CA1097735A - Lithium battery with thin plate apertured cathode - Google Patents
Lithium battery with thin plate apertured cathodeInfo
- Publication number
- CA1097735A CA1097735A CA298,759A CA298759A CA1097735A CA 1097735 A CA1097735 A CA 1097735A CA 298759 A CA298759 A CA 298759A CA 1097735 A CA1097735 A CA 1097735A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- cathode
- hole
- area
- cell
- depolarizer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Primary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
An improvement in a porous thin flat plate cathode for use in an electrochemical cell having a lithium anode and a nonaqueous electrolyte, said flat plate cathode having a portion of the area removed to define a hole in the plate, said hole having an area in a ratio to the area of the flat surface of the cathode of from 0.02 to 0.3.
An improvement in a porous thin flat plate cathode for use in an electrochemical cell having a lithium anode and a nonaqueous electrolyte, said flat plate cathode having a portion of the area removed to define a hole in the plate, said hole having an area in a ratio to the area of the flat surface of the cathode of from 0.02 to 0.3.
Description
10~773~
LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTRODE
BACKGROU~D OF THE I~ TION
Lithium batteries are becoming more important in the commercial market place as uses for these batteries develop. The lithium cells have extremely long life, high energy density and are useful over a wide range of temperatures.
Often times, however, the battery is developed to fit a partic-ular product need, rather than the reverse. For that reason, lithium batteries are being developed in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. One particular example is the battery being developed for digital electronic watches. These batteries are used as one portion of the watch itself and employ thin ~lat plate cells where the diameter is rather substantial in com-parison to the thickness of the battery. These cells are re-quir~d to deliver a great deal of power over an extremely longperiod of time. For example, the watch must be able to ~e operated for a reasonable long period of time in order to give the consumer the advantages he seeks, such as for example one or two years. In addition, the battery must be able to operate consistently at a current level suitable for timekeeping while simultaneously be able to deliver higher current levels for display. Often times, the difference between the timekeeping current and the display current may be as great as twenty thousand to one. Accordingly, it is essential to gain the most efficiency lrom the available space since it is obviously unde-sirable to have a watch battery which is too thick ana cumber-some, destroying the practical and aesthetic value of the design.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to providing lithium battery which is capable o~ operating for a long period of time over a wide range of current del~ands.
lQ~7735 Another object of this invention is to provide a means for increasing the capacity of a thin flat plate battery used in a given design shape.
Other objects will appear here and after.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIO~ OF THE INVENTION
It has now been discovered that the above and other objects of the~present invention can be accomplished in the following manner. Specifically, it has been discovered that an improved battery can be provided which includes a lithium anode, a nonaqueous electrolyte, and a porous thin flat plate cathode, when the thin flat plate cathode has a portion of the area removed to define a hole through the plate, said hole having an area in a ratio to the area of the flat surface of the cathode of from 0.02 to 0.3. Preferred shape for the battery cathode is circular, and it is preferred that the hsle be circular and located at the center of the cathode.
In another embodiment, the cathode comprises a flat conductive grid having a surface area substantially greater than its thickness, a finely divided porous conductive material associated with the grid and filling the interstices therein, a quantity of depolarizer intermixed in the conductive material, wherein the grid, conductive material and depolarizer are con-figured to define a hole in the cathode through the flat surface thereof such that the hole has an area in the ratio he~ein before descr~bed.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a more complete understanding of the present invention, refexence is hereby made to the drawings, in which:
FIGURE 1 represents a top view of the cathode employ-ing the concepts of the present invention, partially sectioned;
~97~3~;
FIGURE 2 shows a side view o~ the sa~le cathodeas shown in FIGURE 1, and partially sectioned;
FIGURE 3 represents the performance curves taken from two identical cells, wherein one of the two cells employs the device o, the present invention; and FIGURE 4 represents the performance curves for two other identical cells, wherein one of the two cells embodies the principals of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENT~ON
As stated above, the present invention comprises an improved ca~hode for use in a battery having a lithium anode and a nonaqueous electrolyte. This cathode consists of a thin flat porous cathode containing finely divided porous conductive matexial and a quantity of a depolarizer intermixed therein, said cathode having a surface area substantially greater than its thlckness, and it configured such that the conductive material and depolarizer define a hole in the cathode through the flat surface thereof such that the hole has an area in a ratio to the area of the flat surface of the cathode of from 0.02 to 0.3. It is a preferred embodiment to locate the hole at the center of the cathode. It is also preferred that the hole be circular in shape, due to the ease of construction by simple drilling or eventual rotary machine pelletizing. A wide variety of depolarizers may be employed in the present invention, all that is necessary is that the depolarizer material be com-patible with t~e lithium in the normal manner. Examples of typical depolarizers which may be used in the present invention are those selected from the group consisting of vanadium pentoxide, molybdenum trioxide, manganese dioxide, silver chromate, silver phosphate, silver chloride, copper sulride and carbon monorluroide.
Preferred for the purposes of this invention i5 vanadium pentoxide In a preferred em~odiment, the cathode includes a flat conductive grid having a sur~ace area substantially greater than its thickness, a finely divided porous conductive S material associated with the grid and filling the interstices therein, and a quantity of depolarizer intermixed in the con-ductive material. The grid, conductive material and depolarizer are configured to define a hole in the cathode through the flat surface thereof such that the hole has an area in a ratio to the area of the flat surface of said cathode of from 0.02 to 0.3.
As shown in FIGURE 1, a thin flat plate cathode is provided as shown generally by the reference numeral 10. The cathode is comprised o~ a quantity of finely divided porous conductive material and a quantity of depolarizer intermixed therein in an amow~t sufficient to give a theoretical perfor-mance suitable for use in the intended application oE the hattery. As an option, and as shown in FIGURE 1~ a grid 14 may be employed such that the finely divided conductive material and depolarizer are intermixed and fill the interstices of the grid. ~ormally, the grid is made from a conductive material such as aluminum or stainless steel.
As sho~m in FI&URE 1, the raaius of ~he cathode 10 is R2. Cut from the center of the cathode is a hole 12 which has a radius R1. The ratio of the hole area to the cathode area is from 0 02 to 0.3.
To demonstrate the efficiencies of the present invention, a number of cells were preparca and tested. In eac~ case, these cells were discharg2d at a rate of for~y-nine milliamperes for 1. 25 seconds, each minute. As sho~n in 1g! C~7~35 FIGURES 3 and 4, the potential was measured during thedischarge and recorded over a period of time in hours shown along the X axis of the various graphs. These tests were designed to duplicate the load demand of a typical watch S battery ~eing used over a long period of time. For example, the pulses o~ 1 pulse per minute result in 7,200 pulses in 120 hours of testing. This is equivalent to 20 pulses per day or a year.
I In the cells shown in FIGURE 3, 1.2 grams of cathode mix was prepared having a thickness of 0.069 inches and a diameter of 0.875 inches. Thus, the cells had a flat shape with a much greater diameter than thickness. One set of cells was tested without the inclusion of any hole in the cathode, thereby giving a ratio of the hole area to the cathode area of 0Ø As shown in FI5URE 3, the cell resulted in a ~6%
efficiency, based on the theoretic~l capacity of the cathode.
At the same time, an identical cell was tested except that the second cel~ had a center hole of 0.16 inches in diameter, thereby giving a ratio of the hole area to the area of the flat surface or 0.033. This cell, when tested in identical circumstances with ~he other cell, achieved a 90% efficiency of the theoretical amount of energy contained in the cathode.
Both cells contained sufficient anode and electrolyte to reach 100% cathode efficiency if possible.
Additional cells were prepared having 1.3 - 1.5 grams o~ a ca~hode mix. The diameter of these cells was 0.968 inches and the thickness was .071 to .078 inches. As can be seen from FIGURE 4, the control cell, in which the ratio of the area of the hole (since there was none) to the area of the cathode was 0 0, a 30% efficiency of the cathode capacity was achieved.
1~'a7735 In simultaneously testing, an identical cathode only having a 0.4 inch hole in the center therein ~Jas tested, giving a ratio of the area of the hole to the area of the cathode of 0.17. Seventy-six percent of the theoretical capacity of the cathode was achieved in this test.
As can be se~m from the data shown in FIGURES 3 and 4, the present invention is admirably suited to increasing the capacity of thin flat plate cells to close to that of its theoretical capacity. This is true even though a significant quantity o cathode is removed from the cell by drilling the hole. Thus it is possible to design batteries of substantially smaller size and shape so as to more efficiently fit the battery to the resulting product.
Having thus described the invention, ~hat is claimed is:
LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTRODE
BACKGROU~D OF THE I~ TION
Lithium batteries are becoming more important in the commercial market place as uses for these batteries develop. The lithium cells have extremely long life, high energy density and are useful over a wide range of temperatures.
Often times, however, the battery is developed to fit a partic-ular product need, rather than the reverse. For that reason, lithium batteries are being developed in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. One particular example is the battery being developed for digital electronic watches. These batteries are used as one portion of the watch itself and employ thin ~lat plate cells where the diameter is rather substantial in com-parison to the thickness of the battery. These cells are re-quir~d to deliver a great deal of power over an extremely longperiod of time. For example, the watch must be able to ~e operated for a reasonable long period of time in order to give the consumer the advantages he seeks, such as for example one or two years. In addition, the battery must be able to operate consistently at a current level suitable for timekeeping while simultaneously be able to deliver higher current levels for display. Often times, the difference between the timekeeping current and the display current may be as great as twenty thousand to one. Accordingly, it is essential to gain the most efficiency lrom the available space since it is obviously unde-sirable to have a watch battery which is too thick ana cumber-some, destroying the practical and aesthetic value of the design.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to providing lithium battery which is capable o~ operating for a long period of time over a wide range of current del~ands.
lQ~7735 Another object of this invention is to provide a means for increasing the capacity of a thin flat plate battery used in a given design shape.
Other objects will appear here and after.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIO~ OF THE INVENTION
It has now been discovered that the above and other objects of the~present invention can be accomplished in the following manner. Specifically, it has been discovered that an improved battery can be provided which includes a lithium anode, a nonaqueous electrolyte, and a porous thin flat plate cathode, when the thin flat plate cathode has a portion of the area removed to define a hole through the plate, said hole having an area in a ratio to the area of the flat surface of the cathode of from 0.02 to 0.3. Preferred shape for the battery cathode is circular, and it is preferred that the hsle be circular and located at the center of the cathode.
In another embodiment, the cathode comprises a flat conductive grid having a surface area substantially greater than its thickness, a finely divided porous conductive material associated with the grid and filling the interstices therein, a quantity of depolarizer intermixed in the conductive material, wherein the grid, conductive material and depolarizer are con-figured to define a hole in the cathode through the flat surface thereof such that the hole has an area in the ratio he~ein before descr~bed.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a more complete understanding of the present invention, refexence is hereby made to the drawings, in which:
FIGURE 1 represents a top view of the cathode employ-ing the concepts of the present invention, partially sectioned;
~97~3~;
FIGURE 2 shows a side view o~ the sa~le cathodeas shown in FIGURE 1, and partially sectioned;
FIGURE 3 represents the performance curves taken from two identical cells, wherein one of the two cells employs the device o, the present invention; and FIGURE 4 represents the performance curves for two other identical cells, wherein one of the two cells embodies the principals of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENT~ON
As stated above, the present invention comprises an improved ca~hode for use in a battery having a lithium anode and a nonaqueous electrolyte. This cathode consists of a thin flat porous cathode containing finely divided porous conductive matexial and a quantity of a depolarizer intermixed therein, said cathode having a surface area substantially greater than its thlckness, and it configured such that the conductive material and depolarizer define a hole in the cathode through the flat surface thereof such that the hole has an area in a ratio to the area of the flat surface of the cathode of from 0.02 to 0.3. It is a preferred embodiment to locate the hole at the center of the cathode. It is also preferred that the hole be circular in shape, due to the ease of construction by simple drilling or eventual rotary machine pelletizing. A wide variety of depolarizers may be employed in the present invention, all that is necessary is that the depolarizer material be com-patible with t~e lithium in the normal manner. Examples of typical depolarizers which may be used in the present invention are those selected from the group consisting of vanadium pentoxide, molybdenum trioxide, manganese dioxide, silver chromate, silver phosphate, silver chloride, copper sulride and carbon monorluroide.
Preferred for the purposes of this invention i5 vanadium pentoxide In a preferred em~odiment, the cathode includes a flat conductive grid having a sur~ace area substantially greater than its thickness, a finely divided porous conductive S material associated with the grid and filling the interstices therein, and a quantity of depolarizer intermixed in the con-ductive material. The grid, conductive material and depolarizer are configured to define a hole in the cathode through the flat surface thereof such that the hole has an area in a ratio to the area of the flat surface of said cathode of from 0.02 to 0.3.
As shown in FIGURE 1, a thin flat plate cathode is provided as shown generally by the reference numeral 10. The cathode is comprised o~ a quantity of finely divided porous conductive material and a quantity of depolarizer intermixed therein in an amow~t sufficient to give a theoretical perfor-mance suitable for use in the intended application oE the hattery. As an option, and as shown in FIGURE 1~ a grid 14 may be employed such that the finely divided conductive material and depolarizer are intermixed and fill the interstices of the grid. ~ormally, the grid is made from a conductive material such as aluminum or stainless steel.
As sho~m in FI&URE 1, the raaius of ~he cathode 10 is R2. Cut from the center of the cathode is a hole 12 which has a radius R1. The ratio of the hole area to the cathode area is from 0 02 to 0.3.
To demonstrate the efficiencies of the present invention, a number of cells were preparca and tested. In eac~ case, these cells were discharg2d at a rate of for~y-nine milliamperes for 1. 25 seconds, each minute. As sho~n in 1g! C~7~35 FIGURES 3 and 4, the potential was measured during thedischarge and recorded over a period of time in hours shown along the X axis of the various graphs. These tests were designed to duplicate the load demand of a typical watch S battery ~eing used over a long period of time. For example, the pulses o~ 1 pulse per minute result in 7,200 pulses in 120 hours of testing. This is equivalent to 20 pulses per day or a year.
I In the cells shown in FIGURE 3, 1.2 grams of cathode mix was prepared having a thickness of 0.069 inches and a diameter of 0.875 inches. Thus, the cells had a flat shape with a much greater diameter than thickness. One set of cells was tested without the inclusion of any hole in the cathode, thereby giving a ratio of the hole area to the cathode area of 0Ø As shown in FI5URE 3, the cell resulted in a ~6%
efficiency, based on the theoretic~l capacity of the cathode.
At the same time, an identical cell was tested except that the second cel~ had a center hole of 0.16 inches in diameter, thereby giving a ratio of the hole area to the area of the flat surface or 0.033. This cell, when tested in identical circumstances with ~he other cell, achieved a 90% efficiency of the theoretical amount of energy contained in the cathode.
Both cells contained sufficient anode and electrolyte to reach 100% cathode efficiency if possible.
Additional cells were prepared having 1.3 - 1.5 grams o~ a ca~hode mix. The diameter of these cells was 0.968 inches and the thickness was .071 to .078 inches. As can be seen from FIGURE 4, the control cell, in which the ratio of the area of the hole (since there was none) to the area of the cathode was 0 0, a 30% efficiency of the cathode capacity was achieved.
1~'a7735 In simultaneously testing, an identical cathode only having a 0.4 inch hole in the center therein ~Jas tested, giving a ratio of the area of the hole to the area of the cathode of 0.17. Seventy-six percent of the theoretical capacity of the cathode was achieved in this test.
As can be se~m from the data shown in FIGURES 3 and 4, the present invention is admirably suited to increasing the capacity of thin flat plate cells to close to that of its theoretical capacity. This is true even though a significant quantity o cathode is removed from the cell by drilling the hole. Thus it is possible to design batteries of substantially smaller size and shape so as to more efficiently fit the battery to the resulting product.
Having thus described the invention, ~hat is claimed is:
Claims (12)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. In an electrochemical cell having a lithium anode, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and a porous thin flat plate cathode, the improvement comprising:
said flat plate cathode having a portion of the area removed to define a hole through said plate, said hole having an area in a ratio to the area of the flat surface of said cathode of from 0.02 to 0.3.
said flat plate cathode having a portion of the area removed to define a hole through said plate, said hole having an area in a ratio to the area of the flat surface of said cathode of from 0.02 to 0.3.
2. The cell of claim 1, wherein said hole is circular in shape and located at the center of said cathode.
3. The cell of claim 1, wherein said cathode contains a depolarizer selected from the group consisting of V2O5, MoO3, MnO2, AgCrO4, Ag3PO4, AgCl, CuS, and carbon monofluoride.
4. The cell of claim 1 wherein said cathode is V2O5.
5. A cathode for use in a battery having a lithium anode and a nonaqueous electrolyte, comprising:
a flat conductive grid having a surface area substantially greater than its thickness;
a finely divided porous conductive material associated with said grid and filling the interstices therein;
a quantity of depolarizer intermixed in said conductive material;
said grid, conductive material and depolarizer being configured to define a hole in said cathode through the flat surface thereof such that the hole has an area in a ratio to the area of the flat surface of said cathode of from 0.02 to 0.3.
a flat conductive grid having a surface area substantially greater than its thickness;
a finely divided porous conductive material associated with said grid and filling the interstices therein;
a quantity of depolarizer intermixed in said conductive material;
said grid, conductive material and depolarizer being configured to define a hole in said cathode through the flat surface thereof such that the hole has an area in a ratio to the area of the flat surface of said cathode of from 0.02 to 0.3.
6. The cell of claim 5, wherein said hole is circular in shape and located at the center of said cathode.
7. The cell of claim 5, wherein said cathode contains a depolarizer selected from the group consisting of V2O5, MoO3, MnO2, AgCrO4, Ag3PO4, AgCl, CuS, and carbon monofluoride.
8. The cell of claim 5 wherein said cathode is V2O5.
9. A cathode for use in a battery having a lithium anode and a nonaqueous electrolyte, comprising:
a thin flat porous cathode containing a finely divided porous conductive material and a quantity of depolarizer intermixed therein, said cathode having a surface area substantially greater than its thickness; and said cathode material and depolarizer being configured to define a hole in said cathode through said flat surface thereof such that the hole has an area in a ratio to the area of the flat surface of said cathode of from 0.02 to 0.3.
a thin flat porous cathode containing a finely divided porous conductive material and a quantity of depolarizer intermixed therein, said cathode having a surface area substantially greater than its thickness; and said cathode material and depolarizer being configured to define a hole in said cathode through said flat surface thereof such that the hole has an area in a ratio to the area of the flat surface of said cathode of from 0.02 to 0.3.
10. The device of claim 9, wherein said hole is circular in shape and located at the center of said cathode.
11. The cell of claim 9, wherein said cathode contains a depolarizer selected from the group consisting of V2O5, MoO3, MnO2, AgCrO4, Ag3PO4, AgCl, CuS, and carbon monofluoride.
12. The cell of claim 9 wherein said cathode is V2O5.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US79035677A | 1977-04-25 | 1977-04-25 | |
| US790,356 | 1977-04-25 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1097735A true CA1097735A (en) | 1981-03-17 |
Family
ID=25150437
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA298,759A Expired CA1097735A (en) | 1977-04-25 | 1978-03-13 | Lithium battery with thin plate apertured cathode |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS53132737A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1097735A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2817706A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2389243A1 (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1103580B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7804413A (en) |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1821008A (en) * | 1927-01-13 | 1931-09-01 | Nat Carbon Co Inc | Dry cell battery |
| US2527576A (en) * | 1944-06-29 | 1950-10-31 | Ruben Samuel | Flat primary cell |
| FR1286618A (en) * | 1960-05-09 | 1962-03-09 | Corson G & W H | Ammonia type battery for the production of electric current |
| GB1286537A (en) * | 1968-09-16 | 1972-08-23 | Eagle Picher Ind Inc | Thermal battery |
| US3556853A (en) * | 1969-06-05 | 1971-01-19 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Grid for lead-acid cell |
| GB1406188A (en) * | 1973-07-27 | 1975-09-17 | Bogue J C | High energy density electrochemical cell |
-
1978
- 1978-03-13 CA CA298,759A patent/CA1097735A/en not_active Expired
- 1978-04-20 JP JP4597278A patent/JPS53132737A/en active Pending
- 1978-04-20 IT IT49001/78A patent/IT1103580B/en active
- 1978-04-22 DE DE19782817706 patent/DE2817706A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1978-04-24 FR FR7812078A patent/FR2389243A1/en active Granted
- 1978-04-25 NL NL7804413A patent/NL7804413A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2389243A1 (en) | 1978-11-24 |
| FR2389243B1 (en) | 1983-08-26 |
| IT1103580B (en) | 1985-10-14 |
| DE2817706A1 (en) | 1978-10-26 |
| JPS53132737A (en) | 1978-11-18 |
| NL7804413A (en) | 1978-10-27 |
| IT7849001A0 (en) | 1978-04-20 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |