissolve or accumulate if ingested in a human digestive system but pass through the system. In addition, the contamination of waste water with cadmium from industrial processing of glass and glass products is appreciably reduced.
Although the oregoing describes several embodiments of the present invention, it is understood that the invention may be practiced in still other forms within the scope of the following claims.
.:
, SiO2 25~ to 50%
; A1203 2% to 8%
Fluxing agent 0% to 8%
the fluxing agent bei~g selected from one or more o~ the following: -SrO 0.1~ to 8%
PbO 0.1% to 8%
CaO 0.1~ to 8~
ZnO 0.1% to 8%
MgO 0.1~ to 8 BaO 0.1~ to 8~
Li20 0.1% to 3%
Na20 0.1~ to 3%
K20 0.1~ to 3%
B203 0.1% to 3%
F Ool~ to 3~
~L33~%~3 in which the source of the fluorine is a fluoride of a metal of the glass.
A preferred glass comprises in weight percent about:
CdO 42.0% to 46.0 TiO2 2.0%
Zr2 3-0%
SiO2 32.0% to 45.0%
A123 2.0% to 8.0%
CaO 5%
It is understood that the relative amounts of the indicated ingredients are selected to total 100%.
The previously described glass compositions may be conventially smelted from the indicated oxides or fluorides either directly or from compounds which during the heat of the smelt axe converted to such oxides or fluorides. For example, the cadmium component can be cadmium oxide itself or obtained from such cadmium salts as cadmium carbonate, cadmium nitrate, cadmium chloride, cadmium sul~ate, and the like.
: ` .
The cadmium component may be directly smelted into the glass during its initiaL formation, or the cadmium can be added as an addition and sintered into the glass after the glass, minus the cadmium, has been smelted and fritted.
When incorpora-ted as an addition, the cadmium is pxeferably used as the oxide. Fritting of the gla s, either before or after the addition of the cadmium component, is by conventional means, such as by passing a stream of molten glass between fritting rollers or by quenching the stream in cold water. The resulting frit can be ground as by ball milling, to a desired average particle size.
An example showing the preparation of a representative low-solubility cadmium glass follows.
EXAMPLE OF PREPARATION
A raw batch fonmula amounting to 1000 weight units having the following ingredients, in weight:
~3~Z5~
TiO2 19 CaC03 84 Silica Quartz 382 C~O 400 Zn2 ~3 having a theoretical melted weight of 938 weight units was smelted in a continuous smelter at about 2650F and the molten glass was poured onto water-cooled rollers at a rate of about 800 lbs/hour, the quenched glass optionally converted into frit and the resulting glass was analyzed to have the following composition, in weight percen~:
15 CaO 4.92 CdO 42.58 SiO2 ~2.34 TiO2 2.05 ZrO~ 3.00 20 MgO (impurity) 0.03 Fe203 (impurity) 0.01 While the cadmium glasses may be used whenever cadmium is required or desired as a component, the present glasses find excellent utility as stabilizers for inorganic red or yellow glazes. A cadmium glass in fritted form is mixed with one ~r more other frits, especially glaze frits, which may, for instance, contain sulphur and/or selenium in some available form. When mixed frits are fired at an elevated temperature, cadmium sulide and/or cadmium sulfoselenide forms and an integral inorganic red or yellow glaze results~
Cadmium oxide solubilities of the glasses were determined using the extraction procedure o~ the Brimsdown Method.
This is an extraction test described in "Ceramic Glazes"
' ' ' ' : - :
, ~3~Z~
by Felix Singer and W.L. German, published by Borax Consolidated Limited, London, 1960, at page 108, appendix 12. A weighed amount of powdered glass to be tested is placed in a co~tainer and a given volume of a 0.25% aqueous S solution of hydrochloric acid added. The container is continuously agitated for one hour in standard shaker equipment providing a constant shaking force. The container is set aside for one hour. The solution is then filtered and the filtrate tested for the percent of cadmium oxide 10 present based on the weigh~ of the original sample.
The Brimsdown Method of extraction is designed to simulate the action of stomach acid in ingested materials. On pages 26 and 27 of the above cited reference it is stated that 15 "hydrochloric acid in the gastric juices is actually 0.17%
but the figure 0.2S% is arrived at to compensate for the fact t,hat the acid in the body is at blood temperature."
In general, glasses having a cadmium oxide solubility no 20 greater than about 2.0% represent an improvement and can be used for certain applications. However, for most applications, lower solubilities are recommended such as less than 1.0%. A highly desirable range possible with the present glasses is from about 0.0% to 0.5% cadmium oxide 25 solubility and from about 0.0% to about 0.05% where the glass is apt to be ingested in a human system.
The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention and should not be construed as imposing 30 limitations on the claims. Where oxide compositions of glasses are given, they are by weight percent.
/
.
~3~Z5~
Example 1 - 2 3 4 5 6 CaO 5.3 --- 4.8 4.7 3.4 5.0 BaO --- 5.1 --- --- --- ---CdO 45.745.6 45.6 45.6 45.7 44.6 23 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.7 6.0 6.1 SiO2 40.538.2 36.9 36.1 37.7 39.3 ZrO2 - - 3~0 2.9 6.1 3.0 3.0 TiO2 2.1 2.0 4.0 1.8 1.9 2.0 F --- --- --- --- 2.3 ---100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0 100.0 These examples illustra-te useful glass compositions having cadmium oxide solubilities less than 1%:
Example 7 8 9 10 11 _ CaO 5.0 --- 1.8 5.0 5.0 SrO --- 5.1 CdO 45.746.6 45.7 45.6 4~5.7 ; 25 A1203 3.0 6.2 6.3 5.1 4~0 SiO2 41.339.0 39.8 39.3 40.3 Zr2 3-0 3.1 3.2 3.0 3.0 TiO2 2.0 --- 2.0 -2.0 2.0 F -~ 1.2 --- ---100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0 , .
.:
1131'~59 Example 12 13 14 15 16 CaO 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.0 CdO45.7 43.7 44.644.1 42.6 A1236.3 6.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 SiO240.0 40.2 40.340.6 42.3 Zr2 2.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 TiO21.6 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 100.0 100.0 100.0100.0 100.0 These examples illustrate still further glass compositions having cadmi~n oxide solubilities of 0.0%.
Example 17 18 19 20 f 15 K20 ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ Trace Na20 --- --- --- Trace Li20 --- -__ ___ 1.1 CaO 5.0 --- --- Trace SrO --- 5-0 --- ~~~
20 PbO ~__ ___ 4.9 ___ CdO 45.7 45.7 45.7 45.6 A123 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.5 SiO2 38.2 38.2 38.3 41.3 Zr2 3-0 3.0 3.0 3.3 25 TiO22.0 2.0 2.0 2~2 100 . O100 . O100 . O100 . O
The above listed solubility results were obtained based on glass ground 95% through 200 mesh, U.S. Standard sieve. The cadmium release of some of the others listed previously would also be lower and approach 0.0~ when ground to a coarser particle size.
Any of the foregoing glasses of the present invention can be added to other glass frit compositions to meet diverse , ' , I
~, . ~:
~13~Z~9 requirements, such as a stabilizer for glazes. It is very unexpected for glasses having cadmium oxide contents o 10% and more to as much as 55~ to have such relatively low cadmium oxide solubilities. Because of these low solubilities, the cadmium oxide contents of the present glasses do not appreciably dissolve or accumulate if ingested in a human digestive system but pass through the system. In addition, the contamination of waste water with cadmium from industrial processing of glass and glass products is appreciably reduced.
Although the oregoing describes several embodiments of the present invention, it is understood that the invention may be practiced in still other forms within the scope of the following claims.
.:
Claims (15)
1. A cadmium glass having relatively high percentage of cadmium oxide and relatively low cadmium oxide solubility, said glass consisting essentially of in weight percent about:
CdO 42% to 46%
TiO2 0.0% to 30%
ZrO2 0.0% to 30%
SiO2 10% to 60%
Al2O3 0.0% to 10%
said glass having a CdO solubility no greater than about 2.0% as determined by using the extraction procedure of the Brimsdown Method.
CdO 42% to 46%
TiO2 0.0% to 30%
ZrO2 0.0% to 30%
SiO2 10% to 60%
Al2O3 0.0% to 10%
said glass having a CdO solubility no greater than about 2.0% as determined by using the extraction procedure of the Brimsdown Method.
2. The cadmium glass of claim 1 in which said glass is in powdered form adapted to be used as a stabilizer for glazes.
3. The cadmium glass of claim 1 containing from about 0.1%
to about 20% by weight of a fluxing agent, said agent consisting essentially of in approximate weight percent one or more of the following based on the weight of the glass:
SrO 0.1% to 20%
PbO 0.1% to 20%
CaO 0.1% to 20%
ZnO 0.1% to 10%
MgO 0.1% to 10%
BaO 0.1% to 10%
Li2O 0.1% to 3%
Na2O 0.1% to 3%
K2O 0.1% to 3%
B2O3 0.1% to 3%
F 0.1% to 3%
in which the source of said fluorine is a fluoride of at least one metal of said glass.
to about 20% by weight of a fluxing agent, said agent consisting essentially of in approximate weight percent one or more of the following based on the weight of the glass:
SrO 0.1% to 20%
PbO 0.1% to 20%
CaO 0.1% to 20%
ZnO 0.1% to 10%
MgO 0.1% to 10%
BaO 0.1% to 10%
Li2O 0.1% to 3%
Na2O 0.1% to 3%
K2O 0.1% to 3%
B2O3 0.1% to 3%
F 0.1% to 3%
in which the source of said fluorine is a fluoride of at least one metal of said glass.
4. The cadmium glass of claim 1 in which said glass has a cadmium oxide solubility no greater than about 1.0% as determined by using the extraction procedure of the Brimsdown Method.
5. The cadmium glass of claim 1 in which said glass has a cadmium oxide solubility of about 0.0% to about 0.5% as determined by using the extraction procedure of the Brimsdown Method.
6. The cadmium glass of claim 1 in which said glass consists essentially of about:
CdO 42% to 46%
TiO2 0.0% to 20%
ZrO2 0.0% to 20%
SiO2 25% to 50%
Al2O3 2% to 8%
Fluxing agent 0% to 8%
said fluxing agent being selected rom one or more of the following:
SrO 0.1% to 8%
PbO 0.1% to 8%
CaO 0.1% to 8%
ZnO 0.1% to 8%
MgO 0.1% to 8%
BaO 0.1% to 8 Li2O 0.1% to 3%
Na2O 0.1% to 3%
K2O 0.1% to 3%
B2O3 0.1% to 3%
F 0.1% to 3%
in which said source of said fluorine is a f1uoride of at least one metal of said glass.
CdO 42% to 46%
TiO2 0.0% to 20%
ZrO2 0.0% to 20%
SiO2 25% to 50%
Al2O3 2% to 8%
Fluxing agent 0% to 8%
said fluxing agent being selected rom one or more of the following:
SrO 0.1% to 8%
PbO 0.1% to 8%
CaO 0.1% to 8%
ZnO 0.1% to 8%
MgO 0.1% to 8%
BaO 0.1% to 8 Li2O 0.1% to 3%
Na2O 0.1% to 3%
K2O 0.1% to 3%
B2O3 0.1% to 3%
F 0.1% to 3%
in which said source of said fluorine is a f1uoride of at least one metal of said glass.
7. The cadmium glass of claim 1 in which said glass comprises in weight percent about:
CdO 42.0% to 46.0%
TiO2 2.0%
ZrO2 3.0%
SiO2 32.0% to 45.0%
Al23 2.0% to 8.0%
CaO 5%
CdO 42.0% to 46.0%
TiO2 2.0%
ZrO2 3.0%
SiO2 32.0% to 45.0%
Al23 2.0% to 8.0%
CaO 5%
8. In a glaze composition adapted to be applied to a substrate and then fired, said glaze composition consisting essentially of a base glass frit having a stabilizer adapted to prevent the glaze from burning out or discoloring at elevated temperatures; the improvement in which said stabilizer is a cadmium glass having a relatively high percentage of cadmium oxide and relatively low cadmium oxide solubility, said cadmium glass consisting essentially in weight percent of about:
CdO 42% to 46%
TiO2 0.0% to 30%
ZrO2 0.0% to 30%
SiO2 10% to 60%
Al2O3 0.0% to 10%
said glass having a CdO solubility no greater than about 2.0%
as determined by using the extraction procedure of the Brimsdown Method.
CdO 42% to 46%
TiO2 0.0% to 30%
ZrO2 0.0% to 30%
SiO2 10% to 60%
Al2O3 0.0% to 10%
said glass having a CdO solubility no greater than about 2.0%
as determined by using the extraction procedure of the Brimsdown Method.
9. A process for preparing a cadmium glass having relatively high percentage of cadmium oxide and relatively low cadmium oxide solubility, said glass consisting essentially of in weight percent about:
CdO 42% to 46%
TiO2 0.0% to 30%
ZrO2 0.0% to 30%
SiO2 10% to 60%
Al2O3 0.0% to 10%
said glass having a CdO solubility no greater than about 2.0% as determined by using the extraction procedure of the Brimsdown Method, including the steps of admixing the above ingredients and smelting them in a continuous smelter at 2600° to 2750°F; pouring said molten glass at about 800 lbs. per hour onto water cooled rollers and optionally converting the quenched glass into frit.
CdO 42% to 46%
TiO2 0.0% to 30%
ZrO2 0.0% to 30%
SiO2 10% to 60%
Al2O3 0.0% to 10%
said glass having a CdO solubility no greater than about 2.0% as determined by using the extraction procedure of the Brimsdown Method, including the steps of admixing the above ingredients and smelting them in a continuous smelter at 2600° to 2750°F; pouring said molten glass at about 800 lbs. per hour onto water cooled rollers and optionally converting the quenched glass into frit.
10. A process according to Claim 9 including the step of converting said glass into powdered form adapted to be used as a stabilizer for glazes.
11. A process according to Claim 9 characterized in that it also contains from 0.1% to 20% by weight of a fluxing agent, said agent comprising in approximate weight percent one or more of the following based on the weight of the glass:
SrO 0.1% to 20%
PbO 0.1% to 20%
CaO 0.1% to 20%
ZnO 0.1% to 10%
MgO 0.1% to 10%
BaO 0.1% to 10%
Li2O 0.1% to 3%
Na2O 0.1% to 3%
K2O 0.1% to 3%
B2O3 0.1% to 3%
F 0.1% to 3%
in which the source of said fluorine is a fluoride of a metal of said glass.
SrO 0.1% to 20%
PbO 0.1% to 20%
CaO 0.1% to 20%
ZnO 0.1% to 10%
MgO 0.1% to 10%
BaO 0.1% to 10%
Li2O 0.1% to 3%
Na2O 0.1% to 3%
K2O 0.1% to 3%
B2O3 0.1% to 3%
F 0.1% to 3%
in which the source of said fluorine is a fluoride of a metal of said glass.
12. A process aacording to Claim 9 wherein said glass has a cadmium oxide solubility no greater than about 1.0% as determined by using the extraction procedure of the Brimsdown Method.
13. A process according to Claim 9 wherein said glass has a cadmium oxide solubility of about 0.0% to about 0.5% as determin-ed by using the extraction procedure of the Brimsdown Method.
14. A process according to Claim 9 wherein the glass comprises:
CdO 42% to 46%
TiO2 0.0% to 20%
ZrO2 0.0% to 20%
SiO2 25% to 50%
A12O3 2% to 8%
Fluxing agent 0% to 8%
said fluxing agent being selected from one or more of the following:
SrO 0.1% to 8%
PbO 0.1% to 8%
CaO 0.1% to 8%
ZnO 0.1% to 8%
MgO 0.1% to 8%
BaO 0.1% to 8%
Li2O 0.1% to 3%
Na2O 0.1% to 3%
K2O 0.1% to 3%
B2O3 0.14 to 3%
F 0.1% to 3%
in which the source of said fluorine is a fluoride of a metal of said glass.
CdO 42% to 46%
TiO2 0.0% to 20%
ZrO2 0.0% to 20%
SiO2 25% to 50%
A12O3 2% to 8%
Fluxing agent 0% to 8%
said fluxing agent being selected from one or more of the following:
SrO 0.1% to 8%
PbO 0.1% to 8%
CaO 0.1% to 8%
ZnO 0.1% to 8%
MgO 0.1% to 8%
BaO 0.1% to 8%
Li2O 0.1% to 3%
Na2O 0.1% to 3%
K2O 0.1% to 3%
B2O3 0.14 to 3%
F 0.1% to 3%
in which the source of said fluorine is a fluoride of a metal of said glass.
15. A process according to Claim 9 wherein said glass comprises in weight percent:
CdO 42.0% to 46.0%
TiO2 2.0%
ZrO2 3.0%
SiO2 32.0% to 45.0%
Al2O3 2.0% to 8.0%
CaO 5%
CdO 42.0% to 46.0%
TiO2 2.0%
ZrO2 3.0%
SiO2 32.0% to 45.0%
Al2O3 2.0% to 8.0%
CaO 5%
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US92672178A | 1978-07-21 | 1978-07-21 | |
| US926,721 | 1978-07-21 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1131259A true CA1131259A (en) | 1982-09-07 |
Family
ID=25453606
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA332,244A Expired CA1131259A (en) | 1978-07-21 | 1979-07-20 | Cadmium glass having low cadmium oxide solubility |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| BR (1) | BR7904634A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1131259A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2456076A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2025929B (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0150708B1 (en) * | 1984-01-20 | 1989-10-18 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Compositions for glazing nuclear pellets |
| US4684497A (en) * | 1984-01-20 | 1987-08-04 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Cadmium oxide glazed nuclear fuel pellet and glazing composition |
| FR2626870B1 (en) * | 1988-02-05 | 1992-07-10 | Applic Serigraphiques | COMPOSITION FOR QUADRICHROMY GLASS ENAMELING OF GLASS OBJECTS |
| RU2618741C1 (en) * | 2016-03-15 | 2017-05-11 | Юлия Алексеевна Щепочкина | Glaze |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB613718A (en) * | 1945-09-04 | 1948-12-02 | Corning Glass Works | Improved manufacture of optical glass |
| FR2129309A5 (en) * | 1971-03-10 | 1972-10-27 | Electro Resistance | |
| DE2123251A1 (en) * | 1971-05-11 | 1972-11-30 | Hpc Produits Chimiques Sa | Crystallisable borosilicate glass - for coatings on glass or ceramic articles |
-
1979
- 1979-07-16 GB GB7924701A patent/GB2025929B/en not_active Expired
- 1979-07-20 FR FR7918816A patent/FR2456076A1/en active Granted
- 1979-07-20 BR BR7904634A patent/BR7904634A/en unknown
- 1979-07-20 CA CA332,244A patent/CA1131259A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2456076A1 (en) | 1980-12-05 |
| GB2025929B (en) | 1982-09-08 |
| GB2025929A (en) | 1980-01-30 |
| BR7904634A (en) | 1980-04-15 |
| FR2456076B1 (en) | 1984-04-13 |
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