AU725352B2 - Paper sized with 2-oxetanone sizing agent made from normal and branched fatty acids - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a paper grade containing precipitated calcium carbonate as filler. According to the invention, the ink-jet printability of said paper grade is advantageously improved by using a 2-oxetanone size which is made starting from non-branched and branched-chain fatty acids having main chain comprising 6-22 carbons linked with each other by saturated bonds.

Description

WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 PAPER SIZED WITH 2-OXETANONE SIZING AGENT MADE FROM NORMAL AND BRANCHED FATIY ACIDS The present invention relates to a method for producing a paper grade having additives in its furnish, in which method alkaline hydrophobizing paper sizes are used.

These sizes have a reactive functional group capable of forming covalent bonds with cellulose fiber and such hydrophobic tails thereof that are directed outward from said fiber.

The production quantities of fine paper grades manufactured under alkaline conditions have increased rapidly owing to a facility of using precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), with increased durability against ageing, and better brightness. The water circulation of a papers machine has also been possible to close more complete.

Current printing applications of fine paper grades set a particular weight on sizing, examples of the latter being non-impact printing (NIP) and, particularly, ink-jet printing. Conventional office paper grades that are expected to be multifunctional and suitable for use in varying types of copiers and printers including ink-jet printers have not been able to meet the requirements set for so-called "multipurpose" office paper grades. These paper grades are expected to exhibit good printability in both different types of ink-jet and laser printers as well as copiers (refer to Malmstr6m, Maier, K.H.: Leimungsstrategien fir PCC-haltige BUropapiere, Wochenblatt fur Papierfabrikation, 10/1996).

Ink-jet printing may be implemented in two basic variants: continuous-jet and dot-on-demand (DOD) printers. The applications of ink-jet printers today cover a wide range of applications from monochrome office printers to four-colour photographic-quality printers, on-line identification and marking devices and very-lar- WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 2 ge-format sheet/roll medium plotters. As compared to other NIP methods, ink-jet printing has the greatest number of different applications. The particular assets of inkjet printing are found in its multicolour capability and printing speed. The costs involved in this printing method are also comparative low.

In ink-jet printing the printing process may be readily controlled from the computer system, whereby all the facilities of data processing techniques are easily available. For instance, colour rendition and adjustment of colour balance can be simply controlled with the help of the data-processing system.

According to experiences gathered from the results of ink-jet printing, printing quality is affected by the fiber composition, and thereby chiefly by the ratio of coniferous to deciduous wood. As to the quality of finished paper, the structure and topography of pores in the finished sheet are crucial to the outcome of the printing process in the discussed method. In terms of paper qualities, the printing result is determined by the noncompressible grain of the sheet and other parameters characterizing the ink absorption capability of the sheet. A paper grade optimized for ink-jet printing is required to have a sufficient capability of adsorbing the printing ink, yet permitting the ink to dry at a sufficiently fast rate before the ink can spread along the fibers or into the pores of the sheet structure. Thence, the surfacechemical interactions of the sheet with the ink are accentuated in ink-jet printing.

In addition to the basic factors related to the paper structure, the quality of ink-jet printing can be modified by means of additives used in papermaking such as hydrophobizing internal sizes and surface size formulations, surface size starches and pigments of high sur- WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 3 face area.

Formulations for paper sizing have been developed in the art with the aim of modifying the surface-chemical properties of the paper and improving the black-and-white monochrome printing quality by virtue of increasing the hydrophobicity of the paper. By elevating the hydrophobicity of the paper, it has been possible to achieve a better printing result of black ink on the sheet through improved control of ink absorption under capillary forces into the sheet structure in both the lateral and the depth directions of the sheet. This approach has resulted in a sharply defined printing pattern and elimination of black ink spread (wicking) on the sheet.

The most commonly used sizing formulations suitable for fine paper manufactured under alkaline conditions are based on alkenylsuccinic acid anhydrides (ASA) and alkylketene dimers (AKD). Both of these size types have a reactive functional group capable of forming a covalent bond with the cellulose fiber, as well as hydrophobic tails directed away from the fiber. The character and orientation of these hydrophobic tails make the fiber water-repellent. AKD and ASA sizes are dosed as an emulsion into the wet end of the paper machine and the sizing power is developed in the dryer section and the machine roll.

Commercial-grade alkylketene dimer sizes containing one -lactone ring are made by dimerization from two saturated straight-chain fatty acid chlorides; the most commonly used alkylketene dimer sizes being made from palmitic and/or stearic acid. Alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides, or ASA compounds, are obtained as the reaction products of long-chain olefins (C 15

C

20 with maleic acid anhydride.

WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 4 With the goal of higher hydrophobicity of the paper in internal sizing of paper it has been necessary to use a higher dosing rate of ASA and AKD sizes in the paper machine, whereby the runnability of the machine has been deteriorated and different types of contamination problems in the process increased.

The approach of using a higher degree of hydrophobicity for controlling the printing behaviour of black ink does not, unfortunately, give an optimal result in colour printing. In fact, this method has been able to improve ink hold-out, with improved density as a result. In colour printing the application rates of inks are however higher than in black printing, which, together with the higher absorption has frequently caused a nuisance of insufficiently slow drying of printed colour inks, resulting the spreading and mixing of superimposed colours on the printed sheet (known as colour bleeding).

Consequently, different attempts have been made to improve the quality of colour ink-jet printing for instance by varying the amount, and using fillers having higher surface-area. Surface sizing is also one possibility to affect the printability of paper.

Although different approaches have been proposed for the improvement of sheet absorption capability and a balanced degree of sufficient hydrophobicity for ink-jet printing, the field is still looking for alternative methods of manufacturing fine grades of alkaline paper optimized for multicolour ink-jet printing.

When manufacturing a paper grade which contains additives, particularly precipitated calcium carbonate as filler, under neutral or alkaline conditions, a good inkjet printability is achieved by incorporating into the paper a size based on 2-oxetanone, and made starting from WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 one or a greater number of fatty acids having main chain comprising 6-22 carbons linked with each other by saturated bonds, and said acid(s) including at least one with a branched carbon chain.

The use of sizes based on 2-oxetanone has been known for a long time in papermaking refer to US Pat. No.

2,627,477, and J.W. Davis, et. al.: A new sizing agent for paper alkylketene dimers, Tappi 1956, Vol. 39, No. 1, but this litterature does not mention the use of 2-oxetanone produced from saturated fatty acids, of which at least one posses a branched carbon chain.

Analogously to conventional AKD sizes, these novel sizes may be made starting from fatty acids, whereby it is essential that at last one of the fatty acids have a branched carbon chain, which chains, however, contains no double bonds. The length of the carbon chain in the starting material fatty acids may vary in the range from 6 to 22 carbons.

It has been found according to one aspect of the invention that particularly a mixture of linear-chain and branched-chain fatty acids with a ratio of 50/50) gives optimal qualities for a paper grade intended for ink-jet printing, and thereby, also to serve as a "multipurpose" paper. In terms of papermaking, herein it must be pointed out that the amounts of size required in the novel method for attaining a desirable end result will be smaller than those needed in conjunction with conventional size formulations, thus alleviating the contamination and dirt adherence problems caused by sizes in the paper machine.

The invention also relates to a paper grade manufactured by treating with a size formulation based on 2-oxetanone manufactured from fatty acids of which at least one WO 98/41686 PCTIFI98/00212 6 posses a branched carbon chain. The paper may contain alum and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC).

Stable emulsions of the novel sizes can be made in the same manner as standard AKD emulsions.

The paper grade according to the present invention is generally sized so that at least 200 g, advantageously at least 600 g, and most advantageously at least 1 kg of size is added per ton of paper. The paper grade thus manufactured can be optimized for ink-jet printing, whereby it may also be used in copiers and laser printers (as a "multipurpose" paper).

Advantageously, the paper grade manufactured according to the invention is capable of serving the needs of ink-jet printing with both black and colour inks without involving the problems normally associated with ink-jet printing. In particular, the paper grade according to the invention achieves a balanced compromise in the adsorption and hydrophobicity qualities of the paper so that a high-quality printing result is achieved with both black and colour inks (that is, the benefits include minimal show-through, high printing density, no wicking, no bleeding, and minimal raggedness of the printed contours when printing with a black ink or colour on colour.

Moreover, such a balanced printing result is achievable by virtue of the paper grade according to the invention without resorting to coating of the sheet, improvement of hydrophobicity by surface treatment or using a higher amount of surface size starch above normal addition rates. Hence, the paper grade according to the invention is capable of meeting the requirements set for a printer paper grade in office use, and besides, serving as a "multipurpose" paper.

Furthermore, the size formulations according to the in- WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 7 vention make it possible to attain a desirable end result in ink-jet printing with a smaller amount of size dosing than is that required with conventional AKD sizes, whereby the problems of paper machine contamination and adherence of dirt and fuzz to rolls plaguing conventional AKD sizes can be avoided.

One type of size formulation according to the present invention is a 2-oxetanone size made starting from isostearic acid or a mixture of fatty acids advantageously containing at least 40 of isostearic acid or some other fatty acid with a branched carbon chain.

Example 1 For the evaluation of the method, test sheets of 80 g/m 2 basis weight were first made according to standardized SCAN test methods using a circulating water sheet mould, a wet press and a drying cylinder. The pulp slurry was prepared using birch/pine pulp in the ratio of 60/40, internal size starch Raisamyl 135 ESP (by Raisio Chemicals Oy) by 0.3 of fiber weight, PCC filler by 22 of sheet weight and retention agents by a 0.16 overall amount of fiber weight. The internal sizes were dosed into the pulp slurry by 0.06, 0.12 and 0.20 of fiber weight.

The ready-made test sheets were tested in the Cobbo water absorption test and the Schr6der ink penetration test immediately after drying, the next day prior to curing and after drying and curing. The curing was performed by keeping the test sheets for 10 min at 105 OC in a heat chamber.

The comparative size formulation in the example was a conventional AKD size (Raisafob 5105). The isostearicacid-based AKD size was dispersed in the same fashion as WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 8 the conventional AKD size using cationic starch.

Table 1 Size composi- Cobbo test Schroder test tion/dosing [g/m 2 [s] im- next curing imme- next curing medi- day, no (10 min, diately day, no (10 min, ately curing 105 curing 105 °C) palmitic/stearic acid ratio 60/40 0.06 65 37 34.1 5 25 27 0.12 18.7 15.9 16.3 1000 1000 1000 0.20 15.0 14.0 13.9 1000 1000 1000 palmitic/stearic acid ratio 40/60 0.06 29.8 23.1 26.1 47 70 112 0.12 17.3 16.0 15.6 1000 1000 1000 0.20 16.3 12.8 14.6 1000 1000 1000 isostearic-acidbased AKD size, 100 branched chains thru thru thru 0 0 0 0.06 70.0 55.0 52.3 0 0 2 0.12 45.6 33.4 32.3 10 22 0.20 isostearic-acidbased AKD size, 50/50 branched/ unbranched chains 0.06 thru thru thru 0 0 0 0.12 22.8 24.7 19.8 165 137 217 0.20 17.3 16.2 15.7 775 1000 1000 As is evident from the results given in Table 1, the isostearic-acid-based AKD size (50/50 ratio of branched/non- WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 9 branched carbon chains) achieves a sizing quality comparable with that available by conventional sizes based on a mixture of palmitic/stearic acids.

Example 2 Different types of AKD sizes were also evaluated in a pilot-scale paper machine running 60 m/min (4.1 kg/min) and producing fine-grade paper with a basis weight of g/m 2 The pulp constituents in the pilot-scale test machine run were as follows: birch/pine pulp mixed in ratio 75/25 and beaten to a freeness of 25 °SR. The filler was precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) by 22 of paper weight.

The internal size starch was Raisamyl 135 (Raisio Chemicals) by 0.5 of fiber weight and the retention agents were used by a 0.22 overall amount of fiber weight.

The internal sizes were dosed into the pulp slurry by 0.15 and 0.20 of fiber weight. The surface size was Raisio Chemicals' Raisamyl 408 SP surface size starch, and it was used in a consistency of 8 on dry weight basis.

The hydrophobicity of the sheet manufactured in the pilot-scale paper machine was tested by the Cobb 60 water absorption test using samples taken immediately from the Pope winder and conditioned for 10 min before the test.

Additionally, the hydrophobicity of the sheet made in the pilot-scale machine was tested using roll-cured samples in both the Cobb 6 absorption test and the HST ink penetration test. The HST test is based on the penetration of ink into the sheet, monitored from the reflectance of an ink spot in a given time, the time during which the reflectance falls to 80 of its initial value. The compatibility of the paper samples 4 WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 with ink-jet printing were tested using a commercialgrade ink-jet printer (manufactured by Hewlett-Packard).

The wicking and bleeding qualities of the printing result were evaluated from the printed test sheets both visually and using an image analysis facility and by measuring the optical densities of the printed colour areas.

Table 2 Size composition/- Cobb 6 o test HST test dosing [g/m 2 [s] immediately after after curing after curing in min aeration in a roll a roll palmitic/stearic acid ratio 60/40 0.13 50.3 41.9 38 0.20 23.2 19.3 345 palmitic/stearic acid ratio 40/60 0.13 52.0 43.3 27 0.20 19.9 18.9 385 isostearic-acidbased AKD size, 100 branched chains 57.7 48.1 12 0.13 39.9 33.3 54 0.20 isostearic-acidbased AKD size, 50/50 branched/ unbranched chains 0.13 51.5 42.6 33 0.20 20.2 19.2 355 1 r WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 11 As is evident from the results given in Table 2, the isostearic-acid-based AKD size (50/50 ratio of branched/nonbranched carbon chains) achieves a hydrophobicity quality comparable with that available by conventional AKD sizes.

Table 3 palmitic/ palmitic/ isostearic-acid- isostearic-acidstearic stearic based AKD size, based AKD size, acid ratio acid ratio 100 branched 50/50 branched/ 60/40 40/60 chains non-branched chains Dosing Dosing Dosing Dosing 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Ink-jet printing, black-and-white drying time 7 8 immediate 6 wicking 6.5 6.3 10 density 1.38 1.44 1.1 1.42 Full-colour printing bleeding 7.4 7.5 6.5 print area 50749 51850 49595 48440 print perimeter 2045 2016 1949 1905 density, black 1.24 1.28 0.98 1.27 Surface size consumption [1/min] 1.51 1.43 1.60 1.33 As is evident from the results given in Table 3, the isostearic-acid-based AKD size with a 50/50 ratio of branched/non-branched carbon chains in black-and-white printing achieves an optimal balance between the parameters characterizing the raggedness of the printed contour (test pattern bleeding, wicking, area and perimeter) and size consumption. Moreover, it must be noted that the surface sizing according to the present invention is performed without using conventional hydrophobizing agents WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 12 or other surface-hydrophobizing techniques.

Example 3 An internal size according to the invention, particularly the isostearic-acid-based AKD size with a 50/50 ratio of branched-to-non-branched carbon chains that was found to perform best in the laboratory- and pilot-scale tests, was further tested in a paper machine making fine-grade paper in an industrial scale. The comparative samples of the test were made using a conventional AKD size. The composition of the manufactured paper was equivalent to a typical fine-grade paper containing precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), thus being suitable for use in ink-jet printing. The basis weight of the paper made in the test run was 70 g/m 2 The amount of added size of 1.3 kg/ton of paper.

Sheet samples taken from a number of machine rolls produced during the test run were analyzed from their top sides for hydrophobicity (Cobb 6 0 and HST) and parameters (wicking, bleeding and optical densities) characterizing compatibility with ink-jet printing.

WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 13 Table 4 Sizing/measured Isostearic-acid-based AKD size, Commercial-grade parameter 50/50 branched/non-branched AKD size with a carbon chains palmitic/stearic acid ratio of 40/60 Cobb 6 o test [g/mi 22.2 28.8 HST test surface 86.5 54 Ink-jet printing wicking on surface 3 4 bleeding on surface 2 2 Ink-jet printing black 1.84 1.4 black, combined 1.10 1.13 cyan 1.37 1.36 magenta 0.93 0.92 yellow 0.91 0.88 From the ink-jet printing compatibility comparison of a sheet sized using an isostearic-acid-based AKD size with a sheet sized with a commercially available AKD size (according to results given in Table it is evident that the isostearic-acid-based AKD size gives a clearly better printing result with both black ink and colour inks. Paper sized with an isostearic-acid-based size exhibited no penetration of ink through the sheet nor any wicking or bleeding. Moreover, the density of the printed inks was essentially better than on paper samples sized with a commercial-grade AKD size. Furthermore, it must be noted that the high-quality printability of the sheet was attained without any need for sheet surface hydrophobizing.

Finally, on the basis of full-scale production tests, it was proved that the paper manufactured in a test run on a WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 14 paper machine was not only suitable for ink-jet printing, but also could meet other requirements set for a "multipurpose" paper such a sufficient degree of hydrophobicity for copier and laser printer output. During the test, the runnability of the paper machine was excellent and no dirt adherence or contamination was found on the surfaces of the paper machine components.

Example 4 In this example a paper grade was surface treated, for which paper already a certain degree of hydrophobicity was developed by internal sizing of the paper in the slurry stage of its manufacture. The hydrophizing effect was on the level of 30 g/m 2 according to Cobb 60 The surface sizing of the paper was effected using a Helicordevice, where the paper sheet to be treated lays on a rotatable drum, and where a surface sizing starch together with a incorporated surface hydrophobizing agent can be applied using a selected blade pressure.

The surface sizing starch used in this example was an oxidated cationic surface starch as a 10 solution (Raisamyl 406 SP, Raisio Chemicals Oy). This starch solution with a 10 consistency was admixed with surface size additives in different amounts calculated on the basis of the active agent on the starch dry matter. As surface size additive was tested isostearine-stearine acid AKD, styrene acrylate and SMA surface size additives. Isostearine-stearine acid branched-nonbranched chain) relation in the AKD size was 1:1. As styrene acrylate was used the size Raisafob P400 (Raisio Chemicals Oy). The SMA used was styrene maleic anhydride, fabricated by Raisio Chemicals and marketed under the name Raisafob D100.

4 WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 The test results are given in the following table where the sizing results are given in Cobb 60 and HSTvalues.

Table Surface size additive Additive amount, Cobb 6 0 g/m 2 HST (80 of surface size s Paper furnish 0 30,4 67 Furnish 0 46,6 surface size starch Isostearic/stearic- 0,5 22,4 126 AKD 1 22,4 137 2 20,4 140 4 20,0 182 Styrene acrylate 1 41,6 2 39,2 69 4 36,0 78 SMA 1 38,4 2 29,2 115 4 21,6 117 The values in table 5 indicate, that the AKD size made from fatty acids containing isostearic acid shows the best properties already on the lowest addition amounts used, and gives the highest hydrophobicity according to both Cobbo 6 and HST test values The test results used for the evaluation of the black and white printability are given in the following table 6.

The paper probes were printed using a ink-jet printer of the type of Hewlett-Packard 500 C, and the optical denj, 1 'V WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 16 sities of the prints were measured.

Table 6, ink-jet printing results, HP 560 C printer Surface size Additive amount, Black-white Colour additive of the surface print: print starch Black den- Combisity black density Paper furnish 0 1,33 0,98 Furnish 0 1,58 1,26 surface starch Isostearic/- 0,5 1,67 1,19 stearic AKD 1 1,76 1,22 2 1,85 1,31 4 1,86 1,32 Styrene 1 1,58 1,23 acrylate 2 1,60 1,25 4 1,67 1,25 SMA 1 1,74 1,27 2 1,75 1,31 4 1,80 1,30 The results in table 6 show, that the black and white printing gives even better printability results than the common compounds used in the surface sizing of paper.

Example The surface size additives were tested also on a pilot paper machine, where a paper grade having no preliminary surface sizing was sized using a pond size press and a film size press. The paper furnish consisted of a fine paper grade with the grammage of 80 g/m 2 and it contained WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 17 of precipitated calcium carbonate as filler of the paper furnish (a common multipurpose office paper). The surface size used was oxidated cationic surface size (Raisamyl 405 SP, Raisio Chemicals Oy) as a 8% consistency solution. The surface size starch was admixed with different hydrophobizing surface size additives: elementary AKD (palmitic/stearic acid, 60/40 isostearicstearic acid AKD (branched/non-branched, 50/50 styrene-acrylate (Raisafob P400, Raisio Chemicals Oy) and SMA based (styrene maleic anhydride, Raisafob D100, Raisio Chemicals Oy) surface size additives.

The following table 7 contains the test results received on a pilot paper machine, where a film size press was used.

WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 18 Table 7, Sizing results using a film size press on a pilot paper machine Surface size Amount of the Cobb 60 HST additive additive, g/m 2 of the surface starch Furnish 0 42,3 143 surface size starch Elementary AKD 0,25 25,6 255 0,50 23,8 273 1 20,3 310 2 19,2 380 Isostearic/ 0,25 27,8 247 stearic AKD 0,50 25,7 251 1 22,3 239 2 20,4 285 Styrene 2 30,8 223 acrylate 4 25,6 229 SMA 2 25,3 266 4 21,1 282 The following table 8 contains results received on inkjet printing of paper probes, where a HP 560 C printer was used in the printing. The print results were analyzed according to a dry evaluation method.

Table 8, Black and white printability in a HP 560 C printer Black and Colour white print print Surface size Density Wicking Drying Density Bleeding: Bleedadditive time ing: area perimeter Furnish 1,07 2,1 1 0,95 49057 1834 surface size Elementary AKD 1,19 1,6 16 0,97 51103 2019 Elementary AKD 1,22 1,5 24 0,98 49152 1923 Isostearic/ 1,18 1,6 7 0,97 48313 1913 stearic AKD Isostearic/ 1,21 1,5 13 0,98 47609 1898 stearic AKD 1,0 Styrene acrylate 1,14 1,8 2 0,95 47654 1847 Styrene acrylate 1,14 1,7 4 0,96 47966 1821 SI4A 1,0 1,20 1,6 17 0,96 47058 1808 SMA 2,0 1,23 1,5 26 0,97 147099 1909 WO 98/41686 PCT/FI98/00212 The figures appearing in the tables 7 and 8 indicate, that the elementary AKD has given very good hydrophobicity results in the evaluated probes. The high hydrophobicity can, however, lead to a too low drying of the colours with a resulting unevenness in colour on colour printing. These results seem to indicate, that the best balance in the size consumption, the black and white printing and the colour printing can be achieved using the isostearic/stearic acid AKD, which is consisting from branched and non-branched carbon chains.

Claims (7)

1. A method of manufacturing a paper grade containing additives, under neutral or alkaline conditions in which to the paper in its pulp slurry step is added 2-oxetanone based size in order to control the hydrophobicity properties of the sheet, characterised in that the ink-jet printability of said paper grade is secured by adding to the pulp slurry such 2- oxetanone based size which is made from a greater number than one of fatty acids having main chain comprising 6-22 carbons linked with each other by saturated bonds and said acid(s) including at least one with a branched carbon chain.

2. A method as defined in claim 1, characterised in that the additive is precipitated calcium carbonate.

3. A method as defined in claim 1 or claim 2, characterised in that to the pulp slurry is added 2-oxetanone size made from a mixture of a linear-chain and a branched- chain fatty acid.

4. A method as defined in claim 3, characterised in that to the pulp slurry is added 2-oxetanone size produced from a mixture of fatty acids where the proportion between the non-branched and the branched fatty acids is about 1:1. A method as defined in any one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that to the pulp S slurry is added 2-oxetanone size by about 0.05-0.25% of fibre weight in the slurry.

6. A method as defined in any one of claims 1 to 5, characterised in that in addition 20 to the internal sizing the paper is surface sized using a size containing a hydrofobizing size defined in the characterising part of claim 1.

7. A method of manufacturing a paper grade containing additives, under neutral or alkaline conditions in which to the paper in its pulp slurry step is added 2-oxetanone based size in order control the hydrophobicity properties of the sheet, said method being .V 25 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to any one of the examples.

8. A paper grade made using the methods defined in any one of claims 1 to 7. -Dated 12 October, 1999 Raisio Chemicals OY Patent Attorneys for the Applicant/Nominated Person SPRUSON FERGUSON [R:LIBC]07284.doc:bav