AU634046B2 - Cushion-type pneumatic spring for rail vehicles - Google Patents

Cushion-type pneumatic spring for rail vehicles Download PDF

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Publication number
AU634046B2
AU634046B2 AU74143/91A AU7414391A AU634046B2 AU 634046 B2 AU634046 B2 AU 634046B2 AU 74143/91 A AU74143/91 A AU 74143/91A AU 7414391 A AU7414391 A AU 7414391A AU 634046 B2 AU634046 B2 AU 634046B2
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AU
Australia
Prior art keywords
cushion
bogie
pneumatic spring
stop ring
lower annular
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
AU74143/91A
Other versions
AU7414391A (en
Inventor
Friedrich Hoppmann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Continental AG
Original Assignee
Continental AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Continental AG filed Critical Continental AG
Publication of AU7414391A publication Critical patent/AU7414391A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of AU634046B2 publication Critical patent/AU634046B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/02—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum
    • F16F9/04—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum in a chamber with a flexible wall
    • F16F9/0409—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum in a chamber with a flexible wall characterised by the wall structure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61F—RAIL VEHICLE SUSPENSIONS, e.g. UNDERFRAMES, BOGIES OR ARRANGEMENTS OF WHEEL AXLES; RAIL VEHICLES FOR USE ON TRACKS OF DIFFERENT WIDTH; PREVENTING DERAILING OF RAIL VEHICLES; WHEEL GUARDS, OBSTRUCTION REMOVERS OR THE LIKE FOR RAIL VEHICLES
    • B61F5/00—Constructional details of bogies; Connections between bogies and vehicle underframes; Arrangements or devices for adjusting or allowing self-adjustment of wheel axles or bogies when rounding curves
    • B61F5/02—Arrangements permitting limited transverse relative movements between vehicle underframe or bolster and bogie; Connections between underframes and bogies
    • B61F5/04—Bolster supports or mountings
    • B61F5/10—Bolster supports or mountings incorporating fluid springs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61F—RAIL VEHICLE SUSPENSIONS, e.g. UNDERFRAMES, BOGIES OR ARRANGEMENTS OF WHEEL AXLES; RAIL VEHICLES FOR USE ON TRACKS OF DIFFERENT WIDTH; PREVENTING DERAILING OF RAIL VEHICLES; WHEEL GUARDS, OBSTRUCTION REMOVERS OR THE LIKE FOR RAIL VEHICLES
    • B61F5/00—Constructional details of bogies; Connections between bogies and vehicle underframes; Arrangements or devices for adjusting or allowing self-adjustment of wheel axles or bogies when rounding curves
    • B61F5/26—Mounting or securing axle-boxes in vehicle or bogie underframes
    • B61F5/30—Axle-boxes mounted for movement under spring control in vehicle or bogie underframes
    • B61F5/307—Axle-boxes mounted for movement under spring control in vehicle or bogie underframes incorporating fluid springs
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/02—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum
    • F16F9/04—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum in a chamber with a flexible wall
    • F16F9/0454—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum in a chamber with a flexible wall characterised by the assembling method or by the mounting arrangement, e.g. mounting of the membrane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2202/00—Indexing codes relating to the type of spring, damper or actuator
    • B60G2202/10—Type of spring
    • B60G2202/14—Plastic spring, e.g. rubber
    • B60G2202/143—Plastic spring, e.g. rubber subjected to compression
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2202/00—Indexing codes relating to the type of spring, damper or actuator
    • B60G2202/10—Type of spring
    • B60G2202/15—Fluid spring
    • B60G2202/152—Pneumatic spring
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2204/00—Indexing codes related to suspensions per se or to auxiliary parts
    • B60G2204/40—Auxiliary suspension parts; Adjustment of suspensions
    • B60G2204/45—Stops limiting travel
    • B60G2204/4502—Stops limiting travel using resilient buffer

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Diaphragms And Bellows (AREA)
  • Fluid-Damping Devices (AREA)
  • Springs (AREA)

Description

Form COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA PATENTS ACT 1952 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
ORIGINAL
FOR OFFICE USE Short Title: Int Cl: Application Number: Lodged: Complete Specification-Lodged: Accepted: Lapsed: Published: Priority: Related Art: TO BE COMPLETED BY APPLICANT Name of Applicant: Address of Applicant: Actual Inventor: Address for Service: CONTINENTAL AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT Kbnigsworther Platz 1, 3000 Hannover, GERMANY Friedrich Hoppmann GRIFFITH HACK CO 71 YORK STREET SYDNEY NSW 2000 Complete Specification for the invention entitled: CUSHION-TYPE PNEUMATIC SPRING FOR RAIL VEHICLES The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us:- GH&CO REF: 4771-AQ:CLC:RK 4157A:rk
-I
r2 (:TJSHT1iON-TYPR PNEUMIATIC SPRING FOR RAIL VEHICLES The= invention relates tro a -:ushion-type pneumatic.
,pr ing for Fuppcjrtino' A body/ of a rail vehicele on, ri e:a which is *onstru: ted in the form of a halt bellow7c-tv-pe cuah:Jion oir a belt, roler u.hion and whi -;h hbeEa annular rt .infnrre meijts re.-ztrained at rigidl aic'r rings!= of the ehcl partez *,ririr-mounted agains-t on atirhr I. le V~ wet ;ii-ntitar r,7 tn-tr._ ewnt cAbut-hi n~ -the -c op riu oc, of th*:oiob i' in a' Presure- s1Ircnm Vh&. r.lit; luiemo~ 4-rtilar19 reuiemnt'- whic h tlff 1ro rhv,~ frir act cr vhi '1 roumat i rr _c o hhor zuta at tt ~rp~timovceient~s in A rd i 1, o i ii oj t ic l 1- I ri in move re nt I'h e T pne i ir t ic ~c It:~ ti~tma-lke widle I ar oral_ rv ,ments wh,-n -cft T j~rurvc.Thi! ot 0 advantct. e tor t he- 1 ono miec because bo),-ip_'z without br:Q he-i h~u-Cost Movewen t of 1.20 mm can indeed oci in tioi Jcnt -nv cdue to the bogieL tur n1ng out wardr.
whn necc-t jut inc turvec F At the sanw time. ttio V numc t 'L'r m ccu -je to dial rjrtion due to the urntnL& rovementc. of the bogies when negotiating In cardor to meet these requirements half bellows-type cushions or belt roller cus:_hions are frequently u:sed nowqadaws as pneumati 7_ springs for rail vehicles.
'Phe parti,. i3lir advanta-,e of half bellows-typ:e cur-7hions is: found in the high lateral mobility. The Outer nilear r(7infocrce mcnt i.i bolted ontoA plte or uprt backet,- or onto a top r ing of the vehicle body by meolic of a r ing tfastener. ]'he inner :annular reinforceme-ri. in peo'-e unito a sealin2; c:one of a ,top to i rn s,-ured to t o bo It 111- W!1- tio thait th- -ritical zone for the durab!lit v al t he cuchi on-t vvo *.rt.umatt V-pri n; Aie7 ;:e t~wAI urnie-tion n the ntr- of the l ower 14 res&t i int on the bogie g>erieralliv rel irred to in _Ai:e cca rim "Mn"~'flo~ An a-ir ca wear, whi- h -an Iedto dest'ruct4ioen of the ocmtI spring, acrn 4 h pneumatc o.r i n: in the _irea o! thfle rim I- 1o 1 PraC t i ae to0 a t tnA: h be IL :su 1ppLoL1r t in the aroa of tho upper restraint of the loeumai'pr i i to il pe the spri ng char acterisatics whic h ao t on the pneuimatic spring from above: When the Et-noappd nppcurtc, atbut on the cushion-type pne umatic lritync a firm r'neumatir spring- i!s for mcd. Thi-. mne: an inc:rease in the forces to be applied when neg1 liatin?; curves in order to turn the bogie in t---lation to the vehicle body. This also leads to rrregu Icr stresses5 on the cushion-type pneumatic! spring 4 in the area of the rim flange.
To improve this, it is known (from journal "Leichtbau der Verkehrsfahrzeuge" [Light Construction of Traffic Vehicles], 15th year, No 5, Sept/Oct 1971, page 160) to turn the fabric loops around the core ring in the annular reinforcement and thus achieve more favourable clamping conditions for the fabric at the rim flange or stop ring. It is further known from DE-PS 21 08 694 in this regard to give the core ring of the annular reinforcement an elongated and rounded cross-section.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided a cushion-type pneumatic spring of the above described type, whose distinguishing feature is an improved service life.
According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a cushion-type pneumatic spring for supporting a body of a rail vehicle on a bogie, which is constructed in the form of a half bellows-type cushion or a belt roller cushion and which has upper and lower annular reinforcements which are arranged to be restrained at rigid stop rings of the body and bogie respectively and spring-mounted against one another, the lower annular reinforcement being arranged to abut the stop ring of the bogie and being biased outwardly in a pressure seal with the stop ring of the bogie, characterised in that an outer surface of the lower annular reinforcement is fixedly vulcanised onto the stop ring of the bogie.
Advantageous embodiments of the invention are i 30 characterized in the sub-claims.
The firm connection of the cushion end and the stop ring forming a rim seat suppresses all movement between the cushion surface and the metal part of the zone contact. This ensures that no wear can occur in this area. The distortions which are generated are reduced through the elastic material without the cushion surface sliding on the stop ring.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Figure 1 shows a half section of a half bellowstype cushion clamped between the vehicle body and bogie; Figure 2 shows a belt roller cushion clamped between the vehicle body Fnd bogie; Figures 3 to 6 show various embodiments of the lower clamping point located on the bogie of a half bellows-type cushion or belt roller cushion.
The cushion-type pneumatic spring 11 shown in Figure 1 is constructed in the form of a half bellows-type cushion and is inserted between a vehicle body 13 and a bogie 15 of a railway wagon. The cushion-type pneumatic spring 11 is made from rubber, or synthetic materials similar to rubber, with embedded strengthening inserts in the form of fabrics or parallel-running single wires. A core ring 21 is embedded in each of its two annular reinforcements 17 and 19. The upper and larger annular reinforcement 17 is fastened to a support
K
V
;lnc
F
bracket 13 of the vehicle body by means of ring fasteners 23.
The bogie, which is not illustrated further here, is constructed without a bolster to ensure that the halt bellows--typP cushion 11 allows for a lateral slewing ac-tion of approx. 120 mm, A cylindrical support body is, fastFened on-to the bogie whic-h bears a rigid, inetallic s top rin~g 2'7, against which the smaller a3inular reinlorc:ement i of the pneumatic spr ing§ 11 abuts, braced in a re-r seal from the outside. Thie.
sto r i rg 2Yr has a conlical sealing su -facrn o h Thp rin, !'rurtac o oi the annular reinforcem -Tfent. i1 the main body-I of the pneumatirc zpring 11 lies .1 on the r im f ance 1 whi-h 7prings honrunrtal lv eiltw,-irds. 'The rim f1 3n ~e is rounded on it-- Deriphelry anld is t ouc heci h th- w si nal1..
The oAnnrilr re~intor-men~t 11- and thei -Aus:hion wall arei vlcni~~dto the stop 2 at the point where they.
tou: h it, Phe t r' rincL 2 7 tastiened to an annu'lar r'-houlder oft the7 is=upport body 21-T by means of axially Arranged Vo:47 and ,s:ealed by mean!s of an O-shaped !7ealing itng,'- a, jainst the support body 215.
Fiiure 2 shows a schematic representation of a belt roller c7ushion 41 rlamped between the vehicle body and 0 tho bogie. The uip-per annular reinforcement 43 secured to the vehicle body !nits like a rim on a correspondingly structured sealing cone of tihe support plate 45 fas,:tened -to the vehicle body. The stop ring 47 of the bogie is construc:ted in a similar manner to the o: top ringz 2- 7 acc ording to Figure 1. The annular reinforcement blA 1provided with a core ring 49 braced in a 7teAl on the ring, seat of the ztop ring 47? and is t i-rdly VuLC.~nnii ed at its contact surfaces to the conical snal -;oa~t -And -the rim flange, to which the 1u n~rtin .cr~ton r the cushion 'call of the belt rolicr ;_-uchion 41 al:-no ruiicani!=ed.
7Ihe, Trot'ri b7;he in cre hcA,.7 a verti ~eiins' surifce tor thi, rim seat n- the uhr- 1' t vps nua Icsis iTI t h .lapi arePa on the tcigie. Ihe rai sed aizt as cit the, annular r, Inlorc:ement ~9are vulan_.e j the vort ico I I-i sreig sul face F" rd oii the_- horizontal. 61rec QIf thE ri-tn i lir flt n-i'e e we 1 ri!: t he 'sitc t he rneumn-It 2 -plr:c ed :-tmit tiTPug 1.h I.T i pht-'rv 711 the~ r im iu la thec vemtorirgent corigto )Fify ure 4, t h -civi -rvr-e ".rieumantir_ cspring 6:3 hazn a T-eripherai ring a tta ihent (i54 which e~nga-e2s bc-low the rimr Ilange hi-.pr!.T phral r ing at tachmnent te4 is cal SO II i-.ed v vul.s.rnifc.ed to the s:top ring 67. The. transition are,,t from ring attachJment (54 to the pneumatic spring is:r'rovidc'd with a radius3 68 to reduce tension peak-=, i n t he fctening area. Through this structure the (7nntact zone bet weern the stop ring (57 and the pneumatic: spring 6b is lowered further. Greater support in, acihieved during the bell ows-like movements of the c~shows the ring 7'1 on the horizontal ring surtace '703 of the rim tla-nge 79~ with a recessb -to accommodcate the crepninl structured annular roinf-ire-'rit which abtr::sln t thie conlc.al §nal Ing -niirla~ 34 of' the stop ring2, 77 with it,- fronit A C ;iC i. Ana uti co- i n i in, Vert.
pre r c:i iv ye -in a ci evect Pv he anriu lar rO into I project-Iing, t:ow-ax s t he henr :izotal a 7- (it t he stop rinA 7'i. The& annalair r:trmi 2aridA the -urtace ot t he Pnoumat i'~rr in d xb utti ng' thte T'l, Lango'.ci 7C f ed lv '~i~crieitef ttle 1 eoy- rll 77 Tht t he I op r in in.. W Sh O cuio I r el tcrig urtm rn tnt!- lf t he iHA of -r t he be 1 ows t vy uhi on and f ixedu vuvl ani ed to UP he urtrcuron ol thi_ !stolp Fi'7 ic 7 z:Aitl a h a iI i d~ii n *nd of the o iua r~~ri ~9whi t u e.the, ston() l'i~lY 67 At i t" X-Iiln t LzIn'e.
Vmz i can, t 'ipoy cit one r p cart bo J n-ncr ted int n t hnonrillar rilint oxcenr'nt-e. The -ore rings c-an have different c-osscions and different Ftructure oxi be mead- u-i difference materials,

Claims (6)

1. A cushion-type pneumatic spring for supporting a body of a rail vehicle on a bogie, which is constructed in the form of a half bellows-type cushion or a belt roller cushion and which has upper and lower annular reinforcements which are arranged to be restrained at rigid stop rings of the body and bogie respectively and spring-mounted again:.t one another, the lower annular reinforcement being arranged to abut the stop ring of the bogie and being biased outwardly in .pressure seal with the stop ring of the bogie, characterised in that an outer surface of the lower annular reinforcement is fixedly vulcanised onto the stop ring of the bogie.
2. A cushion-type pneumatic spring according to Claim 1, characterised in that a cushion wall of the end of the pneumatic spring adjacent the lower annular reinforcement and touching the stop ring is fixedly vulcanised to the stop ring.
3. A cushion-type pneumatic spring according to Claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the pneumatic spring comprises a peripheral ring attachment located below the lower annular reinforcement and is arranged to engage below a projecting rim flange of the bogie stop ring and to be vulcanised to the rim flange.
4. A cushion-type pneumatic spring according to Claim I characterised in that the bogie stop ring has a recess in a horizontal surface adjacent a projecting rim flange, whereby the lower annular reinforcement is arranged to be fixedly vulcanised to the bogie stop ring in this recess.
A cushion-type pneumatic spring as claimed in claim 4 wherein the pneumatic spring is provided with a cushion wall adjacent the lower annular reinforcement, the cushion wall being arranged to abut the rim flange of the bogie stop ring and being fixedly vulcanized thereto. 04771AQ 10
6. A cushion-type pneumatic spring substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 of the accompanying drawings. Dated this 28th day of September 1992 CONTINENTAL AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT By their Patent Attorney GRIFFITH HACK CO C 14771AQ M
AU74143/91A 1990-04-10 1991-04-05 Cushion-type pneumatic spring for rail vehicles Expired AU634046B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4011517 1990-04-10
DE19904011517 DE4011517C2 (en) 1990-04-10 1990-04-10 Air bellows for rail vehicles

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
AU7414391A AU7414391A (en) 1991-10-17
AU634046B2 true AU634046B2 (en) 1993-02-11

Family

ID=6404107

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AU74143/91A Expired AU634046B2 (en) 1990-04-10 1991-04-05 Cushion-type pneumatic spring for rail vehicles

Country Status (4)

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EP (1) EP0451749A3 (en)
JP (1) JP3151227B2 (en)
AU (1) AU634046B2 (en)
DE (1) DE4011517C2 (en)

Families Citing this family (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19642683A1 (en) * 1996-10-16 1998-04-09 Daimler Benz Ag Connection for rolling diaphragm to housing part of shock absorber for vehicles
FR2761744B1 (en) 1997-04-07 2002-01-25 Dunlop Sa AIR CUSHION FOR VEHICLE SUSPENSION
EP1629218A1 (en) 2003-06-04 2006-03-01 Phoenix AG Spring device, especially for the rail vehicle sector
DE102004030335A1 (en) * 2004-06-23 2006-01-19 Contitech Luftfedersysteme Gmbh Air spring with a rolling piston and a rolling bellows with at least one vulcanized fastening part
JP5352363B2 (en) * 2009-07-15 2013-11-27 東洋ゴム工業株式会社 Vehicle suspension system
DE102010000290A1 (en) 2010-02-03 2011-08-04 ContiTech Luftfedersysteme GmbH, 30165 Air spring device of a rail vehicle
DE102010036972A1 (en) * 2010-08-13 2012-02-16 Contitech Luftfedersysteme Gmbh Trigger guard for air bag
DE102012220853A1 (en) * 2012-03-23 2013-09-26 Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg air spring
DE102013108694A1 (en) 2013-08-12 2015-02-12 Contitech Luftfedersysteme Gmbh Connection and reinforcement cross-section for a bellows-type support element
CN106931064A (en) * 2015-12-31 2017-07-07 株洲时代新材料科技股份有限公司 A kind of Air spring for rail traffic
CN107740835A (en) * 2017-11-13 2018-02-27 株洲时代新材料科技股份有限公司 A kind of combination type air spring system
DE102017222588A1 (en) 2017-12-13 2019-06-13 Contitech Luftfedersysteme Gmbh air spring
DE102018206903A1 (en) * 2018-05-04 2019-11-07 Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg Air spring with Vulkanisationsanbindung
DE102019215987A1 (en) 2019-10-17 2021-04-22 Contitech Luftfedersysteme Gmbh Air spring bellows and process for its manufacture

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU210408B2 (en) * 1956-11-22 1957-05-23 The Firestone Tire & Rubber Company Vehicle suspension
GB837358A (en) * 1957-02-04 1960-06-15 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co Air spring
GB1286752A (en) * 1969-06-20 1972-08-23 Autobrzdy Jablonec Narodni Pod Pneumatic spring

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1081779B (en) * 1955-02-16 1960-05-12 Continental Gummi Werke Ag Toroidal hollow body made of rubber for air suspension, especially on vehicles
DE2108694C2 (en) * 1971-02-24 1986-03-13 Continental Gummi-Werke Ag, 3000 Hannover Air bag

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU210408B2 (en) * 1956-11-22 1957-05-23 The Firestone Tire & Rubber Company Vehicle suspension
GB837358A (en) * 1957-02-04 1960-06-15 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co Air spring
GB1286752A (en) * 1969-06-20 1972-08-23 Autobrzdy Jablonec Narodni Pod Pneumatic spring

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU7414391A (en) 1991-10-17
EP0451749A3 (en) 1991-12-18
DE4011517C2 (en) 2001-08-09
JPH04228361A (en) 1992-08-18
JP3151227B2 (en) 2001-04-03
DE4011517A1 (en) 1991-10-17
EP0451749A2 (en) 1991-10-16

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