AU642242B2

AU642242B2 - Fuel compositions with enhanced combustion characteristics

Info

Publication number: AU642242B2
Application number: AU76156/91A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Lawrence Joseph Cunningham; Timothy James Henly; Alexander Michael Kulinowski
Original assignee: Afton Chemical Corp
Current assignee: Afton Chemical Corp
Priority date: 1990-05-17
Filing date: 1991-04-26
Publication date: 1993-10-14
Anticipated expiration: 2011-04-26
Also published as: DE69118583D1; JP2931698B2; JPH04227990A; DE69118583T2; EP0457589B1; AU7615691A; CA2040818A1; EP0457589A1

Description

642 242 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA PATENTS ACT 1952 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION NAME ADDRESS OF APPLICANT: Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc.

South Fourth Street St. Louis Missouri 63102-1886 United States of America NAME(S) OF INVENTOR(S): Lawrence Joseph CUNNINGHAM Alexander Michael KULINOWSKI Timothy James HENLY ADDRESS FOR SERVICE: DAVIES COLLISON Patent Attorneys 1 Little Collins Street, Melbourne, 3000.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION FOR THE INVENTION ENTITLED: Fuel compositions with enhanced combustion characteristics The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to me/us:la This invention relates to preservation of the environment. More particularly, this invention relates to fuel compositions and methods that reduce atmospheric pollution normally caused by the operation of engines or combustion apparatus on middle distillate fuels.

The importance and desirability of reducing the release of pollutants into the atmosphere are well recognized. Among the pollutants sought to be reduced are nitrogen oxides carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulates.

This invention involves the discovery, inter alia, that it is possible to reduce the amount of NO X or CO or unburned hydrocarbons released into the atmosphere during operation of engines or other combustion apparatus operated on middle distillate fuel by employing as the fuel a middle distillate fuel having a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less and having dissolved therein a combustion improving amount of at least one organic nitrate combustion improver. In fact' it has been found possible through use of such fuel compositions to reduce the 2 amount of two and in some cases all three such pollutants (NOx, CO and unburned hydrocarbons) emitted by diesel engines. Moreover this important and highly desirable objective has been and thus may be achieved without suffering an undesirable increase in the emission of particulates. This is a unique discovery since the available experimental evidence and mechanistic theories of combustion suggest that if NO x is reduced, the amount of particulates will be increased, and vice versa.

Accordingly this invention provides in one of its embodiments a fuel composition characterized in that it comprises a major proportion of a hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel which has a sulfur content of less than 500 ppm (preferably 100 ppm or less and most preferably no more than 60 ppm) and in that said fuel contains a minor combustion-improving amount of at least one organic nitrate combustion improver dissolved therein. By the term "hydrocarbonaceous" as used in the ensuing description and appended claims is meant the middle distillate fuel is composed principally or entirely of fuels derived from petroleum by any of the usual processing operations. The finished fuels may contain, in addition, minor amounts of non-hydrocarbon-

NT

3 aceous fuels or blending components such as alcohols, dialkyl ethers, or like materials, and/or minor amounts of suitably desulfurized auxiliary liquid fuels of appropriate boiling ranges between about 160 and about 370*C) derived from tar sands, shale oil or coal.

When using blends composed of such desulfurized auxiliary liquid fuels and hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuels, the sulfur content of the total olend must be kept below 500 ppm.

In another of its embodiments this invention provides improvements in combustion processes wherein a hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel is subjected to combustion in the presence of air. Such improvement comprises providing as a fuel used in such process a hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel having a sulfur content of less than 500 ppm (preferably 100 ppm or less and most preferably no more than 60 ppm) and having dissolved therein a minor combustion improving amount of at least one organic nitrate combustion improver.

Still another embodiment of this invention provides improvements in the production of hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuels. Such improvements comprise controlling or reducing the sulfur content of the fuel to 4 a level of 500 ppm or less (preferably 100 ppm or less and most preferably no more than 60 ppm) and blending organic nitrate combustion improver with the resultant reduced sulfur-containing fuel.

Additional embodiments of this invention involve improvements in the operation of motor vehicles and aircraft which operate on middle distillate fuels. These improvements involve fueling the vehicle or aircraft with a hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel characterized by having a sulfur content of less than 500 ppm (preferably 100 ppm or less and most preferably no more than ppm) and containing a minor combustion-improving amount of at least one organic nitrate combustion improver dissolved therein.

In accordance with a particularly preferred embodiment of this invention, there is provided a hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel having a sulfur content of not more than 500 ppm (preferably 100 ppm or less and most preferably no more than 60 ppm) and a 10% boiling point (ASTM D-86) in the range of about 154° to about 230°C, said fuel containing a minor combustion improving amount of at least one fuel-soluble organic nitrate combustion improver. Such fuel compositions tend on 5 combustion to emit especially low levels of NO. Without desiring to be bound by theoretical considerations, one explanation for such highly desirable performance is that fuels with higher 10% boiling points cause a delay in the progression of combustion and consequent higher peak temperatures which increase the amount of NO x formation.

Pursuant to another particularly preferred embodiment of this invention there is provided a hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel having a sulfur content of not more than 500 ppm (preferably 100 ppm or less and most preferably no more than 60 ppm) and a 90% boiling point (ASTM D-86) in the range of about 260° to about 320 0 C, said fuel containing a minor combustion improving amount of at least one fuel-soluble organic nitrate combustion improver. Such fuel compositions tend on combustion to emit especially low levels of particulates.

These and other embodiments are set forth in the ensuing description and appended claims.

In the accompanying drawings: Fig. 1 is a least-squares plot of NO X emissions versus 10% boiling temperatures of fuels having a nominal cetane number of approximately 50; and Fig. 2 is a least-squares plot of particulate 6 emissions versus 90% boiling temperatures of fuels having a nominal cetane number of approximately The hydrocarbonaceous fuels utilized in the practice of this invention are comprised in general of mixtures of hydrocarbons which fall within the distillation range of about 160 to about 370*C. Such fuels are frequently referred to as "middle distillate fuels" since they comprise the fractions which distill after gasoline.

Such fuels include diesel fuels, burner fuels, kerosenes, gas oils, jet fuels, and gas turbine engine fuels.

Preferred middle distillate fuels are those characterized by having the following distillation profile:

IBP

EP

°F

250 500 310 550 350 600 400 700 450 750

"C

121 260 154 288 177 316 204 371 232 399 cetane number a cetane improver such as of 30 to 60 are Diesel fuels having a clear cetane number when devoid of any an organic nitrate) in the range 7 preferred. Particularly preferred are those in which the clear cetane number is in the range of 40 to The organic nitrate combustion improvers (also frequently known as ignition improvers) comprise nitrate esters/of substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or cycloaliphatic alcohols which may be monohydric or polyhydric. Preferred organic nitrates are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or cycloalkyl nitrates having up to about 10 carbon atoms, preferably from 2 to 10 carbon atoms. The alkyl group may be either linear or branched (or a mixture of linear and branched alkyl groups).

Specific examples of nitrate compounds suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, the following: methyl nitrate, ethyl nitrate, n-propyl nitrate, isopropyl nitrate, allyl nitrate, n-butyl nitrate, isobutyl nitrate, sec-butyl nitrate, tert-butyl nitrate, n-amyl nitrate, isoamyl nitrate, 2-amyl nitrate, 3-amyl nitrate, tert-amyl nitrate, n-hexyl nitrate, n-heptyl nitrate, sec-heptyl nitrate, n-octyl nitrate, 2-ethylhexyl nitrate, sec-octyl nitrate, n-nonyl nitrate, n-decyl nitrate, cyclopentylnitrate, cyclohexyl nitrate, methylcyclohexyl nitrate, isopropylcyclohexyl nitrate, and the like. Also suitable are the nitrate esters of 8 alkoxy substitued aliphatic alcohols such as 2-ethoxyethyl nitrate, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl nitrate, 1-methoxypropyl-2-nitrate, and 4-ethoxybutyl nitrate, as well as diol nitrates such as 1,6-hexamethylene dinitrate, and the like. Preferred are the alkyl nitrates having from to 10 carbon atoms, most especially mixtures of primary amyl nitrates, mixtures of primary hexyl nitrates, and octyl nitrates such as 2-ethylhexyl nitrate.

As is well known, nitrate esters are usually prepared by the mixed acid nitration of the appropriate alcohol or diol. Mixtures of nitric and sulfuric acids are generally used for this purpose. Another way of making nitrate esters involves reacting an alkyl or cycloalkyl halide with silver nitrate.

The concentration of nitrate ester in the fuel can be varied within relatively wide limits with the proviso that the amount employed is at least sufficient to cause a reduction in emissions. Generally speaking, the amount employed will fall in the range of about 250 to about 10,000 parts by weight of organic nitrate per million parts by weight of the fuel. Preferred concentrations usually fall within the range of 1,000 to 5,000 parts per million parts of fuel.

9 Other additives may be included within the fuel compositions of this invention provided they do not adversely affect the exhaust emission reductions achievable by the practice of this invention. Thus use may be made of such components as organic peroxides and hydroperoxides, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, antirust agents, detergents and dispersants, friction reducing agents, demulsifiers, dyes, inert diluents, and like materials.

The advantages achievable by the practice of this invention were demonstrated in a sequential series of engine tests in which a Detroit Diesel 11.1 liter Series engine mounted to an engine dynamometer was used. The system was operated on the "EPA Engine Dynamometer Schedule for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines" set forth at pages 810-819 of Volume 40, Part 86, Appendix I, of the Code of Federal Regulations In these tests, the first of five consecutive tests involved operation of the engine on a conventional DF-2 diesel fuel having a nominal sulfur content in the range of 2000 to 4000 ppm.

This test served as one of two baselines. In the next operation the engine was run using a low-sulfur diesel fuel having the following characteristics: 10 Sulfur, ppm Gravity, API 60°F 34.7 Pour Point, °F Cloud Point, °F 8 Copper Strip 1 Distillation, °F IBP 332 430 532 90% 632 EP 634 Cetane Number 44.3 Viscosity 40 0 C, cS 2.96 In the third and fourth tests which represented the practice of this invention this same low-sulfur fuel was used except that it had blended therein a diesel ignition improver composed of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate. In the third test the concentration was 2000 ppm of the organic nitrate. In the fourth test, the fuel contained 5000 ppm of the organic nitrate. The fifth and final test involved another baseline run using the initial conventional DF-2 diesel fuel. In all instances the quantities of NOx, unburned hydrocarbons carbon monoxide and particulates emitted by the engine were measured and integrated. The results of these tests are summarized in the following table. The values shown 11 therein for NOx, HC, CO, and Particulates, are presented in terms of grams per brake horsepower per hour. Thus the lower the value, the lower the rate and amount of emissions.

Test No. NOx HC CO Particulates 1 4.641 0.086 1.414 0.227 2 4.345 0.068 1.490 0.165 3 4.173 0.051 1.312 0.164 4 4.208 0.073 1 324 0.165 5 4.623 0.078 1.525 0.223 In particularly preferred embodiments of this invention, use of fuels having certain boiling characteristics as well as low sulfur levels, results in still further reductions in either NO x or particulate emissions. Thus by use of fuels meeting the low sulfur parameters set forth hereinabove and additionally having a 10% boiling point (ASTM D-86) in the range of 154-230'C, the emissions of NO x can be reduced to extremely low levels.

Likewise, by use of fuels meeting the low sulfur parameters set forth hereinabove and additionally having a boiling point (ASTM D-86) in the range of 260-320*C, 12 particulate emissions tend to be reduced to especially low levels. To illustrate, a Detroit Diesel Corporation Series 60 Engine in the 11.1 liter configuration and nominally rated at 320 hp at 1800 rpm was used in a series of emission tests. The engine was installed in a heavy-duty transient emission cell equipped with a constant volume sampler (CVS) system. A dilution tunnel permitted measurements of HC, CO, NO x and particulates according to the EPA Transient Emissions Cycle Procedure.

For each individual test case, the engine was started and warmed up. It was then run for 20 minutes at rated speed and load. Rated power was validated. In addition, a power test was conducted, mapping engine torque vs. speed. These parameters are required as part of the EPA Transient Cycle Procedure. Once this information was obtained, two 20-minute EPA Transient Cycles were run and engine controls were adjusted to meet statistical operating limits prescribed for the tests.

The engine was shut down and allowed to soak for minutes. At the end of the soak period, the Hot Start EPA Transient Cycle was run to measure NO., CO and particulate emissions. A second emissions evaluation was conducted after another two-minute soak. Results for the 13 two Hot Transient Cycles were averaged into a final reported value. Whenever a fuel was changed, new fuel was introduced into the fueling system, new fuel filters were installed, and fuel lines were flushed.

Each fuel (A through D) was evaluated by the same Hot Start EPA Transient Emissions Cycle Procedure. Fuels A, B, and C contained 2-ethylhexyl nitrate in an amount sufficient to raise the cetane number of the respective fuels to a nominal value of 50. Fuel D which had a natural cetane number of 49.8 was used unadditized.

Physical and chemical characterization data for unadditized fuels A through D are shown in the following table: 1.4 Fuel Property Hydrocarbon Composition, Vol Aromatics Olef ins Saturates Carbon, wt% Hydrogen, wt% Nitrogen, ppm Sulfur, ppm Aniline pt., deg. c Diene content, wt% Viscosity, cSt O 40 deg. C 100 deg, C Heat of combustion BTtJ/lb Boiling range, deg. C

IEP

FBP

Recovery, Gravity, deg. API Specific gravity Calculated cetane index Cetane index Cetane number A BC D 36.5 1.2 62.3 86.35 1.15 5.3 <1 70.1 1 2.99 1.22 19,593 170 217 233 249 262 274 288 300 314 321 344 352 98.7 34.9 0. 85( 4B.1 48.5 45.3 28.5 1. 1 70.4 86.49 13.25 285 225 60.0 0.2 2.*20 0.97 19,840 172 211 222 230 237 244 253 263 276 297 :1.9 334 98.9 26.1 :1 0.844 44.0 43.8 39.6 37.6 2.2 60.2 86.12 12.89 356 219 65.4 1 3.10 1.23 19,543 202 234 246 257 267 276 286 294 306 322 338 353 98.6 34.6 0.8352 48.9 43.3 47.7 39.4 2.9 57.7 87.32 13.35 152 476 69.4 1 3.53 1.34 19,672 218 252 262 271 278 284 291 298 306 317 329 341 98.9 34.5 0.852 51.7 49.7 4 9.8B 15 In the above table, the following test methods were used: Hydrocarbon composition ASTM D-1319 Carbon Carlo-Erba 1106 Hydrogen Carlo-Erba 1106 Nitrogen ASTM D-4629 Sulfur ASTM D-3120 Aniline pt. ASTM D-611 Diene content UOP 326 Viscosity ASTM D-445 Heat of combustion ASTM D-2382 Boiling range ASTM D-86 Gravity ASTM D-287 Calculated cetane index ASTM D-4737 Cetane index ASTM D-976 Cetane number ASTM D 613 Fig. 1 presents graphically the results of NO x emissions in relation to the 10% boiling temperatures of the four fuels. It can be seen that the fuels in which the 10% boiling temperature'was below 230"C had the lowest NO x emissions.

The results of the particulate determinations are graphically depicted in Fig. 2. In this case, the 16 results are shown as a function of 90% boiling temperatures of the base fuels. A trend toward lower particulate emissions with fuels having 90% boiling points within the range of 260-320°C was noted.

Methods for reducing the sulfur content of hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuels or their precursors are reported in the literature and are otherwise available to those skilled in the art. Among such processes are solvent extraction using such agents as sulfur dioxide or furfural, sulfuric acid treatment, and hydrodesulfurization processes. Of these, hydrodesulfurization is generally preferred, and includes a number of specific methods and operating conditions as applied to various feedstocks. For example, hydrotreating or hydroprocessing of naphthas or gas oils is generally conducted under mild or moderate severity conditions. On the other hand, sulfur removal by hydrocracking as applied to distillate stocks is usually conducted under more severe operating conditions. Vacuum distillation of bottoms from atmospheric distillations is still another method for controlling or reducing sulfur content of hydrocarbon stocks used in the production of hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuels. Further information 17 concerning such processes appears in Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technoloqv, Second Edition, Interscience Publishers, Volume 11, pages 432-445 (copyright 1966) and references cited therein; Idem., Volume 15, pages 1-77 and references cited therein; and Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technoloqy, Volume 17, Third Edition, Wiley-Interscience, pages 183-256 (copyright 1982) and references cited therein. All of such publications and cited references are incorporated herein by reference in respect of processes or methods for control of reduction of sulfur content in hydrocarbonaceous middle disillate fuels or their precursor stocks.

Another method which can be used involves treatment of the hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel with a metallic desulfurization agent such as metallic sodium, or mixtures of sodium and calcium metals.

In summary, this invention involves the provision of a number of embodiments, some of which are set forth below.

A. A fuel composition characterized in that it comprises a major proportion of a hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel which has a sulfur content of less 1S than 500 ppm and in that said fuel contains a minor combustion-improving amount of at least one organic nitrate combustion improver dissolved therein.

B. A composition of A wherein the sulfur content of the base fuel is 100 ppm or less.

C. A composition of A wherein the base fuel is a diesel fuel further characterized by having a clear cetane number in the range of 30 to D. A composition of A wherein the base fuel has a sulfur content of 100 ppm or less and a clear cetane number in the range of 30 to E. A composition of A wherein the base fuel is further characterized by having the following distillation profile: °F "C IBP 250 500 121 260 310 550 154 288 350 600 177 316 400 700 204 371 EP 450 750 232 399 F. A composition of A wherein the base fuel has a sulfur content of 100 ppm or less and the following 19 distillation profile:

IBP

EP

°F

250 500 310 550 350 600 400 700 450 750 oC 121 260 154 288 177 316 204 371 232 399 G. A composition of A wherein the base fuel has a clear cetane number in the range of 30 to 60 and the following distillation profile:

IBP

90%

EP

"F

250 500 310 550 350 600 400 700 450 750

°C

121 260 154 288 177 316 204 371 232 399 H. A composition of A wherein the base fuel has a sulfur content of 100 ppm or less, a clear cetane number in the range of 30 to 60, and the following distillation profile: 20 "F "C IBP 250 500 121 260 310 550 154 288 350 600 177 316 90% 400 700 204 371 EP 450 750 232 399 I. A composition of A wherein the base fuel has a sulfur content of 100 ppm or less and a clear cetane number in the range of 40 to J. A composition of any of A through I wherein the organic nitrate combustion improver consists essentially of a nitrate ester of an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic alcohol.

K. A composition of any of A through I wherein the organic nitrate combustion improver consists essentially of a nitrate ester of at least one primary alkanol having 5 to 10 carbon atoms in the molecule.

L. A composition of any of A through I wherein the organic nitrate combustion improver consists essentially of a mixture of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate.

M. A composition of any of A through I wherein the organic nitrate combustion improver consists 21 essentially of a nitrate ester of at least one primary alkanol having 5 to 10 carbon atoms in the molecule and wherein said middle distillate fuel has a 10% boiling temperature (ASTM D-86) in the range of about 154"C to about 230°C.

N. A composition of any of A through I wherein the organic nitrate combustion improver consists essentially of a nitrate ester of at least one primary alkanol having 5 to 10 carbon atoms in the molecule and wherein said middle distillate fuel has a 90% boiling temperature (ASTM D-86) in the range of about 260 0 C to about 320 0

C.

O. A composition of any of A through I wherein said fuel contains an amount of said organic nitrate falling in the range of 250 to 10,000 parts by weight per million parts by weight of said fuel.

P. A composition of any of A through I wherein said fuel contains 1,000 to 5,000 parts by weight of at least one nitrate ester of at least one nitrate ester of an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic alcohol per million parts by weight of said fuel.

Q. A composition of any of A through I wherein said fuel contains 1,000 to 5,000 parts by weight of at 22 least one nitrate ester of at least one primary alkanol having 5 to 10 carbon atoms in the molecule.

R. A composition of any of A through I wherein said fuel contains 1,000 to 5,000 parts by weight of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate.

S. In a combustion process wherein a middle distillate fuel is subjected to combustion in the presence of air, the improvement which comprises providing as the fuel used in such process a hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel having a sulfur content of less than 500 ppm and having dissolved therein a minor combustion improving amount of at least one organic nitrate combustion improver.

T. The improvement in accordance with S wherein the combustion is effected within the combustion chamber of a compression ignition engine being operated on a diesel fuel composition composed of a major proportion of a hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel having a sulfur content of 100 ppm or less and a clear cetane number in the range of 30 to 60, and (ii) a minor combustion improving amount of at least one nitrate ester of at least one aliphatic or cycloaliphatic alcohol.

U. The improvement of T wherein the organic 23 nitrate combustion improver consists essentially of a nitrate ester of at least one primary alkanol having 5 to carbon atoms in the molecule.

V. The improvement of T wherein the organic nitrate combustion improver consists essentially of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate.

W. In a process for the production of a hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel, the improvement which comprises controlling the sulfur content of the fuel to a level of 500 ppm or less and blending organic nitrate combustion improver with the resultant reduced sulfurcontaining fuel.

X. In the operation of a motor vehicle which operates on middle distillate fuel, the improvement which comprises fueling the vehicle with a hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel characterized by having a sulfur content of less than 500 ppm and containing a minor combustion-improving amount of at least one organic nitrate combustion improver dissolved therein.

Y. In the operation of aircraft which operates on middle distillate fuel, the improvement which comprises fueling the aircraft with a hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel characterized by having a sulfur content 24 of less than 500 ppm and containing a minor combustionimproving amount of at least one organic nitrate combustion improver dissolved therein.

Z. The improvement of any of W through Y wherein the middle distillate fuel has a 10% boiling point (ASTM D-86) in the range of about 154* to about 230*C and a boiling point (ASTM D-86) in the range of about 260* to about 320 0

C.

Other similar embodiments of this invention will readily occur to those skilled in the art from a consideration of the foregoing disclosure.

Claims

1. A fuel composition characterized in that it comprises a major proportion of a hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel which has a sulfur content of less than 500 ppm and in that said fuel contains a minor combustion- improving amount of at least one organic nitrate ester combustion improver dissolved therein.

2. A composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel has a 10% boiling point (ASTM D-86) in the range of 154-230 0 C.

3. The composition of claim 1 or 2 wherein the hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel has a 90% boiling point (ASTM) in the range of 260-320*C.

4. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel has a sulfur content of 100 ppm or less and a clear cetane number in the range of 30-60. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel is a diesel fuel further characterized by having a clear cetane number in the range of 30-60.

6. The composition of any one of the preceding claims wherein the organic nitrate combustion improver consists essentially of nitrate ester of at least one primary alkanol having 5-10 carbon atoms in the molecule.

7. A process wherein a middle distillate fuel is subjected to combustion in the presence of air which comprises providing as the fuel used in such process hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel having a sulfur content of less than C 500 ppm and having dissolved therein a minor combustion- 9308W,p:koperdab,76156.spe,2S -26- improving amount of at least one organic nitrate combustion improver.

8. A process for the production of a hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel which comprises controlling the sulfur content of the fuel to a level of 500 ppm or less and blending organic nitrate combustion improver with the resultant reduced sulfur-containing fuel.

9. A method for operating a motor vehicle which operates on miadle distillate fuel comprising fueling the vehicle with a hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel characterized by having a sulfur content of less than 500 ppm and containing a minor combustion-improving amount of as least one organic nitrate combustion improver dissolved therein. A method for operating an aircraft which operates on middle distillate fuel comprising fueling the aircraft with a hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel characterized by having a sulfur content of less than 500 ppm and containing a minor combustion-improving amount of at least one organic nitrate combustion improver dissolved therein.

11. Fuel compositions substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the examples and/or drawings. DATED this 9th day of August, 1993 Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. By Its Patent Attorneys DAVIES COLLISON CAVE C 930809,p:\oper\dab,76156.spe,26