BE504253A - - Google Patents

Description

       

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  NEW PROCESS FOR COOLING ELECTRONIC TUBES.



   The present invention relates to a new cooling process, more particularly intended for electronic tubes for radio transmitters, rectifiers, or generators of high frequency currents for industrial uses.
It is known that electronic tubes involving large powers must be cooled by artificial means, the radiation and the convection currents of the ambient fluid medium being insufficient to avoid excessive heating. Two cooling modes are used for this purpose. - sement One consists in placing around the electron tube, and in particular the anodes., a water jacket in which a very rapid circulation of a liquid fluid is maintained,

  with a view to avoiding the formation of vapor and the birth of the phenomenon of calefaction, rightly feared, since they most often lead to the destruction of the tube., by perforation of the anode wall, given the low rise of the temperature of the coolant, tolerable for safety reasons, it is necessary to use a large volume and it must be distilled, to prevent the formation of sediment on the walls to be cooled The volume of liquid, ., generally water, the flow of which must be ensured, requires pipelines with a large cross-section,

  posing delicate problems of realization due to the need to insulate the anode from the solo This condition is fulfilled by lengthening the air path, by means of insulating pipes in the form of serpentines which creates significant pressure drops and requires the use of high power circulation pumps. On the other hand, controls must be provided to prevent the tubes from remaining under tension when the circulation if / stops. or even slows down.



   - 121 another method the development of which has grown over the last two decades consists of cooling by forced circulation of air, at high speed, which is passed through

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 fins secured to the anode and to the outputs of the electrodes to be cooled. This process is applicable to tubes the power dissipation of which is currently limited to about forty kilowatts at most. It is difficult to ensure reasonably quiet operation; the capacitance between anode and earth being very notably increased, the limit of the high frequencies which can be amplified by means of certain assemblies, is notably lowered.



   These suggestions mean that this method of cooling, if it has undeniable advantages over the previous one, still presents difficulties of use and is limited to relatively low powers.



   It has also been proposed to use for cooling the anodes the very high absorption of heat which accompanies the vaporization and to condense the vapor so that the cooling circuit is closed and the level of the liquid remains constant around the anodes. This process has so far not given rise to any industrial realization.



   The process which is the subject of the present invention has many advantages: As the vaporization of water absorbs approximately 600 kilocalories per kilogram of water, the water flow is reduced to approximately one liter / minute per 40 kilowatts dissipated. that the water supply piping can be of small diameter ;, which makes it possible to isolate the tube from the ground, from the point of - high voltage point of view., by means of an insulating pipe of a few decimeters long.



   - The reduction in the importance of any rotating member (pump or fan), which can sometimes go as far as almost total elimination, considerably simplifies 1-installation and improves its energy efficiency.



   The present invention covers the means of implementing said vaporization cooling process allowing industrial embodiments having the main object of ensuring the constant maintenance of a film of liquid on the surface of the anode to be cooled and of 'avoid the possibility of hot spots forming in the mass to be cooled.



   According to 1-'invention, the anode is thickened, its average thickness being equal to several times the normal thickness of such an electrode given the technological conditions for manufacturing the tubes, and its surface presents protuberances short- and thick intended to ensure an increase in heat exchange between the anode and the fluid while organizing the circulation of the liquid-vapor emulsion which forms in the boiler or is placed the anode, so as to prevent- the steam balls once formed do not cling to said surface.

   and do not thermally insulate it from the refrigerant fluid. Auxiliary means such as a loose sleeve coaxial with 1-anode, can further promote this mixing. The means according to the invention also provide in the boiler and above the level of the boiling liquid, an expansion chamber for the vapor formed, possibly comprising auxiliary devices for separating the entrained liquid. by steam, so that a uniform pressure prevails in the cooling circuit which may be close to atmospheric pressure.

   Finally, the invention also comprises improved means for recovering the heat dissipated in line with the anodes, and for reducing the total bulk of the cooling circuit of a set of tubes.



   The invention will be clearly understood by referring to the following description and to the accompanying figures, given by way of non-limiting example and in which,
Figure 1 shows, in section, an enlarged view of the anode body of an electron tube and the associated water jacket, constituting an embodiment of the invention.



   In FIGS. 2, 3a, 3b, 4,5a, 5b, 6, 7 and-9, details of the radiator associated with the anode body have been shown.

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 EMI3.1
 In FIGS. 8aJ), 8b and 109, there is schematically shown methods of economically producing said radiator.



   Figures 11, 12 and 13 show embodiments of the water jacket in the case of the refrigeration of outer anode tubes of the preceding type.



   Figures 14 and 15 show construction details of the seal between the tube and its sleeve ..,
Figures 16 and 17 show an alternative embodiment of
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 the invention
Figures 18, 19 and 20 relate to an application of 1. ' invention to emission tubes of different types.
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  Figures 21, 22 and 23 schematically show cooling installations for a set of electron tubes.



   FIG. 24 represents the case of an installation using raw water.



   Figure 1 shows a sectional view, on a large scale, of the anode body carrying a thick radiator according to the invention, and of the jacket 5 used as a boiler. Identical elements keep the same reference numbers.,
The radiator 21 is fixed to the anode 22 as is in common use,
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 for example, by means of low temperature solder 233 It consists essentially of massive longitudinal fins 24 of a much smaller width than that of circulating-cooled tube radiators. These fins preferably have a wide base in the vicinity of the anode and
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 a triangular or trapezoidal cross-section.

   This shape favors the evacuation of the vapor bubbles forming on the fins:!, By the chimneys thus delimited between the wings fins themselves and between the fins and the liner.
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 se d'eauo They can be obtained by milling a solid raw part for example, or used as foundry raw with possibly a finishing pass.



   This radiator is immersed in a jacket 5 filled with water, the level 26 of which is otherwise kept constant, so that the radiator is completely bathed therein. The jacket can be made, in whole or in part, of transparent material (Pyrex glass for example) making it possible to check
 EMI3.7
 the correct operation of the system "The whole of the radiator and the water jacket constitute a boiler in which the heat given off by the anode has the effect of bringing the water to a boil.

   An essential feature of the invention resides in the shape given to the cooling surfaces so as to ensure easy release of vapor bubbles and a large amount of vapor.
 EMI3.8
 of turbulence from the use of water and steam around the fins. The water supply of the tank has no other purpose than to compensate for the loss of water due to the vaporization. made either from the top or the bottom of the tank.

   It has been shown, as an indication, in 2âo The tank is connected, moreover, â, its upper part, to a steam manifold 28 and to a pipe 29 directed upwards having
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 aim, d9una starts from channeling the water vapor which is reused after condensation, on the other hand, to allow the separation, by gravity, of the vapor and the water which it entrains due to the large speed with which it is animated when it leaves the collector.



   Incidentally, an overflow orifice 30 may be provided to ensure that the water level is maintained when the jacket is supplied continuously. This overflow is unnecessary when supplied by direct communication with a constant level tank ;? as we will see later.



   A shoulder is provided at the upper part of the collector 28 to support the tubereposant $ by an expansion of the collar 36 il-

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 on a seal 37, a description of which is given below (± 1gq- res 14 and z) Two bosses 38 allow 1-hooking of thermally insulated handles.

   It is thus possible to quickly extract the tube from its water jacket in the event of a malfunction, by lifting the assembly consisting of the tube and its radiator out of the boiler. The radiator can be used again on another tube when the first is out of use
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 When the temperature 19 escapes at atmospheric pressure, the sheer weight of the tube ensures a seal in 370
In the event that the system is operated at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure, the fixing is ensured either by a quick-action mechanical locking, or preferably by an autoclave system; such an embodiment has been described in detail in FIG. 19. These devices, known per se, have not been shown in the figure.

   In both cases, changing a damaged tube can be done very quickly, since it does not require stopping or restarting any pump or fan system.
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  Thus qU9il is used, the water used for cooling must be distilled and, optionally, degassed. The radiator can be made, for example, of copper or aluminum. its surface preferably being treated
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 ted so as to be protected against the corrosive effect of boiling water (chrome plating, gilding, etc.) in order to avoid the formation of an oxide film which could reduce the quality of the thermal contact between the radiator and
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 the water.



   The radiator, as is customary, can be cleaned periodically. Experiments carried out by the applicant have shown that the maximum temperature difference in operating mode between the radiator
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 tor and boiling water is close to 10, ove which is notoriously insufficient to give rise to the dreaded phenomenon of calefaction.



   Figure 2 shows a variant of the embodiment of a ra-
 EMI4.7
 diator according to the invention It will be noted that the fins have the form of oblique pyramids obtained for example by machining with one turn slits perpendicular to the longitudinal fins of the previous embodiment.



  The upper contact surface 31 is approximately horizontal. The release of the vapor bubbles is ensured by gravity on the vertical surfaces 32. It is facilitated on the lower surface 33, very obliquely by the brazing due to the balls coming from the fins situated immediately below.



  Such an arrangement of the fins ensures great ease of release to steam bubbles., Both by the vertical chimneys formed between them,
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 only by the space between the ends of the fins and the interior of the water supply. This arrangement has the effect of significantly increasing the turbulence of the water and steam emulsion which, according to the invention,
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 is used to constantly renew the film of water in contact with the radiator.



   FIG. 3a represents a developed view of a portion of the surface of the radiator produced as has just been described. FIG. 3b corresponds to the case where the pyramids are arranged in staggered rows. This provision,
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 which complicates the shape of the vertical chimneys, has the effect 9aunte the turbulence of 19 vapor-liquid emtù.sion. This variant, which is advantageous from the point of view of operation, has the drawback of requiring more complicated machining of the radiator. In fact, two families of propellers with opposite pitches must be carved out of the mass.



     The increase in the contact surface between water and the radial tor, with respect to the anodic surface depends only on the shape of the pyramids; it is theoretically independent of their size, a decrease in their dimensions being compensated by an increase in their number.



   A compromise can be chosen by bringing in the price of the
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 raw material and the price of 1-machining. The elementary surfaces must, however, remain large in relation to the dimensions of the vapor buuea. The

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 EMI5.1
 The radiator according to the invention is therefore less bulky than it is designed to operate with a gas evolution consisting of smaller bubbles, that is to say that the operating pressure of the system is higher. than the radiator,

   according to the invention is constituted by a pgruamidale granulation sufficiently small so that it can be obtained by knurling the outer surface of the radiator or even
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 of the surface of the anode FIG. 4 represents an alternative embodiment allowing
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 d2> bringing water to the liquid state at the base of the fins. For this purpose, longitudinal channels 39 furnished with an insulating thermal coating 40 are provided at the base of the fins 24. The object of this insulating coating is to avoid vaporization of the water until it has left the channels 39. This results in
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 te an orderly circulation, 9 9 s.u arriving through the channels 39 and the steam escaping to the outside through the chimneys 34.



   According to a preferred variant of the invention, the radiator is
 EMI5.5
 constituted by assembling separate elements, for example identical, constituting a sleeve which is fixed to the smooth anode of the tube by any method known per se.



   Two types of such elements have been shown in FIGS. 5a and 5b. These are washers. The washer 5a can be obtained by stamping or centrifugal welding. The washer 5b, of even lower cost price, is taken from thick stamped and cut sheet metal. There is shown in section,
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 in FIG. 8t121 a radiator obtained by pressing: tendelles of type 5a.



  The washers constituting the radiator shown in FIG. 8b are assembled by direct welding onto the side of the tube. One can easily obtain, .. by shifting the teeth of two successive washers, one. staggered arrangement of the fins, as can be seen in the developed view of FIG. 9. It will be noted that this arrangement can only be obtained by the construction process considered. These washers are also suitable for mounting
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 of the radiator by thermic auto-frettage either on the anode itself or on an intermediate cylinder.



   Another variant consists in making the radiator from a single part constituted, for example, by an angle iron of suitable profile, wound in a helix, as shown in FIG.
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 can with the aid of this part make a radiator, as shown in figure 8bp in which the thermal contact is provided by the very elasticity of the helical structure.
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 The radiator can also be formed by assembling identical smooth or serrated longitudinal elements, machined from the stretched bar of suitable profile. Such an element is shown in Figure 6.



  The assembly. can be provided by hooping, as for the moat of a tonneauo
The fins can also be formed by pins 31 'attached to a cylindrical part or to the anode body itself. These pins will be welded directly by electric contact welding, or with the interposition of filler metal ,, so as to present a staggered distribution, as shown in FIG. 10. It is also possible to provide perforations in which the pins are forcibly inserted. The pins are shown in the figure to be cylindrical in shape, but it is of course in-
 EMI5.10
 since this form is only given as an example.



  In order to lighten the radiating structure, it may be necessary to produce it in a light metal, Pa1umin-ium. for example, having a thermal conductivity high enough to ensure the transfer of calories-, necessary-
 EMI5.11
 res. It is good, under these conditions, to provide the contact surface with a copper or silver coating giving the assembly the desired thermal properties.
Whatever the embodiment of the radiator according to the invention,
 EMI5.12
 it is essential that the average thickness of the anode structure- (anode + ra-

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 diator), that is to say 1? the order of a centimeter, thickness too high to correspond
 EMI6.1
 dre to a faejaé degassing of this structure during manufacture.



  The anode- thus produced can then be subjected to a mechanical treatment or to a chemical or electric attack in order to obtain a surface condition favorable to the heat exchange; that is to say the removal of any polish from the surface. area.



   To promote renewal of the film of liquid around the anode, a wetting liquid can be used as the cooling fluid or the surface properties of the fluid used can be modified as is known by adding an agent. wetting;

  in some circuits, it
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 It is important that the wetting agent does not increase the electrical conductivity of the coolant too much. Figures U and 12 show in detail two embodiments of the jacket containing the coolant liquid where one has provided a dis-
 EMI6.3
 positive, either by baffles or by centrifugation, allowing to eliminate a significant part of the liquid entrained by the vapor during l2lébul = lition. In order to facilitate reading, identical elements have been identified by the same reference numbers as in the preceding figures.
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  We see at 27, in the figure zal the insulating pipe d.l1ali = mentation in liquid of the jacket 5. Thus qu.l1 it appears this pipe of small diameter penetrates deeply inside 5. it is fixed. using gaskets type glands, ensuring 19tightness.



   The same applies to the insulating outlet pipe 29. The length of the insulating pipe can thus be limited to the outside of the jacket,
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 at least ensuring effective insulation in the air.l1 while ensuring inside the pipes a sufficient length to ensure 1? isolation in liquid. or steam.



   It is therefore released, by gravity at the upper surface of the jacket, vapor constituting an emulsion in the liquid and causing a
 EMI6.6
 quite considerable amount of it. In order to ensure the separation of the entrained liquid, the length of the vapor path is angulated by placing a set of baffles 43, 44, for example integral with respectively an adhesive.
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 rette of .tube and water jacket.



  The vapor path is shown in phantom. It is understood that any arrangement of obstacles opposing the simple rise of the steam and causing it to undergo detours would also be suitable.
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 Alternatively, the separation of the entrained water can be provided by centrifugation. Figure 16 shows a possible embodiment of the jacket when this separation process is used. It can be seen that the rising steam is channeled through line 45 spirally wound around the part
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 upper of the shirt. The liquid separated by the developed cent-ri-fuge force falls back into the jacket.
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  Figure 13 represents? schematically, an embodiment of the invention, in which it is necessary to cool three electronic tubes. As we can see :; the three radiators 21a, 21b, 21co are bathed in the jacket 5 of sufficient dimensions.

   It is supplied with
 EMI6.11
 cold water through the insulating inlets a and 27bu, the steam being discharged through the insulating pipes 29a and 29bo
Figures- 14 and 15 show two preferred embodiments of the seals providing 1.11 sealing between the jacket and the tube, while establishing an electrical contact between the collar carried by the latter and
 EMI6.12
 the liner The seal is carried by the collar and fixed to the latter so that in the event of replacement of the tube the seal is also renewed.
The profile of the collar 36 has a first part A B re-
 EMI6.13
 curved outwards,

   followed by a rectilinear part B C (inclined for example at 45 to the vertical), ensuring electrical contact with the plug.
 EMI6.14
 put 5 y thus qg-9jl was said above. The upper part of the glue-

 <Desc / Clms Page number 7>

 
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 rette C D E is folded outwards so that the rear end D E
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 ve normally at joint 37.
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 The lower part A B of the collar plays the role of
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 vapor flector which tends to x'éea> ter from the joint, as is represented by the arrow 46 and to be captured by a pipe, such as 29, e-ommuni = quant with the vape manifold '#? as was specified above.



  When one is brought to r <. '7new the tube used, it suffices to remove it from its sleeve and replace a second tube therein. However, he
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 it may be that the end of the collar 36 does not rest exactly
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 at the same place of the seal 37 which is not renewed. The previous tube may
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 making a groove in this joint, which may cause leaks. It is therefore preferable to change the seal 37. This operation can be quite
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 long since it leads to take off 19, anoien joint before introducing the new one. 0 There is shown in Figure 15 a preferred variant of the invention, according to which the seal is automatically renewed at the same time as the tube since it. is worn by it, as it appears in 37SJ of
 EMI7.9
 this figure.

   The profile of the collar is slightly modified at this
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 effect, if necessary. He borrowed one. first curved portion AB, followed by a linear part BC, 9 where there is electrical contact with the jacket 5. The upper part DE of the collar is curved towards the outside so as to form a groove in which the 37th detan # cheity gasket is glued. This is crushed on the conical end of the sleeve 5.
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  Figures 16 and 17 show an alternative embodiment of
 EMI7.12
 19 invention in which the turbulence of the emulsion is increased by decreasing, with the aid of a lower sleeve a thermosiphon effect which tends to
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 occur between the hotter vapor and the cooler liquid.
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 We have shown in 21, the anode structure comprising, by
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 example, a semas finned radiator - described above.
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  This structure rests, by 1J via a flange 36 forming a leaktight seal at 37 (as has just been said) in a jacket 5 supplied with liquid at the lower part, at 27. The vapor is collected.
 EMI7.17
 by the pipe 29 of large section; we eventually create on its path
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 disturbances by means of any suitable device such as a baffle jet so
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 A sleeve 47 is arranged concentrically at the anode, for example
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 cylindrical. The arrows 48 and 47e respectively represent the paths of the water-vapor emulsion and that of the latter alone.

   Line
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 42 shows the water level.
 EMI7.22
 The emulsion density decreases in the vicinity of the anode body
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 or. vaporization occurs, which tends to drive it upwards,
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 between said structure- and. sylindre 47. It is thus created, at the lower part
 EMI7.25
 higher of this structure, a suction of liquid which tends to bring back
 EMI7.26
 these two elements the liquid or 1-94mulsion more dense by leaving part of the other vapor 47 and the jacket 5. The value S9 escapes in 47-1.

   For the sake of simplicity, the device for .tiJ # tioa- of the sleeve 47, secured either to the liner 5. or to the stroct'tir6- 21- has not been shown.
 EMI7.27
 The cylindrical sleeve 47 organizes the circulation of the liquid and
 EMI7.28
 of the liquid-vapor emulsion so that it is directed longitudinally, and has a rotation exhibiting a radial speed, oriented towards 19axt =
 EMI7.29
 laughing, in the space between the anode structure and the sleeve. In this way the liquid is rejected towards the anode structure by the. strength
 EMI7.30
 centrifugal.

   This organization of the trajectory of the liquid has the further effect of ensuring that the entire mass of the liquid is reheated to the neighborhood of 10010 which favors the evacuation of the ealories by boiling, by allowing the formation of large bubbles of water. wp6Ul "feeds throughout the body of the liquid & 1> promoting boiling throughout the body of the liquid and even on its surface as is known.



  FIG. 17 represents an alternative embodiment of the invention.

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   tion in which the turbulence of the emulsion moving under the siphon effect is increased by teeth 49 carried by 1-one of the faces of the structure
 EMI8.1
 turne 47, or the internal face of the sleeve 5 These teeth can be obtained by cutting tabs from a sheet of metal sheet which is then attached to a rigid cylinder after having folded down said tabs 49.

   These play the role of vapor deflectors, tending to move away from the surface of the anode structure, the vapor bubbles which form there,
In certain particularly simple cases of the invention, sufficient turbulence of the steam can be obtained by simply arranging the baffles as shown at 49 on the internal wall of the vessel.
 EMI8.2
 .7o It is of course not excluded to have such deflectors on several of the surfaces considered.



   In certain embodiments of the invention, it may be advantageous to add, in suspension in the coolant liquid, hard particles which, entrained by it, tend to scratch the surface of the anode structure so as to the clean.



   Figures 18 and 19 show embodiments of the
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 invention applying to a high power electron tube of which 19 anode is directed upwards, the balloon and the connection pins being arranged below this electrode. The shape of the water jacket is slightly modified, it takes, in fact, here, the form of a simple sleeve
 EMI8.4
 cylindrical or cylindrical-conical open towards the top
According to the variant embodiment shown in FIG. 19, and applicable in particular to reduced power tubes, the tube associated with its closed refrigeration circuit forms a mechanical unit which, in some
 EMI8.5
 case can be mobile, so as to allow rapid troubleshooting of the associated transmitter.



   Figure 18 shows an embodiment of 1? invention in the case of high power electron tubes.



   The tube 50 provided with a radiator 21 rests by its collar 36 on the bottom of a cylindrical sleeve or tank 5, an elastic seal 37 held by a clamping device being interposed between the tube and its sleeve; the assembly is supported by any suitable device such as feet 51 resting where appropriate on insulators 52, the assembly 51 and 52 being of a size such that the apparatus can be placed on the ground without the fragile parts 53 of the tube 50 may be damaged.



   The tank 5 can also be provided with handles 54, preferably thermally insulated from the radiator allowing handling even when it is hot, an insulating pipe 55 fixed to the tank 5 by a gland seal 56 is provided at its upper end with a mouthpiece allowing its
 EMI8.6
 connections, by means of a so-called quick-release system 57, carrying for example a metalloplastic seal, to the pipe 58 preferably comprising a flexible part 59 It is also possible to provide for the use between the jacket and the associated pipes ,

   fast from typv to baïonnet- teo
The assembly constituted as described above from 50 to 57 can therefore be put out of service by a rapid maneuver which can moreover be facilitated by the presence of rollers under the insulators 52
The liquid supply of the assembly can be achieved by
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 any device capable of ensuring a constant level in the tank 5; l.9alieants = mentation being carried out according to the principle of ecsamanieantso It may be convenient in certain cases to ensure the emptying of the
 EMI8.8
 hot liquid filling the tank 5! J before carrying out the maneuver to release the assembly.

   This can be achieved with the aid of a mobile auxiliary reservoir according to the principle of communicating vessels. FIG. 19 shows an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

 <Desc / Clms Page number 9>

 in which the tube and its refrigeration device constitute an autonomous assembly which can greatly simplify installation. There is schematically shown the tube 50 and its cooling jacket 5 filled with li-
 EMI9.1
 quide up to level 4o 0 We can previously provide a quick joint 57 facilitating an exchange of the bzz tube The diameter of the pipe 60 is reduced above the joint o As previously, we have at a given point cell @ - = <if an insulating tube 55 @ 0rJducing steam to a condenser 62.



  The condensed refrigerant liquid: drops automatically, via line 6121 into jacket 5.
 EMI9.2
 The @ondenUl '62 depending on the powers involved, can be as it is shown, cooled with 1? Using a temperature exchanger by circulating water, for example 63-64. One can also provide the case of a finned radiator 63 = 64 cooled by free air ±} or blown if necessary ests or by a complex process.
 EMI9.3
 



  The pipe 61 being, in its part se.péie9 at ground potential, it is possible without difficulty to place the radiator at a suitable point, 9 possibly far enough from the tube where air circulation 21 occurs such as the 9 .bTe roof. housing the installation As well as its uses, the shape of the radiator fins depends on the cooling mode envisaged.



   No special pipe has been shown for the return of condensed liquid, it being able to descend by gravity by borrowing the pipes 55.



   As the system operates in a closed circuit, it is however possible to add a pressure limiting or regulating device.



   A liquid level safety system is also provided in the jacket 5, the latter being brought to a high electric potential with respect to the earth. Safety devices will advantageously be contained in a small annex tank, not shown, joined to the jacket 5 by two insulating pipes of small diameter situated one below level 42, the other above.



   FIG. 20 represents an embodiment of the invention in the case of a tube having a tome anode slightly different from the shapes
 EMI9.4
 usual and encountered in some d2lémissionjj tubes especially for short waves.



   It is understood that this example is chosen as an illus-
 EMI9.5
 etg oomue- T, 9innt.o applies to all forms of anode-s or elec = trodes, which it appears under. the volume of a platy disc 9une re-entrant structure, of the cylinder 9 e-tlt'to 0 in particular when dealing with re-entrant structures, we can eliminate the jacket and use 1-'inside 12léle..atrode as a boiler as it is onra9 on condition of providing a radiator 1 in prior to said strocture The figure shows the implementation of the method according to the invention,
 EMI9.6
 in the case where the anode is pre-fitted in the form of a cylinder, the end of which bears a collar to be folded @ 4 times at right angles,

   the edges of this being pamllè1.es au ayUas prineipalo Such a form of anode is used in particular in the tU}: fiS da psissaaee operating in shortwave, because it makes it possible to reduce the 'distances between the different Teotodes9 thus that. dimensions of QSUX-o $ v L st: the anodic l.lutU1'e is assembled, by .l'intermediate a part eônq'.1 22b welded to7 a collar 70 integral with the anode to 1? ampoule 65 of which only a fraction is shown in the figure.



  As it appears, the cylindrical part of the anode is surrounded by a first jacket 66 supplied at its lower p9.; Rtie by a pipe 27 of small section from a reservoir of refrigerant. The circulation of liquid is maintained, as well as the preeisora. further so that the 1i = quide constantly overflows at the upper part 42 of the jacket falling in the form of droplets 67 at the lower part of a second jacket
 EMI9.7
 680 The liquid is then evacuated by a low section water pump 690 The de-

 <Desc / Clms Page number 10>

 bit maintained in the water jacket 66 is just sufficient for the level of the liquid to be flush with the upper edge of the lower jacket 66 in a continuous manner despite the vaporization which is taking place.

  produced in the vicinity of the anode surface 22 This surface can optionally carry a radiator. The vapor escapes at the top and the liquid overflows over the jacket 66. The liquid-vapor separation is easily done in the outer jacket 68, the vapor being collected through a line 29 at large. section and directed towards a general collector possibly supplying a condenser. As will appear in the following description, a fraction of the refrigerant fluid is collected in the form of non-vaporized liquid which is directed to the supply tank.



   Only :, the inner jacket 66 is supplied at constant level, either by means of a main tank disposed higher or from a tank by means of a very low power circulation pump, or of an equivalent means using a horn effect or steam entrainment. The general diagram of the supply may be that shown in FIG. 22 in which the water collected by the pipe 69 is sent to a tank located at a level lower than the jacket 66, a maintenance pump ensuring the consistency. the level of the liquid in it.

   The vapor collected at 29 can be condensed in an auxiliary condenser as explained below. A set of baffles can be placed in the path of the vapor-liquid emulsion between the upper level of the jacket. 66 and the bottom of the outer jacket 68. The latter, together with the envelope of the tube, constitutes a sealed assembly, the collar 70 being integral with a shoulder of the outer jacket.

   The seal can be obtained by a suitable seal; it is ensured by gravity, the weight of the tube resting on the liner by means of the collar 700
The means of the invention make it possible to achieve cooling installations for sets of electronic tubes which are very simple and have a higher efficiency than any other type of installation, as can be judged by comparing the diagram d 'a conventional installation - (Figo 21) with those of an installation according to 1? invention (Figso 22, 23 and 24)
The conventional system shown in FIG. 21 comprises a pump 2 driven by a motor 3.

   This pump circulates the water in a set of large diameter pipe 4 supplying the water jackets 5 of the electronic tubes. These water jackets, which are maintained at high electrical potential, are joined to the pipes 4 by insulating pipes 6. The water, heated in contact with the anodes at 5, then passes into a refrigerant system 7 which is a temperature exchanger operating either with respect to ambient air or with respect to an auxiliary circulation of ordinary water. This exchanger system generally requires a pump or a fan 8 driven by a motor 9.



   It can be seen that according to the system currently used, the evacuation of the superfluous 1-energy available on the anodes leads to the consumption of a driving energy absorbed by the motors 3 and 9; this energy is added to that already lost in the anodes, and corresponds to 10 to 15% of its value.



   The need to spend a significant power in auxiliary pumps essentially holds. the fact that, according to the art presently in general use, it is recognized that a maximum temperature of the order of 50 to 60 ° C. should not be exceeded in the water jackets, to have a sufficient safety margin vis-à-vis the boiling temperature, this phenomenon must be avoided at all costs.
For this reason, it is necessary to accelerate the speed of the fluid in the water jackets 5; it is currently 8 to 10 mb per second.



  This results in significant pressure drops and the pump must provide relatively large energy. In addition, the heat exchange with the external medium, which takes place under a low temperature gradient, requires a great deal of loss.

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 bit du: external refrigerator fluid in 7.



   Figure 22 shows the various elements of a re-
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 coldly according to 9invrtiona The distilled water (and preferably deprived of oxygen which has been able to dissolve in it) contained in the low volume reservoir 19 is circulated comze p: oo @ edenment, but by a small pump 2 which is mined. a very low power motor 3, this reduced circulation having no other purpose than to keep the tanks 5 constantly full of water, the level being set by the outlet nozzle operating in "overflow" 810
The pipes 4 can have a much smaller cross section than in the previous case, hence reducing the insulating pipes.
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  Under these conditions, the dissipation of energy on the anode of the tube in question has the effect of rapidly bringing the water to its boiling temperature, the energy absorbed corresponding to the "latent heat of vaporization".
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 The piping 10 comprising an insulating element 11 conducts the water vapor produced in a condenser 7; Condensed skin brought to a temperature
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 The temperature, which may only be slightly lower than its boiling temperature, is reintroduced into tank 1.



   Of course, the water jacket 5 and the anode of the lamp that it contains must be adapted to this role of boiler. Suitable devices will be used for this purpose, and in particular those described above.
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  The boiling temperature of the water in the boiler 5 being entirely defined by the pressure which prevails in the steam line 10, it is provided, according to the invention $ 'to control this pressure by any means.
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 suitable system, such as, for example, a controlled capsule 12, capable of controlling by 9 inteéd3.ai d, 9 a xervo-ccwmande or pressure switch 12 bis directly or indirectly), Inefficiency of the condenser 7. This control may be obtained by any one of the means available to the technician, in particular by modifying the speed of the engine 9 or by
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 remote control of a valve or of a damper regulating the flow of external refrigerant.



   Furthermore, there will be provided on the pipe 10 a safety device 13 consisting of one or more calibrated valves, intended to limit the maximum and minimum values of the pressure in this pipe with respect to atmospheric pressure. The valve fixing the. minimum value will preferably be connected to a tank containing an inert non-oxidizing gas at atmospheric pressure, not shown in the figure.



   Figure 23 shows schematically a simplified variant of the invention, according to which it is possible to eliminate the pump 2 and its motor 3. by ensuring the filling of the boilers 5 by a simple communication with a tank 14 equipped with a float valve 15 connected by a
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 piping to the reservoir 1 so as to maintain a constant water level at 14.



   The motor 9 ensuring the circulation of the external coolant of the condenser is driven by a small steam turbine supplied in series between the pipe 10 and the condenser 7. A pipe 16 ensures the pressure equilibrium between l. the air contained in the upper part of the tank 14 and the steam in the pipe 10. This pipe is essential
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 For the satisfactory operation of the installation it is indeed necessary that a pressure balance be established so that the operating conditions can be effectively controlled at all times.



   Provided that the reservoir 1 is placed at a sufficient height above the reservoir 149, it can be seen that this device borrows the necessary energy.
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 In certain favorable cases, the turbine 9 can even supply, in addition a generator 17 returning electrical energy, for example to the electrical network, for its operation. rod feeding the tubes

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To prevent corrosion by 1-hot distilled water of the various parts of the installation and in particular the boilers, it may be useful to provide the devices according to 1-'invention., A degasser system for the purpose of rapidly removing oxygen dissolved in water;

     for the same purpose, it may be useful to provide corrosion-resistant coatings on all metal parts in contact with water vapor.



   In the foregoing, distilled water has been mentioned as a refrigerant fluid, but it is understood that any other suitable fluid can be used. In particular, as appears in FIG. 24, raw water can be used.

   In fact, as a result of the mechanical agitation created by the vapor bubbles leaving the surface, which rise through the liquid, the mineral salts and other impurities contained in the water are reduced to the state of a powdery precipitate which it is found at the bottom of the tank, and Inexperience has shown that no scaling occurs; the surface of the radiator remains free of any hard and compact deposits which could modify its thermal properties.



   There is shown at 5 in the figure, the assembly consisting of the tube and the jacket containing the refrigerant liquid which is water. This feeds the tank via the pipe 4 of small section arriving in the jacket ,, below the liquid level. To simplify the drawing, only one tube has been shown in the jacket, but it is obvious that this is in no way limiting and that it can be assumed that there are several tubes in this jacket. or possibly several individual jackets fed in parallel by the water inlet 4.



   According to a particularly simple variant of the invention, where there is one or more tubes in each of the two jackets of the system, the water supply 4 can be constituted by the inductance of the oscillating circuit associated with said tubes or groups of said tubes, only one of which is shown in the figure. In this case, it is advantageous to place the auxiliary supply reservoir 14 at the neutral point of the oscillating circuit so that it is constantly maintained at a substantially zero HF potential. while being brought to the continuous anode potential., This reservoir supplies the cooling jacket (s) of the anode structures at a constant level.



   The auxiliary tank is joined, via an insulating coil 70 to a pressurized water supply via a tap 15. As has been said, the refrigerant liquid which fills it. all these pipes are ordinary water. It contains a lot of limestone impurities. to build up scale in the pipes. It is known to add certain compounds having water to $ 1. the effect of precipitating the impurities under the form of an uncured sludge which settles at the bottom of the receptacles and in particular of the chair (s) and thus avoid any deposit of an adhesive layer on the walls, but , as stated above, this is generally not necessary.

   A sludge evacuation device 71 is provided.



  It is, however, necessary to have insulating pipes 70 of section greater than that which could be used in the case of distilled water. The necessary length of the insulating tube is increased due to the increased cross section and the relatively high conductivity of the raw water, which is why it is necessary to have a coil. On the other hand, it is possible to place on either side of the insulating coil, the two elements 72 and 73 of a known device eliminating the effects resulting from the electrolysis of the salts constituting the impurities.



   An automatic water level adjustment device is provided in the auxiliary tank 15, for example with a float. For the sake of simplicity, line 16 has been omitted, cf. figure 23, ensuring the pressure balance between 11 and 15.



   The steam channeled through the discharge pipe 11 comprising an insulating part, is condensed in a condenser 7 and the heat recovered from this point can be used for all purposes - for example, for heating.

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   age of the station or for remote hot water distribution. There is in fact a source of hot water at a temperature of 100 C. A radiator 7 'is placed in series with the condenser 7 which serves to dissipate at losses the calories not absorbed in the user circuit.

   The condensed liquid is collected in a tank 74. The capacity of 7 'is sufficient so that, even if the hot water obtained in-7 is not needed, the liquid is still condensed.
If the distilled liquid is not used, an overflow pipe 75 allows this liquid to be returned to the jacket or the group of jackets 5.



   The control valves 76 of the limestone sludge evacuation devices can be controlled manually each time the tubes are stopped or automatically by an electric circuit controlled from the main power switch-of those. The taps 76 can be mechanically coupled to the tap 77 controlling the raw water supply.


    

Claims (1)

CLAIMS AND SUMMARY 1. Device for cooling electronic tubes with an external anode according to which the anode is integral with a radiator carrying short and thick protuberances, the average thickness of the structure being high compared to that usually used for the anodes of vacuum tubes, the assembly being immersed in an enclosure containing a fluid, the vaporization of which, in normal operating conditions, constitutes the means for discharging the heat generated in the operation of the tube. 2. Device for cooling electronic tubes with an external anode by vaporization of the liquid contained in an enclosure in which immerses said anode provided with a radiator according to- 1, characterized in that a collar is disposed above the latter so that the upper part of the jacket delimits with said jacket a free space where the vapor can be released at atmospheric pressure, or at a pressure close to it, the space thus formed possibly being supplemented by a side chamber in which the vapor is collected. 3. Device for cooling by vaporization of electronic tubes with an external anode according to which the radiator with short and thick protuberances according to l, is machined in the mass of the anode. 4. Device for cooling by vaporization of electronic tubes with an external anode according to which the radiator according to l, is constituted by a stack of washers bearing short and thick teeth, attached to the anode and in good thermal contact with that. -this. 5. Device for cooling by vaporization of electronic tubes with an external anode in which the radiator is made up of longitudinal parts bearing teeth and assembled in the manner of the staves of a barrel. 60 Device for cooling by vaporization of electronic tubes with an external anode in which the jacket according to l is connected to three pipes, the first disposed at its upper part at the level of the. collar according to- 20, of- large diameter, receives the steam? the second, of smaller diameter, ensures the water replenishment, a third small diameter pipe is flush with the liquid level and possibly serves as an overflow 7. Device for cooling by vaporization of electronic tubes with an external anode according to 1, in which the seal between the collar and the upper part of the jacket is ensured by a gasket placed in a housing produced by a roll-up of the collar, and compressed by the edge of the tube. 80 Device for cooling by vaporization of electro- <Desc / Clms Page number 14> Outer anode nicks according to 1, in which the collar and the upper part of the jacket carry baffles increasing the path of the vapor. 9. Device for cooling by vaporization of electronic tubes with an external anode according to 1, in which the jacket carried at the anode potential, is isolated from the rest of the cooling circuit by insulating elements penetrating deeply into the metal pipes so as to lengthen sufficient leakage lines in liquid and vapor and of minimum length in air 10. A device for cooling by vaporization of electronic tubes with an external anode according to 1, in which the jacket contains several electronic tubes. 11. Device for cooling by vaporization of electronic tubes with an external anode according to 1, in which the collar is constituted by a turned up part of the anode body coaxial with the useful fraction of the cylindrical anode. 12. Installation for cooling by vaporization of a set of electronic tubes according to l, comprising a liquid circulation pump, jackets associated with three pipes, one of which has a large section, conveying the steam to a manifold comprising a pressure switch regulating the pressure. pressure which prevails in said manifold by controlling the operating conditions of an associated condenser. 13. Installation for cooling by vaporization of electronic tubes with an external anode in which the jackets surrounding said a-nodes are supplied at constant level by free communication with a reservoir where the liquid level is controlled by a safety system, a pressure equalization channel being provided between the steam manifold and the constant level tank. 14. Installation of cooling by vaporization of electronic tubes with an external anode in which the refrigerant is raw water which, distilled, can be collected at a point in the circuit after having successively passed through two temperature exchangers connected in series, the first assignor to one. circuit for using the calories released by the condensation, the second, of sufficient capacity to ensure the proper functioning of the installation, dissipating the released calories at a loss.