CA1112886A - Flexible joint construction - Google Patents
Flexible joint constructionInfo
- Publication number
- CA1112886A CA1112886A CA302,030A CA302030A CA1112886A CA 1112886 A CA1112886 A CA 1112886A CA 302030 A CA302030 A CA 302030A CA 1112886 A CA1112886 A CA 1112886A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- ball stud
- forging
- spherical outer
- spherical
- bearing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A flexible joint construction such as is used in automotive steering linkages or the like wherein each housing is provided with an integral internal spherical bearing sur-face formed during the forging and inner cavity machining ope-rations. The flexible joints are further characterized by ball studs which include integrally formed lubrication grooves.
A flexible joint construction such as is used in automotive steering linkages or the like wherein each housing is provided with an integral internal spherical bearing sur-face formed during the forging and inner cavity machining ope-rations. The flexible joints are further characterized by ball studs which include integrally formed lubrication grooves.
Description
aAc~GRouND OF T~ ILIVE~ITIC:;
This invention generally relates to fle~ible joints and more particularly to a new improved housing and b~aring constructior for ball joints such as are used in automoti-~e steering lin-kages or the like.
PROBLE~S IN THE ART
It is presently the practice in the art to fabricate ball joints from forged ~ousings provided with seperate interna spherical bearing inserts for supporting the male ball studs.
In many instances the spherical bearing inserts have been formed of synthetic resinous materials but a problem has been present in that such plastic bearing materials have been lackin in longevity under high stress operating conditions, particular-ly when operated in high temperature environments. Operation of automotive pivot joints in hot environments has only recently been dictated by the required polution control fabricated with spherical bearings formed of annular metal inserts which over-come the heat problem but which require highly accurate machi-ning operations both with respect to the fabrication of the metal inserts and the required annular seat supporting surface which must be accurately located and formed in the housing.
SU~MARY OF THE INVENTION
In general the present invention comprises a novel .~
.
' ~
This invention generally relates to fle~ible joints and more particularly to a new improved housing and b~aring constructior for ball joints such as are used in automoti-~e steering lin-kages or the like.
PROBLE~S IN THE ART
It is presently the practice in the art to fabricate ball joints from forged ~ousings provided with seperate interna spherical bearing inserts for supporting the male ball studs.
In many instances the spherical bearing inserts have been formed of synthetic resinous materials but a problem has been present in that such plastic bearing materials have been lackin in longevity under high stress operating conditions, particular-ly when operated in high temperature environments. Operation of automotive pivot joints in hot environments has only recently been dictated by the required polution control fabricated with spherical bearings formed of annular metal inserts which over-come the heat problem but which require highly accurate machi-ning operations both with respect to the fabrication of the metal inserts and the required annular seat supporting surface which must be accurately located and formed in the housing.
SU~MARY OF THE INVENTION
In general the present invention comprises a novel .~
.
' ~
- 2 - pivot joint housing and bearing construction, as well as a novel method of producing same, which can be fabricated at high rates of production with such housings including integrally formed spherical bearing surfaces which surfaces are located and shaped simultaneously with the forging and internal ma-chining of the housings~.
As another aspect of the present invention, the novel pivot joint housing construction includes lubrication grooves in the spherical bearing surface which form grease reservoirs in the bearing surface without the presence of aberations in the finished bearing surface.
As another aspect of the present invention the -;
above mentioned lubrication grooves are asymmetriccally loca-ted with respect to the spherical bearing surface to prevent machine tool chatter during the final machining of the surface.
As another aspect of the present invention, the pivot joint in one of its embodiments includes a novel ball stud construction wherein the lubrication grooves are formed in the spherical bearing surface of the ball stud during the forging thereof.
As still another aspect of the invention, the pivot joint in one of its embodiments comprises a novel ball stud construction which includes a forged head portion that includes a refined spherical bearing surface devoid of surface film.
, It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an improved pivot joint and method of making same which includes a housing portion provided with an integral spherical bearing surface.
'3.f~
As another aspect of the present invention, the novel pivot joint housing construction includes lubrication grooves in the spherical bearing surface which form grease reservoirs in the bearing surface without the presence of aberations in the finished bearing surface.
As another aspect of the present invention the -;
above mentioned lubrication grooves are asymmetriccally loca-ted with respect to the spherical bearing surface to prevent machine tool chatter during the final machining of the surface.
As another aspect of the present invention, the pivot joint in one of its embodiments includes a novel ball stud construction wherein the lubrication grooves are formed in the spherical bearing surface of the ball stud during the forging thereof.
As still another aspect of the invention, the pivot joint in one of its embodiments comprises a novel ball stud construction which includes a forged head portion that includes a refined spherical bearing surface devoid of surface film.
, It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an improved pivot joint and method of making same which includes a housing portion provided with an integral spherical bearing surface.
'3.f~
3 - It is another object of the present invention to provide a novel pivot joint and method of making same that includes a housing portion provided with integral hardened spherical bearing surface that include lubrication grooves located in the bearing surfaces without the presence of spheri-cal aberrations adjacent the grooves.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a novel pivot joint and method of making same that comprises a novel ball stud that includes lubrication grooves in the spherical bearing surface thereof, said grooves being integrally formed in the bearing surface during the forging thereof.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a novel pivot joint and method of making same that comprises a ball stud that includes a refined spherical bea-ring surface that is devoid of surface film normally resulting from the heat treating operation.
Further objects and advantages of the present inven-tion will be apparent from the following description, reference being had to the accompanying drawings wherein a preferred form of embodiment o~ the invention is clearly shown.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a side sectional view of a ball joint in-cluding a housing constructed in accordance with the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a partial side elevational view of a work-piece used in forming the housing of Fig. l;
~0
It is another object of the present invention to provide a novel pivot joint and method of making same that comprises a novel ball stud that includes lubrication grooves in the spherical bearing surface thereof, said grooves being integrally formed in the bearing surface during the forging thereof.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a novel pivot joint and method of making same that comprises a ball stud that includes a refined spherical bea-ring surface that is devoid of surface film normally resulting from the heat treating operation.
Further objects and advantages of the present inven-tion will be apparent from the following description, reference being had to the accompanying drawings wherein a preferred form of embodiment o~ the invention is clearly shown.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a side sectional view of a ball joint in-cluding a housing constructed in accordance with the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a partial side elevational view of a work-piece used in forming the housing of Fig. l;
~0
- 4 - partially in section, of the workpiece of Fig. 2 in various steps of formation;
Fig. 6 is a bottom elevational view of the work-piece corresponding to Fig. 5;
Fig. 7 is an end sectional view of the workpiece of the preceding figures;
Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 are side and end elevational views of a ball stud constructed in accordance with the present invention; and Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 are side and end elevational views of a second ball stud constructed in accordance with the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring in detail to the drawings, Fig. 1 illus-trates a typical pivot joint including a housing constructed in accordance with the present invention, with such housing r being indicated generally at 10. The housing includes a cavity 12 that includes an inner wall surface 14 and a spherical bea-ring surface 16.
With continued reference to Fig. 1, a ~all stud is indicated generally at 10. The housing includes a cavity 12 that includes an inner wall surface 14 and a spherical bearing surface 16.
With continued reference to Fig. 1, a ball stud in-dicated generally at 18 includes a ball shaped end 20 which is pivotally supported by bearing surface 16 as well as by a bearing surface 22 formed on a removeable bearing insert 24.
Bearing surface insert 24 is urged inwardly by a compression spring 26 which is interposed between and end closure 28 and the bearing insert. The housing further in-
Fig. 6 is a bottom elevational view of the work-piece corresponding to Fig. 5;
Fig. 7 is an end sectional view of the workpiece of the preceding figures;
Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 are side and end elevational views of a ball stud constructed in accordance with the present invention; and Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 are side and end elevational views of a second ball stud constructed in accordance with the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring in detail to the drawings, Fig. 1 illus-trates a typical pivot joint including a housing constructed in accordance with the present invention, with such housing r being indicated generally at 10. The housing includes a cavity 12 that includes an inner wall surface 14 and a spherical bea-ring surface 16.
With continued reference to Fig. 1, a ~all stud is indicated generally at 10. The housing includes a cavity 12 that includes an inner wall surface 14 and a spherical bearing surface 16.
With continued reference to Fig. 1, a ball stud in-dicated generally at 18 includes a ball shaped end 20 which is pivotally supported by bearing surface 16 as well as by a bearing surface 22 formed on a removeable bearing insert 24.
Bearing surface insert 24 is urged inwardly by a compression spring 26 which is interposed between and end closure 28 and the bearing insert. The housing further in-
- 5 - cludes a shank portion 30 as well as a top opening 32 which includes a tapered wall 34 the latter permitting angular movement of the shank 36 upon pivoting thereof.
The assembly of Fig. 1 also includes a dust cover 38, sleeve 40, and nut 42.
Referring next to Fig. 2, the above mentioned hou-sing 10 is formed from a workpiece W which consists of a rod of carbon steel. A suitable steel material is referred to as the middle carhon type, such as SAE 10~0.
After the workpiece W has been sheared to length from bar stock, it is heated and forged to the shape shown in Fig. 3 wherein the housing 10, with the cavity 12, have been forged to the shape illustrated.
The workpiece is next subjected to a coining opera-tion to form the grease grooves 46 with such grooves being eccentrically located so as not to be directly opposite each other as seen in Fig. 6.
In accordance with the present invention the work-piece W is subjected to an internal machining operation using a circular milling cutter so as to machine away the surface decarboni~ation and accurately locate and finally shape and finish the previously mentioned spherical bearing surface 16.
Inner wall portion 14 is also machined at the same time to remove the taper left by the forging die.
A bottom hole 32 is also formed in the housing as well as a groove 52 for receiving the end closure 28. Such bobtom hole 32 and groove 52 can be cut at the same time the wall surface 14 and bearing surface 16 are machined.
It should further be mentioned that during the internal machi-ning the grease grooves 46 are cut down in length and any
The assembly of Fig. 1 also includes a dust cover 38, sleeve 40, and nut 42.
Referring next to Fig. 2, the above mentioned hou-sing 10 is formed from a workpiece W which consists of a rod of carbon steel. A suitable steel material is referred to as the middle carhon type, such as SAE 10~0.
After the workpiece W has been sheared to length from bar stock, it is heated and forged to the shape shown in Fig. 3 wherein the housing 10, with the cavity 12, have been forged to the shape illustrated.
The workpiece is next subjected to a coining opera-tion to form the grease grooves 46 with such grooves being eccentrically located so as not to be directly opposite each other as seen in Fig. 6.
In accordance with the present invention the work-piece W is subjected to an internal machining operation using a circular milling cutter so as to machine away the surface decarboni~ation and accurately locate and finally shape and finish the previously mentioned spherical bearing surface 16.
Inner wall portion 14 is also machined at the same time to remove the taper left by the forging die.
A bottom hole 32 is also formed in the housing as well as a groove 52 for receiving the end closure 28. Such bobtom hole 32 and groove 52 can be cut at the same time the wall surface 14 and bearing surface 16 are machined.
It should further be mentioned that during the internal machi-ning the grease grooves 46 are cut down in length and any
6 - surface aberrations present in Fiy. 3 are machined away such that the bearing curvature will be accurately produced. As still another operation, a radial hole 54 is formed through the wall of the housing for the subsequent mounting of a grease fitting.
Reference is next made to Fig. 5, which illustrates the machining of the outwardly tapered surface 34 at the opening 32.
Reference is next made to Figs. 8 and 9 which illus-trate a ball stud constructed in accordance with a modifi-cation of the present invention, with such being indicated generally at 118. In this embodiment the head portion 120 ~s provided with longitudenally extending lubrication grooves 124, instead of forming such lubrication grooves in the spherical bearing surface 16 of the housing portion as was the case with the previously described embodiment of Figs. 1-6.
Figs. 10 and 11 show a modified ball stud construc-tion similar to the embodiment of Figs. 8 and 9 except that the lubrication grooves 134 are~Qf~spirally ex~e~dIng~configura-tion.
In both of the ball stud embodiments illustrated the spiral grooves are positioned so as not to be diametrically opposite one from another so as to eliminate vibratory machine chatter during a finish machin~ning operation later to be des-cribed.
Reference is next made to Figs. 8 and 9 which illus-trate a ball stud constructed in accordance with a modifica-tion of the present invention and indicated generally at 118.
In this embodiment the lubricating grooves 46 are eliminated from the housing seat 22 and instead are formed in the spherical
Reference is next made to Fig. 5, which illustrates the machining of the outwardly tapered surface 34 at the opening 32.
Reference is next made to Figs. 8 and 9 which illus-trate a ball stud constructed in accordance with a modifi-cation of the present invention, with such being indicated generally at 118. In this embodiment the head portion 120 ~s provided with longitudenally extending lubrication grooves 124, instead of forming such lubrication grooves in the spherical bearing surface 16 of the housing portion as was the case with the previously described embodiment of Figs. 1-6.
Figs. 10 and 11 show a modified ball stud construc-tion similar to the embodiment of Figs. 8 and 9 except that the lubrication grooves 134 are~Qf~spirally ex~e~dIng~configura-tion.
In both of the ball stud embodiments illustrated the spiral grooves are positioned so as not to be diametrically opposite one from another so as to eliminate vibratory machine chatter during a finish machin~ning operation later to be des-cribed.
Reference is next made to Figs. 8 and 9 which illus-trate a ball stud constructed in accordance with a modifica-tion of the present invention and indicated generally at 118.
In this embodiment the lubricating grooves 46 are eliminated from the housing seat 22 and instead are formed in the spherical
- 7 - outer surface of the ball stud.
Ball stud 118 is formed from a carbon steel blank which is cold headed to form an enlarged head portion on a shank portion 122 with the head portion including a spherical outer surface 120.
A plurality of spaced lubricating grooves 124 are formed in spherical outer surface 120 during the cold heading operation which forms the head portion on the ball stud. Such lubricating grooves 124 serve as cavities for retaining grease that maintains a film of lubricant at the confronting spherical bearing surfaces 120 on the stud and 22 on the housing.
It has been determined that in the production of certain designs of pivot joints, which include raised bottom shells, or webs, in the bottom of the housing forging, it is ; also possible to hot forge the flare or tapered wall 34 of the -top opening 32 simultaneously with the hot forging of the housing portion 10. This eliminates the need for a seperate machining operation to provide the flare 34 needed for angular-ityof stud movement. However, in such pivot joint design where the flare 34 can be hot forged, it is not possible to also simultaneously forge the lubricating grooves 46. Hence, it becomes economically desireable to form the lubricating grooves 124 in the spherical outer surface 120 of the ball stud 118.
In accordance with the present invention, the ball stud 118 of Figs. 8 and 9 can be economically and accurately produced by the following production steps:
1. A carbon steel blank is upset in a cold heading machine fo form the shank portion 122 and enlarged head portion that includes the spherical outer surface
Ball stud 118 is formed from a carbon steel blank which is cold headed to form an enlarged head portion on a shank portion 122 with the head portion including a spherical outer surface 120.
A plurality of spaced lubricating grooves 124 are formed in spherical outer surface 120 during the cold heading operation which forms the head portion on the ball stud. Such lubricating grooves 124 serve as cavities for retaining grease that maintains a film of lubricant at the confronting spherical bearing surfaces 120 on the stud and 22 on the housing.
It has been determined that in the production of certain designs of pivot joints, which include raised bottom shells, or webs, in the bottom of the housing forging, it is ; also possible to hot forge the flare or tapered wall 34 of the -top opening 32 simultaneously with the hot forging of the housing portion 10. This eliminates the need for a seperate machining operation to provide the flare 34 needed for angular-ityof stud movement. However, in such pivot joint design where the flare 34 can be hot forged, it is not possible to also simultaneously forge the lubricating grooves 46. Hence, it becomes economically desireable to form the lubricating grooves 124 in the spherical outer surface 120 of the ball stud 118.
In accordance with the present invention, the ball stud 118 of Figs. 8 and 9 can be economically and accurately produced by the following production steps:
1. A carbon steel blank is upset in a cold heading machine fo form the shank portion 122 and enlarged head portion that includes the spherical outer surface
- 8 - 120, with the longitudinally extending lubricating grooves 124 being forged into surface 120 by a suitable shaped forging die 2. The spherical outer surface 120 is next subjec-ted to a machining operation, such as grinding, to accurate-ly establish the spherical radius to specified tolerances for the particular job requirement. For example, with a one inch diameter ball a typical tolerance for automotive applications would be .5265 - .5}65 spherical radius after grinding.
3. The workpiece is next heat treated to case harden the outer surface. A typical heat treatment would be to carbo-nitride in an atmosperic furnace with a temper at 400 degrees for one hour minimum at heat after quench. This will result in a case depth of .00~ - .014 with the spherical surface file hard for the typical one inch diameter ball mentioned above.
4. The spherical outer surface 120 is next refined, preferably by a vibratory-slurry treatment wherein the heat treated workpieces are tumbled in a drum type container in the presence of a slurry of water and ceramic pellets. This polish-ing operation serves to refine thespherical surface hy remoV~
-ing~surface film which resulted from the above described heat treating operation.
After the finished ball studs 118 have been subjected to the above mentioned steps th0y are ready to be assembled into the pivot joint, as seen in Fig. 1, with the spherical outer surface 120 pivotally supported on the spherical bearing surface 22 of the housing portion 10.
Figs. 10 and 11 illustrate a modified ball stud 128 which is identical to the previously described embodiment of Figs. 8 and 9 except that the lubricating grooves 134 are of spiral configuration instead of straight as was the case with the prior embodiment.
It will be noted that in the case of both ball stud constructions the lubricating grooves are circumferentially spaced at a 120 degrees so as to not be located diametrically opposite one another. It has been determined that this spacing arrangement eliminates the possibility of vibratory chatter during the machining step.
3. The workpiece is next heat treated to case harden the outer surface. A typical heat treatment would be to carbo-nitride in an atmosperic furnace with a temper at 400 degrees for one hour minimum at heat after quench. This will result in a case depth of .00~ - .014 with the spherical surface file hard for the typical one inch diameter ball mentioned above.
4. The spherical outer surface 120 is next refined, preferably by a vibratory-slurry treatment wherein the heat treated workpieces are tumbled in a drum type container in the presence of a slurry of water and ceramic pellets. This polish-ing operation serves to refine thespherical surface hy remoV~
-ing~surface film which resulted from the above described heat treating operation.
After the finished ball studs 118 have been subjected to the above mentioned steps th0y are ready to be assembled into the pivot joint, as seen in Fig. 1, with the spherical outer surface 120 pivotally supported on the spherical bearing surface 22 of the housing portion 10.
Figs. 10 and 11 illustrate a modified ball stud 128 which is identical to the previously described embodiment of Figs. 8 and 9 except that the lubricating grooves 134 are of spiral configuration instead of straight as was the case with the prior embodiment.
It will be noted that in the case of both ball stud constructions the lubricating grooves are circumferentially spaced at a 120 degrees so as to not be located diametrically opposite one another. It has been determined that this spacing arrangement eliminates the possibility of vibratory chatter during the machining step.
Claims (5)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A pivot joint comprising, in combination, a cup-shaped housing portion formed by forging a carbon steel blank including a cavity provided with an inner wall, one end of said inner wall including a spherical bearing surface integrally formed with the forging of said housing portion and machined to remove surface metal from which carbon was removed by working of the metal during forging; and a ball stud including a head portion having a headed spherical outer surface pivotally mounted on the spherical bearing surface of the housing portion, said spherical outer surface including lubricating grooves formed during the heading of the spherical outer surface of the ball.
2. A pivot joint comprising, in combination, a cup-shaped housing portion formed by forging a carbon steel blank including a cavity provided with an inner wall, one end of said inner wall including a spherical bearing surface integrally formed with the forging of said housing portion and machined to remove surface metal from which carbon was removed by working of the metal during forging; and a ball stud formed by forging a carbon steel blank to provide a head portion having a spherical outer surface pivotally mounted on the spherical bearing surface of the housing portion, said spherical outer surface including lubricating grooves formed with the forging of said head portion, said spherical outer surface being refined to substantially eliminate heat-treat induced surface film.
3. The pivot joint defined in claim 2 wherein said ball stud includes a case hardened zone at said spherical outer surface.
4. The method of making pivot joints comprising, in combination, forging a workpiece to form a cup-shaped housing portion including a cavity provided with an inner wall, having a bearing wall portion that includes a surface layer of decarbonized metal resulting from said forging; machining said bearing wall portion to remove said layer of decarbonized metal and form a finished bearing surface for pivotally supporting a ball stud; heading a carbon steel blank to form a ball stud comprising a spherical outer surface including lubricating grooves integrally formed during the heading operation;
machining said spherical surface heat treating said ball stud to case harden said spherical outer surface; surface finishing said ball stud to remove surface film from said spherical outer surface; and mounting said spherical outer surface of said ball stud on said bearing surface of said housing.
machining said spherical surface heat treating said ball stud to case harden said spherical outer surface; surface finishing said ball stud to remove surface film from said spherical outer surface; and mounting said spherical outer surface of said ball stud on said bearing surface of said housing.
5. The method of making pivot joints comprising, in combination, forming a workpiece to form a cup-shaped housing portion including a cavity provided with an inner wall having a bearing wall portion that includes a surface layer of decarbonized metal resulting from said forging, said inner wall including grease grooves which are integrally formed during said forging operation; machining said bearing wall portion to remove said layer of decarbonized metal and form a finishing bearing surface for pivotally support-ing a ball stud heading a carbon steel blank to form a ball stud comprising a spherical outer surface including lubricating grooves integrally formed during the heading operation; machining said spherical surface; heat treating said ball stud to case harden said spherical outer surface; surface finishing said ball stud to remove surface film from said spherical outer surface; and mounting said spherical outer surface of said ball stud on said bearing sur-face of said housing.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US793,930 | 1977-05-05 | ||
| US05/793,930 US4148119A (en) | 1976-03-03 | 1977-05-05 | Method of fabricating flexible joints |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1112886A true CA1112886A (en) | 1981-11-24 |
Family
ID=25161189
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA302,030A Expired CA1112886A (en) | 1977-05-05 | 1978-04-26 | Flexible joint construction |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1112886A (en) |
-
1978
- 1978-04-26 CA CA302,030A patent/CA1112886A/en not_active Expired
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |