CA1098365A - Fish silage - Google Patents
Fish silageInfo
- Publication number
- CA1098365A CA1098365A CA301,941A CA301941A CA1098365A CA 1098365 A CA1098365 A CA 1098365A CA 301941 A CA301941 A CA 301941A CA 1098365 A CA1098365 A CA 1098365A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- fish
- silage
- liquified
- weight
- solids
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/30—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis
- A23J3/32—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/30—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/30—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis
- A23J3/32—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents
- A23J3/34—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents using enzymes
- A23J3/341—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents using enzymes of animal proteins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/22—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from fish
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/30—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for swines
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Physiology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Apparatuses For Bulk Treatment Of Fruits And Vegetables And Apparatuses For Preparing Feeds (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Meat, Egg Or Seafood Products (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Abstract
BP CASE NO. BPN. 4390 ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
This invention relates to a process for producing liquefied fish protein by liquefying fish mince using preformed fish silage as a liquid medium.
This invention relates to a process for producing liquefied fish protein by liquefying fish mince using preformed fish silage as a liquid medium.
Description
1~"8365 The present invention relates to a process for producing fish sil-age also known as liquefied fish protein.
By "fish silage" is meant here and throughout the specification a liquid fish product made from whole fish or parts of fish that are liquefied by the action of naturally occurring enzymes in the fish in the presence of an additive which is capable of initiating or accelerating the liquefying process. The enzymes break down fish proteins into smaller soluble units, and the acid helps to speed up their activity while preventing bacterial spoilage. Hitherto, fish silage has been produced by vigorously agitating fish mince with organic or mineral acids. However, fish mince, which is a semi-solid becomes even more viscous on addition of the acid and therefore needs heavy duty equipment to vigorously agitate and liquefy such a mass.
After a period, the fish is liquefied and the liquefied mixture stored in tanks for subsequent distribution. In this technique, heavy machinery is re-quired not only to pump the bulk of liquefied fish silage but also for the fish to be minced in sufficiently fine form and agitated to minimise the dura-tion of agitation and liquefaction.
It has now been found that the problems associated with handling and mixing minced fish may be minimised using a comparatively simple tech-nique.
It is an object of the present invention to eliminate a) the need for fine mincing, b) the conveying of solid minced fish, c) the mixing of a solid mass after addition of acid and d) the need for heavy duty equipment.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a process for prepar-ing liquified fish silage which comprises admixing unground fish solids hav-ing dimensions up to 6 inches by 15 inches with liquified fish silage in a ratio in the range of from 10:1 to 1:10 by weight and from 0.5:30% by weight, expressed as a percentage by weight of fish solids, of an additive capable of initiating and accelerating liquification of said fish solids, the additive being selected from the grouy consisting of organic acids, mineral acids, salts thereof, and enzymes; and effecting liquification of said fish solids in the presence of said liquified fish silage and at a temperature of at least 20C.
In another aspect the invention provides a cyclic process for the production of liquified fish silage which process comprises mixing unground fish solids having dimensions up to 6 inches by 15 inches with residual or recycled preformed liquified fish silage from a previous cycle in a ratio in the range 10:1 to 1:10 by weight and from 0.5 to 30% by weight, expressed as a percentage by weight of fish solids, of an additive capable of initiating and accelerating liquifaction of the fish solids, the additive being selected from the group consisting of organic acids, mineral acids, salts thereof and enzymes; effecting liquifaction of the fish solids to liquified fish silage in the presence of the preformed liquified fish silage at a temperature of at least 20C; withdrawing at least a portion of the resulting liquified fish silage; adding to the remaining liquified fish silage if only some is with-drawn, or to recycled liquified fish silage if all is withdrawn, a further quantity of fish solids of the dimensions and in the weight ratio previously specified, and a further quantity of an additive as previously specified and in the percentage weight range previously specified; and repeating the cycle.
-10~8;~65 The mixing may be carried out in a tank using any of the conven-tional mechanlcal mixers. Since heavy duty equipment is unnecessary, the prooess of the present invention is relatively flexible in the choice of mixers, Thus, examples of mixers that may be used include turbine mixers, paddle mixers, propeller mixers, tumble mixers and the centrifugal impeller type mixers, A chopper pump is preferable as a mixer.
One of the principal advantages of the present invention is that small and medium sized fish eg up to 6 in x 15 ln need not be chopped or minced prior to the mixing stage. Under the conditions of mixing now proposed these are automatically minced and liquefied without beooming unmanageably viscous and therefore do not add undue strain on the mixers or the pumping equipment. However~ if relatively large sized fishJ for example dog fish, is to be liquefied, it may be deslrable to chop such fish to a suitable size, preferably within that specified above for small and medium size fish, for ease of operation, As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, it is not necessary to use whole fish to operate the process of the present invention, Fish waste, fish offal and othcr scrap from the fishing industry preminced or otherwise, may be used as feed to the mixing stage, The additives which are capable of initlating and accelerating the liquefactlon process may be selected from organic acidsJ mineral acids, salts thereof, some speciflc enzymes, for example papaying, and mixtures oi' these. Acids, especially organic acids, are preferabl~
and these may be the lower monocarbQxylic acids such as formic acid and propionic acid, Formic acid however is most preferable. The additive may be added to the fish either prlor to the mixing stage, eg during the preliminary chopping or mincing stage if such a step is carried out, or, during the mixing stage, 10~8365 The ratio of the addltive to the fish feed in the mixture at the time of mixing in the tank i8 suitably between 0.5 and ~0 by weight, preferably between 0.1 and 5,0% by weight. Within these ranges the optimum concentrations will naturally depend upon the type of fish belng liquefied, eg the water and the oil content thereof and the like, and the amount of preformed liquid fish silage ln the mixture.
The ratlo of preformed llquid flsh sllage to the fish feed ls suitably between lO:l and l:10 by welght, preferably between
By "fish silage" is meant here and throughout the specification a liquid fish product made from whole fish or parts of fish that are liquefied by the action of naturally occurring enzymes in the fish in the presence of an additive which is capable of initiating or accelerating the liquefying process. The enzymes break down fish proteins into smaller soluble units, and the acid helps to speed up their activity while preventing bacterial spoilage. Hitherto, fish silage has been produced by vigorously agitating fish mince with organic or mineral acids. However, fish mince, which is a semi-solid becomes even more viscous on addition of the acid and therefore needs heavy duty equipment to vigorously agitate and liquefy such a mass.
After a period, the fish is liquefied and the liquefied mixture stored in tanks for subsequent distribution. In this technique, heavy machinery is re-quired not only to pump the bulk of liquefied fish silage but also for the fish to be minced in sufficiently fine form and agitated to minimise the dura-tion of agitation and liquefaction.
It has now been found that the problems associated with handling and mixing minced fish may be minimised using a comparatively simple tech-nique.
It is an object of the present invention to eliminate a) the need for fine mincing, b) the conveying of solid minced fish, c) the mixing of a solid mass after addition of acid and d) the need for heavy duty equipment.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a process for prepar-ing liquified fish silage which comprises admixing unground fish solids hav-ing dimensions up to 6 inches by 15 inches with liquified fish silage in a ratio in the range of from 10:1 to 1:10 by weight and from 0.5:30% by weight, expressed as a percentage by weight of fish solids, of an additive capable of initiating and accelerating liquification of said fish solids, the additive being selected from the grouy consisting of organic acids, mineral acids, salts thereof, and enzymes; and effecting liquification of said fish solids in the presence of said liquified fish silage and at a temperature of at least 20C.
In another aspect the invention provides a cyclic process for the production of liquified fish silage which process comprises mixing unground fish solids having dimensions up to 6 inches by 15 inches with residual or recycled preformed liquified fish silage from a previous cycle in a ratio in the range 10:1 to 1:10 by weight and from 0.5 to 30% by weight, expressed as a percentage by weight of fish solids, of an additive capable of initiating and accelerating liquifaction of the fish solids, the additive being selected from the group consisting of organic acids, mineral acids, salts thereof and enzymes; effecting liquifaction of the fish solids to liquified fish silage in the presence of the preformed liquified fish silage at a temperature of at least 20C; withdrawing at least a portion of the resulting liquified fish silage; adding to the remaining liquified fish silage if only some is with-drawn, or to recycled liquified fish silage if all is withdrawn, a further quantity of fish solids of the dimensions and in the weight ratio previously specified, and a further quantity of an additive as previously specified and in the percentage weight range previously specified; and repeating the cycle.
-10~8;~65 The mixing may be carried out in a tank using any of the conven-tional mechanlcal mixers. Since heavy duty equipment is unnecessary, the prooess of the present invention is relatively flexible in the choice of mixers, Thus, examples of mixers that may be used include turbine mixers, paddle mixers, propeller mixers, tumble mixers and the centrifugal impeller type mixers, A chopper pump is preferable as a mixer.
One of the principal advantages of the present invention is that small and medium sized fish eg up to 6 in x 15 ln need not be chopped or minced prior to the mixing stage. Under the conditions of mixing now proposed these are automatically minced and liquefied without beooming unmanageably viscous and therefore do not add undue strain on the mixers or the pumping equipment. However~ if relatively large sized fishJ for example dog fish, is to be liquefied, it may be deslrable to chop such fish to a suitable size, preferably within that specified above for small and medium size fish, for ease of operation, As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, it is not necessary to use whole fish to operate the process of the present invention, Fish waste, fish offal and othcr scrap from the fishing industry preminced or otherwise, may be used as feed to the mixing stage, The additives which are capable of initlating and accelerating the liquefactlon process may be selected from organic acidsJ mineral acids, salts thereof, some speciflc enzymes, for example papaying, and mixtures oi' these. Acids, especially organic acids, are preferabl~
and these may be the lower monocarbQxylic acids such as formic acid and propionic acid, Formic acid however is most preferable. The additive may be added to the fish either prlor to the mixing stage, eg during the preliminary chopping or mincing stage if such a step is carried out, or, during the mixing stage, 10~8365 The ratio of the addltive to the fish feed in the mixture at the time of mixing in the tank i8 suitably between 0.5 and ~0 by weight, preferably between 0.1 and 5,0% by weight. Within these ranges the optimum concentrations will naturally depend upon the type of fish belng liquefied, eg the water and the oil content thereof and the like, and the amount of preformed liquid fish silage ln the mixture.
The ratlo of preformed llquid flsh sllage to the fish feed ls suitably between lO:l and l:10 by welght, preferably between
2:1 and 1:3 by weight.
In startlng the operatlon it will be neceæsary to obtain the first supply of fish silage. This may be achieved by agitating minced fish with warm water along with any of the conventional additives, preferably those whioh ~upp~y the necessary acid environ-ment to produce a pH of 4 or below to ensure against baoterial spoilage. When all the fish ha~ become liquefied at least part of the mixture is pumped to store.
Using part of this liquefied fish as the medium a first batch of f-ish and addltive are llquefled, according to the inventlon by constant and rapid agitatlon.
A second batch of fish may be similarly liquefied and this can then be divided, one part retalned for further fish addition, and the remainder put to store. After five or six such operatlons the silage produced i8 of substantlally the same nutritional value as the fish being used and continuous operation in this manner can be carried out indefinitely.
Silage produced at the starting up stage is still a valuable feed and can be used for pig feed with the diet suitably adJusted for the excess water present, The rate at which fish is liquefied depends upon the type of lQ"8;~65 raw material, its freshness and the temperature of the process. It has been found that fatty fish liquefy more quickly than white fish offal and fresh fish are much easier to liquefy than stale fish. It is therefore desirable to subject fish to the liquefaction process immediately on receipt of the raw material.
The liquefaction process is also temperature dependent. Tempera-tures of at least 20C are desirable and temperatures between 20 and 40C
are preferable. At higher temperatures enzymes responsible for liquefaction have been found to deactivate.
The invention is further illustrated with reference to the accompa-nying drawings, which is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the invention:
Apparatus A mixing tank (1) is provided with a chopper pump (2) capable of recycling into the tank (1) via one-way valve (3) or pumping to store (A) and (B) via outlet (4) and inlet pipes (5) and (6) respectively for fish feed and aqueous formic acid. The outlet (4) is connected to storage tanks (A) and (B) via one-way valves (7), (8) and (9). A pump (12) is connected to each of the storage tanks (A) and (B) to withdraw liquid fish silage therefrom via one-way valves (10) and (11) respectively. Pump (12) is further connected to the mixing tank (1) via one-way valve (15) and back to the storage tanks (A) and (B) for recirculation via one-way valves (14) and (8), and (14) and (9) respectively.
Process _ 1. 0.5 ton of fish is fed at a steady rate along with 3.5 gallons of formic acid (3.5% by weight of 85% formic acid) via inlet pipes (5) and (6) respectively into a mixing tank (1) containing 0.5 ton of warm water (30 to 40C).
2. The agitation and circulation of the mixture in tank (1) is started by closing valve (7) and opening valve (3), and the circulation 10"8365 continued for one hour.
In startlng the operatlon it will be neceæsary to obtain the first supply of fish silage. This may be achieved by agitating minced fish with warm water along with any of the conventional additives, preferably those whioh ~upp~y the necessary acid environ-ment to produce a pH of 4 or below to ensure against baoterial spoilage. When all the fish ha~ become liquefied at least part of the mixture is pumped to store.
Using part of this liquefied fish as the medium a first batch of f-ish and addltive are llquefled, according to the inventlon by constant and rapid agitatlon.
A second batch of fish may be similarly liquefied and this can then be divided, one part retalned for further fish addition, and the remainder put to store. After five or six such operatlons the silage produced i8 of substantlally the same nutritional value as the fish being used and continuous operation in this manner can be carried out indefinitely.
Silage produced at the starting up stage is still a valuable feed and can be used for pig feed with the diet suitably adJusted for the excess water present, The rate at which fish is liquefied depends upon the type of lQ"8;~65 raw material, its freshness and the temperature of the process. It has been found that fatty fish liquefy more quickly than white fish offal and fresh fish are much easier to liquefy than stale fish. It is therefore desirable to subject fish to the liquefaction process immediately on receipt of the raw material.
The liquefaction process is also temperature dependent. Tempera-tures of at least 20C are desirable and temperatures between 20 and 40C
are preferable. At higher temperatures enzymes responsible for liquefaction have been found to deactivate.
The invention is further illustrated with reference to the accompa-nying drawings, which is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the invention:
Apparatus A mixing tank (1) is provided with a chopper pump (2) capable of recycling into the tank (1) via one-way valve (3) or pumping to store (A) and (B) via outlet (4) and inlet pipes (5) and (6) respectively for fish feed and aqueous formic acid. The outlet (4) is connected to storage tanks (A) and (B) via one-way valves (7), (8) and (9). A pump (12) is connected to each of the storage tanks (A) and (B) to withdraw liquid fish silage therefrom via one-way valves (10) and (11) respectively. Pump (12) is further connected to the mixing tank (1) via one-way valve (15) and back to the storage tanks (A) and (B) for recirculation via one-way valves (14) and (8), and (14) and (9) respectively.
Process _ 1. 0.5 ton of fish is fed at a steady rate along with 3.5 gallons of formic acid (3.5% by weight of 85% formic acid) via inlet pipes (5) and (6) respectively into a mixing tank (1) containing 0.5 ton of warm water (30 to 40C).
2. The agitation and circulation of the mixture in tank (1) is started by closing valve (7) and opening valve (3), and the circulation 10"8365 continued for one hour.
3, Thereafter, half the liquid in the mixlng tank tl) is pumped into storage tank (A) by closlng vslves (3) and (9) and opening valves (7) and (8). Llquid pumped lnto storage tank (A) is reclrculated contlnuously be openlng valves (8), (10), (13) and (14) closlng valve (15) and startlng the pump (12).
4. Clrculatlon and agltatlon ln mlxlng tank (1) ls contlnued by closlng valve (7) and openlng valve (3). Slmultaneously, a further 0.5 ton of flsh and 3,5 gallons of formic acld are added, as before, to the mlxlng tank (1) vla inlet (5) and mlxlng contlnued for another 0,5 hour, m en a further 1 ton of flsh and 7 gallons of formic acid are added, as before, to the mixing tank (1) and agitatlon and clrculatlon contlnued.
5. Operatlons 3 and 4 above are repeated to produce flsh sllage contlnuou~ly.
Claims (11)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A process for preparing liquified fish silage which comprises ad-mixing unground fish solids having dimensions up to 6 inches by 15 inches with liquified fish silage in a ratio in the range of from 10:1 to 1:10 by weight and from 0.5:30% by weight, expressed as a percentage by weight of fish solids, of an additive capable of initiating and accelerating liquifica-tion of said fish solids, the additive being selected from the group consist-ing of organic acids, mineral acids, salts thereof, and enzymes; and effect-ing liquification of said fish solids in the presence of said liquified fish silage and at a temperature of at least 20°C.
2. A process as defined in claim 1 wherein said liquified fish silage admixed has been obtained by the process of claim 1.
3. A cyclic process for the production of liquified fish silage which process comprises mixing unground fish solids having dimensions up to 6 inches by 15 inches with residual or recycled preformed liquified fish silage from a previous cycle in a ratio in the range 10:1 to 1:10 by weight and from 0.5 to 30% by weight, expressed as a percentage by weight of fish solids, of an additive capable of initiating and accelerating liquifaction of the fish solids, the additive being selected from the group consisting of organic acids, mineral acids, salts thereof and enzymes; effecting liquifaction of the fish solids to liquified fish silage in the presence of the preformed liquified fish silage at a temperature of at least 20°C; withdrawing at least a portion of the resulting liquified fish silage; adding to the remaining liquified fish silage if only some is withdrawn, or to recycled liquified fish silage if all is withdrawn, a further quantity of fish solids of the dimensions and in the weight ratio previously specified, and a further quanti-ty of an additive as previously specified and in the percentage weight range previously specified; and repeating the cycle.
4. A process according to claim 1 wherein the mixing is carried out in a tank using a mechanical mixer.
5. A process according to claim 4 wherein the mechanical mixer is a chopper pump.
6. A process according to claim 1 wherein the organic acid is a lower monocarboxylic acid.
7. A process according to claim 6 wherein the lower monocarboxylic acid is formic acid.
8. A process according to claim 1 wherein the ratio of the additive to the solid fish feed in the mixture is between 1.0 and 5.0% by weight.
9. A process according to claim 1 wherein the ratio of preformed li-quid fish silage to the solid fish feed is between 2:1 and 1:3 by weight.
10. A process according to claim 1 wherein the liquifaction is carried out at a temperature between 20° and 40°C.
11. A process according to claim 1 wherein the liquified fish is at a pH of 4 or below.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB24071/77A GB1596758A (en) | 1977-06-09 | 1977-06-09 | Fish silage |
| GB24071/77 | 1977-06-09 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1098365A true CA1098365A (en) | 1981-03-31 |
Family
ID=10205915
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA301,941A Expired CA1098365A (en) | 1977-06-09 | 1978-04-25 | Fish silage |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS545055A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1098365A (en) |
| DK (1) | DK158192C (en) |
| FI (1) | FI63327C (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2393536A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1596758A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO145971C (en) |
| SE (1) | SE436826B (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS59501652A (en) * | 1982-07-07 | 1984-10-04 | ポ−ルハウゼン、ヘン | Method for producing dry feed for fish |
| US4545187A (en) * | 1984-04-16 | 1985-10-08 | Scott Landgraf | Apparatus for harvesting fruit or nuts |
| NO300192B1 (en) * | 1995-08-07 | 1997-04-28 | Sildolje & Sildemelind Forsk | Process for the cooling and preservation of fish and product of fish treated according to the method |
| CL2014001051A1 (en) * | 2014-04-24 | 2014-08-01 | Pesquera Pacific Star S A | Method to improve the drying of a concentrated acid salmon silage, during the preparation of a protein supplement in animal diets; protein supplement obtained; and system to improve drying |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR707532A (en) * | 1930-03-14 | 1931-07-09 | Fr Des Produits Alimentaires A | Process for the production of fishmeal |
-
1977
- 1977-06-09 GB GB24071/77A patent/GB1596758A/en not_active Expired
-
1978
- 1978-04-25 CA CA301,941A patent/CA1098365A/en not_active Expired
- 1978-05-19 SE SE7805774A patent/SE436826B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1978-06-05 NO NO781959A patent/NO145971C/en unknown
- 1978-06-06 FI FI781795A patent/FI63327C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1978-06-08 DK DK255178A patent/DK158192C/en active
- 1978-06-08 JP JP6931978A patent/JPS545055A/en active Granted
- 1978-06-08 FR FR787817192A patent/FR2393536A1/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS545055A (en) | 1979-01-16 |
| JPS6249027B2 (en) | 1987-10-16 |
| FR2393536B1 (en) | 1983-05-27 |
| FR2393536A1 (en) | 1979-01-05 |
| SE7805774L (en) | 1978-12-10 |
| FI63327B (en) | 1983-02-28 |
| DK158192B (en) | 1990-04-09 |
| FI781795A (en) | 1978-12-10 |
| NO145971C (en) | 1982-07-07 |
| NO781959L (en) | 1978-12-12 |
| FI63327C (en) | 1983-06-10 |
| SE436826B (en) | 1985-01-28 |
| DK255178A (en) | 1978-12-10 |
| DK158192C (en) | 1990-09-17 |
| GB1596758A (en) | 1981-08-26 |
| NO145971B (en) | 1982-03-29 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |