CA1046589A - Method for removing brittleness and stresses from welded steel pipes - Google Patents
Method for removing brittleness and stresses from welded steel pipesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1046589A CA1046589A CA239,016A CA239016A CA1046589A CA 1046589 A CA1046589 A CA 1046589A CA 239016 A CA239016 A CA 239016A CA 1046589 A CA1046589 A CA 1046589A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- butt weld
- pipe construction
- weld
- butt
- seam
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/50—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for welded joints
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Arc Welding In General (AREA)
- Butt Welding And Welding Of Specific Article (AREA)
- Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Brittle fracture in weld steel pipe structures having a seam adjacent a butt weld is substantially eliminated by arc remelting to form a bead of weld material over the seam;
this is found to increase the toughness, eliminate weld defects and relieve residual tensile stress in the circum-ferential direction.
Brittle fracture in weld steel pipe structures having a seam adjacent a butt weld is substantially eliminated by arc remelting to form a bead of weld material over the seam;
this is found to increase the toughness, eliminate weld defects and relieve residual tensile stress in the circum-ferential direction.
Description
1~)'a~5~
The present invention relates to a method for preventing brittle fractures of steel pipe structures, and more particularly a method for preventing brittle fractures of steel structures, such as pipe line and steel pipe structures constructed by weld-ing steel pipes.
Generally in butt welding, large residual tensile stress is caused around weld lines in a direction parallel to the weld lines, and in some cases the stress reaches a value close to the yield point of the base metal. Also various factors, such as angular distortion, dislocation, and blow holes, which con-centrate the stress are very likely to occur near or in the welded portions, and it is almost impossible to eliminate these adverse factors completely.
Particularly in circumferential joints of the pipe lines, the above residual stress exists as a tension stress in the circumferential direction, and is superposed by the circum-ferential stress caused by the internal pressure of the pipe along the full length of the pipe line, or caused by the pres-sure from outside the pipe such as by the overlying ground or 20 vehicles moving on the overlying ground, so that the circumfer~
ential joint portions are intermittently subjected to the peak of the circumferential stress.
Further, when a nozzle is to be connected by ~ ;
welding with a certain portion of the pipe line, it is known ;
$ that strong concentration of stress appears in the nozzle joint portions.
When the end portions of steel pipes are butt-welded to other steel pipes, steel plates or flanges, high ten-i sile stress develops in the circumferential direction, ' 30 and it is impossible to avoid this stress.
In steel pipe structures constructed bywelding steel pipes, where steel pipes of relatively large .~, ~
.
~: :
~34~;S~39 diameter are used as a main support for the frame and steel pipes of relatively small diameter are used as a branch support, tee (T) joints are formed in which the seam welded portions of both steel pipes interc~oss with each other; this intercross portion is highly susceptible to brittle fracture.
Brittle fracture occurs when the following three factors exist: (1) presence on site of tensile stress, (2) presence of notches or defects and (3) shortness of steel toughness. In welded steel pipes notches and welding defects develop in the seam welded portions, particularly in the case of electric resistance welded steel pipes (ERW) and continuous weldedsteel pipes(CW), the welding defects take a planar shape so that the defects develop into notches, and in addition in the end portions of the steel pipes which are butt-welded high tensile stress develops in the circumferential direction. Furthermore when the toughness of the seamed or continuous welded portions is not sufficient, the three factors responsible for brittle fracture initiation`become active ,` and provide a condition under which brittle fracture most readily occurs.
In order~to avoid this conditio~ it is desirable ` to eliminate completely the welding defects along the full length of the seam of a welded steel pipe or continuous welded steel pipe, and to provide means of improving the steel toughness. But these measures require various complicated procedures and bring about an increase in the production cost of the steel pipes.
Therefore, it has been an object to eliminate the factors which bring about brittle fracture at the joint portions of steel pipe structures by means of simple procedures.
The prior proposals in this respect have, however, not
The present invention relates to a method for preventing brittle fractures of steel pipe structures, and more particularly a method for preventing brittle fractures of steel structures, such as pipe line and steel pipe structures constructed by weld-ing steel pipes.
Generally in butt welding, large residual tensile stress is caused around weld lines in a direction parallel to the weld lines, and in some cases the stress reaches a value close to the yield point of the base metal. Also various factors, such as angular distortion, dislocation, and blow holes, which con-centrate the stress are very likely to occur near or in the welded portions, and it is almost impossible to eliminate these adverse factors completely.
Particularly in circumferential joints of the pipe lines, the above residual stress exists as a tension stress in the circumferential direction, and is superposed by the circum-ferential stress caused by the internal pressure of the pipe along the full length of the pipe line, or caused by the pres-sure from outside the pipe such as by the overlying ground or 20 vehicles moving on the overlying ground, so that the circumfer~
ential joint portions are intermittently subjected to the peak of the circumferential stress.
Further, when a nozzle is to be connected by ~ ;
welding with a certain portion of the pipe line, it is known ;
$ that strong concentration of stress appears in the nozzle joint portions.
When the end portions of steel pipes are butt-welded to other steel pipes, steel plates or flanges, high ten-i sile stress develops in the circumferential direction, ' 30 and it is impossible to avoid this stress.
In steel pipe structures constructed bywelding steel pipes, where steel pipes of relatively large .~, ~
.
~: :
~34~;S~39 diameter are used as a main support for the frame and steel pipes of relatively small diameter are used as a branch support, tee (T) joints are formed in which the seam welded portions of both steel pipes interc~oss with each other; this intercross portion is highly susceptible to brittle fracture.
Brittle fracture occurs when the following three factors exist: (1) presence on site of tensile stress, (2) presence of notches or defects and (3) shortness of steel toughness. In welded steel pipes notches and welding defects develop in the seam welded portions, particularly in the case of electric resistance welded steel pipes (ERW) and continuous weldedsteel pipes(CW), the welding defects take a planar shape so that the defects develop into notches, and in addition in the end portions of the steel pipes which are butt-welded high tensile stress develops in the circumferential direction. Furthermore when the toughness of the seamed or continuous welded portions is not sufficient, the three factors responsible for brittle fracture initiation`become active ,` and provide a condition under which brittle fracture most readily occurs.
In order~to avoid this conditio~ it is desirable ` to eliminate completely the welding defects along the full length of the seam of a welded steel pipe or continuous welded steel pipe, and to provide means of improving the steel toughness. But these measures require various complicated procedures and bring about an increase in the production cost of the steel pipes.
Therefore, it has been an object to eliminate the factors which bring about brittle fracture at the joint portions of steel pipe structures by means of simple procedures.
The prior proposals in this respect have, however, not
- 2 -~ .
.
.. :
resolved the difficulty.
The present invention seeks to provide a method of eliminating the factors which cause brittle fracture in the joint portions of steel structures by a procedure,and is characterized in that the seamed portion of a welded or continuous welded steel pipe is arc treated along a certain length adjacent to the hutt-welded portion when a steel pipe is constructed from steel pipes which may be welded or continuously welded.
According to the invention there is provided a method of preventing brittle fracture in a welded steel pipe construction having a seam adjacent a butt weld susceptible to brittle failure which comprises arc remelting said pipe -construction adjacent said butt weld to form a bead of weld `~
material over said seam.
Extensive studies have established that in construct- ~ ~
ing steel pipe structures by welding, in which the seamed ~ ~ `
portion is at the end of an arc welded steel pipe, ERW pipe or CW pipe, in other words the seamed portion is adjacent to the butt-welded portion if the seamed portion is subjected to an arc treatment, such as by remelting by the arc along a certain length ranging from about 100 to 150 mm adjacent to the pipe end portion, the toughness near the pipe end joint portion of the seamed portion is improved and not only can welding defects, which tend to develop into notches, be eliminated but also the residualstress distribution in the circumferential direction is changed and thereby the stress is relieved. The present ~ -invention has been completed on the basis of the above discovery.
According to the invention, the three factors respon- ~`
sible for brittle fracture initiation mentioned hereinbefore can be eliminated by the improvement of toughness, the ~
~ - 3 - ~ ;
,~.
s . - ~ . . ~ . . .
,. . . . . .
.", ~ ',, , , .;, ,.' .' ' ' ' ,~: . ' , .
f;;5l~
elimination of welding defects and the relief of residual stress. In additon it is to be noted that the method of the present invention is very simple and effective in preventing brittle fracture.
The arc treatment used in the present invention in-cludes overlaying by automatic or semi-automatic welding such as a submerged welding, arc-melting overlaying by TIG and carbon electrodes and the like. By this arch treatment oxide inclusions ,. ~
' . :
, ' t ~, ' : - 3a -,i . . . .
which cause notches and welding defects such as undercuts can be elimina-ted and the bead shape can be corrected.
The treatment according to the present invention may be done at any stage, for example, it may be performed during or after the assembling process of steel pipe structures, in the manufacturing shop or even before or after the butt welding at the construction spot.
When the treatment according to the present invention is performed before the butt welding, particularly in case of the assembling in the manufacturing shop, even if deformation is caused in the pipe end by the welding thermal stress, the de-formation can be corrected easily and it is possible to give the arc treatment to both the inside and the outside of the pipe.
When the treatment of the present invention is done after the butt welding on the spot, it is di-fficult to give the arc treatment to the inside of the pipe, but on the other hand there is no problem of the pipe end deformation so that the desired result can be obtained very easily.
The present invention will be more clearly understood from the following examples with reference to the accompanying ~ `
drawings, in which:- -Figure 1 shows shapes of test pieces used in examples ~-- : : .
of the present invention and Fig. l (a) relates to a conven-tional method, and Fig. l (b) relates to the present inven-tion' -~
Figure 2 shows relation between the distance from the ~ ;~
butt-welded portion and the circumferential residual stre~ss, and Figure 3 shows impact test results of an electric resis-tance welded portion and of an overlayed portion.
EXAMPLE
An electroseamed pipe of API5LX-X52 having 12 inches .
, ,j - , . ~ .
~ 0 ~3~ ~ ~
diameter 7.9 mm thickness and 1 m leng-th was but-t-welded in T
to a s-teel plate of SM50 having 25 mm -thickness as shown in Fig. 1 (a) in which A is an electric resistance welded portion ~.
and C is a butt-welded bead.
Meallwhile, an ERW pipe the same as the above was given the arc treatment according to the present invention by applying submerged welding along a 150 mm length of the pipe to provide overlaying on both the inside and outside of the pipe as shown in Fig. 1 (b), and then the steel pipe was butt-welded in T to the steel plate the same as the above. In Fig. 1 (b), B is the overlayed bead. Strain gauges were attached to the pipes (a) and (b) in series with 50 mm spacing from the butt-welded portion to measure the circumferential residual stress. The results are shown in Figure 2.
As clearly understood from Figure 2, when the pipe is welded by the conventional art, residual tensile - stress almost equal to yield stress is caused in the butt-welded portion as shown by the curve of (a). :~
Whereas when the method of the present invention is applied, the circumferential residual stress is considerably relieved as shown by the curve (b) in Figure 2 as compared with the curve (a).
Also, as clearly seen from Figure 2, the circumferential residual stress decreases remarkably at a distance between 100 and 150 mm from the butt-welded portion, so that it is clear that the desired results of the present invention is remarkable when the arc treatment of the present invention is applied along a length ranging from 100 to 150 mm from the butt-welded portion.
In connection with the test piece to which the present invention as shown in Fig. 1 (b) was applied, 2 mm V charpy im-pact test pieces of 2/3 sub-size were taken from the overlayed portion B and the electric resistance welded p~rtion A (having no overlaying), and impact tests were done. The resul-ts are shown in Figure 3.
As clearly understood from Figure 3, the ~uctile-brittle transition temperature of the treated portion (B) is 30C.
lower than that of the electric resistance welded portion (A), and the absorbed energy at the same temperature is also higher in the overlayed portion (B). These results clearly demonstrate remarkable improvement in toughness can be obtained by the pres- ~ -ent invention. ;
By application of the arc treatment of the present in-vention, any defect such as penetraters which possibly develop into notches can be eliminated from the arc treated portion. ~ -As described above, the three factors responsible for brittle fracture initiation are all eliminated by the present invention, and thus the present invention is very effective in preventing the brittlement fracture.
In the above example, only the submerged welding as q the-improving measures is illustrated, but similar results can be obtained by the treatment using TIG or a carbon electrode. -In this way, the brittlement fracture of pipe struc-; tures can be prevented by simple means when the present invention is applied, and thus the present invention brings forth very remarkable industrial advantages. ~-` ' ' '' 1 ~' `.
.
., ~ - 6 -.; .
. .
. .
.,~ ' ~ .
.; .
.
.. :
resolved the difficulty.
The present invention seeks to provide a method of eliminating the factors which cause brittle fracture in the joint portions of steel structures by a procedure,and is characterized in that the seamed portion of a welded or continuous welded steel pipe is arc treated along a certain length adjacent to the hutt-welded portion when a steel pipe is constructed from steel pipes which may be welded or continuously welded.
According to the invention there is provided a method of preventing brittle fracture in a welded steel pipe construction having a seam adjacent a butt weld susceptible to brittle failure which comprises arc remelting said pipe -construction adjacent said butt weld to form a bead of weld `~
material over said seam.
Extensive studies have established that in construct- ~ ~
ing steel pipe structures by welding, in which the seamed ~ ~ `
portion is at the end of an arc welded steel pipe, ERW pipe or CW pipe, in other words the seamed portion is adjacent to the butt-welded portion if the seamed portion is subjected to an arc treatment, such as by remelting by the arc along a certain length ranging from about 100 to 150 mm adjacent to the pipe end portion, the toughness near the pipe end joint portion of the seamed portion is improved and not only can welding defects, which tend to develop into notches, be eliminated but also the residualstress distribution in the circumferential direction is changed and thereby the stress is relieved. The present ~ -invention has been completed on the basis of the above discovery.
According to the invention, the three factors respon- ~`
sible for brittle fracture initiation mentioned hereinbefore can be eliminated by the improvement of toughness, the ~
~ - 3 - ~ ;
,~.
s . - ~ . . ~ . . .
,. . . . . .
.", ~ ',, , , .;, ,.' .' ' ' ' ,~: . ' , .
f;;5l~
elimination of welding defects and the relief of residual stress. In additon it is to be noted that the method of the present invention is very simple and effective in preventing brittle fracture.
The arc treatment used in the present invention in-cludes overlaying by automatic or semi-automatic welding such as a submerged welding, arc-melting overlaying by TIG and carbon electrodes and the like. By this arch treatment oxide inclusions ,. ~
' . :
, ' t ~, ' : - 3a -,i . . . .
which cause notches and welding defects such as undercuts can be elimina-ted and the bead shape can be corrected.
The treatment according to the present invention may be done at any stage, for example, it may be performed during or after the assembling process of steel pipe structures, in the manufacturing shop or even before or after the butt welding at the construction spot.
When the treatment according to the present invention is performed before the butt welding, particularly in case of the assembling in the manufacturing shop, even if deformation is caused in the pipe end by the welding thermal stress, the de-formation can be corrected easily and it is possible to give the arc treatment to both the inside and the outside of the pipe.
When the treatment of the present invention is done after the butt welding on the spot, it is di-fficult to give the arc treatment to the inside of the pipe, but on the other hand there is no problem of the pipe end deformation so that the desired result can be obtained very easily.
The present invention will be more clearly understood from the following examples with reference to the accompanying ~ `
drawings, in which:- -Figure 1 shows shapes of test pieces used in examples ~-- : : .
of the present invention and Fig. l (a) relates to a conven-tional method, and Fig. l (b) relates to the present inven-tion' -~
Figure 2 shows relation between the distance from the ~ ;~
butt-welded portion and the circumferential residual stre~ss, and Figure 3 shows impact test results of an electric resis-tance welded portion and of an overlayed portion.
EXAMPLE
An electroseamed pipe of API5LX-X52 having 12 inches .
, ,j - , . ~ .
~ 0 ~3~ ~ ~
diameter 7.9 mm thickness and 1 m leng-th was but-t-welded in T
to a s-teel plate of SM50 having 25 mm -thickness as shown in Fig. 1 (a) in which A is an electric resistance welded portion ~.
and C is a butt-welded bead.
Meallwhile, an ERW pipe the same as the above was given the arc treatment according to the present invention by applying submerged welding along a 150 mm length of the pipe to provide overlaying on both the inside and outside of the pipe as shown in Fig. 1 (b), and then the steel pipe was butt-welded in T to the steel plate the same as the above. In Fig. 1 (b), B is the overlayed bead. Strain gauges were attached to the pipes (a) and (b) in series with 50 mm spacing from the butt-welded portion to measure the circumferential residual stress. The results are shown in Figure 2.
As clearly understood from Figure 2, when the pipe is welded by the conventional art, residual tensile - stress almost equal to yield stress is caused in the butt-welded portion as shown by the curve of (a). :~
Whereas when the method of the present invention is applied, the circumferential residual stress is considerably relieved as shown by the curve (b) in Figure 2 as compared with the curve (a).
Also, as clearly seen from Figure 2, the circumferential residual stress decreases remarkably at a distance between 100 and 150 mm from the butt-welded portion, so that it is clear that the desired results of the present invention is remarkable when the arc treatment of the present invention is applied along a length ranging from 100 to 150 mm from the butt-welded portion.
In connection with the test piece to which the present invention as shown in Fig. 1 (b) was applied, 2 mm V charpy im-pact test pieces of 2/3 sub-size were taken from the overlayed portion B and the electric resistance welded p~rtion A (having no overlaying), and impact tests were done. The resul-ts are shown in Figure 3.
As clearly understood from Figure 3, the ~uctile-brittle transition temperature of the treated portion (B) is 30C.
lower than that of the electric resistance welded portion (A), and the absorbed energy at the same temperature is also higher in the overlayed portion (B). These results clearly demonstrate remarkable improvement in toughness can be obtained by the pres- ~ -ent invention. ;
By application of the arc treatment of the present in-vention, any defect such as penetraters which possibly develop into notches can be eliminated from the arc treated portion. ~ -As described above, the three factors responsible for brittle fracture initiation are all eliminated by the present invention, and thus the present invention is very effective in preventing the brittlement fracture.
In the above example, only the submerged welding as q the-improving measures is illustrated, but similar results can be obtained by the treatment using TIG or a carbon electrode. -In this way, the brittlement fracture of pipe struc-; tures can be prevented by simple means when the present invention is applied, and thus the present invention brings forth very remarkable industrial advantages. ~-` ' ' '' 1 ~' `.
.
., ~ - 6 -.; .
. .
. .
.,~ ' ~ .
.; .
Claims (13)
1. A method of preventing brittle fracture in a welded steel pipe construction having a seam adjacent a butt weld susceptible to brittle failure which comprises arc remelting said pipe construction adjacent said butt weld to form a bead of weld material over said seam.
2. A method according to claim 1, in which the pipe construction is arc remelted for a length of 100 to 150 mm from the butt weld.
3. A method according to claim 1, in which the arc remelting is carried out before formation of the butt weld.
4. A method according to claim 1 or 2, in which the arc remelting is carried out after formation of the butt weld.
5. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said pipe construction comprises a continuous welded steel pipe.
6. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said pipe construction comprises an electric resistance welded steel pipe.
7. A method of preventing brittle fracture in a welded steel pipe construction having a seam adjacent a butt weld susceptible to brittle failure, which comprises arc remelting said pipe construction for a length of 100 to 150 mm from the butt weld on the inner and outer surface of the pipe construc-tion to form a bead of weld material over said seam effective to eliminate weld defects, relieve residual tensile stress and increase the toughness.
8. A welded steel pipe construction resistant to brittle fracture produced by the method of claim 7.
9. A method of preventing brittle fracture in a welded steel pipe construction having a seam adjacent a butt weld susceptible to brittle failure comprising the steps of arc remelting said pipe construction adjacent the butt weld loca-tion to form a bead of weld material over said seam, and form-ing a butt weld at said butt weld location.
10. A method according to claim 9, which comprises butt welding said pipe construction at said butt weld location to form a butt weld, and thereafter arc remelting said pipe con-struction adjacent the formed butt weld to form said bead over said seam.
11. A method according to claim 9, which comprises arc remelting said pipe construction adjacent a proposed butt weld location to form said bead over said seam, and thereafter butt welding said pipe construction at said butt weld location to form a butt weld.
12. A method according to claim 10, in which the pipe construction is arc remelted for a length of 100 to 150 mm from said butt weld.
13. A method according to claim 11, in which the pipe construction is arc remelted for a length of 100 to 150 mm from said proposed butt weld location.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP49127328A JPS5152951A (en) | 1974-11-05 | 1974-11-05 | Paipukozobutsuno zeiseihakaiboshiho |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1046589A true CA1046589A (en) | 1979-01-16 |
Family
ID=14957201
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA239,016A Expired CA1046589A (en) | 1974-11-05 | 1975-11-04 | Method for removing brittleness and stresses from welded steel pipes |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4079224A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5152951A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1046589A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1521486A (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5431062A (en) * | 1977-08-12 | 1979-03-07 | Hitachi Ltd | Manufacture of structure superior in stress corrosion cracking resistivity |
| FR2437489A1 (en) * | 1978-09-29 | 1980-04-25 | Usui Kokusai Sangyo Kk | Valve push rod for IC engine - is steel tube welded to case hardened end piece which has flat proximal and curved distal surfaces |
| GB2044296A (en) * | 1979-02-07 | 1980-10-15 | Electric Power Res Inst | Method of Heat Treating an Object Having a Welded Joint |
| DE3517077C1 (en) * | 1985-05-11 | 1986-11-06 | M.A.N.- B & W Diesel GmbH, 8900 Augsburg | Process for armoring the valve seat surface of a thermally and mechanically highly resilient and corrosion-protected gas exchange valve for a heavy oil-operated internal combustion engine |
| DE19910928A1 (en) * | 1999-03-12 | 2000-09-14 | Schaeffler Waelzlager Ohg | Method of manufacturing a cage for a rolling bearing and cage made by the method |
| TW200835570A (en) * | 2007-02-28 | 2008-09-01 | Jfe Steel Corp | Electric resistance welded steel pipe for line pipe excelling in weld part toughness |
| CN104985305B (en) * | 2015-06-23 | 2017-07-25 | 广州增立钢管结构股份有限公司 | Improved steel pipe and hubbed flange butt joint submerged-arc welding |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1112087A (en) * | 1912-08-15 | 1914-09-29 | John Patten | Method of hardening and tempering. |
| US1606894A (en) * | 1924-06-20 | 1926-11-16 | Thomas E Murray | Electric welding |
| US2041343A (en) * | 1933-03-23 | 1936-05-19 | President And Directors Of The | Method of changing the grain structure of metals |
| US2429320A (en) * | 1944-02-22 | 1947-10-21 | Linde Air Prod Co | Method of stress-relief of welded structures |
| US2812419A (en) * | 1955-09-29 | 1957-11-05 | Smith Corp A O | Welding procedure for joining aluminum plates |
-
1974
- 1974-11-05 JP JP49127328A patent/JPS5152951A/en active Granted
-
1975
- 1975-10-29 US US05/626,640 patent/US4079224A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1975-11-04 CA CA239,016A patent/CA1046589A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-11-05 GB GB45877/75A patent/GB1521486A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB1521486A (en) | 1978-08-16 |
| JPS5152951A (en) | 1976-05-11 |
| JPS5334767B2 (en) | 1978-09-22 |
| US4079224A (en) | 1978-03-14 |
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