AU8337787A - An effective process for the in vitro-in vivo production of potato minitubers - Google Patents
An effective process for the in vitro-in vivo production of potato minitubersInfo
- Publication number
- AU8337787A AU8337787A AU83377/87A AU8337787A AU8337787A AU 8337787 A AU8337787 A AU 8337787A AU 83377/87 A AU83377/87 A AU 83377/87A AU 8337787 A AU8337787 A AU 8337787A AU 8337787 A AU8337787 A AU 8337787A
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- plants
- minitubers
- glasshouses
- media
- vitro
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 27
- 235000002595 Solanum tuberosum Nutrition 0.000 title claims description 14
- 244000061456 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 title claims description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 title description 4
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 60
- ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N coumarin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC(=O)C=CC2=C1 ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000000644 propagated effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002054 transplantation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 claims description 4
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013681 dietary sucrose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- SEOVTRFCIGRIMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indole-3-acetic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(CC(=O)O)=CNC2=C1 SEOVTRFCIGRIMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960004793 sucrose Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001361634 Rhizoctonia Species 0.000 claims description 3
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutamic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013922 glutamic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004220 glutamic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003617 indole-3-acetic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- HHBOUFYYHJJTNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,6-thiadiazepane-2,7-dithione Chemical compound S=C1NCCNC(=S)S1 HHBOUFYYHJJTNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229930024421 Adenine Natural products 0.000 claims 1
- GFFGJBXGBJISGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Adenine Chemical compound NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2 GFFGJBXGBJISGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229960000643 adenine Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- MKIMSXGUTQTKJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propamocarb hydrochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCOC(=O)NCCC[NH+](C)C MKIMSXGUTQTKJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 4
- UQHKFADEQIVWID-UHFFFAOYSA-N cytokinin Natural products C1=NC=2C(NCC=C(CO)C)=NC=NC=2N1C1CC(O)C(CO)O1 UQHKFADEQIVWID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004062 cytokinin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229930191978 Gibberellin Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 2
- UHZZMRAGKVHANO-UHFFFAOYSA-M chlormequat chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCl UHZZMRAGKVHANO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- IXORZMNAPKEEDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N gibberellic acid GA3 Natural products OC(=O)C1C2(C3)CC(=C)C3(O)CCC2C2(C=CC3O)C1C3(C)C(=O)O2 IXORZMNAPKEEDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003448 gibberellin Substances 0.000 description 2
- WQJFIWXYPKYBTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N indole-1-acetic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N(CC(=O)O)C=CC2=C1 WQJFIWXYPKYBTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000050 nutritive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003415 peat Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Asparagine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC(N)=O DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-REOHCLBHSA-N L-asparagine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(N)=O DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000112708 Vates Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000726445 Viroids Species 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid Substances CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000009582 asparagine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960001230 asparagine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229960000956 coumarin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000001671 coumarin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012136 culture method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 dichloro-acetyl-hexamethylene Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutamine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-VIFPVBQESA-N methamphetamine Chemical compound CN[C@@H](C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001477 organic nitrogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004161 plant tissue culture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000009105 vegetative growth Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H4/00—Plant reproduction by tissue culture techniques ; Tissue culture techniques therefor
- A01H4/005—Methods for micropropagation; Vegetative plant propagation using cell or tissue culture techniques
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Developmental Biology & Embryology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Preparation Of Fruits And Vegetables (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Description
S
1 An effective process for the in vitro-in vivo production of
:potatα minitubers
Technical field
The present invention celates to an effective process for 5 the in vitro-in vivo production of potato minitubers.
Background art
Before the date of application of this invention our Hungarian patent application no. 1160/84. - not published yet - claims a process for the mass production of potato's
10 propagation material free of viruses and viroids, by plant tissue culture, said process comprises, that the potato's shoottip-tissue cells are cultivated and propagated in vitro on nutritive media, then shoots are rooted Or formation of minitubers is induced, the in vitro rooted plants are plan-
15 ted into glasshouses to grow in- vivo mother plants or in vitr tuber formation can be induced- from these minitubers further mother plants can be grown and from these seedlings or small tubers can be obtained as propagation materials, or the mini¬ tubers can be used as propagation materials. The formation of
20 seedlings or tubers can be directed by influencing the patatine-synthesis of the mother plants.
In the mentioned application we discussed in detail the prior art for the production of in vitro propagation material of potato, and it has been found that several valuable partial
25 results are available, no complex system was known which coul
be succesfully used for producing an appropriate propagation material on large scale.
The mass propagation of potato's propagation material is a little bit difficult, - because of the nature of this plant -.
The multiplication rate of potato propagated by t adicio- πal process is low (maximum 10-12 times yearly), so the traditional c ultivar maintenance needs 8-12 years.
The presently available cultivars of potato a re susceptible to different fungus-, bacteria- and virus diseases. The tra- ditional cultivar maintenance can be realised only in those countries, where the level of infection is low enough because of favourable oecological factors.
The water content of potato's propagational material is approx. 90%, so transportation and storage of it needs special conditions. In a given case the transportation costs can be higher than the value of potato at the place of production.
The process disclosed in our Hungarian patent application no. 1160/84 is suitable for the elimination of the above mentione difficulties. Using that process the rate of propagation is hi the time needed for cultivar maintenance can be reduced to
1-2 years, healthy propagation material can be produced, the costs of transportation and storage can be significantly reduced by propagation of minitubers.
According to this earlier process potato propagation materials have to be produced in laboratory and glasshouse. Because the costs of investment and maintenance are high - in both cases - so the profitability of the process is dependent on the amount
of propagation material produced on a unit area. The foundation of glasshouses is more expensive than the estab¬ lishment of laboratory.
The transplantation of plants produced in laboratory needs good technical level in glasshouses (exact soil heating facilities, regulation of humidity, additional illumination Keeping in mind, that plants transplanted from laboratory into glasshouses have to be grown economically and this can be guaranteed in the case of minituber production only by the best utilisation of glasshouses.
According to our earlier process 400-800 pcs of minitubers can be produced per squaremeters. This fact limits the distribution of the utilisation of glasshouses for minitube production.
We have worked out a new method to increase significantly the efficiency of minituber production per unit area. According to this process of this invention - what is not obvious from the known prior art - the efficiency of the earlier process can be increased at least by 300-500%.
Disclosure of the invention
The subject of our invention is that disease-free and propagated plants produced by the known tissue culture meth are rooted in liquid media in vitro under sterile laborat circumstances, when the plants have developed roots the nutritive media is changed to a media containing anti¬ gibberellic chemical for the induction of tubers and plants are incubated in this media. After induction of tubers plant are treated with a chemical which promotes the rooting and are planted in solid media into glasshouses. The vegetative
growth of plants is limited by decreasing the level of gibberellin to the level of cytokinin content periodically and regularly, and the produced minitubers are collected from roots, than plants treated witn a rooting hormon are planted back into solid media and are treated regularly and periodically with antigibberellic chemical, than the produced minitubers are _ collected again.
The process - according to the invention - can be realised that disease-free plants are produced from tissue culture by known methods. The virus- and disease-free plants can be propagated by any of the known tissue culture methods. Plant propagated by tissue culture are rooted in liquid media. After the rooting phase - plants have adjacent roots - the rooting media is changed to a media for tuber induction, which is mainly MS media (Murashige and Skoog: Physiol. Plant. 15. 473-397 /1962/ ) and there is a difference in the amount of inorganic nitrogen source (here it is 10% of the original) and nitrogen requirement of plants is guaranteed by adding organic nitrogen source (glutamine, asparagine) during the induction. The concentration of saccharose in the induction media is higher than in the MS media, 40 g/1 saccharose can be preferably used.
The media used for induction contains cytokinins at a high concentration, in average 5-10 mg/1 is suitable. The essentia parts of media used for tuber induction are the different antigibberellins. Such chemicals are coumarin and its deri- vates. chlor-choline-chloride, (CCC), preferably dichloro- -acetyl-hexamethylene-imiπe. This last chemical has growth- -li itiπg and antidoting effects. In plants it has an effect to tuber induction by decreasing the level of gibberellin
compared to cytokinins and has an advantageous influence to the structure of cell-membranes of plants. According to the process of this invention dichloro-acetyl-hexamethylene -i ine can be used at a concentration of 6-20 mg/1.
Plants are incubated in the induction media under 18-20°C 8 hours illumination for 10-14 days.
After the induction potato tubers are developed in solid media in glasshouses. Before transplantation into glass¬ houses induction media is washed out from roots and to promote the rooting and to prevent plants from infection of Rhizoctonia plants are plunged into a liquid containing 0,05 mg/1 iπdole-acetic acid and 0,2% Previcur-N (=propil- -N-/3-di ethyl-amino-propil/-carbamat hydrochloride).
After getting rooted the plants in glasshouses - 3 weeks after transplantation - plants are sprayed with a solution containing 10 mg/1 coumarine and/or -5-10 mg/1 dichlor-acety -hexamethylene-imine once a week. So plants remain small bu their physiological stage is suitable for tuber formation. If it is necessary, plants can be pinched back to prevent further growth.
After transplantation in glasshouses (1,5-2 months later) the banch of plants is removed from the soil and tubers bigger than 0,5 cm are collected from the roots. Approx. 10 tubers per squaremeter can be collected from plants grown in this manner at the first time.
Roots can be damaged during the removal of plants and tuber The banch of plants is plunged again into a solution contai ing 0,05 mg/1 indole-acetic acid and 0,2% Previcur-N, than planted into the original or new soil. After the rooting
phase the earlier treatments are repeated (10 mg/1 coumariπ and/or 6 mg/1 dichlor-acetyl-hexamethylene-imine) . The re¬ moval of banches of plants and tubers, treatment with the above written solution, transplantation of plants can be repeated after 3-4 weeks. The second harves of tubers can be 2-3000 pcs/squaremeter. When plants are ageing - 4 months after planting - those are removed and destroyed. Plants treated in the above written manner can produce 2500-4000 pcs tubers/squaremeter dependently on cultivars, and this amount is 3-4 times more than one can get by the earlier method.
The collected tubers are suberised for two weeks, under diffuse light and 70% humidity, than are grading and stored at 2-5°C.
This process according to the invention can be repeated
2,5 times yearly, it means that the efficiency of minituber -production is increased 4-5 times of the earlier one.
Best mode of carrying out the invention
The following example illustrates the invention: Example
The "Somogy Gyongye" potato cultivar is propagated by tissue culture on a known way. After getting the proper plant numbe shoots are rooted in liquid media. After two weeks rooting the liquid media is changed to another one for tuber inducti The composition of media for tuber induction: Murashige and Skoog (MS) basic media, 1/10 concentration, NH.N0-, and KNO-j, 20 mg/1 glutamic acid, 40 g/1 saccharose, 5 mg/1 benzyladeni 25 mg/1 coumariπe and 6 mg/1 dichloro-acetyl-hexamthylene- -imine. Plants are incubated in this media for tuber inducti
for 10 days, under 8 hours 200 lux/m illumination, at 18°C. After the induction bunches of plants are remove from culture-flasks, plants are washed in tap water and snaked for the removal of excess water and plunged into a solution containing 0,08 mg/1 indole-acetic acid and 0,2%
Previcur-N, than planted into peat mixture, 50 bunches of plants/m . After rooting plants small ridge formation is done (2 cm), than from the second weeks after planting pla are sprayed with a solution containing 10 mg/1 coumarine a 6 mg/1 dichloro-acetyl-hexamethylene-imine once a week. Af planting - 1,5-2 months later - bushy bunches of plants ar removed from the soil on growing-beds. Tubers bigger than 0,5 cm are collected with a comb made for this purpose or by hand. Peat and soil are shaked from the removed bunches plants, which are plunged into a solution containing 0,08 indole acetic acid and 0,2% Previcur-N, than are planted back to the original soil and are irrigated. The treatment of plants is continued by spraying them with a solution co taining 10 mg/1 coumarine and 6 mg/1 dichloro-acetyl-hexa- methylene-imiπe. After 3-4 weeks the removal and planting can be repeated. Plants can be pinched back to keep the pr small size of plants. These cuttings without roots can be used for further propagation and tuberset.
The "Somogy Gybngye" plants induced and grown in this mann
2 are producing 3500 pcs minitubers/m in 4 months.
Claims (8)
1. A process for the production of potato minitubers from in vitro plants propagated by tissue culture and rooted in liquid media, characterized in that, tuber formation is in¬ duced in vitro on rooted plants, the induced plants are planted into solid media in glasshouses and tubers are de- .. veloping in glasshouses, while the growth of plant's haulm is limited by s praying with antigibberellic chemicals, regularly and periodically, the developed minitubers are collected, than plants are planted back into soil, the growth of haulm is limited further, and the removal and planting back are repeated periodically during the vegeta¬ tion period of plants.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that tuber formation is induced by using MS basic media contain¬ ing NH.NO- and KNO, at 1/10 concentration, 20 mg/1 glutamic acid, 40 g/1 saccharose, 5 mg/1 beπzyle adenine, 25 mg/1 coumarine and 6 mg/1 dichloro-acetyl-hexamethylene-imine.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that before planting into glasshouses plants are treated with a chemical which promotes rooting and with an agent whjch prevent the infection of Rhizoctonia, if needed.
4. A process as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that, this treatment is done by using indole-acetic acid and - if needed - propyl-N-(3-dimethyl-amino-propyl)-carbamate hydrochloride containing solution.
5. A process as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, charac¬ terized in that the transplanted plants are treated with coumarine and/or dichloro-acethyl-hexamethylene-imine.
6. A process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that after collecting minitubers plants are treated again - befor transplantation - with a solution containing a chemical which promotes rooting and another one which prevent the infection of Rhizoctonia, if needed.
7. A process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the transplanted plants are treated with coumarine and/o dichloro-acetyl-hexamethylene-imine.
8. A process as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that removal of plants, collection of minitubers and planting back the plants can be repeated several times during the vegetation period of plants.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
HU4958/86 | 1986-12-01 | ||
HU495886A HU206012B (en) | 1986-12-01 | 1986-12-01 | In vitro - in vivo method of high activity for producing potato small sized tubers |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
AU8337787A true AU8337787A (en) | 1988-06-30 |
Family
ID=10969359
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
AU83377/87A Withdrawn AU8337787A (en) | 1986-12-01 | 1987-12-01 | An effective process for the in vitro-in vivo production of potato minitubers |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0294412A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH01502557A (en) |
AU (1) | AU8337787A (en) |
DK (1) | DK426688D0 (en) |
FI (1) | FI883607A0 (en) |
HU (1) | HU206012B (en) |
WO (1) | WO1988004137A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR920001196B1 (en) * | 1989-03-11 | 1992-02-06 | 한국과학기술원 | Propagation of potato by microtuber using petridish |
BE1007666A3 (en) * | 1993-10-27 | 1995-09-12 | Billet Alain | MULTIPLICATION PROCESS ABOVE GROUND OF SEEDLINGS, BULBS, bulbils, RHIZOMES AND TUBERS. |
JPH11127712A (en) * | 1997-10-31 | 1999-05-18 | Kobe University | Mini potato |
CN112753577B (en) * | 2021-01-14 | 2022-08-09 | 上饶师范学院 | Germination method of miniature hemp seed potato |
KR102335265B1 (en) * | 2021-01-25 | 2021-12-07 | 한국생명공학연구원 | Process for In vitro Preparation of Minitubers |
-
1986
- 1986-12-01 HU HU495886A patent/HU206012B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1987
- 1987-12-01 AU AU83377/87A patent/AU8337787A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1987-12-01 EP EP19870907977 patent/EP0294412A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1987-12-01 WO PCT/HU1987/000050 patent/WO1988004137A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1987-12-01 JP JP50024288A patent/JPH01502557A/en active Pending
-
1988
- 1988-07-29 DK DK426688A patent/DK426688D0/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1988-08-01 FI FI883607A patent/FI883607A0/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DK426688A (en) | 1988-07-29 |
JPH01502557A (en) | 1989-09-07 |
FI883607A (en) | 1988-08-01 |
FI883607A0 (en) | 1988-08-01 |
EP0294412A1 (en) | 1988-12-14 |
HU206012B (en) | 1992-08-28 |
WO1988004137A1 (en) | 1988-06-16 |
DK426688D0 (en) | 1988-07-29 |
HUT55579A (en) | 1991-06-28 |
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