BR102018075380A2 - CONSTRUCTIVE SYSTEM IN CELLULAR CONCRETE BLOCKS - Google Patents

Abstract

the present invention deals with a constructive system using foamed cellular concrete blocks in a parallelepiped shape and which have in their geometry a channel in two of the longitudinal faces, generating a female / female fitting system, which allows the introduction of the laying mortar / grout and / or steel reinforcement for reinforcement, optimizing the execution of vertical fence panels, constituting a rationalized construction system. it is inserted in the civil construction sector, more specifically, in the construction of buildings. its differential consists in the joining of the geometry of the block and the material used, which gives the set the necessary performance for use in seals, while reducing the execution time, the weight of the wall and the use of finishing.

Description

Invention Patent Descriptive Report for CONSTRUCTIVE SYSTEM IN CELLULAR CONCRETE BLOCKS

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

[001] The present invention deals with a constructive system using cellular concrete blocks that have a channel that generates a female / female fitting system, which allows the introduction of the laying mortar / grout and / or steel reinforcement for reinforcement, allowing the optimization of the execution of vertical fence panels, constituting a rationalized constructive system. It is inserted in the civil construction sector, more specifically, in the construction of buildings. Its differential consists in the joining of the geometry of the block and the material used, which gives the set the necessary performance for use in seals, while reducing the execution time, the weight of the wall and the use of finishing.

TECHNICAL STATUS

[002] The search for more efficient construction techniques has led to the development of different construction systems, using different materials, with a view to accelerating the speed of works and reducing construction costs. Among the materials used to make prefabricated parts used in these construction systems, lightweight concrete can be mentioned. Light concrete can be obtained through the use of light aggregates and / or with the use of air incorporators, or even without fines (ROSSIGNOLO, JA Light structural concrete: production, properties, microstructure and applications. São Paulo: Pini, 2009) . Its use in construction is already established, including in precast or prefabricated artifacts, with the autoclaved cellular concrete block and foamy cellular concrete walls molded on the spot being widely used.

[003] The current market has autoclaved cellular concrete blocks in a parallelepiped shape, with a size of 30 cm in height, 60 cm in length and thickness ranging from 7.5 cm to 20 cm, with autoclaved structural concrete blocks measuring 20 centimeters thick, 60

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2/23 centimeters high and 1.20 m long. The resistances of autoclaved cellular concrete blocks, according to NBR 13438/2013 Autoclaved cellular concrete blocks - requirements, can vary from 1.0 to 4.5 MPa. The use of these blocks in construction systems usually involves amounts (pillars) of metallic or cementitious material, to guarantee the stability of the seals, in addition to lintels and counter-lashes.

[004] The following are the main documents of invention patent and utility model, using technologies that could be considered similar, but which point out the differences between them and the proposal.

[005] PI 9803550-9 invention patent document - SYSTEM

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WITH FOAM CONCRETE presents blocks with a parallelepiped shape with two parallel grooves along its entire perimeter, that is, on 4 sides, aiming at its fixation with adhesive mass, citing the possibility of placing armor in these grooves, demanding structural calculation for use as a structure for several floors and use of special pieces such as corner blocks and wall junctions, in which there are cylindrical holes in the body of the piece for placing reinforcement and reinforcing concrete. In other words, it is a more complex system, in which the grooves are used only for laying, not for placing reinforcement and mortar along the wall and the blocks are only laid horizontally.

[006] MU 7700924-0 Utility Model Patent Document - ARRANGEMENT IN PREFABRICATED HOUSES - presents cellular concrete blocks with female / female fitting, but only in the encounters with the pillars, to allow their fixation, using dowels and mortar. That is, the use of the fitting is for fixing to the pillars and not for placing reinforcement and mortar along the wall.

[007] The document KR1020070026332 - ALC BLOCK FOR HAVING A

REINFORCING ROD AND CONSTRUCTION METHOD has a very similar but more complex construction system, with two parallel circular grooves, smaller in size than the female / female system of the present invention, which limits the insertion of reinforcement and also uses uprights (pillars)

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3/23 for fitting the blocks, using autoclaved cellular concrete. Despite the similarity of the blocks, the system becomes different when considering the geometry defined in the present invention, aiming at the balance between the blocks and the rationalized use of adhesive between them, in addition to using non-autoclaved cellular concrete, reducing energy consumption .

[008] The document ES 1078553U BLOQUE PARA CONSTRUCCION presents a block similar to the one of the present invention, but with holes in the vertical, and does not present the constructive system, according to the present request, being used only for sealing purposes.

[009] Several other patent documents for invention and utility model mention construction systems using concrete blocks or other materials with male / female fittings, such as the documents listed below: PI 0304339-8 (CONSTRUCTIVE SYSTEM WITH CONCRETE BLOCKS) INTERLOCKED WITH TENSIONED METALLIC CONNECTIONS), PI 9905404-3 (BUILDING BUILDING SYSTEMS WITH BUILT-IN WALLS), MU 7700924-0 (PREFABRICATED HOUSES), PI 0301616-1 (BUILT-IN BLOCK BUILDING, CONSTRUCTION) MX 2014007417 (SILLAR CAJILLA FOR CONSTRUCCION MODULE ARMS), KR 1020120057547 (PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES USING BLOCKS), KR1020077017772 (A COMPOSITE MASONRY BUILDING BLOCK), CN202787624-U (LIGHTWEOCK2 SYSTEM), AT406877 (LEICHTBETON-BAUSTEIN), CA 2204933 (METHOD AND

APPARATUS PRODUCING LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE STRUCTURE), AU9714602 (PRECAST LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE SYSTEM FOR HOUSING CONSTRUCTION), AU677131 (CONCRETE BUILDING BLOCK), FR2586736 (LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION BLOCK), FR2583085 (CONSTRUCTION BUILDING LICENSE , COMPRISING A MEANS FOR SPREADING THE BINDER FOR THE SEALING AND CONSTRUCTION METHOD USING SUCH AN ELEMENT), FR2456185 (BUILDING BLOCK FOR

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VERTICAL WALLS OR PARTITIONS), GB 1586427 (LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BUILDING BLOCK) MU8502146-6 (WATERPROOF AND INTERLOCKED ECOLOGICAL BLOCK), this being of different material, probably synthetic polymer. The aforementioned documents involve blocks with different formats and different ways of fitting, totally different from the present proposal.

PROBLEM THAT THE INVENTION PROPOSES TO SOLVE

[010] The advance of technological innovation in civil construction is quite remarkable. Generally, it is implemented aiming at some aspects, such as: avoiding waste of materials, reducing informality and promoting the quality of life of workers; factors that make construction costs relatively high, and the need arises for new techniques and construction methods that allow fast, clean and quality assemblies.

[011] The building systems using existing cellular concrete blocks present a series of problems, described below.

[012] Walls of cellular concrete blocks with the absence of internal structure, when subjected to overloads in the structure, may present cracks in the displacement of the mortar, mainly at mooring points. This is due to the characteristics of cellular concrete: lower density and artificial pores.

[013] There are constructive limitations in height and length of cellular concrete walls without internal structure.

[014] Poor leveling of walls, that is, the walls are designed to receive coating, on average 1.5 cm thick.

[015] Walls designed for simple fencing / partitions, not being considered a constructive system.

[016] In this way, the present invention aims to solve these problems and meet the requirements of rationalization and speed, reducing construction time and waste and optimizing costs, from the use of mountable blocks with female / female fitting, having their uniform dimensions and standardized, allowing easy handling and laying. These factors imply the simplification of

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5/23 several procedures, eliminating the use of specially trained labor, as well as some finishing steps, such as the application of roughcast, plaster and plaster.

[017] The proposal is based on a single model of cellular concrete block obtained from the mixture of silica sand, portland cement and aeration additive (formation of micro bubbles), called Isobloco (brand in registration process at the INPI) , with dimensions of 30 cm in height by 60 cm in length and variable width from 7.5 cm to 15 cm, which has a longitudinal V-shaped channel on the lower and upper surfaces, designed to receive a steel bar as reinforcement and grout type mortar, with the adhesion of the blocks with Isocola adhesive mortar, developed for use with the blocks proposed here. The blocks are normally placed in the horizontal position, and can be used in the vertical position in places that need reinforcement in that direction. The blocks have a minimum compressive strength of 2.5 MPa and because they have a straight and smooth finish, they do not require the use of plaster mortar and spackle, and the use of Isomassa (acrylic based leveling mass) is proposed. The construction system allows the construction of complete residential units with one or more floors or its use as a vertical fence system in composition with different structures.

[018] Its components are the Isobloco blocks, linteis (lintels and counter lintels), wire mesh, steel bars, among others. The system also needs some accessories and tools to facilitate its use, which makes the constructive solution even better. The blocks can be used for both interior and exterior walls, meeting users' needs as well as performance standards. Its use can be done in homes, extensions, partitions and fire walls.

[019] Isobloco's sealing system is developed with a technology concept in thermo-acoustic concrete blocks, it can be used for both internal and external walls (facades), thus being able to integrate platbands, boundary walls, panels, raised floors, slabs and others. Ensures water tightness, thermal and acoustic insulation, allows the attachment of suspended parts such as

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6/23 cabinets and shelves, capable of supporting efforts of use such as fire resistance, wind force and accidental impacts, can be composed or not of coating, which allows simple and fast application providing a better logistics in every work , achieving adequate performances that meet NBR 15575.

[020] The walls made with the Isobloco system, have characteristics superior to those of common concrete blocks and are still able to promote better use of useful area in its construction, since the blocks have smaller thicknesses.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[021] Figure 1 shows the aerated aerated concrete block (2) highlighting the V-shaped channel (1) intended to receive the steel bar (3) and the grout for fastening the wall.

[022] Figure 2 shows the vertical mooring of the wall, in which the block is placed vertically (4) and the steel bar (5) is inserted in the channel with the grout, with emphasis on the detail of the top view (6) .

[023] Figure 3 shows the use of the block vertically (4) in order to create the reinforcement for the span of a door, with the detail of the upper corner.

[024] Figure 4 shows the detail of the counterweight in a window opening, with the block (2), the channel (1) and the steel bar (3).

[025] Figure 5 shows the possible cut dimensions to make up for the differences in modulation measures, where (A) = 60 cm, that is, the uncut block, (B) = 30 cm, that is, half block, ( C) = 15 cm, corresponding to the smallest size in which the block can be cut and (D) = 45 cm, corresponding to ¾ of the block.

[026] Figure 6 shows examples of laying blocks with the different dimensions of the entire block (A) and cut (B), (C) and (D) to ensure alternating joints.

[027] Figure 7 shows the detail of the lashing of L (6) and T (7) walls, using 10 mm steel bars every two rows.

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[028] Figure 8 shows the detail of the mooring of the walls in a cross, using steel bars of 10 mm every two rows.

[029] Figure 9 shows the detail of the openings (9) made in the block (1) for insertion of 10 mm steel bars (10) for reinforcement in case of lintels made with the block itself. The openings must have a maximum of 2 cm, enough to embed the steel.

[030] Figure 10 shows the simple joint, with the adhesive mortar applied (11). [031] Figure 11 shows the composite joint with the applied adhesive mortar (12).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

ISOBLOCK block

[032] According to NBR 13438, aerated aerated concrete is lightweight concrete, also known as foamy concrete, obtained through a modernization process in its manufacture, where the materials that are used, dosing procedures and the production process are very similar to the conventional concrete. Aerated concrete is composed of binders and additives that are responsible for the addition of pores in the mortar, thus reducing its volumetric mass ranging from 300 kg / m ³ to 1900 kg / m ³ , which makes it lighter than other blocks of concrete that has approximately 2350 kg / m3, this factor influences the load reduction in the structure and allows the design of a smaller structure. The blocks are used as building components, massive and without structural function, used mainly for building walls, whether internal or external.

[033] It is produced from the mixture of siliceous sand, Portland cement and additive where a small proportion sample is made for weighing and density verification, verifying the conformity of the mixture, it is extrapolated to the size of the batch that is introduced in the mixer. After the ideal mixing time, the forms are filled with liquid material. After a minimum initial curing of 12 hours, the blocks are deformed, already in solid mode.

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[034] Isobloco blocks are manufactured in the dimensions shown in table 1, which also presents the level of noise reduction in dB, according to the thickness of the block used, without the coating (Isomassa).

Table 1- Block dimensions and acoustic performance.

Thickness (cm) Height (cm) Length (cm) Noise reduction (dB) 7.0 30 60 32 10.0 30 60 40 12.0 30 60 45 15.0 30 60 60

[035] Along the length, on the lower and upper sides, the block (2) has a channel (1) for the placement of a steel bar (3) and adhesive mortar.

[036] The characterization tests for cellular concrete blocks were carried out in the laboratory, according to what is specified in NBR 13438: 1995 - Autoclaved cellular concrete blocks - Specification, NBR 13439: 1995 - Autoclaved cellular concrete blocks - Strength verification to compression - test method and NBR 13440: 1995 - Autoclaved cellular concrete blocks Verification of dry bulk density - test method. The studies carried out demonstrated that the cellular concrete block meets the normative criteria as regards the compressive strength and the dry bulk density, where the ceramic blocks obtained results lower than required by the standard.

[037] The use of the Isobloco construction process requires only 5 and a half blocks to build a square meter of wall, where for the construction of the same wall area using ceramic blocks with dimensions 14 cm high x 19 cm long it would use approximately 38 blocks. Thus, its use reduces the assembly time, cost and final weight of the work.

[038] Considering the good finishing of the blocks, there is no need to use roughcast or plaster, reducing costs with material and labor. The system dispenses with the application of plaster and / or plaster plaster. On the walls

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9/23 internal seal, the ceramic can be glued directly to the block. On facade walls that have architectural specifications for ceramic, granite or porcelain tiles, according to the NBR 7200/1998 standard - EXECUTION OF INORGANIC MORTAR WALLS AND CEILINGS PROCEDURE, application of roughcast and plaster is required. On facades without the specifications mentioned above, it is possible to apply the external isomass, with application in bilayer (first leveling and second finishing), and the second layer may have texture finishes with the following effects: rough, grooved, granelli , graphite and smooth roll. Generating savings and productivity by Isomassa replacing plaster and texture.

[039] Due to its aerated structure formed by closed air cells, it allows better thermal and acoustic insulation, as it absorbs sound waves better and hinders their transmission to another environment, as well as prevents the migration of moisture from the walls, providing a watertight characteristic to the product and allowing its use in environments with exposure to high humidity, in addition the block is inert, not creating microorganisms (mold).

[040] Thermal performance is directly linked to the thermal conductivity of the material; its structure is composed of materials with low thermal conductivity, varying between 0.10 and 0.17 Kal / mh ° C, that is, it conducts thermal energy more slowly, being about 6 times more insulating than ordinary brick and 10 times more than conventional concrete blocks.

[041] Fire resistance is the capacity that the building system has to support for a certain period of time exposed to the action of fire without losing the properties and characteristics of the materials. Because it is non-combustible, the isobloco offers fire resistance superior to conventional blocks, as well as a low thermal conductivity index, where an Isobloco wall with 10 cm is equivalent to a 25 cm wall of ceramic block or 30 cm of conventional concrete block. As it is non-combustible, together with the slow thermal spread of the materials, ensuring the non-propagation of fire as well as the integrity of the structure so that it does not collapse, not generating toxic smoke and allowing in the event of fire the safe exit of people, beyond easy access

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10/23 for fire brigade operations, the Isobloco blocks, can be used in fire walls and stairwells, according to NBR 15575, which establishes guidelines according to the group of application and building height, requiring a time minimum resistance.

[042] The use of the Isobloco system in a stairwell for multifamily buildings with a height of up to 120 meters can be carried out with 12.5 cm thick blocks, as they meet all the requirements required in the standard regarding fire resistance.

[043] As can be seen in Table 2, the stricter criterion of the standard applies to multifamily buildings above 120 meters in height, where the blocks used must meet minimum fire resistance of 180 minutes, equivalent to 3 hours. Therefore, it would be necessary to use blocks with a thickness of 15 cm or greater.

[044] The system can be used in areas with high humidity, such as bathrooms, kitchens and laundries, as its structure made up of unconnected air cells allows moisture not to migrate through the walls, making it possible to use the blocks also in areas of periphery.

[045] The resistance is given from the density of the material, so its resistance varies according to the properties of the blocks, as to their dimensions, density, among others, reaching up to 3.75 Mpa.

[046] In addition to the leftovers being reused, the blocks do not contain toxic substances or aggressive agents to the environment, as well as their great volumetric expansion that reduces the use of raw material resources that compose it, which makes it environmentally efficient and 100% reused.

[047] As it presents larger dimensions and with greater precision than the ceramic blocks, being lighter than the other concrete blocks of the same size, without distorted angles or accentuated curvatures, it facilitates the process of alignment and prumage during the laying.

[048] The Isobloco system uses the same materials for the manufacture of common concrete, however in the manufacturing process its weight is reduced by up to 40% of the weight

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11/23 concrete, facilitating its handling, transportation and reduction of steel consumption in construction.

Constructive System

[049] The construction system using the Isobloco blocks uses the same ones horizontally, with the use of industrialized adhesive mortar that meets ABNT NBR 13281 MORTAR FOR SETTLEMENT AND WALLS AND CEILINGS - REQUIREMENTS (ABNT, 2005), which may contain reinforcement reinforcement (10 mm diameter) introduced in the channels and covered with grout or mortar, every two rows. It has the possibility of not using concrete or other material pillars, such as steel, creating reinforcements with the blocks vertically and using two 12 mm steel bars, figure 2. It also allows the construction of lintels and counter-lances, in openings of windows up to 1.50 m wide and reinforced with door openings, as shown in figures 2, 3 and 8. In other words, it is a versatile and practical system. However, it can also be used as a vertical seal, associated with a structural system.

[050] Modulation must follow, to avoid cuts of the block in sizes smaller than 15 cm horizontally, as detailed in figures 5 and 6, and must be laid with alternating joints. It should also show modulation in the vertical direction.

[051] Before starting to raise the wall, make sure that the place where it will be made has a flat surface, if it is not, the place must be regularized. Leveling is done with conventional mortar and in case of new construction, which will start from scratch on the foundation, it is recommended to use an additive with water-repellent characteristics or asphalt paint creating a water-repellent barrier. The correct execution of the first course is of fundamental importance so that the other courses are placed quickly and that they remain level and plumb as desired.

[052] The execution of masonry with the Isobloco system generally follows the same guidelines as masonry with ceramic block and also NBR 14956-1 BLOCKS OF AUTOCLAVED CELLULAR CONCRETE - EXECUTION OF MASONRY WITHOUT STRUCTURAL FUNCTION - PART 1: PROCEDURE WITH

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INDUSTRIALIZED MORTAR MORTAR (ABNT, 2013) that regulates the execution of autoclaved cellular concrete blocks (BCCA) using adhesive mortar.

[053] On very high walls, reaching about 5 meters, it is recommended to introduce rebars arranged on the guide (female) every two rows as reinforcement and horizontal locking, and filling the channel with grout.

[054] The doll is a vertical element used to fix devices such as doors and windows, where hinges or frames will be installed. The execution of the doll must be done with the placement of steel bars inserted in the laying joints, where it must be inserted in the masonry at least 10 cm, thus guaranteeing better mooring, resistance to impacts and avoiding the appearance of pathologies (cracks or cracks) . The steel bars must have a diameter of 10 millimeters and be arranged in the female fitting, must be placed every two rows and must be completely covered with mortar.

[055] In the case of situations unrelated (such as overload in structure, soil movements, among others) to the Isobloco system that end up generating some crack or crack, the standard is determined to solve with the use of fiber screens plus the application of base coat putty (flexible mortar with resin).

[056] The installations will be easily and quickly embedded through channels in the masonry. The cut made in the blocks for the insertion of pipes must not exceed 1/3 of the thickness of the block, and very wide horizontal openings must be avoided.

Adhesive mortar application

[057] To start this activity, the block must be cleaned with a damp brush so that the dust on the surface of the block is removed (it is important that the block is not soaked, only moistened), thus increasing the contact surface and providing greater adhesion, then the mortar must be placed, filling all the horizontal joints for the laying to be done.

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[058] It is recommended to use industrialized adhesive mortar suitable for the activity, it is known as a laying tube, has a conical shape and its apex has a circular hole.

[059] The mortar has the function of joining the blocks, preventing the entry of water and wind in the building as well as compensating for variations in the dimensions of the blocks. Thus, the mortar that will be used must have a good consistency, in order to facilitate its handling and laying, so it is extremely important that the joints are well filled, having an average thickness of 5.0 mm.

[060] In case of excess mortar, it must be removed from the joints before it hardens, small unevennesses must be sanded before starting the next row, avoiding possible problems in the next rows. After sanding, remove the resulting powder with a brush.

Settlement and structuring

[061] The settlement must always be initiated in the meetings of walls or pillars, so the subsequent rows must follow the same instructions previously mentioned.

[062] It is recommended that there be a break of one day after the executed wall reaches about 1.50 m in height, corresponding to 5 rows, so that the mortar dries. Soon after, it will be resumed until it reaches a height that approaches the slab or beam. You must go through the same drying process so that later the necessary fills and completion of the wall will be made. The execution done as recommended avoids the appearance of unwanted deformations, plumb deviations and alignment.

[063] In some cases there are particularities that require reinforcement of the masonry in certain specific places: vertical reinforcement must be made with the introduction of bollards in walls greater than 6 meters in length, which do not have walls transversal to it, or a structure that locks them or tense it up, under beams or profiles that transmit a significant load, on very narrow walls and on walls that contain a lot of openness in the surface.

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[064] Along with the placement of the structural part, there is also the need to fix the wall on it, the fixation between the pillar and the wall can be done with the introduction of steel bar or wire mesh.

[065] When the structure is made in loco, using steel bar, it will be introduced in the piece so that it is at the level of the block guide, being accommodated in it, the bar must have a minimum length of 1 meter distributed equally for each side and diameter 8 mm.

[066] The same happens with the use of wire mesh, which must be galvanized and wire with a diameter of 1 mm and 15x15 mm mesh.

[067] In addition to the precast bollard or made in loco, the block itself can also be used, being seated in a vertical position with the reinforcement inlay arranged in the guides of the block and filling with grout, according to figure 2, representing the element structural with proper mooring using steel bar.

[068] The same occurs in the use of wire mesh embedded in the structural element to tie it to the wall.

[069] For the described vertical structuring process using the block itself, a guide must be created on its surface using a makita type saw, to accommodate the structural element, and the existing guides must be filled with grout, both in the inlay of the vertical and horizontal reinforcements and in the guides of the neighboring blocks, which can be used to tie steel bar or wire mesh, following the same criteria of Figure 2.

[070] When very high, walls higher than 4.5m, the span should be divided with the use of reinforced concrete belt, or the introduction of rebar arranged at the joints.

[071] For walls that contain openings, they must be executed according to their layout, requiring the placement of lintels and counter-lashes. Openings

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[072] The execution of openings is done with the aid of an aluminum ruler, marking the place and cutting with the saw or cutting machine, not exceeding 1/3 of the thickness of the block.

[073] The laying joints play an important role in the construction system, promoting the redistribution of stresses arising from the loads imposed on it, due to the deformation of the structures and hygrothermal movements.

[074] It is recommended to fill the vertical joints of the masonry in order to optimize the resistance to shear, fire and lateral loads, generating a greater capacity to redistribute the stresses resulting from imposed deformations and better thermal and acoustic performance.

[075] The Isobloco system uses joints in two ways, being simple or compound. The simple joint must be made on the internal walls of the building, the execution relies on the application of mortar over the entire surface of the guide (female channel), figure 9.

[076] The composite joint must be made on peripheral walls: its execution will be made with the application of mortar on the sides of the guide and in the meetings between blocks with filling in the guides, as shown in figure 10.

[077] Control joints are used in order to avoid the occurrence of cracks, they must be placed whenever there is a change in direction or thickness of the masonry, and when the walls are very long. It is also recommended to insert them in walls with door and window openings. It is worth mentioning that the movement joints of the walls must be placed in the same location and the same thickness as the joints existing in the structure, in case of no movement joints in the structure, the control joint inserted in the wall must be executed with a width of approximately 1.5 to 2.0 cm.

[078] They are structural elements used as reinforcements, composed of materials resistant to traction and shear, placed and joined to the blocks in a way that absorbs the requested stresses.

[079] The lintels are installed in the upper part of the openings, be they doors, windows or other types of openings. Counterweights are used at the bottom of the openings, such as in windows or any opening that has a sill.

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[080] The reinforced concrete piece must cover the entire span and insert slightly into the masonry, this overlap must be greater than or equal to 15 cm, the same process of execution and fixation of the lintel must be used to structure the place where it will be the doors are installed, with the addition of reinforcements in the vertical position.

[081] For spans less than 1.5 meters in length, the pre-molded part can be replaced by the introduction of rebars, it must have a nominal diameter of 10 mm and must be embedded in at least 50 cm for each side, figure 4.

[082] For the correct execution, mortar must first be placed in the place where the steel bars will be laid, the rebar is laid on it, and mortar is applied again, so that it remains fully covered.

[083] For the lintels it is necessary to make openings in the internal and external part of the block, in order to create two new guides that must also receive rebars, as shown in figure 8. The openings made must have a depth of at most 2 centimeters, guaranteeing the total inlay of the armor.

[084] The use of a screen such as the Isotape screen embedded with Isocola will play a fundamental role in preventing the appearance of pathologies such as cracks, it should be applied along the window, at the bottom and top, making a slight turn in the vertical direction.

[085] The structure of the doors follows the same line of execution of the windows, for the doors that will be subject to greater demands, besides the use of the steel bar at the top, the placement of bars in the vertical position, as shown in figure 3 .

[086] For better accommodation of the reinforcement, the use of the block in the vertical position is allowed, where the steel bar with a diameter of 10 mm will be embedded in the surface of the block guide, fixed on the base (floor) with the introduction of the rebar in at least 10 cm, as well as at the top, must be fixed to the structural element.

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[087] For structuring replacing the precast structural element with a steel bar, the fixation between them can occur through welding or anchoring with galvanized wire, as shown in figure 3.

[088] To avoid the appearance of cracks, it is necessary to ensure the correct installation, so that the masonry and the structural element work together. In the regions where structure and masonry meet, slabs and masonry must be reinforced with the application of Isotape polyester fabric soaked with isocola. In this way, the screen must be applied to the joint between the lintel or counterfloor with the masonry.

Connection between walls

[089] It is necessary to place mooring joints in all wall encounters, be it in the form of "L", "T" or "cross", some care must be taken regarding the greater rigidity of the supports, the layout of the screens metal or steel bars in the laying joints, as well as the embedding in the coating.

[090] For “L” connections, the steel bars will be arranged on the female guide, where it will be necessary to make a small opening in the block so that the bars are perfectly accommodated, it is necessary to use two bars with a diameter of 10 mm, and they must pass through the block at least 10 cm, figure 7.

[091] The “T” connections, part of the same principle and the bars will be fixed in the same way, requiring the use of two bars with a nominal diameter of 10 mm, arranged according to figure 8.

[092] Or if it is necessary to use two bars with a nominal diameter of 10 mm, folded forming a 90 ° angle, fixing the perpendicular walls and a bar with a diameter of 6 mm along the wall, with a minimum length of 1.20m, being distributed equally, the bars must be fixed to each other either by welding or tied with wire.

[093] The “cross” connections are made to join two walls, thus having continuity in both directions, so it is necessary to use the reinforcement according to figure 8.

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Use as a vertical sealing system

[094] The proposed blocks can also be used as vertical sealing systems, associated with different structural systems, such as reinforced concrete or steel structures.

[095] The elevation of the wall must be started after having, at least, 4 floors completed and without shoring (in the case of smaller buildings, it must be started when the structure is completely completed).

[096] The masonry should start on the last floor, be executed halfway through the wall and execute the floor coverings and all the items that make up the permanent loads, and then, proceed to the lower floor and begin to execute the masonry, this process is repeated until reaching the first floor. Also according to NBR 14956-1 BLOCKS OF AUTOCLAVED CELLULAR CONCRETE - MASONRY EXECUTION WITHOUT STRUCTURAL FUNCTION PART 1: PROCEDURE WITH INDUSTRIALIZED ADHESIVE MORTAR (ABNT, 2013), on the floor below the roof, it should be expected that the entire roof structure is complete to fix the masonry of the columns with welded mesh or steel bars and embed the masonry in the beam. All walls must be embedded in the beams and joined to the pillars with canvas or rebar, the same happens when the wall joins one another.

[097] First, the blocks must be placed at the ends as fixed points, well aligned, in plumb and level.

[098] The blocks must be laid as well as in traditional masonry having alternating joints, thus being necessary to use half a block at the ends.

[099] In some situations, depending on the size of the walls, it will not be possible to place the half block at the end, thus requiring a greater or lesser cut. In this way, there are some limits regarding the sizes, which must respect a minimum size of 1/4 block horizontally, that is, 15 cm, as indicated in figures 5 and 6.

[100] Just as in length the blocks must have vertical modulation, so the height of the building must be multiple of the height of the block.

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Connection between masonry and pillars

[101] When connecting masonry to the structure, some factors should be considered regarding the thermal gradient on the facades, the dimensions of the panels and the flexibility of the structure.

[102] For flexible structures (pre-molded, lattice structures with large spans, etc.): special construction details must be adopted to limit the stresses in the masonry, allowing the use of flexible joints in the meetings with the columns, making the anchoring of the walls with angles or metallic screens. After execution, a flexible sealant should be finished.

[103] Conventional connections, with rigid materials and reinforced concrete structures: it is necessary to clean the pillar faces and completely remove the release agent. Once this is done, the laying can be started, the blocks must be well fixed with the introduction of the wire mesh.

[104] The screen must be placed in the proper position, fixed with steel pins on the concrete structure, the pins must be placed as close as possible to the place where the fold will be made, where it must form exactly 90 ° angulation, therefore, the screen must have a minimum length of 50 cm, where at least 10 cm will be embedded in the vertical joint between pillar and wall, according to the illustrations in figure 29.

[105] The screens must be less than the thickness of the blocks with about ± 2 cm, thus preventing it from being exposed.

[106] The connections with metallic screens can also be reinforced with the use of angles attached to the pin.

[107] When laying the block, the screen must be positioned carefully over the mortar, ensuring its leveling and total coverage before laying the next block.

[108] In addition to the screens, even stronger connections obtained with waiting frames inserted in the column reinforcement during its execution can be made, or the use of “hair irons”, which can be introduced later as in case of unforeseen events, thus, they will be attached to the structure through holes made with an 8 mm diameter drill, for the introduction of 6 mm steel bars or with

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[109] Connections with metallic structures: anchorages can be carried out with the fixation of metallic screens or steel bars welded to the pillars and anchored in the horizontal joint joints.

[110] When laying the block, the screens must be positioned carefully over the mortar, ensuring its leveling and total coverage before laying the next block.

[111] The screens must be less than the width of the block, thus containing 1 to 2 cm of excess on the sides, preventing it from being exposed, it must have a minimum length of 50 cm to ensure proper anchoring.

[112] The placement of the screen must ensure that at least 10 cm will be embedded in the vertical joint between the pillar and the wall, this fold made should be fixed facing upwards and forming an angle of 90 °, thus the minimum horizontal length will be 40 cm (transpose).

[113] It is recommended that when using screens for connections between the block and pillar, whether they are electrowelded or galvanized, they have a diameter of ± 1 mm and a square mesh of 15 mm, meeting the specifications of the standard.

[114] When using steel bars for mooring, the bar must be positioned between the block guide, it must be welded to the metal structure so that at least 10 cm in length is embedded in the vertical joint between the pillar and masonry , this fold must be fixed facing up and have an angle of 90 °.

[115] The bar must have a minimum horizontal length of 50 cm of crossing, thus guaranteeing the embedding and proper anchoring, this procedure must be carried out every two rows.

[116] To maintain better performance, it is recommended to fill the vertical joints formed between the column and masonry connection.

Block cutting

[117] In order for the cut to be done correctly, a handsaw or cutting machine with wide teeth specific to the activity must be used, as well as a measuring tape and

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[118] From that point on, the recommendations refer to both the construction system with and without a separate structural system.

Fixings (wedging)

[119] This process consists of filling the gap between the top of the masonry and the bottom of the structural component (beam or slab). The Isobloco construction system uses flexible bonding, carried out with the application of expansive polyurethane foam or PU foam and mortar. This process should only be carried out after the completion of the masonry of the entire building, thus avoiding efforts not foreseen in the masonry.

[120] As it is an area with a higher probability of pathologies, it deserves special care. Thus, it is recommended to apply the foam in specific places defined according to the project, so that they are spaced from 1.0 to 1.5 m, and it is also recommended to fill the other spaces with industrialized mortar that contains an expansion additive, since its characteristic of lower stiffness avoids and incidence of cracks that can cause infiltrations. The thickness between the last row and the beam should be 1.5 to 3.5 cm.

[121] It is also recommended that the wedging begins to be carried out on the top floor and after completion it goes to the lower floors towards the ground floor.

Waterproofing

[122] Waterproofing should be carried out whenever there is an incidence of wet areas, that is, all areas of the building where its condition of use and exposure can result in the formation of water depths, such as bathrooms, service areas and discovered areas. Thus preventing the passage of moisture to other housing construction elements, as established by the standard.

[123] There are also wettable areas, which are the areas of the building that are subject to splashing water due to their condition of use, but that there should be no formation of water, such as a toilet, kitchen and covered balcony.

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The wettable areas are not watertight, therefore the watertightness criterion is not applicable, according to NBR 15575-3 (ABNT, 2013).

Finishes

[124] The walls can be finished with ceramic plates or tiles, plaster or paint. When ceramic tiles or tiles are used, they can be applied directly to the Isobloco masonry, where it is laid following the conventional method, allowing the use of mortars available on the market suitable for laying and following the instructions provided by the manufacturer.

[125] Before placing the ceramic coating, it is recommended to make grooves along the masonry using the scraper, creating a greater contact surface, followed by cleaning the place by removing the existing dust, this done, applying the sealant to the masonry.

[126] The plaster, whether prepared on site or industrialized (ready mix) has good adhesion on the masonry without the need for pre-treatment, must have a minimum thickness of 5 mm.

[127] If you want to keep the masonry visible, care must be taken with the joints, needing to apply some water-repellent product on them, such as silicone. It must remain throughout the masonry period, requiring periodic maintenance.

ADVANTAGES OF THE ISOBLOCO CONSTRUCTIVE SYSTEM

[128] Table 1 summarizes the advantages obtained by using the isoblock system, compared to conventional masonry of ceramic or concrete blocks.

Table 1 - Features and benefits of ISOBLOCO

Feature Advantage Lightness Weight reduction in the structure by about 30% Large dimension Shorter execution time, laying joints and mortar consumption

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Dimensional uniformity and texture

Easy cutting

Thermal insulation

Soundproofing

Fire resistance

Eliminates work steps, due to not using regularization mortar Rationalization, saving time, reducing losses and cleaning the environment Greater environmental comfort and lower air conditioning cost

Greater environmental comfort Greater safety in the building

[129] Citing the advantages, there is a reduction in the volume of material transported vertically and horizontally, reduction of labor and high productivity, flexibility of layout, ease in building installations, avoiding cuts and breaks, less wall thickness with gain of useful area , minimal waste and rework.

Claims (13)

1- Construction system with cellular concrete blocks characterized by comprising foamed (2) or aerated cellular concrete blocks whose geometry has a longitudinal V-shaped channel (1) on the faces of the blocks. 2- System, according to claim 1, characterized by the block having dimensions of 30 cm in height, 60 cm in length and width varying from 7.5 to 20 cm and channel with depth of 2.5 cm and width of 5 cm, centralized. 3- System, according to claims 1 and 2, characterized by using such channels for the insertion of a steel bar (3) and filling with grout, mortar or microconcrete. 4- System, according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the block is used horizontally (figure 1). 5- System, according to claims 1 to 4, characterized by using the block vertically to compose structural reinforcement (figure 2), without the need for pillars of other materials. 6- System, according to claims 1 to 5, characterized by the laying of the blocks to be carried out with adhesive mortar with a joint with a maximum thickness of 5 mm. 7- System, according to claims 1 to 6, characterized by using the channel / steel bar / grout system to replace lintels and counterbores of openings up to 1.5 m wide. 8- System, according to claims 1 to 7, characterized by using the channel / steel bar / grout system for the connection between L, T or crossed walls every two rows. 9- System, according to claims 1 to 8, characterized by allowing the application of coating directly on the block, without the need for regularization, with thicknesses less than 5 mm. Petition 870180159857, of 12/07/2018, p. 30/39 2/2 10. System according to claims 1 to 9, characterized by allowing the insertion of tubing in the longitudinal channel and opening for the passage of the tubing. 11- System, according to claims 1 to 10, characterized by allowing the cutting, with simple tools such as saws or makita-type saws, of the blocks in multiple lengths of 15 cm, to compose the pagination of the wall. 12- Vertical sealing system, according to claims 2 to 11, characterized by using the channel / steel bar / grout system for the connection between the wall of concrete and steel blocks and pillars when used as vertical sealing. 13- Cellular concrete block characterized by aerated cellular concrete, with a density between 300 kg / m ³ to 1900 kg / m ³ , comprising a mixture of siliceous sand, Portland cement and foamy additive, with centralized channels in its longitudinal faces. depth 2,5 cm and width 5 cm.