CA1052844A - Apparatus for gas collection in aluminum smelting furnaces - Google Patents
Apparatus for gas collection in aluminum smelting furnacesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1052844A CA1052844A CA234,526A CA234526A CA1052844A CA 1052844 A CA1052844 A CA 1052844A CA 234526 A CA234526 A CA 234526A CA 1052844 A CA1052844 A CA 1052844A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- furnace
- sections
- section
- gas collection
- furnace pot
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/22—Collecting emitted gases
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
- Vertical, Hearth, Or Arc Furnaces (AREA)
- Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
APPARATUS FOR GAS COLLECTION IN ALUMINUM SMELTING FURNACES
Abstract of the Disclosure A gas collection apparatus for use in electrical smelting furnaces especially those for the production of aluminum is disclosed.
The apparatus comprises a substantially annular body positioned beyond the outer circumference of the furnace at its lower edge and tapering towards the anode carrier at its upper edge. A space at the bottom is left between the wall of the gas collection apparatus and the furnace to permit intro-duction of air resulting in a chimney effect in the gas collecting apparatus of the present invention.
Abstract of the Disclosure A gas collection apparatus for use in electrical smelting furnaces especially those for the production of aluminum is disclosed.
The apparatus comprises a substantially annular body positioned beyond the outer circumference of the furnace at its lower edge and tapering towards the anode carrier at its upper edge. A space at the bottom is left between the wall of the gas collection apparatus and the furnace to permit intro-duction of air resulting in a chimney effect in the gas collecting apparatus of the present invention.
Description
105'~844 The present invention relates to electrical smelting furnaces and in particular to a gas collection system therefor.
Furnaces for the melt electrolytic production of metals are well known in the art. These furnaces are usually equipped. with a permanent iron casing through which an electrod.e can be introduced into the operative part of the furnace. The electrode establishes a current through the charge thereby melting it and the electrod.e is gradually consumed.during the smelting process. As it is consumed it is lowered. into the charge, During the smelting process, there are a considerable amount of furnace gases produced.. These furnace gases are generally collected. in a gas collection ring which surrounds the electrode at the bath surface. An alternative or additional means of collection is to have an annular body about the circumference of the furnace pot to collect the gases. In both of the above instances, the wall of the gas collecting member rests on the crust which is formed. on ~0 the bath surface. In order to prevent undesirable escape of gases, there is usually employed. sealing means such as granular aluminum oxide between the lower portion of the -gas collecting member and the crust. It is quite important to have a good seal since the gases which are produced will frequently include CO, tar fumes, fluorine vapors lOSb~344 and dust, all of which are detrimental to the environment and to the working conditions of the employees in the plant.
While the aforementioned. procedure for collecting gas has been in use for a great number of years and.
works quite well, there are, unfortunately, drawbacks to this system which are especially important in larger plants. One of the drawbacks is that when the crust is broken from time to time to allow for supply of additional material to the charge, the gas collecting member will frequently become open thus permitting the escape o noxious gases and. dust mentioned. previously. This breaking of the crust can also take place at other times such as when anod.e effect occurs, i.e., when the contents of the molten bath has been reduced to such a low level that the voltage across the bath is raised. thereby causing disruption of the crust. This action will frequently result in the release of noxious gases and. d.ust into the pot room.
A further problem with this arrangement is that the layer of sealing material used. on the surface of the crust, e.g., aluminum oxide, is never completely gas tight and. this can lead to the release of gases, especially along the lining of the furnace pot.
In accord.ance with the present invention, the i 0 5'~8 4 4 disadvantages of these known gas collecting systems are substantially eliminated by a gas collecting member which is positioned. beyond the circumference of the pot at its lower portion and partly closes the furnace in order to obtain a chimney effect so that gases are drawn upwards within the gas collection enclosure. The hot fluorine and tar containing gases will thus be cond.ucted. upwards above the lower work level and the gases will be prevented from escaping into the working area of the urnace operators.
At the same time, the gas collection apparatus of the A p~o fec~
f~ present invention helps to p~w ~t against heat radiation from the furnace into the working area thus red.ucing the undesirably high working temperatures which are normally associated. with electric smelting furnaces.
The lower end. of the gas collecti.ng apparatus of the present invention is spaced. from the wall of the furnace pot thus permitting the entry of air therebeneath. The gas collecting apparatus then tapers toward.s the anode hold.er but is spaced. from the anode holder sufficient d.istance so that gases and the like rising in the gas collecting apparatus can escape through the top thereof. Suitable collection apparatus such as ducts or the like may be provided. at the top for collection of the escaping gases if desired.
An important feature of the present invention is 105'~84~
that it comprises at least two sections, one above the other, each of wh-ich is movable with respect to the other. That is preferably done with two sections, which are either articulated or slidable with respect to each other. This construction permits access for breaking of the crust, tapping, service of the burner or the like in connection with the lower portion of the gas collecting apparatus and refilling of the anode paste, stud pulling, jack slipping and the like with respect to the upper portion of the gas collecting apparatus.
In one particular aspect the present invention provides in an electric smelting furnace for the melt electrolytic production of aluminum including a furnace pot having an outer side wall and anode section disposed above the furnace pot and being of lesser dimensions than the dimensions of the furnace pot the improvement comprising a gas collecting hood, said gas collecting hood comprising upper and lower portions each of which comprises a plurality of sections and each plurality of sections in combination forming a closed shape and each said section of each plurality of sections being movable with respect to any other section independently of the other to permit access to said furnace pot, each of said sections in the lower portion having a slope upwardly towards the anode section and the lower end of the lower portion being of greater dimension than the dimension of the outer wall of t~e furnace pot and being spaced outward from the outer wall of the furnace pot to permit entry of air, the upper portion being disposed at least in part outward from the anode section and being spaced along its length from the anode section to permit upward egress of gases evolved from the smelting process.
These and other features of the present invention may be more fully understood with reference to the drawings wherein:
~ 4-105;~84~
Fig. 1 shows partly in cross section one form of embodiment of ~he gas collecting apparatus of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a side view of the apparatus of Fig. 1 sbowing the preferred shape of the upper and lower sections of the gas collection apparatus; and Fig. 3 shows in cross section an alternative embodiment of the gas collection apparatus of the present invention.
Referring now to Fig. 1 there is shown a furnace 10 with a substantially annular outer wall 12 and charge 14 with crust 16 at the top thereof. The primary gas collection apparatus 18 surrounds the anode 20. Floor 22 surrounds 4a-lOS'~844 the furnace 10 In accordance with the present invention, gas collection apparatus 24 is used. in ad.d.ition to primary gas collection apparatus 18. In this embod.iment the gas collection apparatus comprises upper member 26 and. lower member 28 articulated at 30. The lower member 28 rests on a ridge 32 of the floor 22. A space 34 is provided.
between the outer wall 12 of the furnace and the floor 22 to permit the free entry of a draft from the basement (not shown) of the furnace. While this is the preferred form of embod.iment, it is also possible to eliminate space 34 by positioning member 28 above t~e floor 22 so that an opening along the floor to act as a drat entrance way is provided. The lower member 28 extends from beyond the wall 12 of the furnace 10 in a sloped. position to articulatea ~oint 30 which is spaced from but closely adjacent the anode 20. Extending upward.ly from the articulated joint in substantially vertical direction is member 26. As gases are released from the charge 14 they will tend to rise. Due to the opening 34 or similar opening there will be a natural chimney effect which will lift the gases through channel 36 between anode member 20 and upper portion 26 so that the gases are carried away from the furnace room and. the operator. At the same time, due to the lower member 28, the gases and radiated heat will also be prevented. from escaping into the operating room. Further gas collecting 105'~ 8 44 apparatus such as a hooded. exhaust fan could be provided above members 26 if desired to collect the gases which escape from the furnace.
Members 26 and. 28 are movable independ.ent o each other to permit accessibili-ty to the appropriate part of the furnace on an as need.ed basis and for the purposes as d.escribed hereinbefore. Lower member 28 and.upper member 26 preferably comprise a series of adjacent plates forming substantially an annulus about the furnace 10. While the plates may be straight if d.esired., it is preferred for best operation that they have an appropriate curvature and it is further preferred that lower members 28 be in the form of truncated. triangles in order to insure a gas tight fit and proper functioning of the apparatus, see especially Fig. 2.
In Fig. 3 there is again shown the furnace 10 with outer wall 12 and floor 22, charge 14 with crust 16 and primary gas collection apparatus 18. In this case in the anode section 20 are shown a plurality of electrod.es 40 suspended by rods 42. The anode section itself 20 is suspended by rods 44 from an anode frame 46. The upper and.
lower sections 48 and 50 of the gas collection apparatus are slidable with respect to each other on the anod.e frame 46. As with the embodiment of Fig. 1, a space 34' is provided below member 50 for the introduction of air necessary ~ 05~844 for the chimney effect o the gas collection apparatus of the present invention.
The upper section 48 can be moved. d.ownwards for access while the lower section 50 can correspondingly be moved upwards. .In this embodiment sections 48 and. 50 preferably have the shape of lower sections 28 of Fig. 2 and are suitably movable in outward direction with respect to each other in ad.dition to being slidable up and d.own so that ad.~acent panels do not interfere with each other when access is d.esired.
In order to insure proper ~as collection, it is essential that the lower member 28 or 50 of the gas collection apparatus be sloped with respect to the vertical.
The slope may range from a minimum of about 10 to a maximum of about 60.
It will be understood that the claims are intend.ed.
to cover all changes and modificat.ons of the preferred embod.iment of the invention, herein chosen for the purpose of illustration, which d.o not constitute d.epartures from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Furnaces for the melt electrolytic production of metals are well known in the art. These furnaces are usually equipped. with a permanent iron casing through which an electrod.e can be introduced into the operative part of the furnace. The electrode establishes a current through the charge thereby melting it and the electrod.e is gradually consumed.during the smelting process. As it is consumed it is lowered. into the charge, During the smelting process, there are a considerable amount of furnace gases produced.. These furnace gases are generally collected. in a gas collection ring which surrounds the electrode at the bath surface. An alternative or additional means of collection is to have an annular body about the circumference of the furnace pot to collect the gases. In both of the above instances, the wall of the gas collecting member rests on the crust which is formed. on ~0 the bath surface. In order to prevent undesirable escape of gases, there is usually employed. sealing means such as granular aluminum oxide between the lower portion of the -gas collecting member and the crust. It is quite important to have a good seal since the gases which are produced will frequently include CO, tar fumes, fluorine vapors lOSb~344 and dust, all of which are detrimental to the environment and to the working conditions of the employees in the plant.
While the aforementioned. procedure for collecting gas has been in use for a great number of years and.
works quite well, there are, unfortunately, drawbacks to this system which are especially important in larger plants. One of the drawbacks is that when the crust is broken from time to time to allow for supply of additional material to the charge, the gas collecting member will frequently become open thus permitting the escape o noxious gases and. dust mentioned. previously. This breaking of the crust can also take place at other times such as when anod.e effect occurs, i.e., when the contents of the molten bath has been reduced to such a low level that the voltage across the bath is raised. thereby causing disruption of the crust. This action will frequently result in the release of noxious gases and. d.ust into the pot room.
A further problem with this arrangement is that the layer of sealing material used. on the surface of the crust, e.g., aluminum oxide, is never completely gas tight and. this can lead to the release of gases, especially along the lining of the furnace pot.
In accord.ance with the present invention, the i 0 5'~8 4 4 disadvantages of these known gas collecting systems are substantially eliminated by a gas collecting member which is positioned. beyond the circumference of the pot at its lower portion and partly closes the furnace in order to obtain a chimney effect so that gases are drawn upwards within the gas collection enclosure. The hot fluorine and tar containing gases will thus be cond.ucted. upwards above the lower work level and the gases will be prevented from escaping into the working area of the urnace operators.
At the same time, the gas collection apparatus of the A p~o fec~
f~ present invention helps to p~w ~t against heat radiation from the furnace into the working area thus red.ucing the undesirably high working temperatures which are normally associated. with electric smelting furnaces.
The lower end. of the gas collecti.ng apparatus of the present invention is spaced. from the wall of the furnace pot thus permitting the entry of air therebeneath. The gas collecting apparatus then tapers toward.s the anode hold.er but is spaced. from the anode holder sufficient d.istance so that gases and the like rising in the gas collecting apparatus can escape through the top thereof. Suitable collection apparatus such as ducts or the like may be provided. at the top for collection of the escaping gases if desired.
An important feature of the present invention is 105'~84~
that it comprises at least two sections, one above the other, each of wh-ich is movable with respect to the other. That is preferably done with two sections, which are either articulated or slidable with respect to each other. This construction permits access for breaking of the crust, tapping, service of the burner or the like in connection with the lower portion of the gas collecting apparatus and refilling of the anode paste, stud pulling, jack slipping and the like with respect to the upper portion of the gas collecting apparatus.
In one particular aspect the present invention provides in an electric smelting furnace for the melt electrolytic production of aluminum including a furnace pot having an outer side wall and anode section disposed above the furnace pot and being of lesser dimensions than the dimensions of the furnace pot the improvement comprising a gas collecting hood, said gas collecting hood comprising upper and lower portions each of which comprises a plurality of sections and each plurality of sections in combination forming a closed shape and each said section of each plurality of sections being movable with respect to any other section independently of the other to permit access to said furnace pot, each of said sections in the lower portion having a slope upwardly towards the anode section and the lower end of the lower portion being of greater dimension than the dimension of the outer wall of t~e furnace pot and being spaced outward from the outer wall of the furnace pot to permit entry of air, the upper portion being disposed at least in part outward from the anode section and being spaced along its length from the anode section to permit upward egress of gases evolved from the smelting process.
These and other features of the present invention may be more fully understood with reference to the drawings wherein:
~ 4-105;~84~
Fig. 1 shows partly in cross section one form of embodiment of ~he gas collecting apparatus of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a side view of the apparatus of Fig. 1 sbowing the preferred shape of the upper and lower sections of the gas collection apparatus; and Fig. 3 shows in cross section an alternative embodiment of the gas collection apparatus of the present invention.
Referring now to Fig. 1 there is shown a furnace 10 with a substantially annular outer wall 12 and charge 14 with crust 16 at the top thereof. The primary gas collection apparatus 18 surrounds the anode 20. Floor 22 surrounds 4a-lOS'~844 the furnace 10 In accordance with the present invention, gas collection apparatus 24 is used. in ad.d.ition to primary gas collection apparatus 18. In this embod.iment the gas collection apparatus comprises upper member 26 and. lower member 28 articulated at 30. The lower member 28 rests on a ridge 32 of the floor 22. A space 34 is provided.
between the outer wall 12 of the furnace and the floor 22 to permit the free entry of a draft from the basement (not shown) of the furnace. While this is the preferred form of embod.iment, it is also possible to eliminate space 34 by positioning member 28 above t~e floor 22 so that an opening along the floor to act as a drat entrance way is provided. The lower member 28 extends from beyond the wall 12 of the furnace 10 in a sloped. position to articulatea ~oint 30 which is spaced from but closely adjacent the anode 20. Extending upward.ly from the articulated joint in substantially vertical direction is member 26. As gases are released from the charge 14 they will tend to rise. Due to the opening 34 or similar opening there will be a natural chimney effect which will lift the gases through channel 36 between anode member 20 and upper portion 26 so that the gases are carried away from the furnace room and. the operator. At the same time, due to the lower member 28, the gases and radiated heat will also be prevented. from escaping into the operating room. Further gas collecting 105'~ 8 44 apparatus such as a hooded. exhaust fan could be provided above members 26 if desired to collect the gases which escape from the furnace.
Members 26 and. 28 are movable independ.ent o each other to permit accessibili-ty to the appropriate part of the furnace on an as need.ed basis and for the purposes as d.escribed hereinbefore. Lower member 28 and.upper member 26 preferably comprise a series of adjacent plates forming substantially an annulus about the furnace 10. While the plates may be straight if d.esired., it is preferred for best operation that they have an appropriate curvature and it is further preferred that lower members 28 be in the form of truncated. triangles in order to insure a gas tight fit and proper functioning of the apparatus, see especially Fig. 2.
In Fig. 3 there is again shown the furnace 10 with outer wall 12 and floor 22, charge 14 with crust 16 and primary gas collection apparatus 18. In this case in the anode section 20 are shown a plurality of electrod.es 40 suspended by rods 42. The anode section itself 20 is suspended by rods 44 from an anode frame 46. The upper and.
lower sections 48 and 50 of the gas collection apparatus are slidable with respect to each other on the anod.e frame 46. As with the embodiment of Fig. 1, a space 34' is provided below member 50 for the introduction of air necessary ~ 05~844 for the chimney effect o the gas collection apparatus of the present invention.
The upper section 48 can be moved. d.ownwards for access while the lower section 50 can correspondingly be moved upwards. .In this embodiment sections 48 and. 50 preferably have the shape of lower sections 28 of Fig. 2 and are suitably movable in outward direction with respect to each other in ad.dition to being slidable up and d.own so that ad.~acent panels do not interfere with each other when access is d.esired.
In order to insure proper ~as collection, it is essential that the lower member 28 or 50 of the gas collection apparatus be sloped with respect to the vertical.
The slope may range from a minimum of about 10 to a maximum of about 60.
It will be understood that the claims are intend.ed.
to cover all changes and modificat.ons of the preferred embod.iment of the invention, herein chosen for the purpose of illustration, which d.o not constitute d.epartures from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (4)
PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. In an electric smelting furnace for the melt electro-lytic production of aluminum including a furnace pot having an outer side wall and anode section disposed above the furnace pot and being of lesser dimensions than the dimensions of the furnace pot the im-provement comprising a gas collecting hood, said gas collecting hood comprising upper and lower portions each of which comprises a plurality of sections and each plurality of sections in combination forming a closed shape and each said section of each plurality of sections being movable with respect to any other section independently of the other to permit access to said furnace pot, each of said sections in the lower portion having a slope upwardly towards the anode section and the lower end of the lower portions being of greater dimension than the dimension of the outer wall of the furnace pot and being spaced outward from the outer wall of the furnace pot to permit entry of air, the upper portion being disposed at least in part outward from the anode section and being spaced along its length from the anode section to permit upward egress of gases evolved from the smelting process.
2. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the upper and lower sections are articulated.
3. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the upper and lower sections are slidable with respect to each other.
4. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the lower section comprises a plurality of members each of which is in the shape of a truncated triangle.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO743169A NO135874C (en) | 1974-09-04 | 1974-09-04 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1052844A true CA1052844A (en) | 1979-04-17 |
Family
ID=19881806
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA234,526A Expired CA1052844A (en) | 1974-09-04 | 1975-09-02 | Apparatus for gas collection in aluminum smelting furnaces |
Country Status (15)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5421166B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR7505652A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1052844A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH614239A5 (en) |
| CS (1) | CS216803B2 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2539145A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES440679A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2283963A1 (en) |
| HU (1) | HU172394B (en) |
| IN (1) | IN145520B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1042309B (en) |
| NO (1) | NO135874C (en) |
| OA (1) | OA05101A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE412768B (en) |
| SU (1) | SU575040A3 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2563845B1 (en) * | 1984-05-03 | 1986-10-03 | Pechiney Aluminium | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR AUTOMATIC OVER-SUCTION ON ELECTROLYSIS TANKS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ALUMINUM |
| NO310730B1 (en) * | 1999-11-17 | 2001-08-20 | Norsk Hydro As | Method and apparatus for operation of electrolysis cell |
| IT201900010314A1 (en) | 2019-06-27 | 2020-12-27 | D P I Safety S R L | DEVICE FOR THE CONTROL OF THE UNWINDING OF AN AIRBAG DRIVING CABLE |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE898059C (en) * | 1941-06-13 | 1953-11-26 | Elektrokemisk As | Self-baking electrode |
| US2943985A (en) * | 1957-10-22 | 1960-07-05 | Elektrokemisk As | Apparatus and method for collecting gas from aluminum furnaces |
| DE1758149C2 (en) * | 1968-04-10 | 1974-07-25 | Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke Ag, 5300 Bonn | Device for improving the heat balance of modern aluminum electrolysis cells with pre-burned, continuous anodes |
-
1974
- 1974-09-04 NO NO743169A patent/NO135874C/no unknown
-
1975
- 1975-08-29 CS CS755896A patent/CS216803B2/en unknown
- 1975-09-02 CA CA234,526A patent/CA1052844A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-09-03 HU HU75LI00000281A patent/HU172394B/en unknown
- 1975-09-03 ES ES440679A patent/ES440679A1/en not_active Expired
- 1975-09-03 FR FR7526997A patent/FR2283963A1/en active Granted
- 1975-09-03 SE SE7509775A patent/SE412768B/en unknown
- 1975-09-03 DE DE19752539145 patent/DE2539145A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1975-09-03 BR BR7505652*A patent/BR7505652A/en unknown
- 1975-09-04 OA OA55601A patent/OA05101A/en unknown
- 1975-09-04 JP JP10656475A patent/JPS5421166B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1975-09-04 SU SU7502169460A patent/SU575040A3/en active
- 1975-09-04 CH CH1149275A patent/CH614239A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-09-04 IT IT26935/75A patent/IT1042309B/en active
- 1975-09-23 IN IN1825/CAL/75A patent/IN145520B/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR7505652A (en) | 1976-08-03 |
| SE7509775L (en) | 1976-03-05 |
| JPS5152312A (en) | 1976-05-08 |
| FR2283963A1 (en) | 1976-04-02 |
| NO135874B (en) | 1977-03-07 |
| ES440679A1 (en) | 1977-03-16 |
| CH614239A5 (en) | 1979-11-15 |
| NO135874C (en) | 1977-06-15 |
| IN145520B (en) | 1978-10-28 |
| OA05101A (en) | 1981-01-31 |
| JPS5421166B2 (en) | 1979-07-28 |
| SE412768B (en) | 1980-03-17 |
| CS216803B2 (en) | 1982-11-26 |
| SU575040A3 (en) | 1977-09-30 |
| IT1042309B (en) | 1980-01-30 |
| HU172394B (en) | 1978-08-28 |
| DE2539145A1 (en) | 1976-03-25 |
| NO743169L (en) | 1976-03-05 |
| FR2283963B1 (en) | 1979-02-02 |
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