BRPI0505162B1 - REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT - Google Patents

Description

“REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT” This report refers to a patent for the invention of one of a sugarcane harvesting equipment, having application, especially in the agricultural area for sugarcane harvesting. unsweetened sugar.

Traditionally, the sugarcane harvesting method provides for its burning and subsequent manual harvesting. The burning of sugar cane aims to eliminate the straw and leaves of the plantation, facilitating the harvest of the stems or stalks of the plants. Sugar cane burning still eliminates venomous animals such as snakes, spiders, scorpions, which pose a risk to workers.

However, the process of burning sugar cane damages sugar quality and productivity, since it causes the evaporation of part of the water inside the stems. Burning also has negative impacts on the environment due to the generation of carbon dioxide and soot. In this sense, Brazilian and international environmental laws mandate an increasing reduction in burnt sugarcane harvesting areas, and in the near future burnings should be abolished altogether.

Also, with burning, the organic matter of the leaves and straw that could be decomposed in the crop itself is lost, improving the quality of the soil and reducing the need for fertilization. Keeping organic matter in the field also contributes positively to soil conservation and erosion reduction. In addition, the straw can be collected and transported to the sugarcane processing plant to be used, together with the bagasse, as fuel in cogeneration boilers.

However, manually harvesting the unsweetened green sugar cane is a risky operation due to venomous animals and poor productivity. The cost of manually harvesting green sugar cane can be five times higher than the manual harvest of burnt sugar cane.

It is also well known to those skilled in the art that mechanized sugar cane harvesting is not new, dating back several decades. There are basically two types of sugarcane harvesting equipment: those that seek to harvest the entire cane and those that harvest the chopped cane.

Those who harvest the entire sugarcane try to reproduce the manual harvesting process, which consists of cutting the cane interia, close to the ground, in the knuckle, and then removing the pointer from the plant, or the upper part of the plant, where There is a large amount of leaf and little sugar concentration. Once this is done, the stems are stacked transverse to the streets or rows of the crop so that other equipment can pick them up and place them on a truck or trailer for transport to the plant. In equipment operating in this manner, it is common to remove the pointer before the base cut (stem cut near the root, root) and before the sugar cane enters the equipment.

Equipment operating in accordance with this principle is illustrated in US2,427,313, US2,669,829, US 3,090,183, US4,165,596, US4,232,755, US4,380,281, US4,483,130, US5,303,533 and US5,379,577.

This type of equipment has the drawback of being poorly productive in plantations where lines are spaced less than 1.80m. Also, they are poorly productive in harvesting green sugar cane due to the presence of straw and leaves. Thus, due to their limitations they are little used. The second group of harvesting equipment, very common in the state of the art and widely used today, operates briefly as follows: at first the plant pointer is cut off, then as the equipment walks over the Planting line The plant is tilted forward, making the base cut, ie cutting the stem close to the ground. Then the sugarcane is pulled from its base into the equipment, and then the stem is cut or chopped into stalks, that is, into smaller pieces 25cm to 35cm long. This operation is also intended to chop the leaves and straws of sugarcane. Afterwards, chopped straws and leaves are separated from the stems by a forced air stream promoted by one or more fans; the straws are discarded in the crop and the pieces of stem are sent to a transport vehicle that walks beside or behind the equipment.

GB 1,259,845, US 3,373,744, US 3,828,536, US 3,950,924, GB 1,475,673, CU 20,646, US 4,008,557, US 4,019,308, US 4,035,996, US 4,070,809, US 4,170,098, US 4,194,344, US 4,196,569, US 4,426,826, US 4,677,813, among others, present sugarcane harvesting equipment that basically follows this same principle. US 6,230,477 discloses a rotating horizontal roller-shaped cleaning device with metallic bristles, which is intended to remove straw and stem leaves for subsequent removal by an upward flow of forced air. However, sugarcane tipping, base cutting and sugarcane shifting through the dirty area are maintained, as is the passage on the stump, the high weight and power consumption and the problems arising therefrom. , which will be described below, are also found on this equipment.

Other patents are found in the state of the art, introducing improvements and improvements to equipment parts, but the working principle has been maintained.

The main problems encountered in the state of the art in mechanized sugarcane harvesting equipment are: a) when the sugarcane is tipped forward and is pulled into the equipment by its base, its entire length necessarily passes close to the ground, slightly above the base cut. It happens that the base cutting operation turns the soil, throwing soil particles on the fallen sugar cane, soiling it completely. This mineral contamination will necessarily need to be removed later at the beneficiation plant; (b) The devices used for base cutting are basically high speed rotating discs on which sharp knives are attached. Due to the operating position, practically inside the soil, the soil particles, aggregated by the cut sugarcane juice, promote an accelerated wear of the knife cutting edge. Because of this, frequent replacements are required, which in some cases become two daily changes. These frequent knife replacement operations are time consuming and considerably decrease equipment productivity during harvesting. c) Due to the high mineral contamination, the soil particles enter the equipment contributing considerably to the wear of the internal parts, especially the stalk cutter knives, which cut the stem into smaller pieces. This stalk cutter replacement operation takes time and also contributes to reduced equipment productivity during harvesting. d) Current equipment has limited operation on slopes, and due to these limitations, currently in Brazil, 70% of the planted area allows mechanized harvesting, leaving considerable 30% of the area that needs to be harvested manually. g) Current equipment is extremely heavy, exceeding 15,000 Kg, which contributes to soil compaction, which is not beneficial for tillage. h) The equipment consumes great power, with drive motors with more than 330 HP being common, increasing the costs of harvesting, due to the high consumption of fuels.

Finding more efficient mechanized harvesting methods and developing lighter, more economical equipment with less limitations on sloping land are pressing needs for sugarcane cultivation in Brazil and worldwide.

Accordingly, the present invention aims to provide a sugarcane harvesting equipment in which the sugarcane is harvested standing and not exposed to the soiled area near the ground, reducing the mineral contamination.

Another object of the present invention is to provide sugarcane harvesting equipment for harvesting green sugarcane and burnt sugarcane.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a sugarcane harvesting equipment that promotes primary cleaning of the leaves and straws present in the sugarcane while it is still standing before cutting.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a sugarcane harvesting equipment which has a longer life base cutting device.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a lighter sugarcane harvester that is less compact to the soil.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a sugarcane harvesting equipment which is reversible, that is, which can be harvested from both sides on both the left and right sides.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide less power consuming sugarcane harvesting equipment.

Finally, it is an object of the present invention to provide a sugarcane harvesting equipment which allows mechanized harvesting on slopes.

These and other objects and advantages of the present invention are achieved with a mechanized sugarcane harvesting equipment operating in nine basic phases, the first phase being the cutting of the sugarcane pointer; the second phase, the vertical alignment of the plants; the third phase, the primary cleaning of straw and leaves with the plant in an upright position by means of rotating bristle rollers; the fourth phase, cutting the stems, ie cutting the stem into smaller pieces, with the plant in an upright position; the fifth phase, the base cut of sugar cane, performed by the base cutter; the sixth stage, the transport of the stalks, along with leaves and residual straws already chopped, internally to the equipment; the seventh stage, secondary cleaning, with the separation of chopped leaves and stalks from the stalks by means of a forced draft; the eighth phase, the transport and lifting of the stems by an elevator conveyor; and finally, the ninth phase, tertiary cleaning, with the separation of leaves and stalks from the stems, carried out by a forced air flow generated by a fan. From this tertiary cleaning, the stalks are thrown over a transport vehicle and the leaves and straws are thrown to the ground.

Also, these and other objects and advantages of the present invention are achieved with a sugarcane harvesting equipment composed of one or more pointer cutters, two or more lifter rollers, four or more bristle rollers, six or more stem cutters, one base cutter, one or more conveyors, two or more fans, one reversible lift conveyor between right and left side of equipment, one chassis, front and rear wheels, tires or tracks, from a main engine, from a cabin, from a fairing, from a transmission to and from the main engine power to the wheels, fuel tank, hydraulic oil tank, cooling radiators, front axles and rear and steering control means, positioning, tilt and alignment control mechanisms, and means of selection and control of all equipment functions.

The pointer cutter is formed by one or more sharpened blade discs that rotates at high speed along its vertical axis, cutting the tip of the plants. The lifter rollers are made up of tapered rollers with spiral metal cords that rotate relative to the plants, positioning them properly. The bristle rollers, which feature primary cleaning, are positioned in pairs, horizontally and parallel to the rows of plants. As they rotate, their bristles or stems remove straw and leaves from the plants that pass between them.

Thatch cutters can take many forms, including ribbon blades, swing knives and rotary knives. These are aligned approximately in a vertical plane, and cut the sugarcane stem into several pieces, with the plant upright, or slightly inclined. The base cutter, which can take various forms between them rotating diamond discs and oscillating knives, cuts the base of the plants at about the same time as the stems are cut.

Conveyors, made up of conveyor belts, sling chains, or other means, carry the stalks, straws and chopped leaves into the equipment until the secondary cleaning step. Secondary cleaning occurs when the stalks and leaves are thrown through a forced air stream generated by fans. The lighter leaves are dragged through the air and the heavier stalks flow through the air, falling over the underside of the elevator conveyor. The conveyor belt-shaped conveyor or chain with slings has a horizontal bottom that collects the stems and a long sloping part that transports the stems to its highest part where tertiary cleaning occurs. The lift conveyor is supported on the rear end of the equipment chassis and has positioning mechanisms that allow the conveyor lift to be rotated between the left and right sides of the equipment. Tertiary cleaning, situated in the elevator conveyor discharge region, occurs when the stalks and chopped leaves are released by crossing an upward forced air stream generated by a blower. The lighter chopped leaves and straws are dragged by the forced draft. The stalks are heavier, they cross the forced air stream, falling into the carrier vehicle reservoir. The elevator conveyor is segmented and its parts can be positioned properly in relation to the equipment and the conveyor vehicle. The rear axle of the equipment has mechanisms that allow to vary the inclination of this in relation to the equipment. The front wheels are supported by mechanisms that allow them to adjust their height in relation to the equipment, besides having steering mechanisms. The novel character of the present invention relates to the primary cleaning of sugarcane straws and leaves carried out with the plant standing upright or inclined by rotating bristled rollers and prior to stem cutting and cutting also base cutting mechanisms, stem cutting mechanisms, as well as mechanisms that favor harvesting on sloping ground.

Due to the fact that the plant enters the standing equipment, the mineral contamination and its problems are minimized. Also for this fact the effort to tip the plant forward is eliminated, reducing the consumption of power when moving the equipment. The efficient primary cleaning system reduces the entry of straw and leaves into the equipment, reducing power consumption on stems and secondary and tertiary cleaning fans. Clearing part of the straw and leaves before cutting avoids the waste of energy in the transport of impurities. With reduced power consumption, operation becomes more economical.

Thatched and base cutting systems, consisting of innovative solutions and suitable materials, have a longer service life than traditional systems. The slope adjustment of the equipment in relation to the ground strongly favors its balance and stability, allowing the work to be performed on more inclined terrain. Additionally, the equipment being kept level, has better conditions of adjustment of its harvesting mechanisms in relation to the plants, that even in slopes grow in vertical position. Lower power consumption allows the equipment to consist of lighter elements and smaller, more economical engines, reducing overall equipment weight, decreasing soil compaction and reducing the operating cost of mechanized harvesting.

Additionally, the fact that sugarcane suffers less mineral contamination provides cost savings and cleaning energy in the processing plant, thus increasing the efficiency of the operation. In the following the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, given by way of example without limitation, in which: Figure 1 shows a schematic side elevation view of the reversible sugar cane harvesting equipment, highlighting its principle. and operating phases, objects of the present invention. Figure 2 shows a schematic front elevation view of the reversible sugar cane harvesting equipment object of the present invention in the harvesting process. Figure 3 shows a schematic rear elevation view of the reversible sugar cane harvesting equipment object of the present invention in the harvesting process. Figure 4 shows a schematic top view of part of the equipment, highlighting the sugarcane stem cutter, consisting of oscillating triangular knives. Figure 5 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the sugarcane stem cutter made of oscillating triangular knives. Figure 6 shows a schematic top view of part of the equipment, highlighting a sugarcane stalk cutter with a pair of rotating stars that directs the sugarcane stalks for cutting. Figure 7 shows a schematic top view of part of the equipment, highlighting a sugarcane stalk cutter, provided with a pair of straps that direct the sugarcane stalks for cutting. Figure 8 shows a schematic side view of the sugarcane stalk cutting device, which is provided with a pair of taliscal belts which direct the sugarcane stalks for cutting. Figure 9 shows a schematic top view of part of the equipment, highlighting the sugarcane stem cutter, consisting of handwheels and band saw. Figure 10 shows a schematic front elevational view of part of the equipment, highlighting the sugarcane stem cutter, consisting of handwheels and band saw. Figure 11 shows a schematic top view of part of the equipment, highlighting the sugarcane stem cutter, consisting of trailing stars and fixed blades. Figure 12 shows a schematic top view of part of the equipment, highlighting the sugarcane stem cutter, consisting of pairs of stars that rotate concentric to one axis in the same direction and at different speeds. Figure 13 shows a schematic top view of part of the equipment, highlighting the sugarcane stem cutter, consisting of triangular knives mounted on rotating discs, and bulkheads on other discs, which rotate concentric to the first in same direction, but at a slower speed. Figure 14 shows a schematic top view of part of the equipment, highlighting the basic sugar cane cutting device, consisting of a pair of diamond-edged cutting discs. Figure 15 shows a schematic side elevational view of part of the equipment, highlighting the sugar cane base cutting device, consisting of a pair of diamond-edged cutting discs. Figure 16 shows a bottom view of the sugarcane base cutting device consisting of diamond-rimmed disc segments. Figure 17 shows a section of the sugarcane base cutting device, consisting of diamond-rimmed disc segments, highlighting the shape of the attachment of the segments. Figure 18 shows a schematic top view of part of the equipment, highlighting the basic cutting device of sugar cane consisting of oscillating triangular knives. Figure 19 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the basic sugarcane cutter made of oscillating triangular knives. Figure 20 shows a schematic top view of part of the equipment, highlighting the base cutting device, consisting of triangular knives mounted on rotating discs, and stars with screens, which rotate concentric to the discs in the same direction but at a lower speed. Figure 21 shows a schematic front elevation view of the reversible sugar cane harvesting equipment object of the present invention operating on a sloping ground, highlighting the tilt correction mechanisms of the front half axles and the lift conveyor. Figure 22 shows a schematic rear elevation view of the reversible sugar cane harvesting equipment object of the present invention operating on a sloping ground highlighting the tilt correction mechanisms of the elevator conveyor. Figure 23 shows a schematic rear view of the reversible sugar cane harvesting equipment object of the present invention operating on a sloping ground, highlighting the pivot that allows free transverse tilt of the rear axle. Figure 24 shows a schematic side elevation view of the reversible sugar cane harvesting equipment object of the present invention in a constructional variant which maintains the same principle of operation. Figure 25 shows a schematic rear elevation view of the rear axle of a constructive variant of the equipment allowing variation of the distance between the rear wheels. Figure 26 shows a schematic top view of the rear axle of a constructive variant of the equipment allowing variation of the distance between the rear wheels, highlighting the displacement of the right rear wheel. Figure 27 shows a schematic top view of the rear axle of a constructive variant of the equipment allowing variation of the distance between the rear wheels, highlighting the displacement of the right rear wheel. Figure 28 shows a schematic top view of the rear axle of a constructive variant of the equipment allowing variation of the distance between the rear wheels, highlighting the displacement of the left rear wheel. Figure 29 shows a perspective view of the bristle roll of the reversible sugar cane harvesting equipment. Figure 30 shows an enlarged perspective detail of one end of the bristle roll of the reversible sugar cane harvesting equipment. Figure 31 shows a cross section of the bristle roll of the reversible sugar cane harvesting equipment.

According to Figures 1, 2 and 3, the operating principle of the reversible sugarcane harvesting equipment is based on nine basic phases, the first phase (F1) being characterized by cutting the sugarcane pointer. -sugar, that is, from the highest part of the plant, where there is a large amount of green leaves, and where the sugar concentration is lower. Given the low concentration of sugar and the large amount of leaves, this part is removed by means of a pointer cutter (1) and discarded in the field. The second phase (F2) is characterized by raising the inclined plants to or near the vertical position by means of lifting rollers (2) prior to the primary cleaning phase. The third stage (F3), or primary cleaning, is characterized by cleaning part of the leaves and straw with the plant in an upright or partially inclined position by means of rotating bristle rollers (3) in a horizontal position and parallel to the line. before planting the base of the plant. The removed straws and leaves are discarded on the floor. Depending on the characteristics of the planting, dragging devices (not shown) direct and press the stems and leaves of the plant against the various stem cutters (4). The fourth phase (F4), or stem cut, is characterized by cutting the stem of the plant and the leaves attached to it, in smaller parts, usually of the order of 230mm to 350mm, usually called stalks. This phase occurs with the plant in an upright or slightly inclined position and is carried out by the various vertically aligned or slightly offset stalks (4). The fifth phase (F5), or base cut, is characterized by the cut of the plant stem at its base close to the ground, performed by the base cutter (5). As the base of the plant is the highest sugar concentration, the base cutter should cut between 10mm to 20mm above ground level. The basic cut (F5) can occur simultaneously, slightly ahead or slightly delayed in relation to the cut of the stems (F4) depending on the sugarcane and planting characteristics. The sixth phase (F6) is characterized by the transport of stalks, along with the remaining chopped leaves and straws, to the next phase (F7). This transport is performed by one or more carriers (6). The seventh phase (F7), or secondary cleaning, is characterized by the separation of leaves and chopped straws from the stems. This cleaning is performed by a forced air stream (7) which is generated by one or more radial fans (8) with sufficient energy to drag lighter leaves and straws and let the heavier stalks pass through. Leaves and straws removed in secondary cleaning (F7) are discarded to the field. The eighth phase, or stem elevation (F8), is characterized by the transport of the stems by an elevator conveyor (9) to a higher part, where the ninth phase (F9) or tertiary cleaning occurs. In tertiary cleaning (F9) the remaining leaves and straws are extracted by a forced air stream (10) generated by a fan (11), with sufficient energy to drag the lighter leaves and straws and let the stalks pass through, heavy. The leaves and straw removed in tertiary cleaning (F9) are discarded in the field. The heavier stalks are thrown over a carrier vehicle (12). At the exit of the elevator, the stems may or may not be directed by a tilting discharge plate (deflectors) to even out the load across the width of the transport vehicle (12).

According to Figures 1, 2, 3, 14 and 16 the reversible sugar cane harvesting equipment is composed of one or more pointer cutters (1), two or more lifter rollers (2), four bristle rollers (3), six or more stem cutters (4), one base cutter (5), one or more conveyors (6), one or more secondary cleaning blowers (8), an elevator conveyor (9), a tertiary cleaning fan (11). It is also composed of a chassis (13), right and left front wheels and tires (14dd) and (14de) and right and left rear wheels and tires (14td) and (14te), of a main engine (15) of a cab (16), a fairing (17), main engine power transmission means to the rear wheels (14td) and (14te), fuel tank, hydraulic oil tank, cooling radiators, a right front half axle (17dd), a left front half axle (17de) supporting the front wheels (14dd) and front (14de), a rear axle (18) supporting the right and left rear wheels ( 14td) and (14te), and control means for steering, alignment and other equipment functions.

According to Figures 1, 2 and 3, the pointer cutter (1) is formed by one or more sharpened, rapidly rotating blades in the horizontal plane driven by the motor (19), cutting the tip of the plants. The disc and motor are supported by the base (20). Support bars (21) attach the base (20) to the front frame of the equipment. The position actuator (22) allows you to adjust the height of the cut. The position actuator (22) is hydraulically connected to the control valves (not shown), which are electrically connected to the control module (23).

Lifter rollers (2) are composed of two or more tapered rollers provided with spiral metal cords. Tilted to the plants, they are driven by the hydraulic motors (25), which are hydraulically connected to the control valves (not shown), which in turn are electrically connected to the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows activate and vary the rotational speed of the lifter rollers (2). The lift rollers are supported to the front of the equipment so that its bottom slides over the ground.

The bristle rollers (3) are positioned in pairs, horizontally or slightly inclined, aligned parallel to the rows of plants. They are adequately spaced on either side of the row of plants so that sugar cane plants pass between them. The bristle rollers (3) have rotary movement driven individually or in groups by the hydraulic motors (26). The hydraulic motors (26) are hydraulically connected to the control valves (not shown), which are electrically connected to the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows the rotating speed of the bristle rollers (3) to be actuated and varied. The bristle rollers (3) are fixed on support structures (not shown), provided with position actuators (not shown), which allow the opening (A) to be varied between them.

Each bristle roll (3) has bristles or stems of compatible dimensions and made of metallic material, rubber, plastic material or a combination of them, selected according to the planting characteristics, such as leaf density, row spacing, density. plant size and plant size. The leaves and straw removed by the action of the bristles are thrown and left in the soil, before the sugarcane base and stem cutting phases. The front of the equipment, which supports the pointer cutter (1), the lift rollers (2) and the bristle roller assembly (3), is attached to the chassis (13) of the equipment by mechanisms (not shown) for adjusting its height from the ground.

Still according to figure 1, the stalk cutters (4) are aligned in a vertical or slightly inclined plane. Guides and actuators (not shown) allow you to zoom in and out of the stem cutters to fit the desired size of the stems.

According to figures 4 and 5, the stalk cutters (4) are made up of triangular blades (27) attached to a sliding guide (28), which oscillates transversely, movement (M1), towards the direction of travel (SC) of the between the sides and the inside of the equipment (29), promoting the cutting of the plants against trimmer fingers (30) which are fixed to a fixed guide (31) which is in turn attached to the structure of the equipment. The drive mechanism (not shown), which promotes oscillatory movement (M1), to the slide rule (28), is controlled by the control module (23), allowing the variation of the oscillation speed as a function of the walking speed of the equipment. and the characteristics of plants and planting.

According to Figure 6, drag devices, consisting of pairs of stars (125d) and (125e) mounted on rotating vertical shafts (126d) and (126e), direct and push the plant stems (Cp) against the cutters. culms (4). The drive mechanisms (not shown), which promote the rotation of the vertical axes (126d) and (126e) are controlled by the control module (23), allowing the variation of the rotation speed synchronously to the walking speed of the equipment.

According to Figures 7 and 8, in a more elaborate constructive alternative, the plant stem dragging devices (Cp) are made up of smooth or taliscus pairs of belts, chains or belts 130d and 130e, that direct and push the plant stems (Cp) against the stalk cutters (4). The belts, chains, or belts 130d and 130e are mounted on drive rollers 131d and 131e and driven rollers 132d, 132e, 133d, 133e, and 134d. The drive rollers (131d) (131e) being driven by motors (135d) (135e). The driven rollers (132d) (132d) (133d) (133e) are mounted on articulated arms (136d) (136e) (137d) (137e) provided with springs (138) to hold them tensioned against tracks, chains or belts. (130d) and (130e). The driven rollers (134d) (134e) are mounted on spring-loaded sliding bearings (139), which maintain stretches of belts, chains or belts (130d) and (130e). Motors 135d 135e are controlled by the control module 23 so that the belts, chains or belts 130d and 130e have speeds synchronized with the walking speed of the equipment.

According to figures 9 and 10, the stalk cutters, in a constructive variant, are in pairs constituted by band saws 32, which move transversely to the direction of travel (SC) of the equipment and between the sides and inside of the equipment. (29) supported by pairs of handwheels (33), cutting the stem of the plant against trimmer fingers (30) which are attached to a fixed guide (31) which is in turn attached to the structure of the equipment. The flywheels are driven individually or in groups by hydraulic motors (34), hydraulically connected to the control valves, which are electrically connected to the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows to drive and vary the cutting speed of the band saws. according to the walking speed of the equipment and the characteristics of the plants and planting. In a constructive variant of this arrangement, the band saws may be replaced by band blades, which have toothless self-sharpening devices which consist of abrasive grinding wheels (35) which continuously sharpen the blade, ensuring a long life for the stalk cutters.

According to Figure 11, the stalk cutters 4, in a constructive variant, are made up of rotating star discs 36, embracing the plant stems and leading them towards one or more fixed blades, or passive blades (37) fixed between the sides and inside of the equipment (29). The star discs are driven individually or in groups by hydraulic motors (not shown), which in turn are hydraulically connected to the control valves, which are electrically connected to the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows to drive and vary. rotating speed of the star discs (36) as a function of the walking speed of the equipment. In a constructive variant of this arrangement, the star discs can be used to press the plant stems against the band saws, aiding the stem cutting process. Illustrated as an example, the star discs and the passive blade can take other shapes and positions without losing their working principle.

According to Figure 12, the stalk cutters, in another embodiment, are comprised of lower rotating star discs (120d) (120e) and higher star discs (121d) (121e) which rotate with angular velocity (V2) always greater than velocity (V1), so that the plant stems are cut between the cutting wires (122) and (123). The lower star discs (120d) (120e) are driven individually or in groups by hydraulic motors (not shown), which in turn are hydraulically connected to the control valves, which are electrically connected to the control module (23). in an arrangement that allows the speed (V1) to be proportional to the walking speed of the equipment. The top star discs (121 d) (121e) are synchronously driven by motors (not shown), which controlled by the control module (23), allow to adjust the rotational speeds (V2) as a function of the equipment walking speed. and the characteristics of plants and planting.

According to Figure 13, the stalk cutters (4), in another embodiment, are made up of blades (38) attached to the rotating discs (39), installed near the inner sides of the equipment (29), whose blades (38) ) cut the stems against protruding bulkheads of star discs (40), which rotate concentric to the rotating discs (39), in the same direction but at a slower speed. The star discs 40 are driven individually or in groups so that their rotational speed is proportional to the advance speed of the equipment. Spinning disks (39) with blades (38) are driven individually or in groups by hydraulic motors (not shown), which in turn are hydraulically connected to the control valves, which are electrically connected to the control module (23). , in an arrangement that allows to drive and vary the rotational speed of the spinning disks (39) as a function of the walking speed of the equipment, the characteristics of the plants and the planting. In constructive embodiments of this arrangement, the rotary wheels (39) and blades (38) may be replaced by circular saw wheels or blades with smooth, sharp edges, and self-sharpening devices may be added to the latter. Abrasive wheels, which sharpen the blade continuously, ensuring a long life to the cutters.

In any of the constructive alternatives cited above, the stem cutter assembly is supported by mechanisms (not shown) that allow it to adjust its height relative to the ground.

According to figures 14 and 15, the base cutter (5) is made up of a pair of metal discs (52), rotating in opposite directions, to which diamond cutting discs (53) are fixed. Diamond blades feature high wear resistance, giving the base cutting system a longer service life than traditional systems.

According to Figures 16 and 17, in another embodiment, the base cutter (5) is made up of a pair of opposing rotating metal discs (52) under which segments of diamond cutting discs are fixed (105). The diamond cutting disc segments (105) have projections (106) and notches (107) which allow mounting side by side. They also have folds (108) that allow snap-in mounting between the metal discs (52) and the mounting plates (109). Snap-in mounting allows a single disc segment (105) to be quickly replaced by loosening the retaining bolts (110) and pulling the retaining plate (109) apart. As the bolts (110) do not need to be removed, their possible loss in the agricultural field is avoided.

In one embodiment, as shown in Figures 18 and 19, the base cut (5) can be made, similar to the culm cut, by triangular blades (27) attached to the sliding guides (28), transversely oscillating (M1) to the direction of travel (SC) of the equipment, on a fixed guide (31), between the sides and internal of the equipment (29), promoting the cutting of the stems blade against blade. The drive mechanisms (not shown), which promote the oscillatory movements (M1) to the sliding guides (28), are controlled by the control module (23), allowing the variation of the oscillation speed as a function of the walking speed of the equipment and of plant and planting characteristics. Working at slower speeds than traditional knife discs, it has less abrasion wear and therefore a longer service life.

According to Figure 20, in another embodiment, the base cutters (5) consist of blades (115) attached to rotating discs (116). These blades (115) cut the stems against protruding bulkheads of the star discs (117), which rotate concentric to the spinning discs (116), in the same direction but at a slower speed. Star discs 117 are synchronously driven by mechanisms (not shown) with rotational speed proportional to the advancing speed of the equipment. The rotating discs (116) with blades (115) are synchronously driven by motors (not shown), which controlled by the control module (23), allow to adjust the rotational speed according to the equipment's walking speed and characteristics. of plants and planting.

In either construction alternative, the base cutter (5) has mechanisms (not shown) for adjusting the height of the cut in relation to the ground.

According to Figure 1, the conveyors (6) are made up of support structures, guides, drive rollers, driven rollers and belted belts or chains. The number of one or more conveyors (6) in their front part collect the stalks, leaves and straws chopped by the stalk cutters (4) and lift them inside the equipment, throwing them over the bottom of the elevator conveyor. (9).

At the top and rear of the conveyors (6), a forced air stream (7) generated by one or more fans (8) is directed transversely, crosswise and upwardly to the outward and downward direction of the stalks, leaves and straws. bites. This forced air stream (7) has sufficient energy to drag the chopped leaves and straws toward the straw outlet (41) located at the rear of the equipment, directed backward or to the already harvested side of the field. The heavier culms cross the forced air stream (7) falling over the bottom of the elevator conveyor (9).

According to Figures 1, 2 and 3, the elevator conveyor (9) has a belt or chains with slings supported on guides and on their sides. At the upper end, a drive roller pulls the conveyor chain, and at the lower end, a driven roller promotes the conveyor belt back down the conveyor. The elevator conveyor has a lower portion with a collecting bucket (42) which collects the stems and a long inclined portion that transports the stems to their highest part where they are thrown into the carrier vehicle reservoir (12) .

At the high end of the elevator conveyor (9), a forced air stream (10) is generated by a fan (11) in crosswise direction and upwardly to the stem exit and drop direction. The remaining leaves and chopped straws are dragged by the forced air stream (10). A deflector (59) directs the flow of chopped leaves and straws so that they do not fall on the carrier vehicle. The heavier stalks cross the forced air stream (10) falling into the carrier vehicle reservoir (12). A deflector (55) directs the direction of the stem flow, allowing them to be distributed in the carrier vehicle reservoir (12). The elevator conveyor (9) is attached at its bottom to the rotary base (61) by means of the horizontal pivot (62), and joined at its intermediate part to one end of the tilt actuator (63), which by In turn it is joined at its other end to the pivot (65), which in turn is attached to the upper part of the fairing (17). The tilt actuator (63) is hydraulically connected to the control valves (not shown), which are electrically connected to the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows the inclination of the elevator conveyor (9) relative to the equipment. The rotating base (61) is attached to the rear and bottom end of the chassis (13) by means of the vertical hinge (67), which in turn is aligned horizontally with the center line of the equipment and vertically aligned with the pivot (65). The rotating base (61) is also connected to the chassis (13) by two rotary actuators, one on the right side (66d) and one on the left side (66e). Rotation actuators (66d) and (66e) are hydraulically connected to the control valves (not shown), which are electrically connected to the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows the elevator conveyor (9) to rotate relative to the shaft. articulation (67), and making it possible to rotate the elevator conveyor (9) from the right side to the left side of the equipment and vice versa.

According to figures 21, 22 and 23, the elevator conveyor (9) has one or more articulations (43) and position actuators (44), which are hydraulically connected to the control valves, which in turn are electrically connected. connected to the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows the inclination of each conveyor segment to be adjusted, improving the control of the unloading point and also contributing to the stability of the equipment operating on inclined terrain.

According to figures 1 and 21, the equipment has two front axle shafts, one right (17dd) and one left (17de), which support the right (14dd) and left (14de) front wheels respectively. Each front half axle 17dd and 17de is supported at the lower end of the vertical axis 68d and 68e which is in turn supported by the bearing 69d and 69e. At the top of the vertical shaft (68d) and (69e) is mounted a steering mechanism actuated by the steering actuator (50d) and (50e), which are hydraulically connected to the control valves (not shown), which in turn are electrically connected to the steering module in the cab (16), in an arrangement that allows the front wheels (14dd) and (14de) to rotate and steer the equipment through the ground.

Each bearing 69d and 69e is hinged to the front ends of the pair of right support bars (not shown) and left support bars 70e and 71e, the rear ends of which are hinged to the equipment chassis. In addition, each bearing 69d and 69e is hinged to one end of an actuator 72d and 72e which is hydraulically connected to the control valves (not shown) which in turn are electrically connected to the control module. control (23) in an arrangement that allows to adjust the height of each front wheel (14dd) and (14de) relative to the chassis of the equipment. This height adjustment suspends or lowers the front of the equipment from the ground, and also corrects the leveling of the equipment on sloping ground, as illustrated in figure 14.

According to figure 23, the equipment has a rear axle (18), on which are mounted the right (14td) and left (14t) rear wheels, which have conventional or hydraulic traction systems. The rear axle (18) has a pivot (83) aligned with the equipment centerline that allows the rear axle to tilt relative to the equipment chassis (13). This equipment tilt correction in relation to the ground contributes positively to the improvement of stability in sloping harvesting operations.

Given the possibility of equipment tilt correction with respect to the ground, the base cutting system (5) has mechanisms (not shown) that adjust its transverse tilt with respect to the equipment, making the base cutter (5) ) follow the slope of the terrain.

According to Figure 24, the reversible sugar cane harvesting equipment object of the present invention can take other constructive forms, varying the number and type of blowers, the number of type of conveyors, the position and types of axles, wheels and tires, the replacement of tires and wheels by tracks, the position of the cab, the shape and position of the conveyors, the shape of the fairing and chassis, without, however, departing from the operating principles of the mechanized cane harvesting method. sugar, now presented.

According to Figures 25 to 28, the reversible sugar cane harvesting equipment may also have a constructional variant with a rear axle that allows the distance between the rear wheels to be varied. In this variant, the rear axle is subdivided into two axle shafts one to support the right rear wheel (14td) and one for the left rear wheel (14t). Each rear axle shaft has an outer part 80d and 80e and an inner part 81d and 81e and sliding relative to the outer part 80d and 80e. The axle shafts are joined laterally to each other by their outer parts 80d and 80e, and are supported to the chassis 13 in their central part by the hinge 83. The travel between the outer parts 80d and 80e and the inner parts 81d and 81e of the rear axle shafts is provided by travel actuators 82d and 82e which are hydraulically connected to the rear axles. control valves, which in turn are electrically connected to the control module (23). This arrangement allows to change the rear gauge (Bt) with varying right (Cd) and left (Ce) wheel openings individually. Adjusting the rear gauge (Bt) allows better positioning of the rear wheels in relation to the rows between the planting. The right (Cd) and left (Ce) rear wheel aperture adjustment contributes positively to improved equipment stability when harvesting on sloping terrain.

According to figures 29, 30 and 31, each of the bristle rollers (3) consists of a central cylinder (90) on which support plates (91) are spaced along their length. The support plates (91) have internal notches, on which internal rulers (92) are mounted, and sliding in the longitudinal direction of the roller. The support plates (91) also have external notches in which perforated rulers (93) are mounted and slidable in the longitudinal direction of the roller. The bristles or rods (95) are placed in the holes of the perforated rulers, and rested on the inner rulers (92). This construction facilitates the replacement of rods in case of breakage or end of life. At the ends of the central cylinder (90), the shaft ends (94) are fixed.

The bristles or stems (95) are made of metallic, rubber or plastic material, or a combination thereof, selected according to the planting characteristics, such as leaf density, row spacing, linear plant density and plant size. Moreover, they have a length that allows the bristles to overlap a roller with its counterpart on the opposite side. The equipment is further equipped with a main engine (15), oil pumps and power transmission and control means for the drive wheels (14td) and (14te) and for driving all present systems.

In the operator's cabin (16) are all control panels for the equipment controls. The fairing (17), besides sheltering the components of the weather, protects the people involved in the harvest from the risk of accidents.

Also present (but not shown) is a fuel tank, a hydraulic oil tank, a hydraulic oil cooling radiator, a main engine cooling water cooling radiator, and other complementary elements, all of the state of the art, required for smooth operation of the equipment.

Although a preferred constructive concept has been described and illustrated, it should be noted that design changes may be conceived without departing from the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, this invention is intended to encompass all such changes, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Claims (18)

1- “REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT” composed of pointer cutters (1), lifter rollers (2), chassis (13), wheels and tires (14) or main motor ( 15), cab (16), switchboard (24), fairing (17), transmission and control means of main engine power to the wheels (14), fuel tank, oil tank cooling system, cooling radiators, oil pumps, means of transmission and control of the main engine power (15) for the present systems and devices, and characterized by having nine operating phases, the first phase (F1), cutting the sugar cane pointer; the second phase (F2), the vertical alignment of the plants; the third phase (F3), the primary cleaning of straws and leaves with the plant in an upright position; the fourth phase (F4), cutting the stalks with the plant in the vertical position; the fifth phase (F5) is the base cut of sugar cane; the sixth stage (F6), the transport of the stalks, along with leaves and residual straw already chopped, internally to the equipment; the seventh phase (F7), secondary cleaning with the separation of leaves and chopped straws from the stems; the eighth phase (F8), the transport and elevation of the stalks; and finally, the ninth phase (F9), the tertiary cleaning, with the separation of the stems leaves and stems, from that tertiary stems the stems are thrown over a carrier vehicle and the leaves and straws are thrown to the ground. By the third phase (F3), primary cleaning of straws and leaves, be carried out by four or more bristle rollers (3) positioned horizontally, or slightly inclined, parallel and on either side of the row of plants; the bristle rollers (3) work in pairs and have rotary movements driven individually or in groups by hydraulic motors (26); the hydraulic motors (26) are hydraulically connected to the control valves, which are electrically connected to the control module (23), in an arrangement that enables the rotation and speed of rotation of the bristle rollers (3); the bristle rollers (3) are fixed on support structures allowing the opening (A) to be varied between them; the bristle roll bristles (3) are made of resistant materials and are selected according to the planting characteristics; the front of the equipment supporting the pointer cutter (1), the lifting rollers (2) and the bristle roller assembly (3) are joined to the chassis (13) by means of adjusting its height relative to the ground; by the fourth phase (F4) cutting sugarcane into stalks to be performed by stalk cutters (4) with the plant upright or slightly inclined; that the cutters (4) are vertically spaced from each other and are positioned transversely to the direction of travel (SC) of the equipment; that the various stem cutters (4) are aligned in a vertical or slightly inclined plane; that stem cutters (4) are in number proportional to the desired stem size; the stem cutters (4) are supported by guides with actuators which allow the stem cutters to be approached and moved together; the stem cutter assembly (4) is supported by mechanisms for adjusting the height of the assembly relative to the ground; by the fourth phase (F4) cutting sugarcane into stalks can occur with the aid of stem dragging devices; the fifth phase (F5) base cutting is performed by the base cutter (5), with the plant in an upright position and approximately simultaneous with the fourth phase (F4); the base cutter (5) is installed between the inner sides of the equipment and below the stalk cutters (4); the base cutter (5) has mechanisms for adjusting the height of the cut in relation to the ground and adjusting the transverse inclination in relation to the chassis (13); the sixth stage (F6) is carried out by culverts (6) consisting of conveyor belts, chain hoists, driven rollers and driven rollers and side guides; by the stem carriers (6) collecting the chopped stalks, leaves and straws and driving them through the equipment to the seventh stage (F7) of secondary cleaning; for the seventh phase (F7) secondary cleaning, to occur at the top and rear of the stem carriers (6), where a forced air stream (7) generated by one or more radial fans (8) is directed crosswise, crosswise and ascending to the exit and fall direction of chopped stalks, leaves and straws; the forced air stream (7) has sufficient energy to drag the chopped leaves and straws towards the straw outlet (41) located at the rear of the apparatus; the heavier stalks cross the forced air stream (7) and fall onto the underside of the elevator conveyor (9); the elevator conveyor (9) is attached at its bottom to the rotary base (61) by means of the horizontal pivot (62), and is joined at its intermediate part to one end of the tilt actuator (63); the tilt actuator (63) is articulated at its other end to the pivot (65), which is in turn attached to the upper part of the fairing (17); the tilt actuator (63) is hydraulically connected to the control valves that are electrically connected to the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows the inclination of the elevator conveyor (9) relative to the equipment; the rotating base (61) is attached to the rear and bottom end of the chassis (13) by means of the vertical hinge (67), horizontally aligned to the center line of the equipment and vertically aligned to the pivot (65); the rotary base (61) is further connected to the chassis (13) by two rotary actuators, one right (66d) and one left (66e); rotation actuators (66d) and (66e) are hydraulically connected to the control valves that are electrically connected to the control module (23) in an arrangement that allows the elevator conveyor (9) to rotate relative to the vertical axis of the pivot ( 67), from the right side to the left side of the equipment and vice versa; by the elevator conveyor (9) to discharge culms from both the right and the left side of the equipment; the elevator conveyor (9) has a belt or chains with slings supported by side guides; the elevator conveyor (9) has a drive roller at its upper end that pulls the belt and at its lower end a moved roller that promotes the return of the belt from the lower to the upper conveyor; the elevator conveyor (9) has a sloping lower end, provided with a collecting bucket (42), which collects the stalks after the seventh stage (F7) secondary cleaning, and a long sloping portion which transports and lifts the stalks to their upper and exit end of the stalks; the elevator conveyor (9) is segmented into jointed parts (43) and provided with position actuators (44) hydraulically connected to the control valves, which are electrically connected to the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows to adjust the inclination of each conveyor segment; by the ninth phase (F9) of tertiary cleaning taking place at the top of the elevator conveyor (9), and separating straws and chopped leaves from the stems; tertiary cleaning (F9) is promoted by the forced air flow (10) generated by a fan (11) of transverse direction, crosswise and upward to the exit and fall direction of the culms; the chopped leaves and straws are dragged by the forced air stream (10); baffles (59) direct the flow of chopped leaves and straws so that they do not fall on the carrier vehicle (12); the heavier stalks cross the forced air stream (10) into the carrier vehicle reservoir (12); baffles (55) direct the stem flow direction at the elevator conveyor outlet (9); it has two front half axles, one right (17dd) and one left (17de), which support the right (14dd) and left (14de) front wheels respectively; each front half axle 17dd and 17de being supported at the lower end of the vertical axis 68d and 68e, which in turn is supported by the bearing 69d and 69e; each vertical axis 68d and 68e have at its upper end a steering mechanism provided with the steering actuator 50d and 50e which are hydraulically connected to the control valves which in turn are electrically connected to the steering module in the cab (16), in an arrangement that allows the front wheels (14dd) and (14de) to be rotated and to steer the equipment path through the field; each bearing (69d) and (69e) is hinged to the front ends of the support bars (70d) (71d) (70e) (71e), whose rear ends are hinged to the chassis (13); each bearing (69d) and (69e) is still connected to one end of the actuator (72d) and (72e), which is hydraulically connected to the control valves, which in turn are electrically connected to the steering module in the cab (16). in an arrangement for adjusting the height of each front wheel 14dd and 14de relative to the chassis of the equipment; it has a rear axle (18) with rear (14td) and left (14te) rear wheels and motors, and supported to the chassis (13) in its central position by the hinge (83). 2. "REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT" according to claim 1 and characterized in that the stem cutters (4) consist of triangular blades (27) attached to a sliding guide (28), transversely oscillating; movement (M1), in the direction of travel (SC) of the equipment and between the sides and interiors of the equipment (29); by cutting the plants between the cutting edge of the blades and trimmed against trimmer fingers (30), which are attached to the fixed guide (31), which in turn is attached to the equipment structure; The drive mechanism, which promotes the oscillatory movement (M1) to the sliding ruler (28), is controlled by the control module (23), allowing the variation of the oscillation speed as a function of the equipment's walking speed and plant characteristics. and planting. 3. "REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT" according to claim 1 and characterized in that the stalk cutters (4) consist of band saws (32) which move transversely to the direction of travel (SC) of the equipment and between the inner sides of the equipment (29) supported by pairs of handwheels (33); the stem of the plant is supported by the trimmer fingers (30), which are attached to the fixed guide (31), which in turn is attached to the equipment structure; the flywheels are driven individually or in groups by hydraulic motors (34), hydraulically connected to the control valves, which are electrically connected to the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows the sawing speed to be driven and varied. tape as a function of the walking speed of the equipment and the characteristics of the plants and planting. 4. "REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT" according to claim 1 and characterized in that the stalk cutters (4) consist of ribbon blades (32) which slide transversely to the direction of travel (SC) of the equipment and between the inner sides of the equipment (29) supported by pairs of handwheels (33); the stem of the plant is supported by the trimmer fingers (30), which are attached to the fixed guide (31), which in turn attached to the equipment structure; the flywheels are driven individually or in groups by hydraulic motors (34), hydraulically connected to the control valves, which are electrically connected to the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows the blade cutting speed to be driven and varied. tape as a function of the walking speed of the equipment and the characteristics of the plants and planting; and by permitting the installation of blade sharpening devices consisting of abrasive wheels (35) that touch the blade occasionally or continuously. 5. "REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT" according to claim 1 and characterized in that the stem cutters (4) consist of star discs (36) which rotate leading the plant stems towards one or more passive blades (37), fixed between the inner sides (29) of the equipment; the star discs (36) are driven individually or in groups by hydraulic motors, which in turn are hydraulically connected to the control valves, which are electrically connected to the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows to drive and vary the turning speed. star discs (36) as a function of the walking speed of the equipment. 6. "REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT" according to claim 1 and characterized in that the stem cutters (4) consist of lower rotating star discs (120d) (120e) and speed (V1) and of superior star discs (121 d) (121 e), which rotate with angular velocity (V2) always greater than velocity (V1) and that the cutting of the culms is carried out between cutting wires (122) and (123); the lower star discs (120d) (120e) are driven individually or in groups by hydraulic motors, which in turn are controlled by the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows the speed (V1) to be proportional to the speed equipment walking; The top star disks (121 d) (121e) are synchronously driven by motors, which are controlled by the control module (23) in an arrangement that allows speed (V2) to be a function of the equipment's walking speed and plants and planting. 7. "REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT" according to claim 1 and characterized in that the stem cutters (4) consist of star discs (36) which rotate leading the stems of the plants towards the band saws ( 32) moving transversely to the direction of travel (SC) of the equipment and between the sides and interiors of the equipment (29) supported by pairs of handwheels (33); the stem of the plant is supported by the trimmer fingers (30), which are attached to the fixed guide (31), which in turn attached to the equipment structure; the flywheels are driven individually or in groups by hydraulic motors (34), hydraulically connected to the control valves, which are electrically connected to the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows the sawing speed to be driven and varied. ribbon; the star discs (36) are driven individually or in groups by hydraulic motors, which in turn are hydraulically connected to the control valves, which are electrically connected to the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows to drive and vary the speed of spinning of the star discs (36). 8. "REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT" according to claim 1 and characterized in that the stalk cutters (4) consist of blades (38) attached to the rotating discs (39), installed between the inner sides of the cane. equipment (29) whose blades (38) cut the stems against protruding bulkheads of the star discs (40); the star discs (40) rotate in the same direction and slower speed as the spinning discs (39) with blades (38); the star discs (40) are driven individually or in groups, so that their rotation speed is proportional to the advance speed of the equipment; the rotary discs (39) with blades (38) are driven individually or in groups by hydraulic motors, which in turn are hydraulically connected to the control valves, which are electrically connected to the control module (23), in an arrangement that It allows to activate and vary the rotational speed of the rotary disks (39) according to the equipment walking speed, the characteristics of the plants and the planting. 9. "REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT" according to claim 1 and characterized in that the stalk cutters (4) consist of rotating discs (39) with saw-toothed edges installed between the inner sides. equipment (29), whose saw teeth cut the stems against protruding bulkheads of the star discs (40), which rotate concentric with the saw discs, in the same direction but at a slower speed; the star discs (40) are driven individually or in groups, so that their rotation speed is proportional to the advance speed of the equipment; rotating discs (39) with saw-toothed edges are driven individually or in groups by hydraulic motors, which in turn are hydraulically connected to the control valves, which are electrically connected to the control module (23) in a arrangement that allows the rotation and rotation of the rotating discs (39) to be activated and varied according to the equipment's walking speed, the characteristics of the plants and the planting. 10. "REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT" according to claim 1 and characterized in that the stem cutters consist of smooth-edged rotary discs installed between the inner sides of the equipment (29) which cut the stems protruding bulkheads of the star blades (40), which rotate concentric in the same direction and lower speed than the saw blades; the star discs (40) are driven individually or in groups, so that their rotation speed is proportional to the advance speed of the equipment; for allowing the installation of flat edge rotating blade cutting edge sharpening devices consisting of abrasive grinding wheels (35) which touch the cutting edge occasionally or continuously. 11. "REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT" according to claims 1 to 10 and characterized in that the drag devices are made up of pairs of stars (125d) and (125e) mounted on rotating vertical axes (126d) and (126e); the vertical axis rotating drive mechanisms 126d and 126e are controlled by the control module 23 in an arrangement which allows the rotation speed to be varied synchronously with the walking speed of the equipment. 12. "REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT" according to any of claims 1 to 10 and characterized in that the dragging devices consist of pairs of tracks, chains or belts (130d) and (130e), either flat or with splines mounted on drive rollers (131d) and (131e) and driven rollers (132d) (132e) (133d) (133e) and (134d) (134e); by motor rollers (131 d) (131e) driven by motors (135d) (135e), which are in turn controlled by the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows their rotational speeds to be synchronized with the equipment walking; the driven rollers (132d) (132e) (133d) (133e) are mounted on pivot arms (136d) (136e) (137d) (137e) provided with springs (138) and the driven rollers (134d) (134e) are mounted on spring-loaded sliding bearings (139). 13. "REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT" according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the base cutter (5) is installed between the inner sides of the equipment and consists of a pair of metal discs. (52), rotating in opposite directions, to which diamond cutting discs (53) are fixed. 14. "REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT" according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the base cutter (5) consists of a pair of metal discs (52), rotating in opposite directions, under which segments of diamond cutting discs (105) are fixed; the diamond cutting disc segments (105) have projections (106), recesses (107) and folds (108); by the diamond cutting disc segments (105) being fitted snugly between the metal discs (52) and the clamping plates (109), which in turn are pressed against the metal discs (52) by the clamping screws (110). 15. "REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT" according to any of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the base cutter (5) is installed between the inner sides of the equipment and consists of triangular blades (27) fixed to sliding guides (28), which oscillate (M1) transversely to the direction of travel (SC) of the equipment, on a fixed guide (31); stem cutting occurs between a blade and a trimming finger or between a blade against another blade; The drive mechanisms that promote oscillatory movements (M1) to the sliding guides (28) are controlled by the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows the speed of oscillation of the blades to be varied. 16. "REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT" according to any of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the base cutter (5) consists of blades (115) attached to rotary discs (116), and of star discs 117 rotating concentric to spinning discs 116 in the same direction but at slower speeds; the star discs (117) are driven synchronously by mechanisms with rotational speed proportional to the advancing speed of the equipment; The rotary discs (116) are synchronously driven by motors, which are controlled by the control module (23), allowing the speed of rotation to be adjusted as a function of the walking speed of the equipment and the characteristics of the plants and planting. 17. "REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT" according to claims 1 to 16, characterized in that the rear axle is subdivided into two half axles, one for the right rear wheel (14td) and the other for the rear axle. left rear wheel (14te); each rear axle has an outer part (80d) and (80e) and an inner part (81d) and (81e) sliding relative to the outer part (80d) and (80e); the rear axle shafts are joined by a common side of their outer parts 80d and 80e and are supported in a central position to the chassis 13 by the hinge 83; Displacement between the outer parts 80d and 80e and the inner parts 81d and 81e of the rear half shafts is provided by the travel actuators 82d and 82e, which are hydraulically connected to the control valves. which, in turn, are electrically connected to the control module (23), in an arrangement that allows to change the rear gauge (Bt) through the right (Cd) and left (Ce) wheel openings. 18. "REVERSIBLE SUGAR CANE HARVESTING EQUIPMENT" according to any of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that each of the bristle rollers (3) consists of a central cylinder (90) on which they are mounted. support plates (91) spaced along their length; the support plates (91) have internal notches in which internal rulers (92) are slidable in the longitudinal direction of the roller, and also have external notches in which perforated rulers (93) are mounted and sliding in the longitudinal direction of the roller. roll; the bristles or rods (95) are mounted in the holes of the perforated rulers and supported on the inner rulers (92); each roll has two spindle ends (94) fixed to the ends of the central cylinder (90); the bristles or stems (95) are made of metal, rubber or plastic material or a combination thereof selected according to the planting characteristics such as leaf density, row spacing, linear plant density and plant size; the bristles or rods (95) have a length which allows the bristles to overlap a roll with their counterpart on the opposite side.