CA1079968A - Synthetic firelog containing polyolefin - Google Patents
Synthetic firelog containing polyolefinInfo
- Publication number
- CA1079968A CA1079968A CA247,890A CA247890A CA1079968A CA 1079968 A CA1079968 A CA 1079968A CA 247890 A CA247890 A CA 247890A CA 1079968 A CA1079968 A CA 1079968A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- flame
- supporting material
- log according
- polyolefin
- sawdust
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L5/00—Solid fuels
- C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L11/00—Manufacture of firelighters
- C10L11/04—Manufacture of firelighters consisting of combustible material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
Abstract
A B S T R A C T
This invention relates to synthetic fire logs having excellent burning properties and hardness comprising a flame-supporting material, such as slack wax or foots oil, a filler, such as sawdust and 0.1 to 20%w of a solid polyolefin, such as polyethylene based on the flame-supporting material.
This invention relates to synthetic fire logs having excellent burning properties and hardness comprising a flame-supporting material, such as slack wax or foots oil, a filler, such as sawdust and 0.1 to 20%w of a solid polyolefin, such as polyethylene based on the flame-supporting material.
Description
9~
This invention relates to synthetic fire log~s comprising a flame-supporting material and a filler.
Synthetic fire logs of this type wherein the flame-supporting material or binder is e.g. a wax and the filler is e.g. sawdust, are described in U.S. patent specification No. 3,240,573. According to this specification the wax is preferably a slack wax, the oil content of which may vary from 1 to 30%w, e.g., 10 to 30%w.
Experiments showed that especially at the higher oil contents the resulting logs may be too soft to handle and too sensitive to heat. Moreover, their manufacture may necessitate additional cool-ing capacity.
It has been found that the use of a certain class of polymers in certain proportions in such synthetic fire logs avoids these disadvantages and furthermore provides excellent burning properties.
It has furthermore been found that these polymers have a beneficial effect on the properties of synthetic fire logs in general and even make it possible to use as flame-supporting material foots oil, which is a by-product in the refining of slack wax to produce hard refined wax.
Accordingly, this invention relates to a synthetic fire log comprising a flame-supporting material, a filler and 0.1 to 20%w of a solid polyolefin (based on the flame-supporting material).
The flame-supporting material can be a slack wax, preferably containing more than 7%w, e.g., at least 10%w of oil, such as - 25 15-30%w oil, or preferably foots oil or a mixture of slack wax and foots oil. The flame-supporting material may also contain, preferably in addition to slack wax and/or foots oil, other materials, such as fully refined waxes and microcrystalline waxes.
Suitable proportions of flame-supporting material (binder) are 40 to 70, preferably about 55 to 65, e.g., about 60%w, based on the whole composition.
A preferred filler is sawdust as described in U.S. specification 3,240,573. Soft as well as hard wood sawdust can be used. The particle size may vary from a fine powder to wood chips. When the size of the wood chips is large, they may be crushed until their size is smaller than, e.g., 20 mm. In general, sizes between 0.1 and 20 are suitable.
'7~9~i~
The moisture content may vary appreciably, e.g., between 1 and 50%w based on the sawdust. Amounts between 5 and 30~w, based on the sawdust, are preferred. The moisture content affects the hardness of the logs as well as their burn time. The following table shows that maximum log hardness is achieved when moisture content is around 10%w basis sawdust. However, increasing moisture content has a beneficial effect on burn time. Therefore, the selection of the most preferred moisture content is invariably a compromise between the desired log hardness and burn time.
TABLE
._ .
Log designation A B C D
.. ._ . . .
Composition Wax, %w 60 60 60 60 Sawdust, %w 40 40 40 40 Sawdust type fine fine fine fine % water in sawdust 0 10 20 30 . . . . .__ . .
Density, g/cc o.66 0.89 0.87 o.87 __ . .... ___ Hardness~ kg 17 57 47 36 . __ .
Burning Ignition easy easy easy easy Max. flame height, inches 6 7 5 7 Smokemoderate moderate heavy heavy ; Burn time, min.12 14 142 17 . _ . . _ .. .
10Preferred amounts of filler are between 30 and 60, e.g., between 35 and 45, in particular about 40%w, based on the whole composition.
Suitable polyolefins are polymers or copolymers, for example of ethylene and another olefin, such as propylene or butylene. The preferred polyolefins are polyethylene and polypropylene. The 15molecular weight of the polyolefins may be as low as 19000. Molecular weights which are too low will produce logs which are too soft to handle particularly when the binder is foots oil. An upper molecular weight limit is dictated by the solubility of the polyolefin in the binder. But, as the molecular weight of the polyolefin increases, the concentration needed to produce a log of a predetermined hardness decreases.
1~379S~
1~ .
The proportion of polyolefin is preferably 1 -to 15%w, e.e., about 10%w in the case of roots oil as binder (based on the binder).
Additional components may be present, such as described in U.S. 3,240,573. Examples hereof are low temperature binders, e.g., microcrystalline wax (usually already present in s]ack wax); high temperature binders, e.g., lignin derivatives, such as a~monium lignin sulphonate, or resins,such as urea-formaldehyde resins, combustion aids, e.g., organo-metallic compounds, such as lead naphthenate;
and additives having an aethetic function, e.g., inorganic salts which cause sizzling and crackling; such as NaN03 or NaC:l, or flame-colouring agents.
EXAMPLES
A. Logs of 60%w binder (flame~supporting material) and 40%w sawdust having a particle size of 0.1-5 mm and a water content of 10%w were prepared, wherein the binder was a mixture of slack wax having a congealing temperature of 47 C and having an oil content of 7.9%w and 0, 1, 3 and 5%w, based on the total binder, of polyethylene, mol. wt. 30000. The hardness was 50, 55, 61 and 71 kg, respectively, measured by applying pressure longitudinally to a standard laboratory log (diameter 2.5 cm, length about 6 cm) and increasing the pressure until shape deformation.
The burning time was 14, 14, 15.5 and 16 min., respectively. It appeared that hardness and burning time were considerably improved by the addition of the polyethylene. These logs were prepared by adding molten binder to sawdust while stirring, transferring the mixture to a plastic syringe 2.5 cm in diameter and 13 cm long, applying pressure on the plunger until the wax starts to bleed (normally at a length of 5-7 cm, e.g., about 6 cm), cooling to room temperature and removing the log.
The mixtures of slack wax and polyethylene were prepared by mixing for 60 minutes at about 170C or for 90 minutes at about 150C.
. Similar to Example A logs of 60~w binder and 40%w of the same sawdust were prepared, wherein the binder was a mixture of foots oil and 0.5 and 10%w, respectively, of the same polyethylene.
The hardness was 15, 19 and 33 kg, respectively. It appeared that the addition of polyethylene even in the case of foots oil as binder resulted in an acceptable hardness (preferably at least about 30 kg).
The burning time was 15, 18 and 20 minutes, respectively.
For comparison the hardness of similar logs usine as binder slsck w~x having an oil content of 26%w and a congealing temper-ature of 59 C and not containing polye-thylene was 16 kg and the S burning time 17 minutes. It appeared that when using relatively small amounts of polyethylene better results would be obtained even in the case of foots oil as binder.
This invention relates to synthetic fire log~s comprising a flame-supporting material and a filler.
Synthetic fire logs of this type wherein the flame-supporting material or binder is e.g. a wax and the filler is e.g. sawdust, are described in U.S. patent specification No. 3,240,573. According to this specification the wax is preferably a slack wax, the oil content of which may vary from 1 to 30%w, e.g., 10 to 30%w.
Experiments showed that especially at the higher oil contents the resulting logs may be too soft to handle and too sensitive to heat. Moreover, their manufacture may necessitate additional cool-ing capacity.
It has been found that the use of a certain class of polymers in certain proportions in such synthetic fire logs avoids these disadvantages and furthermore provides excellent burning properties.
It has furthermore been found that these polymers have a beneficial effect on the properties of synthetic fire logs in general and even make it possible to use as flame-supporting material foots oil, which is a by-product in the refining of slack wax to produce hard refined wax.
Accordingly, this invention relates to a synthetic fire log comprising a flame-supporting material, a filler and 0.1 to 20%w of a solid polyolefin (based on the flame-supporting material).
The flame-supporting material can be a slack wax, preferably containing more than 7%w, e.g., at least 10%w of oil, such as - 25 15-30%w oil, or preferably foots oil or a mixture of slack wax and foots oil. The flame-supporting material may also contain, preferably in addition to slack wax and/or foots oil, other materials, such as fully refined waxes and microcrystalline waxes.
Suitable proportions of flame-supporting material (binder) are 40 to 70, preferably about 55 to 65, e.g., about 60%w, based on the whole composition.
A preferred filler is sawdust as described in U.S. specification 3,240,573. Soft as well as hard wood sawdust can be used. The particle size may vary from a fine powder to wood chips. When the size of the wood chips is large, they may be crushed until their size is smaller than, e.g., 20 mm. In general, sizes between 0.1 and 20 are suitable.
'7~9~i~
The moisture content may vary appreciably, e.g., between 1 and 50%w based on the sawdust. Amounts between 5 and 30~w, based on the sawdust, are preferred. The moisture content affects the hardness of the logs as well as their burn time. The following table shows that maximum log hardness is achieved when moisture content is around 10%w basis sawdust. However, increasing moisture content has a beneficial effect on burn time. Therefore, the selection of the most preferred moisture content is invariably a compromise between the desired log hardness and burn time.
TABLE
._ .
Log designation A B C D
.. ._ . . .
Composition Wax, %w 60 60 60 60 Sawdust, %w 40 40 40 40 Sawdust type fine fine fine fine % water in sawdust 0 10 20 30 . . . . .__ . .
Density, g/cc o.66 0.89 0.87 o.87 __ . .... ___ Hardness~ kg 17 57 47 36 . __ .
Burning Ignition easy easy easy easy Max. flame height, inches 6 7 5 7 Smokemoderate moderate heavy heavy ; Burn time, min.12 14 142 17 . _ . . _ .. .
10Preferred amounts of filler are between 30 and 60, e.g., between 35 and 45, in particular about 40%w, based on the whole composition.
Suitable polyolefins are polymers or copolymers, for example of ethylene and another olefin, such as propylene or butylene. The preferred polyolefins are polyethylene and polypropylene. The 15molecular weight of the polyolefins may be as low as 19000. Molecular weights which are too low will produce logs which are too soft to handle particularly when the binder is foots oil. An upper molecular weight limit is dictated by the solubility of the polyolefin in the binder. But, as the molecular weight of the polyolefin increases, the concentration needed to produce a log of a predetermined hardness decreases.
1~379S~
1~ .
The proportion of polyolefin is preferably 1 -to 15%w, e.e., about 10%w in the case of roots oil as binder (based on the binder).
Additional components may be present, such as described in U.S. 3,240,573. Examples hereof are low temperature binders, e.g., microcrystalline wax (usually already present in s]ack wax); high temperature binders, e.g., lignin derivatives, such as a~monium lignin sulphonate, or resins,such as urea-formaldehyde resins, combustion aids, e.g., organo-metallic compounds, such as lead naphthenate;
and additives having an aethetic function, e.g., inorganic salts which cause sizzling and crackling; such as NaN03 or NaC:l, or flame-colouring agents.
EXAMPLES
A. Logs of 60%w binder (flame~supporting material) and 40%w sawdust having a particle size of 0.1-5 mm and a water content of 10%w were prepared, wherein the binder was a mixture of slack wax having a congealing temperature of 47 C and having an oil content of 7.9%w and 0, 1, 3 and 5%w, based on the total binder, of polyethylene, mol. wt. 30000. The hardness was 50, 55, 61 and 71 kg, respectively, measured by applying pressure longitudinally to a standard laboratory log (diameter 2.5 cm, length about 6 cm) and increasing the pressure until shape deformation.
The burning time was 14, 14, 15.5 and 16 min., respectively. It appeared that hardness and burning time were considerably improved by the addition of the polyethylene. These logs were prepared by adding molten binder to sawdust while stirring, transferring the mixture to a plastic syringe 2.5 cm in diameter and 13 cm long, applying pressure on the plunger until the wax starts to bleed (normally at a length of 5-7 cm, e.g., about 6 cm), cooling to room temperature and removing the log.
The mixtures of slack wax and polyethylene were prepared by mixing for 60 minutes at about 170C or for 90 minutes at about 150C.
. Similar to Example A logs of 60~w binder and 40%w of the same sawdust were prepared, wherein the binder was a mixture of foots oil and 0.5 and 10%w, respectively, of the same polyethylene.
The hardness was 15, 19 and 33 kg, respectively. It appeared that the addition of polyethylene even in the case of foots oil as binder resulted in an acceptable hardness (preferably at least about 30 kg).
The burning time was 15, 18 and 20 minutes, respectively.
For comparison the hardness of similar logs usine as binder slsck w~x having an oil content of 26%w and a congealing temper-ature of 59 C and not containing polye-thylene was 16 kg and the S burning time 17 minutes. It appeared that when using relatively small amounts of polyethylene better results would be obtained even in the case of foots oil as binder.
Claims (12)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A synthetic fire log comprising a flame-supporting material, a filler and 0.1 to 20%w of a solid polyolefin (based on the flame-supporting material).
2. A log according to claim 1, wherein the flame-supporting material is slack wax.
3. A log according to claim 2, wherein the slack wax contains at least 7%w of oil.
4. A log according to claim 1, wherein the flame-supporting material is foots oil.
5. A log according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the proportion of flame-supporting material is between 40 and 70%w, based on the whole composition.
6. A log according to claim 1, wherein the filler is sawdust.
7. A log according to claim 6, wherein the proportion of sawdust is between 30 and 60%w, based on the whole composition.
8. A log according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the polyolefin is a copolymer of two or more olefins.
9. A log according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the polyolefin is polyethylene.
10. A log according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the polyolefin is polypropylene.
11. A log according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the polyolefin has a molecular weight of at least l9000.
12. A log according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the proportion of the polyolefin is 1-15%w (based on the flame-supporting material).
Priority Applications (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA247,890A CA1079968A (en) | 1976-03-15 | 1976-03-15 | Synthetic firelog containing polyolefin |
| GB10627/77A GB1558713A (en) | 1976-03-15 | 1977-03-14 | Synthetic fire logs |
| DE19772711082 DE2711082A1 (en) | 1976-03-15 | 1977-03-14 | ARTIFICIAL FIREWOOD |
| FR7707486A FR2344626A1 (en) | 1976-03-15 | 1977-03-14 | SYNTHETIC LOGS |
| NL7702704A NL7702704A (en) | 1976-03-15 | 1977-03-14 | SYNTHETIC FIREPLACES. |
| SE7702866A SE7702866L (en) | 1976-03-15 | 1977-03-14 | SYNTHETIC WOOD |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA247,890A CA1079968A (en) | 1976-03-15 | 1976-03-15 | Synthetic firelog containing polyolefin |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1079968A true CA1079968A (en) | 1980-06-24 |
Family
ID=4105459
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA247,890A Expired CA1079968A (en) | 1976-03-15 | 1976-03-15 | Synthetic firelog containing polyolefin |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1079968A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2711082A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2344626A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1558713A (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7702704A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE7702866L (en) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2145731A (en) * | 1983-09-01 | 1985-04-03 | Spencer Stoves Limited Philip | Improvements in or relating to fuel combustion |
| GB2213829B (en) * | 1987-11-24 | 1992-02-19 | Fiba Compacta Ltd | Production of solid fuels |
| US4952216A (en) * | 1989-03-20 | 1990-08-28 | Ronald G. Buday | Combustible log |
| IT1277582B1 (en) * | 1995-09-14 | 1997-11-11 | Euron Spa | SYNTHETIC SOLID FUEL AND ITS USE AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR WOOD |
| ES2142260B1 (en) * | 1998-01-16 | 2001-01-01 | Esfaxa Explotaciones Forestale | METHOD OF MANUFACTURING OF COMBUSTIBLE BRIQUETS. |
| US8348662B2 (en) | 2001-11-19 | 2013-01-08 | Lumetique, Inc. | Candle having a planar wick and method of and equipment for making same |
| US8708694B2 (en) | 2006-12-21 | 2014-04-29 | Dream Wick Inc. | Wooden wicks including a booster for a candle and method of making |
| US11834623B2 (en) | 2006-12-21 | 2023-12-05 | Delcotto Ip, Llc | Wooden wicks including a booster for a candle and method of making |
| US11220655B2 (en) | 2015-03-18 | 2022-01-11 | Melynda S. Del Cotto | Wood wick coated with shavings |
| US9816053B2 (en) | 2015-03-26 | 2017-11-14 | Melynda S DelCotto | Candle having a wooden wick with figured grain |
-
1976
- 1976-03-15 CA CA247,890A patent/CA1079968A/en not_active Expired
-
1977
- 1977-03-14 GB GB10627/77A patent/GB1558713A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-03-14 FR FR7707486A patent/FR2344626A1/en active Granted
- 1977-03-14 DE DE19772711082 patent/DE2711082A1/en active Pending
- 1977-03-14 SE SE7702866A patent/SE7702866L/en unknown
- 1977-03-14 NL NL7702704A patent/NL7702704A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SE7702866L (en) | 1977-09-16 |
| FR2344626B1 (en) | 1980-03-28 |
| DE2711082A1 (en) | 1977-09-29 |
| GB1558713A (en) | 1980-01-09 |
| FR2344626A1 (en) | 1977-10-14 |
| NL7702704A (en) | 1977-09-19 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |