CA1073604A - Expansible heat-retaining material for steel ingot making for use in hot top surface - Google Patents
Expansible heat-retaining material for steel ingot making for use in hot top surfaceInfo
- Publication number
- CA1073604A CA1073604A CA266,095A CA266095A CA1073604A CA 1073604 A CA1073604 A CA 1073604A CA 266095 A CA266095 A CA 266095A CA 1073604 A CA1073604 A CA 1073604A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- heat
- top surface
- hot top
- steel ingot
- retaining material
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000003415 peat Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 240000000111 Saccharum officinarum Species 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 235000007201 Saccharum officinarum Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000005840 alpha-Galactosidase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010030291 alpha-Galactosidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940033685 beano Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052902 vermiculite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
- B22D27/04—Influencing the temperature of the metal, e.g. by heating or cooling the mould
- B22D27/06—Heating the top discard of ingots
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/16—Materials undergoing chemical reactions when used
- C09K5/18—Non-reversible chemical reactions
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
This application is directed to an expansible heat-retaining material of hot top surface for use in steel ingot making. A homogeneous mixture containing 1 to 30% by weight of more than one vegetable body, e.g. cereals, drained lees of sugar cane and peat moss, which have a heat expansibility is prepared in an exothermic or adiabatic composition consisting of more than one easily oxidizable metal, metal oxide, non-porous refractory materials, porous refractory material and carbonaceous materials.
This application is directed to an expansible heat-retaining material of hot top surface for use in steel ingot making. A homogeneous mixture containing 1 to 30% by weight of more than one vegetable body, e.g. cereals, drained lees of sugar cane and peat moss, which have a heat expansibility is prepared in an exothermic or adiabatic composition consisting of more than one easily oxidizable metal, metal oxide, non-porous refractory materials, porous refractory material and carbonaceous materials.
Description
~ 36~
This inven-tion relates to an improvement in or relating to a heat-retaining material o~ hot top surface for use in steel ingot makingO
In ingot making there is known such a process in which a moulding of exothermic or adiabatic composi-tion is arranged at the upper end or the inner sur~ace upper portion of mold to pour melt into the mold~ and immediately a~ter the pouring completion9 there is placed at the upper sur~ace of melt a moulding of exothermic or adiabatic heat-retaining material or a moulding of heat-retai~ing material having exothermic substance at lower layer and adiabatic substance at upper layer or there is charged and added first a heat-re-taining mixture in the powder or granular ~'orm9 then an exothermic mixture and finally an adiabatic mixture9 in order to heat retain the upper portion i~e. the hot top o~ molten steel to delay a solidification of the hot top portion and improve the yield of ingot~
20 A190 known are various kinds o~ heat retaining materials which are charged and added to the upper surface of molten steel. There are ~elec-tively employed9 as exothermic heat-retaining materials9 mixtures such as easily oxidizable metals9 metal oxide 9 rei~ractory materialsg accelerators for burning and modifiers for burning9 and as adiabatic heat-retaining materials9 mixtures such as light weight refractory materials9 refractory fibrous materials, natural or arti~icial carbo naceous materials and organic substances~ Sometimes - 1- ~
3~0~
such heat-retaining mixtures are moulded to board shape or the like by using binderO The conventional heat retaining materials once attained their objects and are in practical useO
The present inven-tion is concerned with an improvement of conventional exothermic or adiabatic heat-retaining materials for hot top surface9 and the use o~ less amount of the material according .
to the invention than the conventional materials will produce excellent effectsO In the invention there is prepared a moulding in the ~orm of board or the like b~ adding9 as it is or with binder9 a mixture containing 1 - 30% by weight o~ more than one of vegetation such as cerealsg strained lees of sugar cane and peat moss to an exothermic or adiabatic composition comprising more than one o~ easily oxidizable metals9 metal oxide9 . .
non-porous refractory materials9 porous refractory materials and carbonaceous materials. Vegetation bodies having heat expansibility start to expand by a decomposition commencement of the vegetation structures at a heating temperature o~ more than 110C9 making -themselves several times -to several .hundred times in their volumeO When a heat-retaining material containing said vegetation bodies is charged and added9 therefore9 the other mixing components in the heat-retaining material begin to expand before the bringing about of heat changes such as combustion9 sintering and softening9 and the expansion takes place almost concurrently
This inven-tion relates to an improvement in or relating to a heat-retaining material o~ hot top surface for use in steel ingot makingO
In ingot making there is known such a process in which a moulding of exothermic or adiabatic composi-tion is arranged at the upper end or the inner sur~ace upper portion of mold to pour melt into the mold~ and immediately a~ter the pouring completion9 there is placed at the upper sur~ace of melt a moulding of exothermic or adiabatic heat-retaining material or a moulding of heat-retai~ing material having exothermic substance at lower layer and adiabatic substance at upper layer or there is charged and added first a heat-re-taining mixture in the powder or granular ~'orm9 then an exothermic mixture and finally an adiabatic mixture9 in order to heat retain the upper portion i~e. the hot top o~ molten steel to delay a solidification of the hot top portion and improve the yield of ingot~
20 A190 known are various kinds o~ heat retaining materials which are charged and added to the upper surface of molten steel. There are ~elec-tively employed9 as exothermic heat-retaining materials9 mixtures such as easily oxidizable metals9 metal oxide 9 rei~ractory materialsg accelerators for burning and modifiers for burning9 and as adiabatic heat-retaining materials9 mixtures such as light weight refractory materials9 refractory fibrous materials, natural or arti~icial carbo naceous materials and organic substances~ Sometimes - 1- ~
3~0~
such heat-retaining mixtures are moulded to board shape or the like by using binderO The conventional heat retaining materials once attained their objects and are in practical useO
The present inven-tion is concerned with an improvement of conventional exothermic or adiabatic heat-retaining materials for hot top surface9 and the use o~ less amount of the material according .
to the invention than the conventional materials will produce excellent effectsO In the invention there is prepared a moulding in the ~orm of board or the like b~ adding9 as it is or with binder9 a mixture containing 1 - 30% by weight o~ more than one of vegetation such as cerealsg strained lees of sugar cane and peat moss to an exothermic or adiabatic composition comprising more than one o~ easily oxidizable metals9 metal oxide9 . .
non-porous refractory materials9 porous refractory materials and carbonaceous materials. Vegetation bodies having heat expansibility start to expand by a decomposition commencement of the vegetation structures at a heating temperature o~ more than 110C9 making -themselves several times -to several .hundred times in their volumeO When a heat-retaining material containing said vegetation bodies is charged and added9 therefore9 the other mixing components in the heat-retaining material begin to expand before the bringing about of heat changes such as combustion9 sintering and softening9 and the expansion takes place almost concurrently
- 2 -, .
with the charging and adding of' said heat-retaining material whereby covering the hot top sur~ace with a porous heat-retaining layer at an earliest stage 9 SO that it will suffice to add a ~mall amount of heat-retaining material in consideration of expansion amoun-t~ In the case of adiabatic properties as the main object the heat-retaining material is capable of exerting a high adiaba-tic reaction immediately a~ter charging 9 and in the case o~ exothermic properties as the main object it ignites and begins to burn ~rom the lower portion at its expansible porous layer 9 but when the expanded vegetation bodies have been carbonized and reached about 600C and before ashing9 -the easily oxidizable metals and the metals oxide such as me-tal aluminium and iron oxide begin reactions thereby sintering the mixed refrac-tory materials and reaction ~ormations thanks to their own heat3 to become skelton state 9 and the impression of burned-out organic substances becomes porous to retain heating properties. The vegetation bodies used as expansible ; materials in -the invention are cereals such as ricey corn9 wheat9 kaoliang9 soy bean and red beanO
Further, drained lees o~ sugar canes9 which are produced in sugar making 9 are squeezed under high pressure so that their structure becomes close and brings about its de~ormation by heating to expandO
Furthermore 9 peat moss is also usable because it brings about an expansion at the time of component decomposition by heatingO
with the charging and adding of' said heat-retaining material whereby covering the hot top sur~ace with a porous heat-retaining layer at an earliest stage 9 SO that it will suffice to add a ~mall amount of heat-retaining material in consideration of expansion amoun-t~ In the case of adiabatic properties as the main object the heat-retaining material is capable of exerting a high adiaba-tic reaction immediately a~ter charging 9 and in the case o~ exothermic properties as the main object it ignites and begins to burn ~rom the lower portion at its expansible porous layer 9 but when the expanded vegetation bodies have been carbonized and reached about 600C and before ashing9 -the easily oxidizable metals and the metals oxide such as me-tal aluminium and iron oxide begin reactions thereby sintering the mixed refrac-tory materials and reaction ~ormations thanks to their own heat3 to become skelton state 9 and the impression of burned-out organic substances becomes porous to retain heating properties. The vegetation bodies used as expansible ; materials in -the invention are cereals such as ricey corn9 wheat9 kaoliang9 soy bean and red beanO
Further, drained lees o~ sugar canes9 which are produced in sugar making 9 are squeezed under high pressure so that their structure becomes close and brings about its de~ormation by heating to expandO
Furthermore 9 peat moss is also usable because it brings about an expansion at the time of component decomposition by heatingO
3~
. Conventionally there have been employed9 as inorganic expansible materials 9 vermiculite 9 perlite and acid-treated graphite being mixture components in heat-re-taining materials 9 but in the former two the expansion tempera-ture is more than 900C and it may be hard to obtain heat-retaining properties before expansionO On the other hand9 in the materials already expanded the heat resistant temperature is less than 1000C so -that they are not suitable for exothermic heat-retaining material.
As regards acid--treated graphite its expansion temperature is more than 150C9 higher than in -the vegetation bodies used in the present invention9 to be difficult in obtaining initial adiaba-tic propertiesO However9 it is possible to include9 as refractory materials9 even such inorganic exapansible substances in-to the heat-~ retaining material of the present inventionO
: The reason that in the invention the mixing . 20 proportion of the expansible vegetation bodies is in the range 1 ~ 30% by weight 9 is that if less than 1% even vegetation bodies having high expansibili.ty may be difficult in forming skelton9 while if more than 30% even vegeta-tion bodies of ~' higher ash content may bring about a shrin~ing collapse after burningO
`: The following example illustrates the present invention but not to be construed as limiting the scope of the inventionO
' .
' A heat-retaining moulding manufactured according -to the invention was used in making a :: square-shaped 2-ton steel ingot 9 to compare the cogging available percentage of said ingot In the following Table each hea-t retaining materi.al is expressed with the mean percentage of l0 trialsO
There was used a heat-retaining ~leeve whose inner surface is exothermic~ of the type of placing it ~n the uper end surface o~ mold.
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I~ ~ CO
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l sll u~ ~o ~ ~l ~I Eli ~ ~ h a) ~ ~' u~ ,n o ~ a) o ~o ~ ~~ ~1 ~d ~ ~ a~ u~ ~ S ~ æ ~ o a)~I o U~~ c>
l O S ~ ~ U~
I ~1 u~ r-l O ~ a)r~ a) ~I ha) r-l I ~ ~0 ~ ~ O
I ~O rl h ~ a) El ~ o ~1~ ,1 ~:1 I ~ S lrl ,5~ r-l ~ I rl O+~ h .,1 I rl <I) X u:~ rl ~ t.~ rl rla) ~ ~ ~ ~rl tv ~ ht I X ~ I ~ t~ t.~ +~ o ~ ~ u~ h tv ~ +~ ~ b~
I ~rl 0 ~ s-, S-l tv O ~ O ~ tl~ O C) (L) ,5~ ~:1 n ~ o _ --~ V ~ ~ ~ ~ u~ V ~ V c~ C~ E _, V
. _ _ ~ 36~
In the above ~able item Nos~l to 3 ara the heat-retaining materials of the present invention and item NosO 4 and 5 comparison materialsO Item NoO 4 is exothermic heat retaining materials in the powder ~orm and item NoO 5 those in the board shape 9 containing inorganic expansible substances J
NoO 1 in the invention is exothermic heat-retaining materials in the powder ~orm9 which contain vegetationbodies only as expansion material9 and NosO 2 and 3 are board-shaped heat-retaining materials wherein inorganic expansion substances are used in combination 9 -the former being adiabatic and the latter being exothermicO
The cogging available percen-tage produces the same effect as in comparison materials with reduced use amount in the exothermic heat-retaining materials of NosO 1 and 3 9 and even in the adiabatic heat-retaining materials o~ NoO 2 it produces the same ef~ect with the same use amount o~` said comparison ~ .
materials (exothermic)~
. Conventionally there have been employed9 as inorganic expansible materials 9 vermiculite 9 perlite and acid-treated graphite being mixture components in heat-re-taining materials 9 but in the former two the expansion tempera-ture is more than 900C and it may be hard to obtain heat-retaining properties before expansionO On the other hand9 in the materials already expanded the heat resistant temperature is less than 1000C so -that they are not suitable for exothermic heat-retaining material.
As regards acid--treated graphite its expansion temperature is more than 150C9 higher than in -the vegetation bodies used in the present invention9 to be difficult in obtaining initial adiaba-tic propertiesO However9 it is possible to include9 as refractory materials9 even such inorganic exapansible substances in-to the heat-~ retaining material of the present inventionO
: The reason that in the invention the mixing . 20 proportion of the expansible vegetation bodies is in the range 1 ~ 30% by weight 9 is that if less than 1% even vegetation bodies having high expansibili.ty may be difficult in forming skelton9 while if more than 30% even vegeta-tion bodies of ~' higher ash content may bring about a shrin~ing collapse after burningO
`: The following example illustrates the present invention but not to be construed as limiting the scope of the inventionO
' .
' A heat-retaining moulding manufactured according -to the invention was used in making a :: square-shaped 2-ton steel ingot 9 to compare the cogging available percentage of said ingot In the following Table each hea-t retaining materi.al is expressed with the mean percentage of l0 trialsO
There was used a heat-retaining ~leeve whose inner surface is exothermic~ of the type of placing it ~n the uper end surface o~ mold.
;,~
;, -:
: .
.
,........................................................................... .
.~ .
~ .
, . . .
.
,'~ .
. .
,!' .. .
...
: - 5 -, .
:, .. ,, . . . . . -'~3G~6 -----~ ~
~a) 1~
Lf~ ~ ~ I I I O O r-l r-l 03 r~l CO 00 t~ ~ O
~1 ~ ~ l r~l CO
~_ _ .,.~ ,, ,,_ I , __ ~ ~ h I I I ~~o ~ ~ o ~ I I I ~ ~
I~ ~ CO
~, I ~
~ _ , _ ~
r~ ~ ~ ~ ¦
_ ._ ~_ _l 5~ ~V 0 o~ I ~ ~ Lr~ ,~
~ u~ l h ~_ _ _.
$ ? ~ D ~ ~ C~ ~ I I I ~ o P.l~ ~ ~
__ _ _ _~
J h~D ~e 2;¦ ~ ~ `0~ ,n _ l ~1 ~ ~ ~h ~ U
l ~ ~0 ~ ~Ho S~
l a~ r~l ~ æ4~ ~
l sll u~ ~o ~ ~l ~I Eli ~ ~ h a) ~ ~' u~ ,n o ~ a) o ~o ~ ~~ ~1 ~d ~ ~ a~ u~ ~ S ~ æ ~ o a)~I o U~~ c>
l O S ~ ~ U~
I ~1 u~ r-l O ~ a)r~ a) ~I ha) r-l I ~ ~0 ~ ~ O
I ~O rl h ~ a) El ~ o ~1~ ,1 ~:1 I ~ S lrl ,5~ r-l ~ I rl O+~ h .,1 I rl <I) X u:~ rl ~ t.~ rl rla) ~ ~ ~ ~rl tv ~ ht I X ~ I ~ t~ t.~ +~ o ~ ~ u~ h tv ~ +~ ~ b~
I ~rl 0 ~ s-, S-l tv O ~ O ~ tl~ O C) (L) ,5~ ~:1 n ~ o _ --~ V ~ ~ ~ ~ u~ V ~ V c~ C~ E _, V
. _ _ ~ 36~
In the above ~able item Nos~l to 3 ara the heat-retaining materials of the present invention and item NosO 4 and 5 comparison materialsO Item NoO 4 is exothermic heat retaining materials in the powder ~orm and item NoO 5 those in the board shape 9 containing inorganic expansible substances J
NoO 1 in the invention is exothermic heat-retaining materials in the powder ~orm9 which contain vegetationbodies only as expansion material9 and NosO 2 and 3 are board-shaped heat-retaining materials wherein inorganic expansion substances are used in combination 9 -the former being adiabatic and the latter being exothermicO
The cogging available percen-tage produces the same effect as in comparison materials with reduced use amount in the exothermic heat-retaining materials of NosO 1 and 3 9 and even in the adiabatic heat-retaining materials o~ NoO 2 it produces the same ef~ect with the same use amount o~` said comparison ~ .
materials (exothermic)~
Claims (3)
OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. An expansible heat-retaining material for steel ingot making for use in hot top surface comprising a homo-geneous mixture containing 1 to 30% by weight of more than one of vegetation bodies selected from the group consisting of cereals, drained lees of sugar cane and peat moss, which have a heat expansibility at a temperature of about 110°C, in an exothermic or adiabatic composition consisting of more than one of easily oxidizable metals, metal oxides, non-porous refractory materials, porous refractory materials and carbon-aceous materials.
2. An expansible heat-retaining material for steel ingot making for use in hot top surface according to Claim 1 wherein said material is in the powder or granular form.
3. An expansible heat-retaining material for steel ingot making for use in hot top surface according to Claim 1 wherein said material is moulded to a board shape.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1399876A JPS5297328A (en) | 1976-02-13 | 1976-02-13 | Expansile lagging materials for dead head surface |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1073604A true CA1073604A (en) | 1980-03-18 |
Family
ID=11848886
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA266,095A Expired CA1073604A (en) | 1976-02-13 | 1976-11-19 | Expansible heat-retaining material for steel ingot making for use in hot top surface |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5297328A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU507602B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1073604A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES453950A1 (en) |
| IN (1) | IN145846B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1069247B (en) |
| SE (1) | SE7613136L (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS60187448A (en) * | 1984-03-05 | 1985-09-24 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Continuous casting installation |
| JPS60157045U (en) * | 1984-03-27 | 1985-10-19 | 日本鋼管株式会社 | Heat insulating plate used during mold ingot making |
-
1976
- 1976-02-13 JP JP1399876A patent/JPS5297328A/en active Pending
- 1976-11-17 IN IN2061/CAL/76A patent/IN145846B/en unknown
- 1976-11-19 CA CA266,095A patent/CA1073604A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-11-24 SE SE7613136A patent/SE7613136L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1976-11-29 IT IT09681/76A patent/IT1069247B/en active
- 1976-12-03 ES ES453950A patent/ES453950A1/en not_active Expired
-
1977
- 1977-02-09 AU AU22082/77A patent/AU507602B2/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SE7613136L (en) | 1977-08-14 |
| JPS5297328A (en) | 1977-08-16 |
| AU2208277A (en) | 1978-08-17 |
| IN145846B (en) | 1979-01-06 |
| AU507602B2 (en) | 1980-02-21 |
| IT1069247B (en) | 1985-03-25 |
| ES453950A1 (en) | 1977-11-01 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |