BR102020014572A2 - Anticidal baits based on sodium alginate microspheres and clays for use in the control of leaf-cutting ants and production processes - Google Patents
Anticidal baits based on sodium alginate microspheres and clays for use in the control of leaf-cutting ants and production processes Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/002—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing a foodstuff as carrier or diluent, i.e. baits
- A01N25/006—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing a foodstuff as carrier or diluent, i.e. baits insecticidal
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N41/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a sulfur atom bound to a hetero atom
- A01N41/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a sulfur atom bound to a hetero atom containing a sulfur-to-oxygen double bond
- A01N41/04—Sulfonic acids; Derivatives thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having no bond to a nitrogen atom
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01N57/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds
- A01N57/10—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-oxygen bonds or phosphorus-to-sulfur bonds
- A01N57/16—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-oxygen bonds or phosphorus-to-sulfur bonds containing heterocyclic radicals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
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Abstract
A presente invenção consiste de iscas formadas por meio da interação entre um biopolímero biodegradável, um argilomineral e agroquímicos, para serem utilizadas como técnica de manejo no controle de formigas cortadeiras, sendo um produto industrial com aplicação na área agronômica. A presente invenção refere-se também aos processos de produção das iscas formicidas. The present invention consists of baits formed through the interaction between a biodegradable biopolymer, a clay mineral and agrochemicals, to be used as a management technique in the control of leaf-cutting ants, being an industrial product with application in the agronomic area. The present invention also relates to the production processes of ant baits.
Description
01. A presente invenção consiste de iscas formadas por meio da interação entre um biopolímero biodegradável, um argilomineral e agroquímicos, para serem utilizadas como técnica de manejo no controle de formigas cortadeiras, sendo um produto industrial com aplicação na área agronômica. A presente invenção refere-se também aos processos de produção das iscas formicidas.01. The present invention consists of baits formed through the interaction between a biodegradable biopolymer, a clay mineral and agrochemicals, to be used as a management technique in the control of leaf-cutting ants, being an industrial product with application in the agronomic area. The present invention also relates to the production processes of ant baits.
02. No Brasil existe uma diversidade de espécies de formigas, sendo importantes na cadeia alimentar. As formigas cortadeiras, dos gêneros Atta (saúvas) e Acromyrmex (quenquéns) são as principais pragas severas da agricultura nacional, causando perdas significativas em plantações para pequenos, médios e grandes produtores.02. In Brazil there is a diversity of ant species, which are important in the food chain. Leaf-cutting ants, of the genera Atta (saúvas) and Acromyrmex (quenquéns) are the main severe pests of national agriculture, causing significant losses in plantations for small, medium and large producers.
03. Um único formigueiro de Atta é capaz de consumir 1 tonelada de massa folhar por ano, valor equivalente a 86 árvores de eucaliptos (MENDES FILHO, J.M. de A. – Combate à formiga na CAF. Circular Técnica. IPEF, Piracicaba (76): 1-9, nov.1979). Colônias adultas chegam a ter de milhares a milhões de operárias de acordo com o gênero. É durante o processo conhecido como forrageamento que esses insetos realizam o corte de folhas com o fim de subsistência da colônia. Durante esse processo coletam também, fezes, galhos ou qualquer outro tipo de matéria orgânica atrativa, que mais tarde são utilizados para nutrir fungos simbiontes (AUTUORI, M. Investigação sobre a biologia da saúva. Cienc. Cult, v. 1, p. 4-13, 1950; VILELA, E.F., DELLA LUCIA, T.M.C. (1987) Ferômonios de insetos; biologia, química e emprego no manejo de pragas. Viçosa, MG, Universidade Federal de Viçosa. 155p; FISHER, P.J., STRADLING, D.J., PEGLER, D.N. Leaf cutting ants, their fungus gardens and the formation of basidiomata of Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Top. Catal, v. 8, p. 128–131, 1994).03. A single Atta anthill is capable of consuming 1 ton of leaf mass per year, equivalent to 86 eucalyptus trees (MENDES FILHO, JM de A. – Fight against ants at CAF. Technical Circular. IPEF, Piracicaba (76) : 1-9, Nov. 1979). Adult colonies can have from thousands to millions of workers according to gender. It is during the process known as foraging that these insects cut leaves in order to subsist on the colony. During this process, they also collect feces, branches or any other type of attractive organic matter, which are later used to nourish symbiotic fungi (AUTUORI, M. Investigation on the biology of the anteater. Cienc. Cult, v. 1, p. 4). -13, 1950; VILELA, EF, DELLA LUCIA, TMC (1987) Insect pheromones; biology, chemistry and use in pest management. Viçosa, MG, Universidade Federal de Viçosa. 155p; FISHER, PJ, STRADLING, DJ, PEGLER , DN Leaf cutting ants, their fungus gardens and the formation of basidiomata of Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Top. Catal, v. 8, p. 128–131, 1994).
04. A fim de minimizar os danos e impactos causados por esses insetos-pragas técnicas de manejo foram desenvolvidas. As técnicas mais comumente usadas no combate a formigas são: controle mecânico, biológico, cultural e químico (ARAÚJO, M. S.; DELLA LUCIA, T. M. C.; SOUZA, D. J. Estratégias Alternativas de Controle. Bahia Agrícola, Salvador, v. 6, n. 1, p. 71-73, 2003).04. In order to minimize the damage and impacts caused by these insect pests, management techniques were developed. The most commonly used techniques to combat ants are: mechanical, biological, cultural and chemical control (ARAÚJO, MS; DELLA LUCIA, TMC; SOUZA, DJ Alternative Control Strategies. Bahia Agrícola, Salvador, v. 6, n. 1, pp. 71-73, 2003).
05. O combate químico a esses insetos é eficiente, podendo ser realizado com diferentes produtos e de diferentes maneiras de aplicação, usando técnicas mais caras como a termonebulização ou técnicas mais baratas como uso de iscas formicidas e pó químico (ZANETTI, R.; CARVALHO, G. A.; SANTOS, A.; SOUZASILVA, A.; GODOY, M. S. Manejo integrado de formigas cortadeiras. Lavras: UFLA, 2002. 16 p). As iscas formicidas são as mais usuais por apresentarem baixo custo, aplicação localizada e alto rendimento além de dispensar equipamentos para a sua aplicação.05. The chemical control of these insects is efficient and can be carried out with different products and in different ways of application, using more expensive techniques such as thermal fogging or cheaper techniques such as the use of ant baits and chemical powder (ZANETTI, R.; CARVALHO , GA; SANTOS, A.; SOUZASILVA, A.; GODOY, MS Integrated management of leaf-cutting ants. Lavras: UFLA, 2002. 16 p). The ant baits are the most common because they have low cost, localized application and high yield, in addition to dispensing equipment for their application.
06. O grupo químico dos organoclorados, o dodedacloro foi o primeiro ingrediente ativo utilizado em iscas formicidas (BRITTO, J.S. DE; FORTI, L.C.; OLIVEIRA, M.A. DE; ZANETTI, R.; WILCKEN, C.F.; ZANUNCIO, J.C.; LOECK, A.E.; CALDATO, N.; NAGAMOTO, N.S.; LEMES, P.G.; CAMARGO, S. Use of alternatives to PFOS , its salts and PFOSF for the control of leaf-cutting ants Atta and Acromyrmex. Int. J. Res. Environ. Stud., v. 3, p. 11–92, 2016). Esse grupo químico teve seu uso proibido no Brasil desde 1985 por apresentarem natureza tóxica e cumulativa (Kasemodel MC, Porto ALM & Nitschke M. Biodegradação bacteriana de compostos organoclorados. Quimica Nova, 37(8): 1351–1356, 2014), sendo autorizados apenas em campanhas de saúde pública (Portaria no . 329 de 02/09/85 do Ministério da Agricultura).06. The chemical group of organochlorines, dodedachlor, was the first active ingredient used in ant baits (BRITTO, JS DE; FORTI, LC; OLIVEIRA, MA DE; ZANETTI, R.; WILCKEN, CF; ZANUNCIO, JC; LOECK, AE; ; CALDATO, N.; NAGAMOTO, NS; LEMES, PG; CAMARGO, S. Use of alternatives to PFOS , its salts and PFOSF for the control of leaf-cutting ants Atta and Acromyrmex. Int. J. Res. Environ. Stud. , v. 3, p. 11–92, 2016). This chemical group has had its use banned in Brazil since 1985 because of its toxic and cumulative nature (Kasemodel MC, Porto ALM & Nitschke M. Bacterial biodegradation of organochlorine compounds. Quimica Nova, 37(8): 1351–1356, 2014), being authorized only in public health campaigns (Decree no. 329 of 09/02/85 of the Ministry of Agriculture).
07. O produto comercial Mirex-s ® (sulfluramida, 0,2%) é uma das marcas usuais no Brasil para controle químico desses inseto-pragas. Essas iscas se apresentam na forma de pellets, são constituídas por polpa de laranja desidratada, óleo vegetal (soja) e ingrediente ativo do inseticida (sulfluramida, clorpirifós e fipronil) (PEREGRINE, D.J.; CHERRETT, J.M. Toxicant spread in colonies of leaf-cutting ants. Proceedings of the Association of Applied Biologists, p. 131-132, 1976; FORTI, L. C.; NAGAMOTO, N. S.; PRETTO, D. R. Controle de formigas cortadeiras com isca granulada. In: Simpósio sobre formigas cortadeiras dos países do mercosul. Piracicaba: FEALQ, 1998, p. 113-132). Durante esse processo, conhecido como forrageamento, as formigas se contaminam por trofalaxia e acabam mortas devido à ação do inseticida presente na isca. Esse inseticida inibe o processo metabólico de fosforilação oxidativa, que atua na cadeia respiratória, causando o bloqueio dos elétrons nas mitocôndrias e interrompendo a produção de adenosina trifosfato (ATP), afetando o processo de armazenamento energético para as atividades vitais do inseto, causando assim sua morte por asfixia (SCHNELLMANN, R.G., MANNING, R.O. Perfluorooctane sulfonamide: A structurally novel uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Bioenerg, v. 1016, p.344–348, 1990). Seu uso é eficiente como técnica de manejo, no entanto essas iscas não podem ser aplicadas em ambientes úmidos, isso porque as iscas acabam se desfazendo perdendo assim a atratividade e, como consequência a ineficiência (JUSTI JUNIOR, J.; IMENES, S.L.; BERGMANN, E.C.; CAMPOS, F.A.E.C.; ZORZENON, F.J. Formigas Cortadeiras. Boletim técnico do Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, n. 4, p. 31, 1996; ZANUNCIO, J. C; COUTO, C; SANTOS, G. P; ANUNCIO, T. V; Eficiencia da isca granulada Mirex-S, a base de sulfluramida, no controle de formigas cortadeira Atta laevigata (F. Smith, 1858) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Revista Árvore, v. 16, n. 3, p 247 - 372, 1992; DELLA LUCIA, T.M.C., FOWLER, H.G., ARAÚJO, M.S. Castas de formigas cortadeiras. In: Della Lucia, T.M.C. (ed.) As formigas cortadeiras. Viçosa: Folha de Viçosa. p. 43-53, 1993).07. The commercial product Mirex-s ® (sulfuramide, 0.2%) is one of the usual brands in Brazil for chemical control of these insect pests. These baits are in the form of pellets and are made up of dehydrated orange pulp, vegetable oil (soybean) and active ingredient of the insecticide (sulfuramide, chlorpyrifos and fipronil) (PEREGRINE, DJ; CHERRETT, JM Toxicant spread in colonies of leaf-cutting). Proceedings of the Association of Applied Biologists, p. 131-132, 1976; FORTI, LC; NAGAMOTO, NS; PRETTO, DR Control of leaf-cutting ants with granulated bait. In: Symposium on leaf-cutting ants in Mercosur countries. Piracicaba: FEALQ, 1998, p. 113-132). During this process, known as foraging, the ants are contaminated by trophallaxis and end up dead due to the action of the insecticide present in the bait. This insecticide inhibits the metabolic process of oxidative phosphorylation, which acts on the respiratory chain, causing the blocking of electrons in the mitochondria and interrupting the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), affecting the energy storage process for the insect's vital activities, thus causing its death by asphyxia (SCHNELLMANN, RG, MANNING, RO Perfluorooctane sulfonamide: A structurally novel uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Bioenerg, v. 1016, p.344–348, 1990). Its use is efficient as a management technique, however these baits cannot be applied in humid environments, because the baits end up falling apart, thus losing their attractiveness and, as a consequence, inefficiency (JUSTI JUNIOR, J.; IMENES, SL; BERGMANN , EC; CAMPOS, FAEC; ZORZENON, FJ Formigas Cortadeiras. Technical Bulletin of the Biological Institute, São Paulo, n. 4, p. 31, 1996; ZANUNCIO, J. C; COUTO, C; SANTOS, G. P; ANUNCIO, T.V; Efficiency of granulated bait Mirex-S, based on sulfluramid, in the control of leaf-cutting ants Atta laevigata (F. Smith, 1858) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Revista Árvore, v. 16, n. 3, p 247 - 372, 1992; DELLA LUCIA, TMC, FOWLER, HG, ARAÚJO, MS Leaf-cutting ant varieties. In: Della Lucia, TMC (ed.) Leaf-cutting ants. Viçosa: Folha de Viçosa. p. 43-53, 1993) .
08. Em 1995, iscas formicidas granuladas contendo o princípio ativo clorpirifós foram desenvolvidas (Neto, O.C. "Formiçida isca granulado formulado a base do princípio ativo chlorpyriphos abrangendo as formulações de 0,7000 gramas por quilo até 5,000 gramas por quilo”. PI 9401591-0). As iscas foram produzidas de maneira semelhante ao produto comercial Mirex-s ®, em que foi sintetizada também com polpa e óleo essencial de Iaranja e óleo vegetal, que atraem as formigas e que dão a estrutura granular ao produto. A isca foi eficiente como técnica de manejo, no entanto não são eficientes em ambientes úmidos vindo a se decompor perdendo a atratividade.08. In 1995, granulated ant baits containing the active ingredient chlorpyrifos were developed (Neto, OC "Formiçida granulated bait formulated based on the active ingredient chlorpyriphos covering formulations from 0.7000 grams per kilo to 5.000 grams per kilo". PI 9401591- 0) The baits were produced in a similar way to the commercial product Mirex-s ®, in which it was also synthesized with orange pulp and essential oil and vegetable oil, which attract ants and give the granular structure to the product. efficient as a management technique, however they are not efficient in humid environments coming to decompose, losing their attractiveness.
09. Com o intuito de solucionar os problemas causados por esses insetos-praga e a ineficiência de iscas que se decompõe facilmente em ambiente úmido, desenvolveu-se a presente invenção, iscas formicidas biodegradáveis e seu processo de produção, que tem como objetivo matar e/ou suavizar os danos causados por esses insetos em plantações. Desse modo, os inventores do atual pedido de patente executaram extensos estudos com o objetivo de sintetizar e caracterizar materiais híbridos orgânicos-inorgânicos formados de microesferas de alginato e caulinita para incorporação de diferentes agroquímicos utilizados para controle de formigas cortadeiras, e realizar bioensaios de eficácia e comportamental em campo e laboratório.09. In order to solve the problems caused by these insect pests and the inefficiency of baits that easily decompose in a humid environment, the present invention was developed, biodegradable ant baits and its production process, which aims to kill and /or mitigate the damage caused by these insects to crops. Thus, the inventors of the current patent application carried out extensive studies with the objective of synthesizing and characterizing hybrid organic-inorganic materials formed from alginate and kaolinite microspheres for incorporation of different agrochemicals used to control leaf-cutting ants, and to carry out bioassays of efficacy and behavior in the field and laboratory.
10. Os materiais híbridos orgânicos-inorgânicos são uma classe de materiais que propiciaria uma alternativa para aumentar a resistência física dessas iscas, o sinergismo entre componentes orgânicos e inorgânicos podem criar novos materiais com propriedades não encontradas nos materiais convencionais (FERNANDES, F.M.; BARADARI, H.; SANCHEZ, C. Integrative strategies to hybrid lamellar compounds: An integration challenge. Appl. Clay Sci, v. 100, p. 2–21, 2014; SANCHEZ, C., SHEA, K.J., KITAGAWA, S. Recent progress in hybrid materials science. Chem. Soc. Rev, v.40, p. 471–472, 2011).10. The organic-inorganic hybrid materials are a class of materials that would provide an alternative to increase the physical resistance of these baits, the synergism between organic and inorganic components can create new materials with properties not found in conventional materials (FERNANDES, FM; BARADARI, H.; SANCHEZ, C. Integrative strategies to hybrid lamellar compounds: An integration challenge. Appl. Clay Sci, v. 100, p. 2–21, 2014; SANCHEZ, C., SHEA, KJ, KITAGAWA, S. Recent progress in hybrid materials science. Chem. Soc. Rev, v.40, p. 471–472, 2011).
11. As iscas formadas apresentam argilomineral em sua composição, auxiliando no aumento da resistência física das iscas.11. The baits formed have clay minerals in their composition, helping to increase the physical resistance of the baits.
12. As microesferas (iscas) sintetizadas são formadas por meio da solubilização do biopolímero alginato de sódio seguida da adição de argila e agroquímicos em períodos pré-determinados.12. The synthesized microspheres (baits) are formed by solubilizing the sodium alginate biopolymer followed by the addition of clay and agrochemicals at predetermined periods.
13. A invenção apresenta como vantagem a utilização diversos agroquímicos, permitindo o controle químico desses insetos seja por vias respiratória e, ou, neurológica, dependendo apenas do ingrediente ativo do inseticida.13. The invention has the advantage of using various agrochemicals, allowing the chemical control of these insects, either by respiratory and/or neurological routes, depending only on the active ingredient of the insecticide.
14. Figura 1: Quantidade de boro em solução em função do tempo em estudos de liberação “in vitro” para as microesferas: (a) controle com borato (T2); (b) 2,5 g borato e B. bassiana (T6); (c) 5 g borato e B. bassiana (T7) e (d) borato e clorpirifós (T8). Apresenta os resultados da liberação “in vitro” do sal comum em todas as microesferas. A velocidade máxima de liberação do micronutriente para a solução ocorreu em um período de 1 h, atingindo 100% de liberação. Esse estudo foi realizado por 48 h e as microesferas permaneceram na condição física inicial.14. Figure 1: Amount of boron in solution as a function of time in “in vitro” release studies for microspheres: (a) control with borate (T2); (b) 2.5 g borate and B. bassiana (T6); (c) 5 g borate and B. bassiana (T7) and (d) borate and chlorpyrifos (T8). It presents the results of the “in vitro” release of common salt in all microspheres. The maximum rate of release of the micronutrient into the solution occurred in a period of 1 h, reaching 100% release. This study was carried out for 48 h and the microspheres remained in the initial physical condition.
15. Figura 2: Percentual de formigas vivas ao decorrer dos dias de avaliação. Tratamentos – T0: Testemunha, T2: Micro. controle com borato, T6: Micro. 2,5 g borato e B. bassiana; T7: Micro. 5 g borato e B. bassiana, T8: Micro. Borato e clorpirifós e T9: Mirex®. Apresenta os resultados do bioensaio em que houve interação significativa (tratamentos versus dias avaliados após aplicação dos tratamentos) para a variável percentual de formigas vivas (p<0,01). Essa figura ilustra o perfil de mortalidade desses insetos após confinamento em recipiente fechado contendo as iscas e dieta artificial. Ao final de 5 dias todos os insetos estavam mortos, vale ressaltar que uma das iscas sintetizadas apresentou melhor desempenho dentro dos tratamentos utilizados o qual continha isca comercial já consolidada no mercado. Os dados de mortalidade foram corrigidos com a testemunha seguindo a fórmula de Abott (1925), e submetidos análise de variância e teste de média de Tukey (p<0,05) com auxílio do software Sisvar (FERREIRA, D. F. SISVAR : A Computer Statistical Analysis System Sisvar : um sistema computacional de análise estatística. Ciênc. Agrotec, v.35, n.6, p.1039– 1042, 2011).15. Figure 2: Percentage of ants alive during the evaluation days. Treatments – T0: Witness, T2: Micro. borate control, T6: Micro. 2.5 g borate and B. bassiana; T7: Micro. 5 g borate and B. bassiana, T8: Micro. Borate and chlorpyrifos and T9: Mirex®. It presents the results of the bioassay in which there was a significant interaction (treatments versus days evaluated after application of treatments) for the variable percentage of live ants (p<0.01). This figure illustrates the mortality profile of these insects after confinement in a closed container containing the baits and artificial diet. At the end of 5 days all insects were dead, it is worth mentioning that one of the synthesized baits showed better performance within the treatments used, which contained commercial bait already consolidated in the market. Mortality data were corrected with the control following the Abott formula (1925), and submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's mean test (p<0.05) with the aid of Sisvar software (FERREIRA, DF SISVAR : A Computer Statistical Analysis System Sisvar : a computational system for statistical analysis. Ciênc. Agrotec, v.35, n.6, p.1039– 1042, 2011).
16. Figura 3: Representação esquemática de síntese das microesferas controle.16. Figure 3: Schematic representation of the synthesis of control microspheres.
17. Figura 4: Imagem fotográfica das microesferas controle aplicadas a uma distância aproximada de 20 cm a partir do olheiro.17. Figure 4: Photographic image of control microspheres applied at an approximate distance of 20 cm from the spot.
18. Figura 5: Imagens fotográficas das microesferas utilizadas para o bioensaio 2: (e) Controle com borato de sódio (T2); (f) 2,5 g de Borato de sódio e B. bassiana (T6); (g) 5 g de Borato de sódio e B. bassiana (T7) e (h) Borato de sódio e clorpirifós (T8). Apresenta imagens fotográficas das microesferas formadas após o processo de síntese. Essas iscas apresentaram massa média variável 35,6 ± 9,1 (mg/isca) dependendo da isca sintetizada. Essa variação é devida a diminuição da viscosidade que é dependente da quantidade dos materiais precursores utilizados durante a síntese, o que aumenta a velocidade de escoamento e formação das iscas após gotejamento na solução contendo o íon metálico. A espessura e diâmetro também variaram, 1,66 ± 0,36 (mm) e 5,59 ± 0,35 (mm), respectivamente.18. Figure 5: Photographic images of the microspheres used for bioassay 2: (e) Control with sodium borate (T2); (f) 2.5 g of Sodium Borate and B. bassiana (T6); (g) 5 g of Sodium borate and B. bassiana (T7) and (h) Sodium borate and chlorpyrifos (T8). It presents photographic images of the microspheres formed after the synthesis process. These baits had a variable mean mass of 35.6 ± 9.1 (mg/bait) depending on the bait synthesized. This variation is due to the decrease in viscosity that is dependent on the amount of precursor materials used during the synthesis, which increases the flow rate and formation of the baits after dripping into the solution containing the metal ion. The thickness and diameter also varied, 1.66 ± 0.36 (mm) and 5.59 ± 0.35 (mm), respectively.
19. A presente invenção trata-se de iscas formicidas formadas por meio da interação entre um biopolímero biodegradável, um argilomineral e agroquímicos, para serem utilizadas como técnica de manejo no controle de formigas cortadeiras, e do seus processos de produção.19. The present invention deals with ant baits formed through the interaction between a biodegradable biopolymer, a clay mineral and agrochemicals, to be used as a management technique in the control of leaf-cutting ants and their production processes.
20. As microesferas foram adaptadas e sintetizadas pelo método da coacervação complexa (ZHANG, Y.; LIANG, X.; YANG, X.; LIU, H.; YAO, J. An eco-friendly slow-release urea fertilizer based on waste mulberry branches for potential agriculture and horticulture applications. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng, v.2, n.7, p.1871–1878, 2014).20. The microspheres were adapted and synthesized by the complex coacervation method (ZHANG, Y.; LIANG, X.; YANG, X.; LIU, H.; YAO, J. An eco-friendly slow-release urea fertilizer based on waste mulberry branches for potential agriculture and horticulture applications. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng, v.2, n.7, p.1871–1878, 2014).
21. A Figura 3 ilustra os processos de obtenção das microesferas.21. Figure 3 illustrates the processes for obtaining the microspheres.
22. Neste método, um gel foi formado pela mistura de 50 ± 0,5 mL de água com 0,5 ± 0,05 g do biopolímero alginato de sódio após 60 ± 10 min sobre vigorosa agitação com auxílio de uma chapa de agitação e agitador magnético, ou similar, até a completa solubilização e sua homogeneização (etapa 1). Em seguida foi pesada com auxílio de uma balança analítica 2,5 ± 0,005 g do argilomineral caulinta e transferidas de forma quantitativa com auxílio de uma espátula para a suspensão, a mesma foi mantida sobre agitação por mais 60 ± 10 min à temperatura ambiente (25 ± 3 ºC). Nessa etapa pode ser utilizado qualquer tipo de argila silicatada, tais como: bentonita, montmorilonita, ilita e vermiculita (etapa 2). A etapa 3 consiste na adição de 2,5g a 5,0g de tetraborato de sódio até completa solubilização.22. In this method, a gel was formed by mixing 50 ± 0.5 mL of water with 0.5 ± 0.05 g of the biopolymer sodium alginate after 60 ± 10 min under vigorous stirring with the aid of a stirring plate and magnetic stirrer, or similar, until complete solubilization and homogenization (step 1). Then, 2.5 ± 0.005 g of the kaolin clay mineral was weighed with the aid of an analytical balance and transferred quantitatively with the aid of a spatula to the suspension, which was kept under agitation for another 60 ± 10 min at room temperature (25 ± 3°C). In this step, any type of silicate clay can be used, such as: bentonite, montmorillonite, illite and vermiculite (step 2). Step 3 consists of adding 2.5g to 5.0g of sodium tetraborate until complete solubilization.
23. Depois de finalizada a etapa (3), em que foi obtido a mistura homogênea contendo biopolímero alginato de sódio, água, argilomineral e agroquímico, esta foi transferida para uma bureta de capacidade igual a 50 ± 0,5 mL (etapa 4) e vertida “gota a gota” com uma vazão de aproximadamente 1 gota∙s-1 , em uma solução contendo 5 ± 0,05% de CaCl2 (m/v) (etapa 5). O material resultante (microesferas) foi seco em estufa com circulação de ar durante 5 h ± 30 min a uma temperatura de 25 ± 3ºC e, acondicionado em frasco limpo e seco. Esta isca foi nomeada de tratamento T2.23. After completion of step (3), in which the homogeneous mixture was obtained containing biopolymer sodium alginate, water, clay mineral and agrochemical, it was transferred to a burette with a capacity of 50 ± 0.5 mL (step 4) and poured “drop by drop” with a flow rate of approximately 1 drop∙s-1 , into a solution containing 5 ± 0.05% CaCl2 (m/v) (step 5). The resulting material (microspheres) was dried in an oven with air circulation for 5 h ± 30 min at a temperature of 25 ± 3ºC and placed in a clean and dry flask. This bait was named T2 treatment.
24. Como o objetivo de produzir materiais com diferentes composições, foi produzida mais iscas usando a metodologia descrita acima com algumas modificações durante as etapas.24. With the objective of producing materials with different compositions, more baits were produced using the methodology described above with some modifications during the stages.
25. Na etapa 3, após a formação da suspensão pela adição do argilomineral foram adicionados 2,5g a 5,0g do tetraborato de sódio e 0,1 a 1 mL de esporos do B. Bassiana. Esta isca foi nomeada como tratamento T6. As demais etapas seguiram como apresentado no procedimento 1.25. In step 3, after the suspension was formed by the addition of clay mineral, 2.5g to 5.0g of sodium tetraborate and 0.1 to 1 ml of B. Bassiana spores were added. This bait was named as T6 treatment. The other steps followed as shown in procedure 1.
26. De maneira semelhante ao procedimento 1 descrito anteriormente, outras microesferas foram produzidas, em que o gel foi formado por meio de uma solução dos ingredientes ativos de inseticidas como o clorpirifós, sulfluramida e fipronil. Na etapa 1 a água foi substituída por uma solução de 600 mg . L -1 (50 ± 0,5 mL) do inseticida clorpirifós, esta isca foi nomeada como tratamento T8. As demais etapas seguiram como apresentado no procedimento 126. Similar to procedure 1 described above, other microspheres were produced, in which the gel was formed by means of a solution of the active ingredients of insecticides such as chlorpyrifos, sulfluramid and fipronil. In step 1 the water was replaced by a 600 mg solution. L -1 (50 ± 0.5 mL) of chlorpyrifos insecticide, this bait was named as T8 treatment. The other steps followed as shown in procedure 1
27. As iscas produzidas em todas as etapas são colocadas nas trilhas a cerca de 20 ± 2 cm do olheiro (buraco do ninho da colônia) de acordo com a área total, a qual consiste na dosagem de 8,0 g∙m-2 aparente de formigueiro (Figura 4).27. The baits produced in all stages are placed on the trails at about 20 ± 2 cm from the scout (colony nest hole) according to the total area, which consists of the dosage of 8.0 g∙m-2 anthill (Figure 4).
28. O sal tetraborato inibe o odor característico do biopolímero alginato de sódio, tornado a isca atrativa, fazendo com que esses insetos recolham essas iscas e as levem ao interior do ninho, onde acabam se contaminando por trofalaxia durante o trajeto e mortas devido ao inseticida presente nas microesferas.28. The tetraborate salt inhibits the characteristic odor of the biopolymer sodium alginate, making the bait attractive, causing these insects to collect these baits and take them to the interior of the nest, where they end up being contaminated by trophallaxis during the journey and killed due to the insecticide present in the microspheres.
29. Os bioensaios de toxicidade foram conduzidos no Laboratório de compostos Lamelares (LCL). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos e 5 repetições. Em cada tratamento foram utilizados cinco potes plásticos com furos na tampa (61 x 101 mm) com 5 cm de solo argiloso, contendo 6 formigas por pote. No interior do pote foi colocado algodão hidrófilo umedecido com 1,5 mL da dieta líquida, contendo 100 mL de água milli-q de 5% (m/v) de glicose, 0,1% (m/v) de extrato de levedura e 1% (m/v) de peptona bacteriológica (BUENO, O.C.; MORINI, M.S.C.; PAGNOCCA, F.C.; HEBLING, M.J.A.; SILVA, O. A. Sobrevivência de Operárias de Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Isoladas do Formigueiro e Alimentadas com Dietas Artificiais. An. Soc. Entomol, v. 26, n. 1, p. 107-113, 1997). A mistura foi solubilizada com bastão de vidro e autoclavada durante 15 min a uma temperatura de 120 °C e 1 atm de pressão, a dieta foi acondicionada em frasco limpo e seco para posterior utilização. A dieta foi substituída a cada 24 h. Quinze microesferas contendo os tratamentos (T0: Testemunha, T2: Micro. controle com borato, T6: Micro. 2,5 g borato e B. bassiana; T7: Micro. 5 g borato e B. bassiana, T8: Micro. Borato e clorpirifós e T9: Mirex®) foram liberadas sobre o solo de forma a ficar distribuída uniformemente. As avaliações foram realizadas diariamente, em um mesmo período do dia, registrando-se o número de formigas vivas. Os dados de mortalidade foram corrigidos com a testemunha (ABBOTT, W. S. A Method of Computing the Effectiveness of an Insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, v. 18, n. 2, p. 265–267, 1925), e submetidos análise de variância e teste de média de Tukey (p<0,05).29. Toxicity bioassays were conducted at the Lamellar Compounds Laboratory (LCL). The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments and 5 replications. In each treatment, five plastic pots with holes in the lid (61 x 101 mm) with 5 cm of clay soil were used, containing 6 ants per pot. Inside the pot, cotton wool moistened with 1.5 mL of liquid diet was placed, containing 100 mL of milli-q water with 5% (m/v) glucose, 0.1% (m/v) yeast extract. and 1% (m/v) of bacteriological peptone (BUENO, OC; MORINI, MSC; PAGNOCCA, FC; HEBLING, MJA; SILVA, OA Survival of workers of Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) isolated from the anthill and fed with Artificial Diets. An. Soc. Entomol, v. 26, n. 1, p. 107-113, 1997). The mixture was solubilized with a glass rod and autoclaved for 15 min at a temperature of 120 °C and 1 atm of pressure, the diet was placed in a clean and dry flask for later use. The diet was replaced every 24 h. Fifteen microspheres containing the treatments (T0: Control, T2: Micro. borate control, T6: Micro. 2.5 g borate and B. bassiana; T7: Micro. 5 g borate and B. bassiana, T8: Micro. borate and chlorpyrifos and T9: Mirex®) were released onto the soil so that they were evenly distributed. The evaluations were carried out daily, at the same time of day, recording the number of live ants. Mortality data were corrected with the control (ABBOTT, WS A Method of Computing the Effectiveness of an Insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, v. 18, n. 2, p. 265–267, 1925), and subjected to analysis of variance. and Tukey's mean test (p<0.05).
30. No campo, formigueiros foram medidos por meio de passos aferidos (largura versus comprimento) para determinar o tamanho aparente do ninho, 3 ninhos de formigueiros jovens que variaram entre 1 a 4 m2 para cada tratamento. A aplicação das iscas foi a uma distância de 20 cm do olheiro e consistiu na dosagem de 8,0 g∙m-2 aparente de formigueiro (MARICONI, F.A.M. As saúvas. Circular Técnica, n. 77, IPEF, São Paulo, 1979.)30. In the field, anthills were measured using measured steps (width versus length) to determine apparent nest size, 3 nests of young anthills ranging from 1 to 4 m2 for each treatment. The application of the baits was at a distance of 20 cm from the scout and consisted of the dosage of 8.0 g∙m-2 apparent anthill (MARICONI, FAM As saúvas. Circular Técnica, n. 77, IPEF, São Paulo, 1979. )
31. A atividade forrageira foi avaliada durante 5 minutos entre o período de 15 às 18 h, no dia da aplicação das iscas, após 24 h, 4, 7, 14, 21, 35 e 60 dias. Um esquema fatorial 5 x 8 (cinco tratamentos x oito dias de avaliações após aplicação dos tratamentos) em delineamento experimental do tipo inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade, com auxílio do software Sisvar (FERREIRA, D. F. SISVAR : A Computer Statistical Analysis System Sisvar : um sistema computacional de análise estatística. Ciênc. Agrotec, v.35, n.6, p.1039–1042, 2011).31. Foraging activity was evaluated for 5 minutes between 3 pm and 6 pm, on the day of bait application, after 24 h, 4, 7, 14, 21, 35 and 60 days. A 5 x 8 factorial scheme (five treatments x eight days of evaluations after application of treatments) in a completely randomized design with three replications. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability, with the aid of the Sisvar software (FERREIRA, DF SISVAR: A Computer Statistical Analysis System Sisvar: a computer system for statistical analysis. Ciênc. Agrotec, v.35, n.6, p.1039–1042, 2011).
32. As iscas permitiram uma liberação sustentada (lenta) dos agroquímicos como apresentada na Figura 1. As iscas apresentaram ótima resistência física após 48 h imersas em água, fator esse ocasionado pelo sinergismo da microesfera obtida por meio da interação entre o material orgânico (alginato de sódio) e o inorgânico (caulinita).32. The baits allowed a sustained (slow) release of the agrochemicals as shown in Figure 1. The baits showed excellent physical resistance after 48 h immersed in water, a factor caused by the synergism of the microsphere obtained through the interaction between the organic material (alginate sodium) and inorganic (kaolinite).
33. Posterior aplicação das iscas, bons resultados de mortalidade foram observados após biosensaio em laboratório, levando a morte desses insetos em até 5 dias, algumas em até 24h como pode ser observada na Figura 2.33. After application of the baits, good mortality results were observed after bioassay in the laboratory, leading to the death of these insects within 5 days, some within 24 hours, as can be seen in Figure 2.
34. Bioensaios no campo permitiram confirmar o controle químico desses insetos, de modo que após 60 dias de avaliação observou-se a diminuição da atividade forrageira e/ou a morte total da colônia, mostrando assim a eficiência das iscas no pasto e em plantações de eucalipto.34. Field bioassays confirmed the chemical control of these insects, so that after 60 days of evaluation, a decrease in forage activity and/or total colony death was observed, thus showing the efficiency of the baits in the pasture and in plantations of eucalyptus.
35. Com base nos resultados, conclui-se que a síntese das microesferas de alginato e argilomineral contendo os agroquímicos, originou produtos com potencial formicida apresentando boa resistência física em contato com água e atrativas a esses insetos, sendo eficientes como técnica de manejo, uma vez que apresentou ótimos percentuais de mortalidade dentro do período de dias estudados nos bioensaios em laboratório e no campo.35. Based on the results, it is concluded that the synthesis of alginate and clay mineral microspheres containing the agrochemicals, resulted in products with ant-killing potential, presenting good physical resistance in contact with water and attractive to these insects, being efficient as a management technique, a since it presented excellent percentages of mortality within the period of days studied in the bioassays in the laboratory and in the field.
Claims (13)
- a) Misturar água e o biopolímero;
- b) Agitar;
- c) Adicionar argilomineral à mistura obtida nas etapas a e b;
- d) Agitar,
- e) Adicionar o sal sólido tetraborato de sódio;
- f) Homogeneizar;
- g) Transferir a mistura para uma bureta;
- h) Secar as microesferas obtidas.
- a) Mixing water and the biopolymer;
- b) Stir;
- c) Adding clay mineral to the mixture obtained in steps a and b;
- d) shake,
- e) Adding the solid sodium tetraborate salt;
- f) Homogenize;
- g) Transfer the mixture to a burette;
- h) Dry the microspheres obtained.
- a) Misturar água e o biopolímero;
- b) Agitar;
- c) Adicionar argilomineral à mistura obtida nas etapas a e b;
- d) Adicionar os esporos fúngicos;
- e) Agitar;
- f) Adicionar o sal sólido tetraborato de sódio;
- g) Homogeneizar;
- h) Transferir a mistura para uma bureta;
- i) Secar as microesferas obtidas.
- a) Mixing water and the biopolymer;
- b) Stir;
- c) Adding clay mineral to the mixture obtained in steps a and b;
- d) Add the fungal spores;
- e) Shake;
- f) Adding the solid sodium tetraborate salt;
- g) Homogenize;
- h) Transfer the mixture to a burette;
- i) Dry the microspheres obtained.
- a) Misturar a solução do agroquímico e biopolímero;
- b) Agitar;
- c) Adicionar argilomineral à mistura obtida na etapa a;
- d) Agitar,
- e) Adicionar o sal sólido tetraborato de sódio;
- f) Homogeneizar;
- g) Transferir a mistura para uma bureta;
- h) Secar as microesferas obtidas.
- a) Mix the agrochemical and biopolymer solution;
- b) Stir;
- c) Adding clay mineral to the mixture obtained in step a;
- d) shake,
- e) Adding the solid sodium tetraborate salt;
- f) Homogenize;
- g) Transfer the mixture to a burette;
- h) Dry the microspheres obtained.
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