BR112012008244A2 - optical function termination method. - Google Patents

Abstract

OPTICAL FUNCTION TERMINATION METHOD. The present invention relates to a method implemented by means of a computer to determine a virtual ergorama system of an ophthalmic lens user associated with an optical function of an ophthalmic lens for a given user, comprising: the step of providing prescription data, a step of providing optical reference surface data, a step of completing the virtual ergorama system of an ophthalmic lens user, a step of criteria selection, a step of defining target value, an evaluation step, and a modification step, in which at least one parameter of the virtual user system ergorama of different ophthalmic lens from the base curve of the ophthalmic lens is modified, in order to minimize the difference between the target value and the evaluation criterion value.

Description

————— AAA AO A Do 137 Invention Patent Specification Report for "METHOD OF 'TERMINATION OF OPTICAL FUNCTION".

The present invention relates to a method implemented by means of a computer to determine a virtual ergorama system for the use of an ophthalmic lens associated with an optical function of an ophthalmic lens for a given user. The present invention additionally relates to methods of calculating and manufacturing an ophthalmic lens having an optical function associated with an ophthalmic lens user virtual ergorama system.

According to common practice, to obtain a pair of ophthalmic lens corresponding to a user's prescription, semi-finished arrays of ophthalmic lens are provided by a lens manufacturer to a prescription laboratory. In general, the semi-finished ophthalmic lens matrix comprises a first surface corresponding to an optical reference surface, for example, a progressive surface in the case of progressive addition lenses, and a second spherical surface. A * 'matrix of standard semi-finished lens having suitable optical characteristics is selected based on the user's prescription. The back spherical surface is finally machined and polished by a prescription laboratory in order to obtain a spherical-toric surface complying with the prescription. An optical ophthalmic lens complying with the prescription is thus obtained.

To enhance the optical characteristics of the ophthalmic lens, methods of optimizing the parameters of the ophthalmic lens are used. These optimization methods are designed to have an optical function of the ophthalmic lens as close as possible to a predetermined target optical function. The target optical function represents the optical characteristic that the ophthalmic lens must have.

In some cases, although the ophthalmic lens is optimized, the optical function of the optimized ophthalmic lens may not achieve the target optical function. In some cases, the optical function of the optimized ophthalmic lens may have a worse optical characteristic than if the ophthalmic lens had not been optimized.

A “% WA" n PÚíÓÚÔÚÓÔCRN Â XXN + A +! + X * ÓÕ »A * RÓÓUÔÔ» NÔICNTCE A “A.“ A “XAP * ÚÚÔOOOOOOOOOOOOOÔÔÔÔOOAO DS DS aa aa ———————————— ——. '2/37 The present invention is intended to improve the situation.

'To this end, it proposes a method carried out by means of a computer to determine a virtual ergorama system for an ophthalmic lens user associated with an optical function of an ophthalmic lens for a given user, comprising: "a step of providing data of prescription, in which prescription data representing the user's prescription are provided, "a step to provide optical reference surface data, in which the surface data representing an optical reference surface corresponding to a user's prescription is provided , "a step to complete the virtual ophthalmic lens user ergorama system, in which a - 15 user virtual ophthalmic lens system is determined using prescription and surface data, - ---" a criteria selection step, in which at least one: criterion of the optical function associated with the virtual ergorama system of the ophthalmic lens user is selected, "an eta pa of definition of target value in which for at least one evaluation criterion a target value associated with that criterion is defined, "an evaluation step, in which the evaluated value of at least one evaluation criterion of the optical function associated with the ophthalmic lens virtual ergorama system is evaluated, "a modification step, in which at least one parameter of the different ophthalmic lens virtual ergorama system starting from the base curve of the ophthalmic lens is modified, in order to minimize the difference between the target value and the evaluation criterion value, in which, during the modification step, the surface data representing the optical reference surface corresponding to the user's prescription are unchanged. Advantageously, the method according to the present invention aa “NPAA NODE 25“ 220,, 5 >> »*» 222º “.AºÔ AR P AM.QA“ OÂÊS EâÔP.APAOOOÔO IS going to ASS——. '3/37 provides a virtual ergorama system for the use of an ophthalmic lens and, therefore, an optical function associated with said system that can be determined according to pre-selected criteria.

Advantageously, the optical function associated with the given ophthalmic lens user virtual ergorama system has a lower level of optical aberration than the optical function of the prior art.

In addition, the use of an optical reference surface in the method of the present invention ensures that it is possible to design an optical lens that has an optical function associated with the particular virtual ergorama system for the use of an ophthalmic lens.

Advantageously, the virtual ergorama system of the ophthalmic lens user and therefore the optical function associated with said system can be optimized in order to guarantee that it is possible to determine an ophthalmic lens that has the said optical function, or at least when - 15 if the parameters of the ophthalmic lens are optimized in order to have their optic function - corresponding to the desired optical function, the optical characteristics of the ophthalmic lens are improved.

According to additional embodiments of the present invention, the method according to the present invention may comprise the following characteristics alone or in combination: - At least one optical criterion is selected from one or more of the following three groups of criteria consisting in: "central vision criterion group (CVOC) consisting of: power in central vision, astigmatism in central vision, aberration of upper order in central vision, acuity in central vision, contrast in central vision, prismatic deviation in central vision, ocular deviation, visual field of the object in central vision, visual field of the image in central vision, magnification in central vision and the variation of previous criteria; "peripheral vision criterion group (PVOC) consisting of: —power in peripheral vision, astigmatism in peripheral vision, aberration of a higher order in peripheral vision, deviation of the pupil field radius, visual field of the object in peripheral vision, visual field of the image m in vision

PD .—,: ". Si .." l “Nn> s-º - * - r --- Rs-rE - srrrrRsrA2ArrRupirrizR" rpArE - urrn-au "rE'RESE * EEP“ * $ Ã S ? Ú,) “Pii SS) MúÂÓLM º ÂPO9AoO“ ““ ““. ““ ““ “Ú AAA NS '] a4137 peripheral, prismatic deviation in peripheral vision, enlargement in peripheral vision, and the variation of previous criteria ;

"group of global optical criteria (GOC) consisting of: enlarged eyes and deviated temple;

and where during the stage of defining the target value for each evaluation criterion it is defined:

"an assessment zone comprising one or several assessment domains and a set of target values associated with the referred assessment domains, if the said criterion belongs to groups of

central or peripheral vision, or

"a target value associated with said criterion, if said criterion belongs to the global criterion group;

and during the evaluation stage, if the evaluation criterion belongs to the groups of central or peripheral vision criteria, a set of

- 15 criterion values associated with the referred evaluation domains are evaluated; meo: - - during the modification step, at least one parameter of the virtual ergorama system for the ophthalmic lens user is modified in order to minimize a cost function considering the target value when repeating the assessment step until a stop criterion is satisfied,

- —cost function is a sum on the selected criterion of:

"—Sum, on the evaluation domains, of the differences between a criterion value associated with an evaluation domain and the target value associated with that evaluation domain for the power of two, for criteria that belong to the groups of evaluation criteria central and peripheral vision, and

"differences between a criterion value and a target value for the power of two, for criteria that belong to the global optical criterion group,

the cost function J is mathematically expressed according to:

À o S :: "22A APRA.“ AAÔ ÂÍÓÓ ú RU PA. O, A, A “O“ “O“ OOOOOOOOOO BONE 0 UU. And 5/37 NI ME N2: I (v) = YD wWk * (H (D'gv) Th) t + D wW't (EK (0)> TN?,

HE H where: k and i are variable integers, N :; is an integer greater than or equal to 1 and represents the number of selected criteria that belong to the groups of criteria of central vision and peripheral vision; N>? is an integer greater than or equal to 1 and represents the number of selected criteria that belong to the group of global optical criteria; M, is an integer greater than or equal to 1 and represents the number of evaluation domains for a criterion that belongs to the groups of central vision or peripheral vision criteria of index k; v is defining the parameters of the virtual ergorama system for the ophthalmic lens user; m and w'k are the weights associated with a criterion that belongs to: 15 groups of criteria of central vision or peripheral vision of index k and a domain of evaluation of index i; Ww 'É The weight associated with a criterion that belongs to the global optical criterion group of index k Di, is a domain of evaluation of index i of an evaluation zone associated with a criterion that belongs to groups of central vision criteria or peripheral vision of index k; H. associates a criterion value with a criterion that belongs to the groups of criteria of central vision or peripheral vision of index k an evaluation domain D and the ophthalmic lens user virtual ergorama system defined by its parameters v; H ', associates a criterion value with a criterion that belongs to the global optical criterion group of index k and the ophthalmic lens user virtual ergorama system defined by its v parameters; Ti is a target value of index i of the set of target values associated with an evaluation domain D, of a criterion that belongs to the groups

'6137 of central vision or peripheral vision criteria of k index; 'T. is the target value associated with a criterion that belongs to the global optical criterion group of index k, - at least one parameter of the ophthalmic lens user virtual ergorama system is selected from one or several of the following four groups of parameters consisting of:

"parameter group of eyes consisting of: the diameter of the pupil, the position of the pupil, the position of the center of rotation of the eye, the position of the diopter different from the eye, for example, the retina, the curvature of the diopter different from eye, for example, the retina, the index of the environment different from the eye;

"group of ophthalmic lens parameter consisting of: airtightness at a given point on the ophthalmic lens, the prism of the ophthalmic lens, the substrate index;

- 15 "use parameter group consisting of: the distance from the mm. Vertex, the pantoscopic angle, the masking angle; and '" object space parameter group consisting of the distance partition as a function of the direction of contemplation of each eye and / or the size of objects, - —the ophthalmic lens is the progressive ophthalmic lens,

- an ophthalmic lens parameter group additionally comprises the addition of the different surfaces of the progressive ophthalmic lens,

- an evaluation criterion belongs to the group of

are central and in which the associated assessment domains comprise at least one direction of contemplation, that direction being considered in relation to the reference axes associated with the center of rotation of the eye and used to perform ray tracing from of the eye rotation center for criterion evaluation,

- an evaluation criterion belongs to the peripheral vision criterion group and the associated evaluation domains comprise at least one peripheral radius direction, the said direction being considered

NC oO 7137 with respect to the reference axes associated with the pupillary center of entry: it moves along a certain direction of contemplation and used to perform radius tracing from the pupil center of entry for the evaluation of criteria.

The present invention also relates to a method of calculating an ophthalmic lens, the ophthalmic lens being identified by an optical function, at least two optical surfaces comprise a first optical surface defined by a first equation and a second surface defined by a second equation, the method additionally comprises: a step of determining optical function, in which the optical function is determined from a virtual ergorama system of an ophthalmic lens user determined in accordance with the present invention, - —the step of calculation, in which the second equation is calculated from the optical function, and the first equation. The present invention additionally relates to a method of = manufacturing an ophthalmic lens, the ophthalmic lens being associated with an: optical function, the ophthalmic lens comprising a first surface defined by a first equation and a second surface defined by a second equation, the method comprising: - a calculation step according to the present invention, in which the second equation is calculated from the optical function, and the first equation; - a step of providing a semi-finished ophthalmic lens, in which the semi-finished ophthalmic lens comprising the first surface is provided; and - a machining step, in which the semi-finished ophthalmic lens is machined so as to be additionally provided with a second surface defined by the second equation and to obtain the ophthalmic lens.

The present invention also relates to a computer program product comprising one or more stored instruction sequences that is accessible to a processor and that, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to perform the steps of the methods.

FC sounds aa uuuva A ONLY + A4XVÁSOS X ÂââÂâÔ A OOSOOOOO “OÔOOÔÔOOOOUN AA '8137 according to the present invention, and to a medium capable of being read by computer, carrying one or more instruction sequences of the program product. computer according to the present invention.

Unless otherwise specified, as apparent from the following discussions, it is noted that by discussing the specification using terms such as "compute", "calculate" "generate", or similar, if refer to the action and / or processes of a computer or computing system, or similar electronic switching device, that manipulates and / or transforms data represented as physical, such as electronic quantities within the records and / or memories of the computing system into others data similarly represented as physical quantities within the memories of the computing system, records or other information storage, transmission or monitor devices.

The embodiments of the present invention can include apparatus - 15 for performing operations here.

Said apparatus may be specially built for the desired purposes, or it may comprise a general purpose computer or Digital Signal Processor ("DSP") selectively activated or reconfigured by the computer program stored on the computer.

Said computer program can be stored on a storage medium read by computer, such as, but is not limited to, any type of disc including floppy disks, optical discs, CD-ROMs, magnetic-optical discs, read-only memories (ROMs) ), random access memories (RAMs), electronically programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), electrically programmable and erasable read-only memories (EEPROMs), magnetic or optical cards, or any other type of medium suitable for storing electronic instructions. and capable of being coupled to a computer system bus.

The processes and monitors presented here are not inherently related to any particular computer or other device.

Various general purpose systems can be used with the programs according to the teachings here, or it can prove to be convenient to build a more specialized device to carry out the desired method.

The

The desired 9/37 structure for a variety of said systems will emerge from the description below. In addition, the modalities of the present invention are not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages - can be used to implement the teachings of the present invention as described here.

In the sense of the present invention, "optimize" should preferably be understood as "minimizing" a real function. Of course, one skilled in the art will understand that the present invention is not limited to minimization itself. Optimization can also be a maximization of a real function. That is, "maximizing" a real function is equivalent to "minimizing" its opposite.

Within the scope of the present invention, the terms mentioned above are understood according to the following definitions:: 15 - —a '"optical system" (OS) is defined by all its surfaces, mainly by its coefficients of the equations of the referred surfaces, the refractive index of the glasses and the position of each surface relative to each other (displacement, rotation and inclination). These elements are referred to the parameters of the optical system (OSP) of the optical system (OS). The surfaces of an optical system are generally represented according to a polynomial or parametric equation obtained when using a model based on the B-splines or Zernike polynomials. Said models provide continuous curvature in the total lens. Surfaces can also be Fresnel or pixelated surfaces. The surface can be a function of several surfaces (for example, the function can be a heavy sum). The refractive index of the materials may be inhomogeneous and may depend on some parameters of the optical system (OS); - an "optical criterion" is defined as a criterion that has an impact on the visual performance of a user and / or a user's observer, Optical criteria are classified into three groups: * - central vision optical criterion group ( CVOC) comprising: power in central vision, astigmatism in central vision, aberration

E vi lh THE DATE The Me ss of sds AA aaaasaossess— Doo 10/37 of superior order in central view, sharpness in central view, contrast in

] central view, prismatic deviation in central view, ocular deviation, visual field of the object in central view, visual field of the image in central view, magnification in central view or the variation of previous criteria;

* - peripheral vision optical criterion group (PVOC) comprising: power in peripheral vision, astigmatism in peripheral vision, aberration of a higher order in peripheral vision, deviation of the pupil field radius, visual field of the object in peripheral vision, visual field of the image in peripheral vision, prismatic deviation in peripheral vision, enlargement in peripheral vision, or the variation of previous criteria; * - global optical criterion group (GOC) comprising: eye enlargement, deviation of the temple.

According to the present invention, a "local criterion" must mean that the criterion is evaluated in an evaluation domain defined with - 15 at least the contemplation direction or the peripheral radius direction.

In particular, the aforementioned optical criteria for central vision (CVOC) and Ú optical criterion for peripheral vision (PVOC) are local criteria.

According to the present invention, a "global criterion" must mean that the global criterion is evaluated taking into account the optical system (OS) as a whole.

Within the scope of the present invention, the other terms mentioned above are understood according to the following definitions: "central view" (also referred to as "fovea view") describes the work of the fovea, a small area in the center retina that contains a rich collection of cones.

In a central vision situation, an observer looks at an object that is in a direction of contemplation and the observer's fovea is moved to follow the object.

The central view allows a person to read, drive, and perform other activities that require fine, sharp vision; - a "direction of contemplation" is defined by two angles measured in relation to the reference axes centered on the center of rotation of the eye;

an "ergorama" is a function that links the usual distance between the points of the object and each direction of contemplation; - "peripheral vision" describes the ability to see objects and movement outside the direct line of sight.

In the situation of peripheral vision, an observer looks in a fixed direction of contemplation and an object is seen outside that line of direct sight.

The direction of a ray that comes from the object to the eye is then different from the direction of contemplation and is referred to as the direction of the peripheral ray.

Peripheral vision is mainly the work of rods, photoreceptor cells located outside the fovea of the retina;

- a "peripheral radius direction" is defined by two angles measured with respect to the reference axes centered on the entrance pupil of the eye and which moves along the direction of the contemplation axis;

- a 'meridian alignment' is made up of the intersection of the

- 15 front side surface (object side) of the lens and a medium glance look at the user when looking straight ahead at objects located on a meridian plane, at different distances; in this case, the merit

year is obtained from the posture-point of rotation definitions of the average user's eye, frame position, the angle the frame makes with the vertical,

close-up viewing distance, etc .; these various parameters allow the meridian to be drawn on the lens surface.

French patent application No. 2,753,805 is an example of a method of this type in which a meridian is obtained by ray tracing, considering the proximity of the reading plane as well as the prismatic effects;

- - "power in central view" means that the power prescribed for the user is taken into account.

The parameters of the optical system associated with the optical function are calculated in order to minimize the power errors for each contemplation direction;

- - "astigmatism in central vision" means that the parameters

Optical system portions associated with the optical function are calculated in order to minimize the difference between the astigmatism prescribed for the user and the asthmatism generated by the intermediate optical system not only with respect to

From the 12/37 amplitude but also with the axis of it in the reference axes associated with the center of rotation of the eye (CRE) and for each direction of contemplation, the referred difference being called residual astigmatism; - "higher order aberrations in central view" describes aberrations that modify the blurring of the image of the object observed by the user in central view in addition to the commonly residual potency and residual astigmatism, for example, spherical aberration and coma. The orders in which aberrations are referred to are generally orders expressed by Zernike's polynomial representation; The higher order aberrations of an optical system can be characterized by the following parameters: value of "higher order aberrations RMS (mean square root)", "Strehi ratio", "pupil ratio", the "volume of Modulation Transfer Function ".

"Average square root of higher order aberrations" is in general written - 15 as HOA RMS; its unit is in general micrometer (one). In the absence of aberrations, the intensity is a maximum at 7 = Í point of Gaussian image. "Strehl's relationship" is used to characterize the aberrations: the same is the relationship of intensity at the point of Gaussian image (the origin of the reference sphere is the point of maximum intensity in the observation plane) in the presence of order aberrations higher, divided by the intensity that would be obtained if no aberrations were present.

MTF is the function that represents the amplitude of the modulation (or the contrast of a periodic sinusoidal structure) in the image obtained from the object by the optical system for each spatial frequency (see, for example: Handbook of lens design, Malacara D. & Malacara Z. pages 295 to 303, 1994 Marcel Dekker Inc.). it is possible to calculate the volume of the MTF by integrating that function over a spatial frequency range that is typically between 0 and infinity. Many other typical parameters are described in "Accuracy and precision of objective refraction from wavefront aberrations", Larry N. Thibos, Xin Hong, Arthur Bradley, Raymond A. Apple-gate, Journal of Vision (2004) 4, see pages 329 to 351 ".

"JKA il SÉ], ÊÊÁ.PCÃ TS (À%“% € A $ ODÓÓÓÉOÔÔÔ “ÂÂÔÁ € Ô. £ Ó * (: 4ÍXãÔÂÔÊÔÊAOOOOO OO! The i 13/37 It must be noted that the lower the level of the aberrant Higher order uction, the lower the HOA RMS value but the higher the Strehl ratio (maximum value: 1) and the greater the MTF volume - - "visual acuity in central vision" is sharpness or sharpness of vision the quantitative measure of the ability to identify dark symbols on a white background at a standardized distance when the size of the symbols is varied.

Visual acuity represents the smallest size that can be reliably identified and is the most common clinical measurement of visual function.

Visual acuity can be estimated from models taking into account the central vision criterion, such as power error or astigmatism as described in FAUQUIER C, BONNIN T., MIEGE C, ROLAND E .: Influence of Combined Power error and Astigmatism on Visual 'Acuity, Vision Science and its applications (VSIA), Santa Fe NM (USA), 2-7 Feb. 1995. - 15 - "Contrast (sensitivity) in central vision" is the visual ability to detect luminescence contrast, that is, the ability to - Fear 'discern between luminescence of different levels in a static image.

Measuring the contrast sensitivity of the eye is a more complete assessment of vision than measuring standard visual acuity.

The same provides an evaluation of the detection of objects (usually sinusoidal networks) of variable spatial frequencies and of variable contrast and thus obtaining a function of contrast sensitivity (CSF). The contrast sensitivity can also be estimated according to models as described in Peter G.J, Barten. "Contrast Sensitivity of the HUMUM EYE and Its Effects onlmage Quality". Knegsel, 1999. - - "power in peripheral view" is defined as the power generated by the optical system by an object located in peripheral view; - "astigmatism in peripheral vision" is defined as astigmatism generated by the optical system not only with respect to amplitude, but also with the axis by an object located in peripheral view; - - "ocular deviation" is defined in central view and describes the fact that adding the lens causes an eye to rotate so that it remains pa AA525 2222929 SS A to A | 14/37 focused on the same object.

The angle can be measured in prismatic diopter “steps”;

- "visual field of the object in central view" is defined in the

space of the object by the portion of the space that the eye can observe by reading an angular portion of the lens determined by at least two contemplation directions.

For example, these contemplation directions can be defined by the shape of the glasses frame or by a level of aberration that prevents the visualization of the object's space with sufficiently good clarity;

- - "visual field of the image in central view" is defined for a visual field of the object determined and fixed in central view in the image space (ocular space), as the angular portion read by the eye to visualize the visual field in the object space;

- - "higher order aberrations in peripheral vision" describes

- 15 aberrations that modify the blurring of the image of the object observed

observed by the user in peripheral vision beyond the common peripheral power ==. Residual Ú and residual peripheral astigmatism, for example, peripheral spherical aberration and peripheral coma.

The orders in which the aberrations are referred to

in general are orders expressed as polynomial representation of Zer-

nike;

- - "pupil field radius deviation" describes that a ray coming from an object located in the peripheral field of view is modified by adding a lens on its way to the entrance pupil of the eye;

- "visual field of the object in peripheral view" is defined in the object's space.

It is the portion of space that the eye can observe in the peripheral visual field of vision (while the eye is looking in a fixed direction) defined by at least two rays emitted from the center of the eye's incoming pupil.

For example, said rays can be defined by the shape of the glasses frame or by a level of aberration that prevents visualization of the object's space with sufficiently good clarity;

- - "visual field of the image in peripheral vision" is defined by

—Pss —— »5» 52Q ,,, »-.». »º — º -» -. »-.,.». »-.» S., .. 25Mà € <AO € [A5222 C— " »<“ <»- s. — .— * - sss o .... — .—— OOOA AAA oo 15/37 a determined and fixed peripheral visual field of the object as the previous portion

corresponding gular in the image space seen by the peripheral vision of the eye;

- - "prismatic deviation in central vision" is defined in the object's space by the angular deviation of a ray emitted from the center of rotation of the eye introduced by the amount of lens prism;

- - "prismatic deviation in peripheral vision" is the angular deviation of a ray emitted from the center of the entrance pupil introduced by the amount of lens prism;

- "central / peripheral view magnification" is defined as the relationship between the apparent angular size (or solid angle) of an object seen in central / peripheral view without a lens and the apparent angular size (or solid angle) of an object seen through a lens in central / peripheral view;

- 15 - "eye enlargement" is defined as the enlargement of the "user's eye assessed by an observer; = enero: - "temple deviation" is defined as the displacement of the temple user evaluated by an observer;

- an "assessment zone" is associated with a local criterion

shut up being evaluated; The same is composed of one or several evaluation domains.

An evaluation domain is composed of one or several contemplation directions for a criterion that belongs to a group of central vision optical criteria (CVOC) or to a local group of geometric criteria and one or several peripheral radius directions for a criterion that belongs

a group of peripheral vision optical criteria (PVOC);

- a "target value" is a value to be achieved by a criterion.

When the evaluation criterion is a local criterion, a target value is associated with an evaluation domain.

When the evaluation criterion is a global criterion, a target value is associated with the total optical system (OS);

- a "stop criterion" is used to find the interaction to stop the optimization algorithm; the system is said to have reached an "equilibrium";

—————— YDP] QQ88822 £ 2 ——————— qqgOQàAOO ó AAA Do 1637 - a "cost function" is a real function that is used to calculate a global cost function ( GCF); - a "global cost function" (GCF) is defined as a function of at least one cost function and provides a level of performance of the intermediate optical system (IOS); - a "discipline" is a set of criteria for which the same variable parameter vector is defined; - an "equilibrium" is a state in which the system under consideration cannot be further optimized in a given mode.

Examples of equilibrium are Nash equilibrium and Stackelberg equilibrium; - a variation of a central vision criterion evaluated thanks to an evaluation function in a particular contemplation direction (%, only according to a component of the contemplation direction is understood as the derivative of the said evaluation function of that criterion - - 15 with respect to said component.

Considering the H-evaluation function. “One can consider the partial derivative of H, with respect to“ a 'SS t (a ,, 6) a: 9% One can consider the partial derivative of H, with respect to B: Sea, 6) i The variation of a criterion can be evaluated as the composition of the partial derivatives of the evaluation function with respect to aaea B, such as ae E) Ee) (Zea) for example:, or 9% or - the variation of a peripheral vision criterion evaluated thanks to a function of evaluation in a particular radius direction (a'7, Bh) 'according to a component of the radius direction is understood as the derivative of the said evaluation function of said criterion with respect to said component.

Considering the evaluation function H., one can consider the 9%, partial derivative of H, with respect to aa ") | | | - Za) one can consider the partial derivative of H, with respect to B: The variation of a criterion can be assessed as the composition of the

A ... .——— D —— DD ————————— D —— D —— D ———— DD — DDDnDnn DD a Do 17/37 of the partials of the evaluation function with respect to aq 'and B' as, for example, HetaB) ”Ta a [86 59) (Les) Non-limiting modalities of the present invention will now be described with reference to the following drawings, in which: - figure 1 represents a flow chart of the steps of a method according to the present invention. figure 2 shows a schematic view of a lens system plus eye. - figure 3 shows a ray trace from the center of rotation of the eye. - figure 4 shows a ray trace from the center of the eye's entrance pillar. - Figure 5 illustrates the prismatic deviation in peripheral vision. - - figure6 illustrates the ocular deviation. - 15 22 - figure 7 illustrates pupil radius field deviation. —— - '- figure 8 illustrates the visual field of the object in central view. - Figure 9 illustrates the object's horizontal visual field. - figure 10 illustrates the horizontal prismatic deviation in central view. - Figure 11 illustrates the total visual field of the object. - figure 12 illustrates the visual field of the image in central view. - figure 13 illustrates the visual field of the object in peripheral view. - figure 14 illustrates the visual field of the image in peripheral view. - - Figure 1iS illustrates the magnification of the eye. - —figures 16a and b illustrate the deviation of the temple. Figures 17a, 17b and 17c represent the spherical profile along the meridian line, the spherical contour graph and the cylindrical contour graph of the optical reference surface used in example1 respectively. - asphalt 18a, 18b and 18c represent respectively a

Doo 18/37 power profile along the meridian line, a contour graph of: power and the astigmatism contour graph of the progressive addition lens according to example 1 obtained using a method from the previous technique.

- —figures 19a, 19b and 19c represent a power profile along the meridian line, a power contour graph and the progressive addition lens astigmatism contour graph according to example 1 obtained using the method respectively. of the present invention.

Figures 20a, 20b and 20c represent the spherical profile along the meridian line, the spherical contour graph and the cylindrical contour graph of the optical reference surface used in example 2 respectively.

- asigures 21a, 21b and 21c respectively represent a - 15 power profile along the meridian line, a 7 ”contour graph - - power and the astigmatism contour graph of the progressive addition lens according to example 2 obtained using a prior art method.

- —figures 22a, 22b and 22c represent a power profile along the meridian line, a power contour graph and the progressive addition lens astigmatism contour graph according to example 2 obtained using the method of the present invention.

- —figures 23a and 23b respectively represent the spherical contour graph and the cylindrical contour graph of the optical reference surface used in example 3.

- —figures 24a and 24b respectively represent a power contour graph and the astigmatism contour graph of the progressive addition lens according to example 3 obtained using a prior art method.

- —figures 25a and 25b represent a power contour graph and the astigmatism contour graph of the progressive addition lens according to example 3 obtained using the method of the present invention.

AAA SA O Ro 19/37 - Figures 26a and 26b respectively represent the spherical contour graph and the cylindrical contour graph of the optical reference surface used in example 4. - Figure 27 represents a RMS graph of higher order aberration of the progressive addition surface of an ophthalmic lens according to example 4 obtained using a prior art method.

- Figure 28 represents a RMS graph of higher order aberration of the progressive addition surface of an ophthalmic lens - according to example 4 obtained using the method of the present invention.

Those skilled in the art can see that the elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and do not necessarily have to be drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures can be exaggerated in relation to other elements to help improve the understanding of the modalities of presence - 15 the invention.

Ae Figures 17, 20, 23 and 26 provide geometric characteristics of the optical surfaces considered. The horizontal axis of figures 17a, and 20a indicate the variations of the average spherical value along the meridian line with respect to the average spherical value at the control point of vision for distance. The x-axis is graduated in diopter and the y-axis values are in mm. The continuous curve corresponds to the average spherical values. The broken curves correspond to maximum and minimum spherical values.

Figures 17b, 20b, 23a, 26a are graphs of medium spherical contour. The vertical and horizontal coordinates of the maps are in mm. The curves indicated on the referred maps connect the positions that correspond to the same average spherical value. The respective average spherical values for the curves are increased by 0.25 diopter between neighboring curves, and are indicated in some of the referred curves.

Figures 17c, 20c, 23b, 26b are cylindrical contour graphics, - with coordinates similar to those of the medium spherical contour graphics. The indicated curves connect positions corresponding to the same cylindrical value.

oo 20/37 Figures 18, 19, 21, 22, 24 and 25 provide optical analysis of the lenses considered. The horizontal axis of figures 18a, 19a, 21a and 22a indicate the variations in optical power along the meridian line with respect to the value of optical power produced for the contemplation direction corresponding to the vision control point for distance. The vertical axis indicates the values of the angle of declination of the eye, with positive values for downward-facing eye directions. The reference eye direction is defined for the adjustment cross. The continuous curve corresponds to the average optical power, which is calculated as an average value for plans containing the direction of the eye and rotated in that direction. The broken curves correspond to the maximum and minimum optical power value produced in the referred plans.

Figures 18b, 19b, 21b, 22b, 24a and 25a are optical power maps. The vertical and horizontal coordinates of the maps are the values of the - 15 declination angle of the eye and the B angle of azimuth of the eye. The curves =. indicated in the referred maps connect the eye directions that correspond to the same optical power value. The respective optical power values for the curves are increased by 0.25 diopter between neighboring curves, and are indicated in some of the referred curves.

Figures 18c, 19c, 21c, 22c, 24b and 25b are contour graphs of residual astigmatism, with coordinates similar to those of optical power maps. The indicated curves connect the eye directions corresponding to the same astigmatism value.

According to an embodiment of the present invention illustrated in Figure 1, the method of determining the optical performance of an eyeglass lens comprises: "a step of providing prescription data S1," a step of providing optical reference surface data S2, "a step complete the S3 ophthalmic lens user virtual ergorama system, "a step in selecting SA criteria,

Doo 21/37 "a step to define target value S5, '" a step to evaluate S6, and "a step to modify S7. During the step of providing prescription data S1, the prescription data PD representing the user's prescription are proportional. - swimming.

During the step of providing S2 optical reference surface data, SD surface data representing an optical reference surface adapted to the user's prescription are provided.

During the step of completing the S3 ophthalmic lens user virtual ergorama system, a WLES ophthalmic lens user virtual ergorama system is determined using at least one prescription and surface data.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the WLES ophthalmic lens user virtual ergorama system is determined, which can be determined, by using the prescription data that is issued from a prescription. user transformation. An example of such a transformation is described in US 6382789.

According to a modality of the present invention, the virtual user system - ophthalmic lens - ergorama determining the S3 stage can comprise: and an eye characteristic providing the S31 stage, * a spectacle lens providing the S32 stage, and an ergorama providing the stage S33.

During the stage of providing S31 eye characteristics, the eye characteristic data representing the characteristics of the user's right and / or left eyes are provided.

The data on ocular characteristics may comprise measured values, for example, monocular inter-pupillary distance or pupillary height, or the relative position of the user's left and right eyes or the position of the center of rotation (CRE) of the right eyes and / or left. Advantageously, obtaining measured values increases the accuracy of the method in general.

——P —— pp ——————————— € ——p ——] ———————> - AABB OO 22/37 The data on ocular characteristics may comprise average values based on the known average values of the relative position of the left and right eyes of the user. During the stage of providing a pair of spectacle lenses - S32, spectacle data representing the spectacle lens is provided. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the eyeglass data comprises eyeglass lens assembly data. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the assembly data can be average assembly data.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the eyeglass data comprise for the right and left eyeglass lenses the distance from the apex and / or the pantoscopic angle and / or the angle of concealment of the eyeglass lens.

During the step of providing ergorama S33, ergo-: 15 branch data is provided. The ergorama data represents a visual environment that provides the distance from the object points as a function of the contemplation direction. During the selection stage of criteria S4, at least one optical OC criterion of the optical function associated with the virtual ergorama system of the ophthalmic lens user is selected.

The optical criterion can be selected from the group of central vision criteria consisting of: power in central vision, astigmatism in central vision, aberrations of a higher order in central vision, acuity in central vision, contrast in central vision, the prismatic deviation in central view, the ocular deviation, the visual field of the object in central view, the visual field of the image in central view, the magnification in central view and the variation of precedent criteria.

According to a modality of the present invention the central vision criterion group consisting of: power in central vision, astigmatism in central vision, aberrations of a higher order in central vision.

SS 23/37 According to a modality of the present invention, the criterion: optical can be selected from the group of peripheral vision criteria consisting of: power in peripheral vision, astigmatism in peripheral vision, aberrations of a higher order in peripheral vision, the deviation of the pupil field radius, the visual field of the object in peripheral vision, the visual field of the image in peripheral vision, the prismatic deviation in peripheral vision, the magnification in peripheral vision, and the variation of previous criteria .

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the optical criterion can be selected from the group of global optical criteria consisting of the enlargement of the eyes and the deviation of the temple.

During the step of defining target value S5, at least one target value for at least one evaluation criterion is defined or provided. During the evaluation step S6 the evaluated value of at least one selected optical criterion of the optical function associated with the virtual ergorama system of the ophthalmic lens user is evaluated.

According to a modality of the present invention, during the stage of defining target value S5 for each evaluation criterion is defined: "an evaluation zone comprising one or several evaluation domains and a set of target values associated with the referred domains of evaluation, if the said criterion belongs to the groups of criteria of central or peripheral vision, or "a target value associated with that criterion, if the said criterion belongs to the group of global optical criterion, additionally, during the evaluation stage, if the evaluation criterion belongs to the groups of central or peripheral vision criteria, a set of criterion values associated with the evaluation domains is evaluated.

During the S7 modification step, at least one parameter

DD vSSSSSRRRA AAA A OA ——— p—— these Doo 24/37 of the different ophthalmic lens user virtual ergorama system from the base curve of the ophthalmic lens is modified in order to minimize the difference between the target value and the evaluation criterion value.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the at least one parameter of the virtual ergorama system for the ophthalmic lens user is selected from the group of eye parameters consisting of: pupil diameter, pupil position, position of the pupil center of rotation of the eye, the position of the diopter different from the eye, for example the retina, the curvature of the diopter different from the eye, for example the retina, the index of the different environment of the eye.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the at least one parameter of the ophthalmic lens virtual ergorama system is selected from an ophthalmic lens parameter group consisting of: airtightness at a given point on the ophthalmic lens, o - 15 prismada ophthalmic lens, the substrate index. In accordance with a modality of the present invention, at least 7] one parameter of the virtual ergorama system of the ophthalmic lens user is selected from the group of use parameters consisting of: the distance from the apex, the pantoscopic angle, the masking angle.

In accordance with a modality of the present invention, the at least one parameter of the virtual ergorama system of the ophthalmic lens user is selected from the group of space parameter of the object consisting of the distribution of the distance as a function of the contemplating direction. - tion of each eye.

With reference now to the criterion evaluation stage according to the vision situation (central or peripheral). In order to compute a criterion, the ray tracing method can be used. Ray tracing has special features according to the virtual ergorama system of the ophthalmic lens user.

Figure 2 illustrates a schematic view of a lens-plus-eye system that can be part of an user-ophthalmic lens-ergorama system. With reference to figure 2, an eye position can be defined

ROO l - 25/37 through the center of rotation of the CRE eye and the central point of entry of pupil P.

“- PSis pupil size (not drawn to scale). The distance q 'between the CRE and the lens 20 is generally, but not limited to, adjusted to 25.5 mm, and p' defines the position of the eye's entrance pupil with respect to the CRE.

Figure 3 illustrates a model for central vision with the objective of evaluating a criterion in a situation of central vision by radius tracing. In a situation of central vision, the eye rotates about its center of rotation just like the entrance pupil of the eye. The contemplation direction is defined by two angles (a, B) measured in relation to the reference axes R = (X, Y, Z) centered on the CRE. To assess a central vision criterion in the contemplation direction (a, B), a contemplation radius 1 is constructed from the CRE in the contemplation direction (a, B). 11 is the incident ray after passing through lens 20. Figure 4 illustrates a model for peripheral vision with the objective - 15 of evaluating a criterion in a situation of peripheral vision through ray tracing. In a situation of "peripheral vision, the direction of contemplation (a,” 'B) (not shown here) is fixed, and an object is seen in the direction of a peripheral ray other than the direction of contemplation. The direction of peripheral ray is defined by two angles (a ', B') measured with respect to the reference axes R '= (X', Y ', Z) centered on the entrance pupil of the eye and which moves along the direction of the axis of contemplation given by the fixed direction (a, B) and represented by the X axis' in figure 4. In order to evaluate a peripheral vision criterion in the direction of the peripheral ray (a ', B'), a peripheral ray 2 is constructed from from the center of pupil P in the direction of the peripheral radius (a ', 8') .22 is the incident radius after passing through lens 20.

According to the radius of contemplation 1 (in central view) or the peripheral radius 2 (in peripheral view), the ray tracing program computes the corresponding incident radius, alternatively under reference 11 and 22 in figures 3 and 4. Then , an object point is chosen in the radius in the object space and from that object a ray pencil is constructed to calculate the final image. The radius trace then allows the selected criteria to be computed.

pp —————— qsqssadddo sos p—— Oesp SÇ— € OO A AOOÇ — Ç— Ç— REA RARE AAA AAA Doo 26/37 Figures 5 to 13 are now illustrating the criterion method: evaluation of the agreement criteria with the present invention. Figure 5 illustrates the ray tracing to estimate the PD prismatic deviation in peripheral vision. The prismatic deviation in peripheral vision is estimated by tracing the radius of a peripheral ray associated with the direction of the peripheral ray (a ', B') given in relation to the reference axes centered in the center of the incoming pupil and moving along the contemplation direction, as discussed here above. A radius 2 emitted from the center of the incoming pupil in the direction of a peripheral radius (a ', B') with the direction of the contemplation axis X 'is plotted. The incident radius 22 corresponding to a radius 2 is then constructed. The prismatic deviation represents the angle between the incident ray 22 and a virtual ray 3 emitted from the center of the pupil in the direction of ray 2 and not deflected by lens prism 20. Figure 6 describes the OCD ocular deviation. It shows a - 15 first ray 33 that comes from an object 10 when no lens is arranged in its path - towards the CRE, and a second 120 ray that comes from the. 'of the same object whose path is modified by the addition of a lens 20. Radius 12 corresponds to radius 120 in the image space after passing through lens 20. The ocular deviation OCD in direction (a, B) is estimated in vision centrale is defined as the angle between: - —the direction of the eye that aims at an object without a lens (represented by ray 33) and - the direction of the eye that aims at the same object when that lens is arranged in front of the eye observer (represented by report 12).

Figure 7 illustrates the PRFD pupil radius field deviation, it shows a first radius 34 that comes from an object 10 located in the peripheral field of view when no lens is arranged in its path to the entrance pupil of the eye, and a second incident ray 230 that comes from the same object whose path is modified by the introduction of a lens 20. Ray 23 corresponds in the image field to incident ray 230.

RR OO ssa a ss dd ds sas AAA Wings Do 27/37 The PRFD pupil field radius deviation is estimated in peripheral vision and is defined as the angle, measured in the image space, between - a straight 34 radius that comes from an object located in the peripheral field of vision of an eye and penetrating the center of the pupil, and - a ray 23 that comes from the same object and penetrating the center of the pupil when the said lens is arranged in the user's eyes.

Figure 8 illustrates the visual field of the object in central view in a plane and for two arbitrarily chosen rays 4 and 5 emitted from the CRE.

The object's visual field represents the portion of space that the eye can observe by reading an angular portion of the lens determined by radius 4 and radius 5 in the object's space.

The shaded part 60 represents the visual field of the object in central view.

Figure 9 illustrates an example of the visual field VF in central view for the two rays 41 and 51 emitted from the CRE.

Lens 20 is represented as the surface with lines of isoastigmatism 201 - 206. Rows 41 and 51 are defined as the intersection between a predetermined horizontal mese 'axis given by the direction and two predetermined lines of isoastigmatism 201 and 204. These intersections allow radius 41 to be drawn along the direction (a, 81) and radius 51 along the direction (a, B2). The visual field of the VF object in central view is a function of prismatic deviation and can be mathematically expressed for the two rays as: VF (a) = 181 + Dp H (a, B1) | + | B2 + Dp H (a, B2) | - "Dp H (a, B1) represents the horizontal prismatic deviation in the contemplation direction (a, B1). Horizontal prismatic deviation is the component - prismatic deviation in a horizontal plane referenced P in figure 8. -" Dp H ( a, B2) represents a horizontal prismatic deviation in the direction of contemplation (a, B2). Figure 10 illustrates the HPD horizontal prismatic shift in central view.

Prismatic deviation is defined as the angular difference between radius 130 and radius 35. Radius 130 is the image of radius 13 in the object's space.

The radius 13 is emitted from the center of rotation of the eye according to direction (a, B) on the fixed reference axes (X, Y, Z) centered on the center of rotation

AAA SR O MM O EA O - assess eés. From the 28/37 of the eye as shown in figure 10. Ray 35 is a virtual ray emitted from Ú from the center of rotation of the eye according to direction (a, B) and not diverted by the lens prism. The horizontal prismatic deviation HPD is the component of the prismatic deviation in the plane (XOZ) and can be calculated using: hh [1 “EA o) is 6 Pp IVSINED O) what VEV ISA and Vini € V fin are vectors of alternatively direction of radius 13 and 130.

Figure 11 illustrates another visual field modality of the object in central view defined by a set of contemplation directions representing the shape of the glasses frame 210. Lens 20 is represented as the surface with isoastigmatism lines 201 - 208 For each (ai, Bi) of the aforementioned directions of contemplation, the Pi of the plane is defined containing: - —— the vector defined by the contemplation direction (ai, Bi) - 77, -the vector defined by the contemplation direction (0.0). meo 7 15 - —centrode of eye rotation.

The projected prismatic deviation in Pi is calculated for the contemplation direction given by (a, B) = (0.0): Dp i (0.0).

The projected prismatic deviation in Pi is calculated for the contemplation direction given by (ai, Bi): Dp i (ai, Bi).

This visual field is called the total visual field of the object and can be mathematically expressed as vrE = X "| Dp i (0,0) + Bi + Dp i (ai, Bi) | Where Dp i (ai, Bi) represents the prismatic deviation in the contemplation direction (ai, Bi) projected on the Pi plane.

Figure 12 illustrates the visual field of the image in central view in a plane and for two arbitrarily chosen rays 4 and 5 emitted from the CRE. The object's visual field represents the portion of space that the eye can observe by reading an angular portion of the lens determined by

SSIS if '29/37 radius 4 and radius 5 in the object space. The dotted part 70 represents the visual field of the image in central view considering a visual field of the object in central view represented in the shaded part 60. Figure 13 illustrates the visual field of the object in peripheral vision in a plane and for the two rays arbitrarily chosen 6 and 7 emitted from the entrance pupil of eye P. The shaded part 80 represents the visual field of the object in peripheral vision. Figure 14 illustrates the visual field of the image in peripheral view, rays 6 and 7 are used to define the visual field of the object in peripheral view 80 and the dotted part 90 represents the visual field of the image in peripheral view considering a visual field of peripheral vision object represented in part shaded 80.

Figure 15 illustrates the magnification of a user's eye. OQ and O0 'are alternately the solid angles at which an observer sees the eye of - 15 a user with and without a lens 20. The observer is located at a distance from the user whose eye is referred to as 21 , the center of the observer's entrance pupil is referred to as OP and the distance from the apex between the user's eye 21 and lens 20 is referred to as q '. For example, the distance d may, for example, be equal to one meter.

Figures 16a and b illustrate the deviation of the TS temple. The deviation of the temple is due to the prismatic deviation induced by a lens 20 when a user is seen by an observer. OP is the point at the center of an observer's pulipar that looks at the user's head 25. The user's eye is referred to as 21, the user's nose is referred to as 27, the user's temple is referred to as —rid as 26. The user is wearing spectacle lenses. The deviation of the temple is defined as an angle TS between a radius 100 derived from time 26 when the observer is looking at the temple of the user without the lens and a ray 101 derived from the temple 26 when the observer is looking at the user's temple through lens 20. For example, the distance between the user and the observer can be one meter.

Non-limiting modalities of the cost function are now described to better illustrate the present invention.

E OSS i 30/37 Reference is now made to a modality of the present invention - —which selected criteria belong to groups of central and peripheral criteria and the cost function can be defined as the sum, over a set of criteria (Ci, ... Cni), from each cost evaluation function criterion.

For an evaluation criterion Cx (kE [1 ... N1], Ni integer greater than or equal to 1), in order to define a cost function criterion, we additionally develop the expression of the criterion values.

An evaluation zone D, is associated with a criterion Cx. The zo- —nade evaluation comprising one or more evaluation domains D ',, (iS, [1 ... My], Mk integer greater than or equal to 1 represents the number of evaluation domains associated with the criterion) said evaluation domain being defined as at least one contemplation direction (a, B) if the said criterion belongs to the central vision criterion group, or at least - 15 in a peripheral ray direction (a ', B') if that criterion belongs to the 7 "peripheral vision criterion group." in 'For a C criterion, and an evaluation zone Dx, an evaluation function H, associates to an evaluation domain D of Dx a criterion value Hx (Di,, v) for a lens defined by its parameters v.

Target values are also associated with the assessment domains. The target values are determined by the optical designer in several ways: By using a database where the target values are predetermined for a criterion and a corresponding set of assessment domains. When using an analytical function.

Considering the criterion values and the corresponding sets of targets, the cost function criterion can be mathematically defined by:.

Je) = * go * (HD 'v) - TIO ?, where Ti is a target value associated with an evaluation domain Di, and wi are predetermined weights.

It can be seen that the criteria related to the visual field

The A A A aa a oO 31/37 are computed from at least two directions (peripheral or contemplation). For these criteria, an evaluation domain D is composed of several directions (peripheral ray directions for a visual field in peripheral vision or contemplation directions for a visual field in central view). Then, the cost function can be mathematically expressed by:

NM I (v) = X Jx (v)

H In one embodiment, the previously selected criteria (Ci, ... Cni) additionally comprise (C'1, ... C 'n2) criteria that belong to the global optical criterion group. For a criterion C ', «E [1 ... N2], No is an integer greater than or equal to 1) that belong to (C'1, ... C'n2), Hx associates a single criterion value. ] river to an optical parameter system v. The mathematical expression of an i, 15 S cost criterion function for a criterion that belongs to the group of global optical criteria is then: J'e (v) = wx * (H'k (v) - Ty) 2 , where T 'is the target value associated with C', and W, is a predetermined weight. The cost function for all selected criteria can then be expressed by: M Ev J (v) = X Jx (v) + 3 3 x (v)

H H The present invention should be further illustrated by using the following examples. Example 1 Example 1 corresponds to the application of the method of the present invention in the case of a progressive ophthalmic lens. Figures 17a, 17b and 17c illustrate, respectively, the spherical profile along the meridian line, the spherical contour graph and the cylindrical contour graph of the optical reference surface having the 3 D base

And go O AQ Ô ““ ÂAÓ% M ““ ôºà »ú” P ”Poú“ PººÔOA! AAS.

Ps The ApaÉOOAAÔDPARMAMA AAA RA oO 32/37 and an addition of 2.5 D, used in example 1. B The prescription of the user is the power of -4D in distance view and an addition of 2.5 D.

The selected criteria of the optical function are astigmatism in central vision and power in central vision.

For astigmatism in central vision, the target value is adjusted: for O D along the meridian line between the far-sighted point and the near-sighted point.

For the power in central view, the target value is set to HD in the contemplation direction corresponding to 20º above the crossing of the set point and the power difference between the point of view far and the point of view near 2.88 D.

The parameters of the virtual ergorama system of the ophthalmic lens user that can be modified are the addition of the lens surface - 15 virtual progressive ophthalmic, the prism of the virtual progressive ophthalmic lens, "the pantoscopic angle and the distance distribution as a function of the direction -: tion of contemplation.

The other parameters of the virtual ophthalmic lens ergorama system are set to default values, which is the distance between the center of rotation of the eye and the 25.5 mm virtual lens, a base curve of the ophthalmic virtual lens adjusted to 3 .6 D, a tightness restriction on the side of the 0.3 mm virtual lens and in the center of the virtual lens of 1.9 mm.

The virtual ergorama system of the ophthalmic lens user determined by the method of the present invention has an addition of the surface of the 2.75 D virtual progressive ophthalmic lens, a prism of the virtual progressive ophthalmic lens of The prismatic diopter, a pantoscopic angle of 7 , 8th and infinite object distances for all contemplation directions.

Figures 18a, 18b and 18c respectively represent a power profile along the meridian line, a contour graph of —power and the astigmatism contour graph of the progressive addition lens obtained using a prior art method.

Figures 19a, 19b and 19c represent a per-

And the 33/37 fil of power along the meridian line, a contour graph of * - power and the astigmatism contour graph of the progressive addition lens obtained using the method of the present invention. When comparing figures 18 and 19, it appears that astigmatism along the meridian between the points of view far and near has been reduced when using the method according to the present invention. For example, at the point of close view, astigmatism was reduced from 0.39 D for the ophthalmic lens obtained using a prior art method to 0.08D for the ophthalmic lens obtained using a method according to the present invention. Example 2 Example 2 corresponds to the application of the method of the present invention in the case of the progressive ophthalmic lens.

Figures 20a, 20b and 20c respectively illustrate the long spherical profile of the meridian line, the spherical contour graph and the 'cylindrical contour graph of the optical reference surface having the base of 8 D: and an addition of 2 D, used in example 2.

The user's prescription is the power of 6 D in distance vision and an addition of 2 D.

The selected criteria of the optical function are astigmatism in central vision and power in central vision.

For astigmatism in central vision, the target value is set to O D at the crossroad of adjustment, the point of view away and the point of view near.

For the power in central view, the target value is adjusted to 5.9 D in the contemplation direction corresponding to 20º above the adjustment cross and the difference in power between the point of view far and the point of view near of 1.93 D.

The parameters of the virtual ergorama system for the ophthalmic lens user that can be modified are the prism of the progressive virtual ophthalmic lens and the pantoscopic angle.

The other parameters of the virtual user ergorama system of

RN Doo 34/37 ophthalmic lens are adjusted to standard values, which is a surface addition “de2bD, the distance between the center of rotation of the eye and the virtual lens of 25.5 mm, the base curve of the virtual ophthalmic lens adjusted for 1.53 D, the tightness restriction on the side of the virtual lens of 0.3 mm and in the center of the virtual lens of 1.9 mm, and a masking angle of 0º.

The virtual ergorama system of the ophthalmic lens user determined by the method of the present invention has an addition of the surfaces of the 2 D virtual progressive ophthalmic lens, a prism of the progressive O virtual ophthalmic lens of prismatic diopter, at the pantoscopic angle of 7.8º.

Figures 21a, 21b and 21c respectively represent a power profile along the meridian line, a power contour graph and the progressive addition lens astigmatism contour graph obtained using a prior art method.

Figures 22a, 22b and 22c respectively represent a power profile along the meridian line, a power contour graph and the astigmatism contour graph of the pro | the thickness obtained using the method of the present invention.

When comparing figures 21 and 22, it appears that astigmatism at the near point of view has been reduced from 0.08 D for the ophthalmic lens obtained using a prior art method to 0.02 D for the obtained ophthalmic lens using a method according to the present invention. In addition, astigmatism at the adjustment crossover was reduced from 0.10 D for the ophthalmic lens obtained using a prior art method to 0.05 D for the ophthalmic lens obtained using a method in accordance with the present invention.

Example 3 Example 3 corresponds to the application of the method of the present invention in the case of the progressive ophthalmic lens.

Figures 23a and 23b illustrate the spherical contour graph and the cylindrical contour graph of the optical reference surface respectively having the base of 5.5 D and an addition of 2.5 D, used in example 3.

Str Doo 35/37 The user's prescription is the power of 2.5 D at the point of view “- parallel and an addition of 2.5 D.

The selected criteria of the optical function are astigmatism in central vision and power in central vision.

For astigmatism in central vision, the target value is adjusted to have an angle of 29.5º between the lines of isoastigmatism corresponding to 1 D of astigmatism in the declination of the eye corresponding to an angle of 40º.

For the power in central vision, the target value is adjusted from a 17.5º angle between the isopotence lines corresponding to the power at the point of near vision that is 5 D, in the declination of the eye corresponding to an angle 40º.

The parameters of the virtual ergorama system for the ophthalmic lens user that can be modified are the addition, the ophthalmic lens prism | . 15 virtual progressive mica, the pantoscopic angle and the distribution of dis- | as a function of the contemplation direction. | The other parameters of the ophthalmic lens virtual ergorama system are set to default values, which is the distance between the center of rotation of the eye and the virtual lens of 25.5 mm, the base curve of the virtual lens set to 6, 25 D, the tightness restriction on the side of the virtual lens of 0.3 mm and in the center of the virtual lens of 1.9 mm, at the masking angle of 0º. | The virtual ergorama system for ophthalmic lens users | determined by the method of the present invention has an addition of the 2.55 D virtual progressive ophthalmic lens surfaces, a prismatic diopter virtual progressive O prism lens, a 10º pantoscopic angle and infinite object distances for all directions of contemplation.

Figures 24a and 24b respectively represent a power contour plot and the progressive addition lens astigmatism contour plot obtained using a prior art method.

Figures 25a and 25b represent a graph respectively

CCrrrrrrrhhhhhhrrrrp— door. The 36/37 power contour and astigmatism contour graph of the progressive - - addition lens obtained using the method of the present invention. When comparing figures 24a and 25a, it appears that the width of the isopotence line 20 corresponding to 5 D in the direction of contemplation corresponding to an angle of 40º was shifted from 11º to the ophthalmic lens obtained using a method of the prior art to 17.5º for the ophthalmic lens obtained using a method according to the present invention. Additionally, when comparing figures 24b and 25b, it appears that the width between the lines of isoastigmatism 22 corresponding to 1 D of astigmatism in the direction of contemplation corresponding to an angle of 40º was unchanged from 29.5º for the ophthalmic lens obtained using a prior art method at 29.5º for the ophthalmic lens obtained using a method according to the present invention. Example 4 - 15 Example 4 corresponds to the application of the method of the present invention in the case of the progressive ophthalmic lens.

Figures 26a and 26b respectively illustrate the spherical contour graph and the cylindrical contour graph of the optical reference surface having a 4 D base and a 2.5 D addition, used in example4. The user's prescription is the power of O of D at the point of view away and an addition of 2.5 D. The selected criteria of the optical function are higher order aberrations. The target value for higher-order aberrations is adjusted to the maximum value of the average square root RMS of the higher-order aberration reduced by 1.5 times. The parameter of the virtual ergorama system for the ophthalmic lens user that can be modified is the diameter of the user's pupil. The other parameters of the user-ophthalmic lens-ergorama system are set to standard values, which is the distance between the center of rotation of the eye and the virtual lens of 25.5 mm, the base curve of the virtual ophthalmic lens set to 6, 25 D, the tightness restriction on the side

CCCr ——————- From the 37/37 of the 0.3 mm virtual lens and in the center of the 1.9 mm virtual lens, the angle * - of 0 ° masking.

The virtual ergorama system of the ophthalmic lens user determined by the method of the present invention has a pupil diameter adjusted to 6mm.

Figure 27 illustrates the higher RMS iso-aberrations values of an ophthalmic lens obtained without using the method of the present invention.

Figure 28 illustrates the higher RMS iso-aberrations values of an ophthalmic lens obtained after using an optimization method based on the virtual ergorama system of ophthalmic lens user determined by the method of the present invention.

When comparing figures 27 and 28, it appears that the maximum RMS value of the higher order 30 iso-aberration was reduced from 2.4 pm - 15 ophthalmic paraalente obtained using a prior art method to 1.3 pm for the ophthalmic lens obtained using a method according to the present invention.

The present invention has been described above with the help of modalities without limiting the general inventive concept. In particular, the present invention provides a method for optimizing a virtual optical system, the optical system being of all types of optical lenses, particularly ophthalmic lenses, for example, single vision lenses (spherical, toric), bifocal, progressive, aspherical lenses (etc).

Claims (3)

sa utili Do 16 CLAIMS B 1. Method implemented by means of a computer to determine a virtual ergorama system for an ophthalmic lens user associated with an optical function of an ophthalmic lens for a given user, comprising: "a step of providing SI prescription data , in which prescription data (PD) representing the user's prescription are provided, "a step of providing optical reference surface data S2, in which surface data (SD) representing an optical reference surface corresponding to a prescription of the user are provided, "one way to finish the S3 ophthalmic lens user virtual ergorama system, in which an ophthalmic lens user virtual ergorama system (WLES) is determined using the prescription and surface data, ' meme 'Ú "an S4 criteria selection step, in which at least one optical criterion of the optical function associated with the virtual ergorama system of the ophthalmic lens user ca (WLES) is selected, "a step for defining target value S5, in which for at least one criterion for assessing a target value associated with that criterion is defined," an assessment step S6, in which the assessed value of at least one optical criterion selected from the optical function associated with the virtual ergorama system of the ophthalmic lens user (WLES) is evaluated, "a modification step S7, in which at least one parameter of the virtual ergorama system user of different ophthalmic lens from the base curve of the ophthalmic lens is modified, in order to minimize the difference between the target value and the evaluation criterion value, where during the S7 modification step, the surface data ( SD) representing the optical reference surface corresponding to the user's prescription are unchanged. . 2 ———————————————— 22 *> * ....... Úpaqqooqoopsosopppp O oo 26 2. Method, according to claim 1, in which at least one optical criterion is selected from one or several of the following three groups of criteria consisting of: "central vision criterion group (CVOC) consisting of: power in central vision, astigmatism in central vision, aberration of superior order in central vision, acuity in central vision, contrast in central vision, prismatic deviation in central vision, ocular deviation, visual field of the object in central vision, field visual image in central vision, magnification in central vision and a variation of the preceding criteria; "peripheral vision criterion group (PVOC) consisting of: power in peripheral vision, astigmatism in peripheral vision, aberration of a higher order in peripheral vision , deviation of pupil field radius, visual field of the object in peripheral vision, visual field of the image in peripheral vision, prismatic deviation in peripheral vision, magnification in peripheral vision - 15, and the variation of criteria preceding ions; "- global optical criterion group (GOC) consisting of: ampli- '=' eye action and deviation of the temple; and where during the stage of defining the target value for each evaluation criterion," an evaluation zone is defined comprising one or several evaluation domains and a set of target values associated with the referred evaluation domains, if the said criterion belongs to the groups of central or peripheral vision criteria, or "a target value associated with said criterion, if the said criterion belongs to the global optical criterion group, and during the evaluation stage, if the evaluation criterion belongs to the central or peripheral vision criterion groups, a set of criterion values associated with the referred domains of evaluation is evaluated. Method according to either of claims 1 or 2, in which, during the modification step, at least one parameter of the virtual ergorama system of the ophthalmic lens user is modified so The a - oo 3/6 to minimize a cost function considering the target value when repeating the eta- - —pade evaluation until a stop criterion is satisfied. 4. Method, according to claims 2 and 3, in which the cost function is a sum on the selected criterion of: "sums, on the evaluation domains, of the differences between a criterion value associated with a domain of evaluation and the target value associated with that domain of evaluation for the power of two, for criteria that belong to the groups of criteria of central vision and peripheral vision, and "differences between a criterion value and a target value for the power of two, for criteria that belong to the global optical criterion group. 5. Method according to claim 4, in which the cost function J is mathematically expressed according to: - NI ME N2 J (v) = NS wi * (H (Dixk, v) Th) 2+ ND wW 'Kt (H'K (V) = T') ?, - ae H E H where: k and i are variable integers, N; is an integer greater than or equal to 1 and represents the number of selected criteria that belong to the groups of criteria of central vision and peripheral vision; N>? is an integer greater than or equal to 1 and represents the number of selected criteria that belong to the group of global optical criteria; M, «is an integer greater than or equal to 1 and represents the number of - domains of evaluation for a criterion that belongs to the groups of central vision or peripheral vision criteria of index k; v is defining the parameters of the virtual ergorama system for the ophthalmic lens user; vw are the weights associated with the criterion that belongs to the discrete groups of central vision or peripheral vision of index k and a domain of evaluation of index i; ...— ».-————— D —— D —— D —————————— OAAAA AA AA AAA AA AAA 4/6 W ', It is the weight associated with a criterion that belongs to the group of - global optical criterion of index k D ', it is a domain of evaluation of index i of an evaluation zone associated with a criterion that belongs to the groups of criteria of central vision or peripheral vision of index k; H. associates a criterion value with a criterion that belongs to the groups of criteria of central vision or peripheral vision of index k an evaluation domain D and the ophthalmic lens user virtual ergorama system defined by its parameters v; H ', associates a criterion value with the criterion that belongs to the global optical criterion group of index k and the virtual ergorama system of the ophthalmic lens user defined by its parameters v; T ', is a target value of index i of the set of target values associated with an evaluation domain D, of a criterion that belongs to the groups - 15 may have central vision or peripheral vision criteria of index k; 7 Tri is the target value associated with a criterion that belongs to the -.— group. ] of global optical criterion of index k. 6. Method, according to any of the preceding claims, in which the at least one parameter of the virtual ergorama system of the ophthalmic lens user is selected from one or several of the following four groups of parameters consisting of: "parameter group eyes consisting of: the pupil diameter, the pupil position, the position of the center of rotation of the eye, the position of the different diopter of the eye, for example, the retina, the curvature of the different diopter of the eye, for example, the retina, the index of the environment other than the eye; "group of ophthalmic lens parameter consisting of: airtightness at a given point on the ophthalmic lens, the prism of the ophthalmic lens, substrate index; "use parameter group consisting of: the vertex distance, pantoscopic angle, the cover-up angle; and" object space parameter group consisting of the A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA - Doo 5/6 distance partition as a function of the contemplation direction of each eye. 7. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the ophthalmic lens is a progressive ophthalmic lens. A method according to claims 6 and 7, wherein an ophthalmic lens parameter group further comprises the addition of the different surfaces of the progressive ophthalmic lens. 9. Method according to any of claims 2 to 8, in which an evaluation criterion belongs to the central vision criterion group and in which the associated evaluation domains comprise at least one contemplation direction, said direction being considered with respect to the reference axes associated with the center of rotation of the eye and used to perform radius tracing from the center of rotation of the eye for criterion evaluation. 10. A method according to any one of claims 2 to 8, wherein an evaluation criterion belongs to the peripheral vision criterion group and the associated evaluation domains comprise at least one peripheral ray direction, said direction being considered in relation to the reference axes associated with the pupillary center of entry that moves along a given direction of contemplation and used to perform radius tracing from the pupil center of entry for criterion evaluation. 11. Method of calculating an ophthalmic lens, the ophthalmic lens being identified by the optical function, at least two optical surfaces comprise a first optical surface defined by a first equation and a second surface defined by a second equation, the method additionally comprises: - "an optical function determination step, in which the optical function is determined from a virtual ergorama system of an ophthalmic user determined in accordance with any of the preceding claims, - —a calculation step , in which the second equation is calculated 6/6 from the optical function, and the first equation. : 12. Method of making an ophthalmic lens, the ophthalmic lens being associated with an optical function, the ophthalmic lens comprising a first surface defined by a first equation and a second surface defined by a second equation, the method comprising: - —a step calculation according to claim 11, in which the second equation is calculated from the optical function, and the first equation; - a step of providing a semi-finished ophthalmic lens, in which a semi-finished ophthalmic lens comprising the first surface is provided; and - a machining step, in which the semi-finished ophthalmic lens is machined so as to be additionally provided with a second surface defined by the second equation and to obtain the ophthalmic lens. - 15 13. Computer program product comprising one. or "more stored instruction sequence that is accessible to a processor and that, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to perform the steps as defined in any of claims 1 ai. 14. Computer capable of being read by carrying out one or more sequences of computer program product instructions according to claim 13. MR A O E. 1/26 N mm + o Ó o Õ mm mm | - To . UL on q & o . 2/26 Po! FIG. 2 1! O) ! and EX GE | on: NX. 20 '>: CRE FIG. 3 µm. ) I [AN ““) II !. S "It is ujn-óºº%): 7t> lEN * | YOO! B72 aa 0“ 2. = 0 1 ”” AC% ai ”A). A” - o ”- 3/26 | 22 | | 20 FIG. 4 x | v <P x) 7 A i T CRE = 22 20 EX 2 1 LR dd BD P 7 FIG. 5 - 4/26 20 FIG. 6 FT q BL O 27 "oRE 33 120 À. 20 10. 34 PRFD 230 23 DR dB ss | Powder T FIG. 7 MR THE - 6/26 The HPD, 35 W 130 X of 20 FIG. 10 Y 13 N L CRE FIG. 11 210 20 207 203 206 205 2071 202 => | k à. / FIG. 13 to = | 9/26: Yes | W 27 - for FIG. 16th E | TS FIG. 16b THE TZ 26 THE - 10/26 (Mm) 40 30 10: - o A o k 2 3 4 (Diopter) -10 FIG. 17th -20 -30 -40 a -] - ”9%) º“ ÁA] MÁ “Ô PU 120 ,,,, 2,2., 2,:, 2.2) 22, /» r Ii. ÂgÂÁPQA ANRÂÓa ÉÂÔ Ô A Ô * PAP ºÔ “º *“ º * “Ob MA i 11/26 - X (mm) - - -10 2630. ..220 O 10 20 30, FIG. 17b 20 20/10 E, NP / o E “TETINÍ / - FIGHTS 10 (AR fo - 1/4/11 ERNNSSS [1/1 AS 20 1 vo QL> Dos | FE i -30 o -30 -20 -10 o 10 20 30 X (mm) - - A 2630. 220 O 9 1 20 3%, FIG. 17c 20 20 10 (DD 10 TT O = EIA CA Edo ANE bh LOVE A - 2do // 100 À 5 10d SANS 27 IO 1 W OS 2 SS: TAPE VALA, - 20 SO is an AN 20 -30 - o -30 -20 -10 O 10 20 30 4 Au207—2n and N95) 22> 2.97> 0)! 9255 ..! .PSseeçÂôÓ »ócAúÚÂêPAÁÁAAA Aâan.QÁÓÂ.ÂÊAÓ ÚPÔÚÚQÔ º» VÓG.P, Pº “A $ OQ OO MA ARA POUSO——. 12/26 (Grade) -60 5! The N // of / Á Vp / “fi RN | -20 "-10 - o A o 1 2 3 OSS diopter. TR. Ast NX, N. are FIG. 18a“ Ns A 40 1 À 1 x À X N, 50 N SN À X 6o À> NR AA - 13/26 - FIG. 18b B degree) 20 so -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O 40 50 60 -60 -60 -50 - -50 40 40 E. á N OS -30 Á Ó À EN -30 i À> O -20 2 | At 18 -20 fo (is 1014 / SS / Niko sa BON “PASTA E oia Sos So Aro OZ / 1 | É0 3 As E 31015> the AE 7/74 bo ENA VPRRM AE SNSSBANNTA SO SEAT AN) NCIA A SS 40 No ASS 40 LISA TSSS 50 COS oo 50 CA ah - only 6th. -60: -50: -40 -30: -20: -10 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 FIG. 18c B (degree) -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -410 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 -60 -60 -50 -50 -40 -40 -30 Tx -30 -20 f X 2 A E2o 104 [ Ls NX / / AD F-10 E EIA NS Ao o 2 ip EN Sd SM as NE anna 207 No sa UA o 7 620 ENS CT AN UMA Sa 40 / ENE OPENS 40 KR "7H CLOTH, 50 CAS> 50 60 60 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 mo" "“ PõlGPiI RÊSÀAÚÃÕD SS. “Í. A. XM.oº “.. SXAmPAeRÂQ. ÉA “ºO“ lOOO SS APV ÕÕRRAe A A A. 14/26 (Degree) -60 so go / 40 / / 1/14/3! 7 N -20 10d. o A: 1 2 3 Dichotia * ioptria: (Diopter) FIG. 19a: 40 50 à 4 60 o AND AAA ““ ““ OOS =) <A OA. 15/26 FS. 19b ,, 50 -40 -30 -20 Aa o 20 30 40 50 60 60 I care -60 -50 - -50 40 Ff x 40 TR% XE x A, It is -30 healthy (VE 203/11 (DMA E20 10d / 100 NY / / $ NEO s CNAS DATE E hi SO O 7 // lo> =. E. ALREADY YOU CAN E ndo [Do 0I / E 310PÇÇÃO, TroAB— SS / // 27H0 FR O o TIA OS, VAN Ad AAA DS B EA | Á / GA FR SS 20 a AD ARS ASS / EO IS 0 RANA TOSSE 40 AA OUR 40 CASS SS 50 CN / T Je 50 - 60 60 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 FIG. 19c B (degree) -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 -60 -60 -50 6 -50 -40 40 -30 ND> -30 f: DA a> -20 í o / vy W -20 27 SEN AMET 110 = Tg>, ”A = - = 1,006 S Nu SANA CA o LB 2 2, 3 Es Ao ox RA RS SSSSSSSSNA UE ERA AA 8 10 | VE Fa 1 20] CIA NAN bo E O VANS CT m RUSSA 30 À: Ps 8 ES 8 30 [as | NS, so /// | So 60 60 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 - 16/26 (mm) 40 30: 10:: of x. | : A o 1 2 3 4 '(Diopter) -10 PP FIG. 20a -30 -40 '17/26 | x (mm) = - 1 to 580..220 O o 10 20 3, FIG. 20b CS 20 20/10 2 Po DO E US OS = ds A of o>% No., PO SAAZSS - -10 É Í [11 SS o KSVHBRSS 1 N> CANE: Í NS NX -20 ALA A AN 20 io Ê -30 -30 -20 10 o 10 20 30 X (mm) 3530 20 or 10 20 30, FIG. 20c 20 104 (BD 10 E [EEN o 2 o ME HA0 L / R - o o o 50 ANSA Et So 2 o J “o O) o SS TYot-10 117 SS o / 7 * D -20 -30. eso o -30 -20 10 o 10 20 30 - 18/26 (Degree) -60 = -40 XY X -208 '-10: 4 3 2 1 oO 1 2 "As (Diopter) N FIG. 21a "Y 40 2 JL 50 JÍ ÃO 60: AA AA AA OO AA AA AA A - aaa a - w. 19/26 * FIG. 21b B (degree) -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 -60 -60 so AA o go so 40 FEI 40 30 fi ”FP sam SON 30 20d Fe ii AA 01-20 210 [E NA A Eto 2 [AEE 7 Ts ISS 8 MCSE o DS 10h ek (TI o 3 NE ZA, BI, 20 Vez // ASBANN (767 20 Te E ii RANA EE 30. Neither BR il f. AAAAAAN 9 30 wo /// GODDESSES 40 CAE AB DA 40 50 Re 50. 6th: - tt 60 -60 50-40 -30: -20: -10. O 10 20 30 40 50 60 FIG. 21c B (degree) -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 so -60 -50 - -50 40 Cc = 40. Í -30 | % (FLIGHT -30 (SS N MN -20 No) X% & No -20 RAS aus DO 3 210] SR A DI Ao 3 EEE ITA Ta - Aos Á Me (Ex co & 101) ER AN ao 207 Vi 5 VANS s / E20 303 CAUSE SS. / [30 to ART TNSS to 50 <Q)) and 50 60 60 “60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 - 20/26 (Degree) '-60 SN AA, -50 -40 AT THE THE À 2 'A 4 -3 -2 1 0jo 1 2 2 (Diopter) FIG.22a |, 40 50 S A Êo 60 - 21/26 - FIG. 22b B (degree) -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 -60 -60 so Fr = -50 40 OJ 40 -30. fla ss 30 20 AE = tt -20 PA ao à a. E MH AA ITD A | O to ol AT o 2 is DAY A A) AS ARE CEE 20 AA RT Pe +20 SDS AARÃO E fe 30d WED AA so No 1 // USA Sia ii iii Nie, 40 NEN RA, 40 SIR NAS / 17 50 Soo 50. 60 rm 60 -60 -50 -40 -30.-20.-10. O 10 20 30 40 50 60 FIG. 22c B (degree) -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 -60 -60 O AMZ. AS x -50 40 and NS -40 -30. Ú N JA É80 NX NO -20 SS —— -20 ASS for | Ee10 EF ANNE 53 PA 310 SN RS 78110 201 HUIINSSS / 120 It is the AA AEEN DOS 303 Xso 2/7 INS. 30 NE NSSSSSOSS 40 GRE TIA | o 40 50 e, j> 50 60 60 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 - 22/26] X (mm) 3630 220 to 10 10 30, FIG. 23a 20 20 101 / X. DS CAMERA (PD E od. A o 7677 fo>) Tas TE NS / ÍA NX 1071 1 ARS> / F10 IS 1/1 ANS 1/1 Í KANO if VAO 20 Í // // W À NS N -20 ( fi> 25! j: -30. —— -30 -30 -20 10 O 10 20 30 X (mm) 2630 220 to o 10 20 30, FIG. 23b A 20 20 (+) 10 DD Io E ESA E ro AA NV to Zoo er TRAIN IT O ”uu 3 SAN es ANE HITMAN ONA -20 Ft VANRSO -20 -30 -30 -30 -20 -10 O 10 20 30 : 23/26. B (degree) -60 40 -20 O 20 409 o ss -60 FIG. 24a ESA to ALÔ ES 40 "20 s A" FS 20 L Ty IE |, AEE | so E 60 60 40 -20 O 20 40 60 B (degree) 60 40 -20 O 20 409 & o ”-60 FIG. 24b 40 | +> 20 Í À za E ES bread (water 201 XY; »N” DAM 40 CT | "* AME only a // 60 60 40 -20 O 20 40 60 . 24/26? B (degree) -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 -60 -60 FIG. 25a 40 EE 40 Ws q o TN 20 40 E y 40 a A -60 40 -20 o 20 40 60 B (degree) -60 40 -20 o 20 40 60 | -60 -60 | FIG. 25b À 40 7 o -40 dA -20 -20 Ro S Fm to - EE (FF 20 =) Ne 20 =) MANN 40 + NS 40 ANE 60 - 60 -60 40 -20 or 20 40 60 º 25/26] X (mm) 36030 -20 O 10 20 305, FIG. 26a 20 20 1 (Q) AE1o Ds e = ”= Tm EO My [O 2 = bh 0756 SN>) PE 101 |” Í75, / HH SA ET [o 1/1 ARNS Í [it wW YEAR O 2! NV NS + [1 /// | The E // | > i o -30 30 -20 10 0 10 20 30 X (mm) 3620 -20 -10 o 10 20 3%, FIG. 26b 20 20 Y (D) = 10 2 TESS at AND LINE A ss ". 3 MEC -10 CC AT DN 7 PT / EINS 1 ALE ANSSS ANN [ft SN -20 di gi | Y / Ses | : -30 = no -30 -20 -10 o 10 O 30 NO, IT'S PI! “NPff | ój || i Ha õ eira!" 222N "º“) ài “27) ó = —E" I-IA9PTSOSOI: - "A% Ó" "" o "oo0oee !! -o00Os <.F—) B> 2r] 3zs HH K 2.0 - 26/26 FIG. 27 (Degree) -40 -30 Az -20 C / / É "7. Á SS SS TESS GA, IE TS & AEE 6 ol [ES à mpg Po ESA 1 Ea em SS rim 2 ES. Pa E Í07 30 e is NEEM sa No a4olt 30 NÉ Il $ EN hh 50: -50 40 -30 -20 -10 O 10 20 30 40 50 | .Fig. 28 (Degree) -40 -30 -20 | Y 2% -10 Te , = FAITH ea = o TIRSS AAA F) ae TA (Gr as Ss SN 38 /// o O 10 | os DE (/ E ye [Ez NF), ss) ANSA AL NS and SED 50 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O 10 20 30 40 50