CA1060933A - Gaseous electrode for mhd generator - Google Patents
Gaseous electrode for mhd generatorInfo
- Publication number
- CA1060933A CA1060933A CA265,393A CA265393A CA1060933A CA 1060933 A CA1060933 A CA 1060933A CA 265393 A CA265393 A CA 265393A CA 1060933 A CA1060933 A CA 1060933A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- gas
- arc
- electrodes
- place
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K44/00—Machines in which the dynamo-electric interaction between a plasma or flow of conductive liquid or of fluid-borne conductive or magnetic particles and a coil system or magnetic field converts energy of mass flow into electrical energy or vice versa
- H02K44/08—Magnetohydrodynamic [MHD] generators
- H02K44/10—Constructional details of electrodes
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Plasma Technology (AREA)
Abstract
GASEOUS ELECTRODE FOR MHD GENERATOR
ABSTRACT
A gaseous electrode for a magnetohydrodynamic generator is positioned at an angle with respect to the MHD
magnetic field thereby causing an arc to move both circum-ferentially and longitudinally about an inner electrode element within a cavity so that a gas passed through the arc is ionized to form a plasma stream as it enters the generator's main channel. A second gas is introduced into the cavity at either end of the electrode assembly to reduce erosion of the inner electrode.
ABSTRACT
A gaseous electrode for a magnetohydrodynamic generator is positioned at an angle with respect to the MHD
magnetic field thereby causing an arc to move both circum-ferentially and longitudinally about an inner electrode element within a cavity so that a gas passed through the arc is ionized to form a plasma stream as it enters the generator's main channel. A second gas is introduced into the cavity at either end of the electrode assembly to reduce erosion of the inner electrode.
Description
This invention relates to magnetohydrodynamic genera-tors and, more specifically, to an improved gaseous electrode for such generators.
MHD generators produce electrical power by motion of a high temperature electrically-conductive gas through a magne-tic field. This movement induces an electromotive force between opposed electrodes within the generator. The rapid motion of the high temperature gases, however, seriously erodes the genera-tor's electrodes as do internal electric arcs which connect the MHD generator's main plasma stream to a load. Although gaseous electrodes have been suggested in the past, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved gaseous electrode using an electrically conducting gas which does not wear out even though subjected to high generator current densities.
Gaseous electrodes have previously been suggested wherein a~ arc is caused to move from place to place within a cavity along one or more openings in the electrode, thereby causing ionized gas to fill the entire cavity and be forced into the generator's main channel. Such structures have been de-scribed as employing a cathode spot phenomenon according to which the MHD magnetic field causes the arc to move about the inner electrode. It has also been suggested that longitudinal move-ment of the arc can be controlled by the magnetic field set up by a coil which is wrapped around the electrode. Such struc-tures, however, have not necessarily been as simple or reliable as might sometimes be desired. Hence, it is an object of this invention to provide a gaseous electrode having controlled ~-movement of the arc in both circumferential and longitudinal directions without the requirement of a field-producing coil.
It has also been found that an arc oscillating longi-tudinally along an inner electrode element of a gaseous electrode : can cause erosion of the internal electrode element in the area '"~'7 -2- ~
1~60933 where the lon~itudinal arc movement is reversed. Consequently, it is another object of this invention to provide a gaseous electrode whicll substantially eliminate~ the problem of erosion on the inner electrode.
In accordance with principles of the invention, an electrode is positioned at an angle with respect to the MHD
magnetic field, thereby causing the electrode's arc to move in both circumferential and longitudinal directions. According to another aspect of the invention, a gas other than the ionized gas is introduced into the electrode chamber at opposed ends of the electrode in order to reduce or eliminate erosion.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention there is provided an improvement in an MHD system of the type having duct means for passing a plasma therethrough, means for producing a magnetic field across said duct means, and an electrode assembly comprising: a first elongated electrode element located adja-cent said plasma stream, a second elongated electrode element spaced from said first electrode element, means for passing a first gas through the space between said first and second elec-trode elements- exit means for permitting said first gas to exit from between said first and second electrode elements into said duct, and, voltage means for striking an arc between said first and second electrode elements for ionizing said first gas and electrically connecting said electrode assembly to said plasma stream: said electrode assembly being positioned such that the longitudinal axis of at least one of said elongated electrode elements is at an angle to said magnetic field produced across said duct means, thereby causing said arc to move from place to place along the surface of said elongated electrode in both circumferential and longitudinal directions with respect to said elongated electrode.
The foregoing and other objects, features, and advan-,r ~3~
, tages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which li~e-reference characters refer to the ~ame part~ throughout the various views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead bein~
placed on illustrating principles of the invention.
Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a Faraday-type MHD generator having segmented electrodes.
Figure 2 is a schematic pictorial illustration of an electrode used in the MHD generator of Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of Figure 2 taken along the lines 3-3 thereof.
Figure 4 is a cross-section of Figure 2 taken along the lines 4-4 thereof.
Flgure S is an illustration of a vectorial analysis -~
of structure according to the present invention.
Figure 6 is a plan view of an electrode wall embodying the invention.
A conventional MHD generator is comprised of a duct 10 (Figure l) which receives a main stream of high temperature, electrically-conductive plasma at an inlet end as indicated by arrow 12.
By properly choosing the shape and discharge pressure of the duct 10, the plasma can be made to move through the duct at a substantially constant velocity past one or more electrodes such as schematically illustrated segmented electrodes 14 and 16 which are placed in circuit 18 with a load 20.
A suitable magnetic flux, sometimes referred to as a -~
"prime" flux, is represented by an arrow B and placed across the duct in a direction perpendicular to both the plasma flow 12 and the EMF to be generated between the electrodes 14 and 16.
The electrode of Figure 2 is comprised of a cylindrical , , electrode element 22 uniformly spaced by an insulator 23 ~Figure 4) within a cylindrical cavity 24 of a surrounding elongated ~lectrode element 26 provided with passages 27 for a coolant to reduce the structure's temperature. The upper sur-face of element 26 includes a centrally disposed channel 28 to permit efflux of the electrode's plasma as will now be described.
A gas injector manifold 30 (Figures 3 and 4) extends within member 26 and functions to provide a suitable gas --conventionally an inert gas such as argon -- through passage-ways 32 into the cavity 24 where it passes around the central electrode element 22, out of channel 28, and, into the generator itself. In this respect, the central electrode element 22 is negatively 'biased with respect to electrode element 26 by a battery 34. In this manner, an arc 38 is struck between the two electrode elements 22 and 26, and functions to ionize the gas passing through the cavity 24 between the electrode elements 22 and 26 pr-or to passage of the resulting plasma out of the channel 28 and into the generator's main duct thereby forming a gaseous electrode.
A s-ignifican~ aspect of the above structure is its "cathode spot" phenomenon. That is, the natural running tend-~ ency of the arc 38 causes it to continuously move from place - to place within the cavity between the two electrodes 22 and 26 - -particularly where the central electrode element 22 is made of copper. In previously -suggested systems, where the magnetic field vector was parallel to the longitudinal axis of electrode 22, the current density vector of the arc being normal to the surface of electrode 22, a force acted on the arc accor~ing to the right-hand rule in a direction tangential to the electrode surface. This tangential force caused a rotation of the arc about electrode 22 in a single plane. In order to move the arc longitudinally along electrode 22, it was suggested that coils . . ~ . .
~-, 5-,.- .
. _ _ _ .. .. ..
~ ' :
~060933 be wrapped around the electrode assembly to create a second magnetic field normal to the first.
The present invention eliminates the need for a second magnetic field producing means by ~ositioning electrode 22 as shown in Figure 6 at some angle other than 0 with respect to the MHD magnetic field.
Figure 5 is an illustration of a vectorial analysis of the present invention. Letting "X" be the longitudinal axis of electrode 22, and arbitrarily setting axes "Y" and "Z" normal 10 to axis "X", magnetic field vector "B" is shown in an "Xz" plane at an angle "a" to the "X" axis. The "X" and "Z" components of magnetic field "s" are shown as vectors Bx and Bz.
The current density vector "J" of an arc, being at all times normal to the surface of electrode 22, has components along the "Y" and "Z" axis only. Hence, a force acts on the arc in accordance with the left-hand-rule, the magnetic field Bx and a current density Jz will create a force Fy, that is a force tangential to the electrode 22; and magnetic field Bz and a current density Jy will create a force on the arc Fx, that is a force in the longitudinal direction.
Referring to Figure 5, two points, "E" and "F" have been chosen as possible locations of an arc to illustrate the above analysis. At point "E", the current density has a single component Jz which, with the magnetic field component Bx, creates `;
a force Fc which drives the arc in a circumferential direction. ~ ;
That force is determined by the equation:
Fc = Jz x Bx At point "F", the current density has a single com-ponent Jy. According to the left-hand-rule, magnetic field Bz and current density Jy create a force Fl in the longitudinal direction. The longitudinal force at this point is Fi = Jy x Bz .
1~;0933 At the sam~ point "F", magnetic field Bx acts with current density Jy to create a force Fc F = J x B
c y x It should be realized that at any point between "E"
and "F" forces will act on the arc in both the longitudinal and circumferential directions. As a result of these changing forces, the cathode spot is caused to follow a path illustrated by dashed lines in Figure 5. Hence, the arc moves back and forth along electrode 22 to completely ionize the gas in chamber 24.
It will be realized that longitudinal forces will exist whenever the màgnetic field vector "B" has components in the "Y" and/or "Z" directions. Hence, although presently shown in the X-Z plane, vector "s" may lie in any plane through the "X" axis.
Figure 6 is a plan view of a series of electrodes embodying the present invention. The electrodes are shown to be angles with respect to both the magnetic field and plasma flow, it being realized that the electrodes could aiternatively be maintained normal to the plasma flow and angles only with respect to the magnetic field.
It has been found that at points "E" and "G" (Figure 5) of the cathode spot path, erosion of the electrode 22 may occur: and according to another aspect of this invention, that erosion is substantially eliminated by introducing a gas other than the ionizing gas into either end of the chamber 24.
Accordingly, gas inlets 35 and 36 (Figure 4) are provided.
This second gas is chosen to require a much higher voltage between electrodes 22 and 26 to maintain an arc there-between. Generally, diatomic gases serve this purpose, and more specifically, nitrogen is well suited. As a result of the higher voltage reguirement, the arc is quenched as it reaches either end of electrode 22 and restrikes for reverse longitudinal , ' t,- " , ~ ~ . 1 . ~ .,, , ' movement, and with the arc quenched at either end, erosion is substantially eliminated.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various alterations in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
'
MHD generators produce electrical power by motion of a high temperature electrically-conductive gas through a magne-tic field. This movement induces an electromotive force between opposed electrodes within the generator. The rapid motion of the high temperature gases, however, seriously erodes the genera-tor's electrodes as do internal electric arcs which connect the MHD generator's main plasma stream to a load. Although gaseous electrodes have been suggested in the past, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved gaseous electrode using an electrically conducting gas which does not wear out even though subjected to high generator current densities.
Gaseous electrodes have previously been suggested wherein a~ arc is caused to move from place to place within a cavity along one or more openings in the electrode, thereby causing ionized gas to fill the entire cavity and be forced into the generator's main channel. Such structures have been de-scribed as employing a cathode spot phenomenon according to which the MHD magnetic field causes the arc to move about the inner electrode. It has also been suggested that longitudinal move-ment of the arc can be controlled by the magnetic field set up by a coil which is wrapped around the electrode. Such struc-tures, however, have not necessarily been as simple or reliable as might sometimes be desired. Hence, it is an object of this invention to provide a gaseous electrode having controlled ~-movement of the arc in both circumferential and longitudinal directions without the requirement of a field-producing coil.
It has also been found that an arc oscillating longi-tudinally along an inner electrode element of a gaseous electrode : can cause erosion of the internal electrode element in the area '"~'7 -2- ~
1~60933 where the lon~itudinal arc movement is reversed. Consequently, it is another object of this invention to provide a gaseous electrode whicll substantially eliminate~ the problem of erosion on the inner electrode.
In accordance with principles of the invention, an electrode is positioned at an angle with respect to the MHD
magnetic field, thereby causing the electrode's arc to move in both circumferential and longitudinal directions. According to another aspect of the invention, a gas other than the ionized gas is introduced into the electrode chamber at opposed ends of the electrode in order to reduce or eliminate erosion.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention there is provided an improvement in an MHD system of the type having duct means for passing a plasma therethrough, means for producing a magnetic field across said duct means, and an electrode assembly comprising: a first elongated electrode element located adja-cent said plasma stream, a second elongated electrode element spaced from said first electrode element, means for passing a first gas through the space between said first and second elec-trode elements- exit means for permitting said first gas to exit from between said first and second electrode elements into said duct, and, voltage means for striking an arc between said first and second electrode elements for ionizing said first gas and electrically connecting said electrode assembly to said plasma stream: said electrode assembly being positioned such that the longitudinal axis of at least one of said elongated electrode elements is at an angle to said magnetic field produced across said duct means, thereby causing said arc to move from place to place along the surface of said elongated electrode in both circumferential and longitudinal directions with respect to said elongated electrode.
The foregoing and other objects, features, and advan-,r ~3~
, tages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which li~e-reference characters refer to the ~ame part~ throughout the various views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead bein~
placed on illustrating principles of the invention.
Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a Faraday-type MHD generator having segmented electrodes.
Figure 2 is a schematic pictorial illustration of an electrode used in the MHD generator of Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of Figure 2 taken along the lines 3-3 thereof.
Figure 4 is a cross-section of Figure 2 taken along the lines 4-4 thereof.
Flgure S is an illustration of a vectorial analysis -~
of structure according to the present invention.
Figure 6 is a plan view of an electrode wall embodying the invention.
A conventional MHD generator is comprised of a duct 10 (Figure l) which receives a main stream of high temperature, electrically-conductive plasma at an inlet end as indicated by arrow 12.
By properly choosing the shape and discharge pressure of the duct 10, the plasma can be made to move through the duct at a substantially constant velocity past one or more electrodes such as schematically illustrated segmented electrodes 14 and 16 which are placed in circuit 18 with a load 20.
A suitable magnetic flux, sometimes referred to as a -~
"prime" flux, is represented by an arrow B and placed across the duct in a direction perpendicular to both the plasma flow 12 and the EMF to be generated between the electrodes 14 and 16.
The electrode of Figure 2 is comprised of a cylindrical , , electrode element 22 uniformly spaced by an insulator 23 ~Figure 4) within a cylindrical cavity 24 of a surrounding elongated ~lectrode element 26 provided with passages 27 for a coolant to reduce the structure's temperature. The upper sur-face of element 26 includes a centrally disposed channel 28 to permit efflux of the electrode's plasma as will now be described.
A gas injector manifold 30 (Figures 3 and 4) extends within member 26 and functions to provide a suitable gas --conventionally an inert gas such as argon -- through passage-ways 32 into the cavity 24 where it passes around the central electrode element 22, out of channel 28, and, into the generator itself. In this respect, the central electrode element 22 is negatively 'biased with respect to electrode element 26 by a battery 34. In this manner, an arc 38 is struck between the two electrode elements 22 and 26, and functions to ionize the gas passing through the cavity 24 between the electrode elements 22 and 26 pr-or to passage of the resulting plasma out of the channel 28 and into the generator's main duct thereby forming a gaseous electrode.
A s-ignifican~ aspect of the above structure is its "cathode spot" phenomenon. That is, the natural running tend-~ ency of the arc 38 causes it to continuously move from place - to place within the cavity between the two electrodes 22 and 26 - -particularly where the central electrode element 22 is made of copper. In previously -suggested systems, where the magnetic field vector was parallel to the longitudinal axis of electrode 22, the current density vector of the arc being normal to the surface of electrode 22, a force acted on the arc accor~ing to the right-hand rule in a direction tangential to the electrode surface. This tangential force caused a rotation of the arc about electrode 22 in a single plane. In order to move the arc longitudinally along electrode 22, it was suggested that coils . . ~ . .
~-, 5-,.- .
. _ _ _ .. .. ..
~ ' :
~060933 be wrapped around the electrode assembly to create a second magnetic field normal to the first.
The present invention eliminates the need for a second magnetic field producing means by ~ositioning electrode 22 as shown in Figure 6 at some angle other than 0 with respect to the MHD magnetic field.
Figure 5 is an illustration of a vectorial analysis of the present invention. Letting "X" be the longitudinal axis of electrode 22, and arbitrarily setting axes "Y" and "Z" normal 10 to axis "X", magnetic field vector "B" is shown in an "Xz" plane at an angle "a" to the "X" axis. The "X" and "Z" components of magnetic field "s" are shown as vectors Bx and Bz.
The current density vector "J" of an arc, being at all times normal to the surface of electrode 22, has components along the "Y" and "Z" axis only. Hence, a force acts on the arc in accordance with the left-hand-rule, the magnetic field Bx and a current density Jz will create a force Fy, that is a force tangential to the electrode 22; and magnetic field Bz and a current density Jy will create a force on the arc Fx, that is a force in the longitudinal direction.
Referring to Figure 5, two points, "E" and "F" have been chosen as possible locations of an arc to illustrate the above analysis. At point "E", the current density has a single component Jz which, with the magnetic field component Bx, creates `;
a force Fc which drives the arc in a circumferential direction. ~ ;
That force is determined by the equation:
Fc = Jz x Bx At point "F", the current density has a single com-ponent Jy. According to the left-hand-rule, magnetic field Bz and current density Jy create a force Fl in the longitudinal direction. The longitudinal force at this point is Fi = Jy x Bz .
1~;0933 At the sam~ point "F", magnetic field Bx acts with current density Jy to create a force Fc F = J x B
c y x It should be realized that at any point between "E"
and "F" forces will act on the arc in both the longitudinal and circumferential directions. As a result of these changing forces, the cathode spot is caused to follow a path illustrated by dashed lines in Figure 5. Hence, the arc moves back and forth along electrode 22 to completely ionize the gas in chamber 24.
It will be realized that longitudinal forces will exist whenever the màgnetic field vector "B" has components in the "Y" and/or "Z" directions. Hence, although presently shown in the X-Z plane, vector "s" may lie in any plane through the "X" axis.
Figure 6 is a plan view of a series of electrodes embodying the present invention. The electrodes are shown to be angles with respect to both the magnetic field and plasma flow, it being realized that the electrodes could aiternatively be maintained normal to the plasma flow and angles only with respect to the magnetic field.
It has been found that at points "E" and "G" (Figure 5) of the cathode spot path, erosion of the electrode 22 may occur: and according to another aspect of this invention, that erosion is substantially eliminated by introducing a gas other than the ionizing gas into either end of the chamber 24.
Accordingly, gas inlets 35 and 36 (Figure 4) are provided.
This second gas is chosen to require a much higher voltage between electrodes 22 and 26 to maintain an arc there-between. Generally, diatomic gases serve this purpose, and more specifically, nitrogen is well suited. As a result of the higher voltage reguirement, the arc is quenched as it reaches either end of electrode 22 and restrikes for reverse longitudinal , ' t,- " , ~ ~ . 1 . ~ .,, , ' movement, and with the arc quenched at either end, erosion is substantially eliminated.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various alterations in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
'
Claims (11)
1. An improvement in an MHD system of the type having duct means for passing a plasma therethrough, means for pro-ducing a magnetic field across said duct means, and an elec-trode assembly comprising:
a first elongated electrode element located adja-cent said plasma stream;
a second elongated electrode element spaced from said first electrode element;
means for passing a first gas through the space between said first and second electrode elements;
exit means for permitting said first gas to exit from between said first and second electrode elements into said duct; and, voltage means for striking an arc between said first and second electrode elements fox ionizing said first gas and electrically connecting said electrode assembly to said plasma stream:
said electrode assembly being positioned such that the longitudinal axis of at least one of said elongated electrode elements is at an angle to said magnetic field produced across said duct means, thereby causing said arc to move from place to place along the surface of said elon-gated electrode in both circumferential and longitudinal directions with respect to said elongated electrode.
a first elongated electrode element located adja-cent said plasma stream;
a second elongated electrode element spaced from said first electrode element;
means for passing a first gas through the space between said first and second electrode elements;
exit means for permitting said first gas to exit from between said first and second electrode elements into said duct; and, voltage means for striking an arc between said first and second electrode elements fox ionizing said first gas and electrically connecting said electrode assembly to said plasma stream:
said electrode assembly being positioned such that the longitudinal axis of at least one of said elongated electrode elements is at an angle to said magnetic field produced across said duct means, thereby causing said arc to move from place to place along the surface of said elon-gated electrode in both circumferential and longitudinal directions with respect to said elongated electrode.
2. A method of operating a gaseous electrode for an MHD
system of the type in which a primary magnetic field is produced across a duct means and an arc is struck between the first and second electrode elements to ionize a gas passing therebetween, and in which said arc is caused to move from place to place along the surface of at least one of said electrodes, said method comprising the step of:
locating a longitudinal axis of at least one of said electrodes at an angle to said primary magnetic field;
and, using said primary (the prime MHD) magnetic field to cause said arc to move from place to place in both cir-cumferential and longitudinal directions with respect to said surface of at least one of said electrodes.
system of the type in which a primary magnetic field is produced across a duct means and an arc is struck between the first and second electrode elements to ionize a gas passing therebetween, and in which said arc is caused to move from place to place along the surface of at least one of said electrodes, said method comprising the step of:
locating a longitudinal axis of at least one of said electrodes at an angle to said primary magnetic field;
and, using said primary (the prime MHD) magnetic field to cause said arc to move from place to place in both cir-cumferential and longitudinal directions with respect to said surface of at least one of said electrodes.
3. The improvement of claim 2 wherein said second gas is diatomic.
4. The improvement of claim 3 wherein said gas is nitrogen.
5. A method of operating a gaseous electrode for an MHD system of the type in which an arc is struck between first and second electrode elements to ionize a gas passing therebetween, and in which said arc is caused to move from place to place along the surface of at least one of said electrodes, said method comprising the step of:
using the prime MHD magnetic field to cause said arc to move from place to place in both circumferential and longitudinal directions with respect to said surface of at least one of said electrodes.
using the prime MHD magnetic field to cause said arc to move from place to place in both circumferential and longitudinal directions with respect to said surface of at least one of said electrodes.
6. An improvement in an MHD system of the type having an electrode assembly, a duct means for passing a plasma adjacent thereto and means for producing a magnetic field across said duct means, said electrode assembly comprising:
a first elongated electrode element located adja-cent said plasma stream;
a second elongated electrode element spaced from said first electrode element;
means for passing a first gas through the space between the first and second electrode elements;
exit means for permitting said first gas to exit from between said first and second electrode elements into said duct;
a voltage means for striking an arc between said first and second electrode elements for ionizing said first gas and electrically connecting said electrode assembly to said plasma stream; and, means for introducing a second gas at at least one end of said space between said first and second elongated electrode elements, said second gas thereby impinging on an end of at least one of said elongated electrodes and requir-ing a higher voltage to maintain an arc between said elong-ated electrode elements than said first gas.
a first elongated electrode element located adja-cent said plasma stream;
a second elongated electrode element spaced from said first electrode element;
means for passing a first gas through the space between the first and second electrode elements;
exit means for permitting said first gas to exit from between said first and second electrode elements into said duct;
a voltage means for striking an arc between said first and second electrode elements for ionizing said first gas and electrically connecting said electrode assembly to said plasma stream; and, means for introducing a second gas at at least one end of said space between said first and second elongated electrode elements, said second gas thereby impinging on an end of at least one of said elongated electrodes and requir-ing a higher voltage to maintain an arc between said elong-ated electrode elements than said first gas.
7. The improvement of claim 6, wherein said second gas is diatomic.
8. The improvement of claim 7 wherein said gas is nitrogen.
9. A method of operating a gaseous electrode for an MHD system of the type in which an arc is struck between first and second electrode elements to ionize a first gas passing therebetween, and in which said arc is caused to move from place to place along the surfact of at least one of said electrodes, said method comprising the step of:
introducing a second gas between said first and second electrode elements at at least one end of the space between said electrode elements, said second gas thereby impinging on an end of at least one of said electrodes and requiring a higher voltage to maintain an arc between said elongated electrodes than said first gas.
introducing a second gas between said first and second electrode elements at at least one end of the space between said electrode elements, said second gas thereby impinging on an end of at least one of said electrodes and requiring a higher voltage to maintain an arc between said elongated electrodes than said first gas.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein said second gas is diatomic.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein said second gas is nitrogen.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US64394675A | 1975-12-24 | 1975-12-24 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1060933A true CA1060933A (en) | 1979-08-21 |
Family
ID=24582802
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA265,393A Expired CA1060933A (en) | 1975-12-24 | 1976-11-10 | Gaseous electrode for mhd generator |
Country Status (15)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5282196A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU503811B2 (en) |
| BE (1) | BE849793A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1060933A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH610451A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2658177A1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK582876A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES454580A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2336822A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1536330A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1065588B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7614396A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE7614533L (en) |
| SU (1) | SU799683A3 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA767638B (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102013108889A1 (en) | 2013-08-16 | 2015-02-19 | Georg Triebel | Apparatus for obtaining electrical energy |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3416021A (en) * | 1966-05-11 | 1968-12-10 | Navy Usa | Arc apparatus employing three dimensional arc motion and dynamic balancing |
| DE1300182B (en) * | 1967-09-29 | 1969-07-31 | Siemens Ag | Vortex stabilized arc plasma torch |
| US3927337A (en) * | 1974-04-05 | 1975-12-16 | Reynolds Metals Co | Magneto hydrodynamic generator |
-
1976
- 1976-11-10 CA CA265,393A patent/CA1060933A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-12-21 GB GB53311/76A patent/GB1536330A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-12-22 DE DE19762658177 patent/DE2658177A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1976-12-23 JP JP15612476A patent/JPS5282196A/en active Pending
- 1976-12-23 SE SE7614533A patent/SE7614533L/en unknown
- 1976-12-23 BE BE173580A patent/BE849793A/en unknown
- 1976-12-23 ZA ZA767638A patent/ZA767638B/en unknown
- 1976-12-23 DK DK582876A patent/DK582876A/en unknown
- 1976-12-24 FR FR7639083A patent/FR2336822A1/en active Pending
- 1976-12-24 AU AU20938/76A patent/AU503811B2/en not_active Expired
- 1976-12-24 ES ES454580A patent/ES454580A1/en not_active Expired
- 1976-12-24 CH CH1632276A patent/CH610451A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-12-24 NL NL7614396A patent/NL7614396A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1976-12-24 IT IT30861/76A patent/IT1065588B/en active
- 1976-12-24 SU SU762433002A patent/SU799683A3/en active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ZA767638B (en) | 1977-11-30 |
| BE849793A (en) | 1977-04-15 |
| DE2658177A1 (en) | 1977-07-07 |
| IT1065588B (en) | 1985-02-25 |
| GB1536330A (en) | 1978-12-20 |
| SU799683A3 (en) | 1981-01-23 |
| CH610451A5 (en) | 1979-04-12 |
| AU2093876A (en) | 1978-06-29 |
| SE7614533L (en) | 1977-06-25 |
| DK582876A (en) | 1977-06-25 |
| FR2336822A1 (en) | 1977-07-22 |
| NL7614396A (en) | 1977-06-28 |
| ES454580A1 (en) | 1978-05-01 |
| AU503811B2 (en) | 1979-09-20 |
| JPS5282196A (en) | 1977-07-09 |
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