AU607901B2 - Method and apparatus for biological processing of metal- containing ores - Google Patents

Description

rrr~r i -M a, AUSTRALIA 07 9 1 Patents Act COMPLETE

SPECIFICATION

(ORIGINAL)

Class Int. Class Application Number: 6'?5 7.

Lodged: Complete Specification Lodged: Accepted: Published: o* Priority oa o

BOO

0 00 o 0 0 0 00 0 00 0O 0 O o Related Art: APPLICANT'S REF.: 1193/Australia on 0o o 6 00 0 00 0 o a 0 0 4 9 1 Name(s) of Applicant(s): Envirotech Corporation Address(es) of Applicant(s): 3000 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California United States of America Actual Inventor(s): This document contains the amendments made under Section 49 and is correct for printing ROBERT C. EMMETT, JR.

LAWRENCE T. O CONNOR Address for Service is: PHILLIPS, ORMONDE AND FITZPATRICK Patent and Trade Mark Attorneys 367 Collins Street Melbourne, Australia, 3000 Complete Specification for the invention entitled: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING OF METAL-CONTAINING ORES The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to applicant(s): PI9/3/84 I' -1.A- METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR- BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING OF MET -LINING ORES Background of the Invention This invention relates to a process and attendant apparatus for use in processing metal-containing ores by use of a biological (hereinafter "bioleaching") technique. More particularly, this invention is directed toward a process and apparatus for use in processing precious metal-bearing pyrite ore concentrates which are not efficiently leachable by conventional processes and means, such as leaching using o 00 cyanide solutions.

O O o oo, Recent interest in the 0 0 metallurgical field has focused on the use of special 0 0 0 0"0o t types of autotrophic bacteria, e.g. thiobacillus ferrooxidans and thiobacillus thiooxidans, in treating 0O sulfide ores and concentrates. The use of such bacteria 0 000 in heap leaching treatments to solubilize copper from a low-grade ores has been known for several decades.

0, 2Q Currently, however, the interest in applying this biochemical technology has been focused on continuous processes to treat sulfide concentrates. These continuous processes either make the concentrates more susceptible to conventional cyanide leaching or actually extract the desired metal from the concentrate.

Particular attention has been focused on gold-bearing, silver-bearing, or platinum-bearing pyrites and arsenopyrites that are, at best, marginally susceptible to cyanide solution leaching. These concentrates' insusceptibility to cyanide leaching is due to the desired metals, e.g. gold or silver, being SRA41t encapsulated by the pyrite crystal. The pyrite crystal is insufficiently porous to allow penetration of the -z -I I ~U -2cyanide solution for a metal-cyanide dissolution reaction to take place. Comminution of the metal-bearing pyrite, in itself, does not expose sufficient metal values to be economically feasible inasmuch as greatly increased cyanide solution and energy consumption are required.

The above-described bacteria can, however, induce the biooxidation of sulfide and iron in the unsolubilized pyrite crystal, leaving the gold, silver or platinum intact. The resulting residue, after separation of the soluble biooxidation products, is amenable to °oo° metal extraction employing conventional cyanide, o0° thiourea, or thiosulfate solution leaching techniques.

o O On occasion, even a partial biooxidation of the a 4 o: metal-bearing pyrite by the above-described bacteria is sufficient to allow successful cyanide solution leaching of the resulting residue.

The described process is adaptable to the O leaching of other metals. For example, chalcopryrite can o. be leached for its copper content, and zinc sulfides can be leached to produce zinc sulfate solutions (ZnS04).

Other elements present as sulfides may also be solubilized, such as antimony and arsenic.

The current processes using the above-described o0. bacteria for solubilizing the metal-bearing sulfide ores and concentrates are very energy intensive. The chemical reaction used by these bacteria is oxidation. Hence, oxygen transfer is a key step in the process.

Approximately an equal weight of oxygen is required to oxidize pyrite. The systems currently employed in the art require one horsepower hour per approximately 2.5 to 4 pounds of oxygen transferred into liquid phase.

Consequently, to oxidize one ton (2,000 pounds) of concentrate, these systems consume approximately 400 to 600 kilowatt hours (KWH) of energy.

1 aa a a Metallurgical processing by leaching typically employs a number of tanks operating in series, each tank overflowing or cascading into a subsequent tank. The total retention time in the circuit the series of tanks) is that required for processing. Reagents required for leaching are usually added to the first tank, and if necessary, to subsequent tanks. With bioleaching, there is a significant time required for bacterial growth to reach a level of suitable bioactivity.

10 Simply adding bacteria to the first tank will not immediately provide sufficient numbers of microorganisms ato achieve any great degree of processing. Furthermore, as the pulp flows from one tank to the next and the bioreaction continues, the amount of soluble by-product material produced can become very high. Soluble by-product material, metal sulphates, sulphuric acid, and arsenic acid, is a product of the bioleaching operation, which if present in the reaction tank in excessive proportion inhibits the speed of the reaction.

Thus, without selective removal of this soluble S by-product material, the reaction rate is diminished and the process is slowed.

One of the critical problems involved in developing a workable process is the transfer of n5 utrients and oxygen into the tanks in sufficient quantities so as to be readily assimilated by the bacteria. The bacteria require a supply of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and carbon dioxide as nutrients.

These nutrients are typically provided by adding ammonium sulphate, potassium, phosphates and gaseous carbon dioxide to the tanks. Problems associated with transfer of the oxygen are distinguishable from those encountered providing nutrients and carbon dioxide. Since oxygen transfer is critical and the quantity required is very o a o a a a a a -4isr 1 0 '2 0 4000 4 00 0 00 4 4004 "o S00 0 0 0 04 14 0 '20 41 r a

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r large, this part of the process is of paramount importance to overall process cost and performance. The method practiced conventionally involves injecting large quantities of oxygen directly into the solution and providing a mixing means whereby the oxygen is dispersed or distributed within the solution. These processes involve introducing the oxygen and transferring it from a gas phase into an aqueous phase, dissolving it within the solution.

The method conventionally adopted to effect this transition typically utilizes turbines which are placed within the slurry and rotated at high speeds.

Though the turbine action does provide considerable mixing action, dispersion the oxygen, within the solution; the rotation of the turbines also produces cavitation effects. These effects cause the air bubbles within the solution to be forcedly aggregated into larger air masses or bubbles due to the vacuum effects and turbulence attendant the action of the turbine blades.

Resultingly, the turbines, though functioning to disperse the air within the slurry, also function to create large air masses or bubbles which have a relatively small surface area to volume ratio. A basic problem confronting the conventional technology is the power requirement requisite to operate the turbines. The turbine power is that required to turn the blades at a sufficient velocity to achieve the desired quantity of oxygen being introduced into the aqueous phase of the solution. Oxygen in this phase may be readily assimilated by the bacteria. A considerable mixing action is required, necessitating a high tip speed on the turbine rotor blades. Understandably, this high tip speed is only obtained by an infusion of considerable quantities of energy into the turbine itself.

I- ra~ A second problem confronting the current technology is the removal of soluble by-product matter produced within the solution by the reactions effected or initiated by the presence of the bacteria. One typical approach to this problem is the use of a thickener. The slurry is admitted into the thickener and soluble components are removed via the overflow of the slurry/thickener mixture. This approach generally results in the bacteria, which are suspended within the liquid phase, being carried away together with the 0 Q soluble matter, in the overflow. This removal of Do bacteria from the slurry s'.ows the process reaction rate.

CIFurthermore, the slurry thickener mixture is not aerated at.. during the separation of the soluble material from the slurry. Therefore, the bacteria which remain with the solids are deprived of requisite oxygen and resultingly tend to slow their activity and further delimit the rate of the process.

IQ4 A third major problem of the conventional process is the length of overall retention time required 4 to achieve a desired extent of biooxidation. Systems currently employed require a retention time of many days.

The retention time is inversely proportional to reaction rate, which is found to be enhanced by maximization of oxygen and nutrient supply. The reaction rate is delimited by the presence of reacted products and by-products in the reactor vessel and by the loss of biomass microorganisms or bacteria) to the reactor effluent.

Failure of the current art to address effectively the above aspects of bioleaching has resulted in current bioreactors and processes being marginally efficient in both cost and process performance.

According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a reactor vessel for use in processing metal-ladened solids through use of a bioleaching process, said vessel comprising: a container means having a base member for containing a metal-bearing solids slurry, said container means having an upright vertical first longitudinal axis; an oxygen supply means mounted within said container means, said supply means including: an upright support shaft mounted within said container means and adapted to rotate about said longitudinal axis, a plurality of arms mounted on said support shaft, each of said arms extending radially outward along a respective second longitudinal axis from said support shaft; each of said arms being configured to receive a supply of oxygen containing gas from a source exterior to said container Soo means and convey said su.pply of gas along a length of said :o o arm, Qe a plurality of diffusers mounted on each of said arms, 0 each of said diffusers including: a membrane having pores therein, said pores being dimensioned to produce gas bubbles having an approximate mean diameter of 4.5 millimeters of less, upon said gas being passed through said membrane, a frame, having said membrane mounted thereon, said frame o a being mounted on one of said arms, said membrane being mounted on said frame so as to define an upright,

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vertically oriented panel, said frame being configured to receive a quantity of said gas from said arm and pass said quantity of gas through said membrane and outward into I. ro O said container means; wherein said diffuser faces are oriented such that upon a rotation of said diffusers about said longitudinal axis a quantity of slurry contained within said container means flows over each said diffuser membrane, thereby detaching gas bubbles forming on said diffuser membrane and dispersing said bubbles into said container retained slurry, said flow of slurry over said diffuser membrane rating to scour said diffuser membrane thereby

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retarding the clogging of said pores within said membrane.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a reactor vessel for use in processing metal-ladened solids, said vessel having a bottom, an upstanding sidewall mounted on said bottom and a vertically oriented, central longitudinal axis, said sidewall and said bottom defining a container for receiving and retaining a slurry, said vessel having at least one diffuser mounted within said container to rotate about said longitudinal axis, said diffuser comprising: a support assembly positioned within said container and adapted to rotate about said longitudinal axis; an elongate, upright frame panel which defines an array of laterally extending compartments, each of said compartments having a respective first access port and a respective second access port, each said compartment being sealed substantially air-tight except for said first and second access port, said compartments being segregated one a from another and further said compartments being e positioned one above another to form a generally stratified configuration; a gas supply conduit mounted on said frame, said conduit sealedly communicating with each of said first access ports whereby pressurized gas contained within said conduit may be directed through said first access ports 44 into each said compartment; a gas permeable membrane sealedly mounted on said frame tc 44- cover said second access ports whereby gas within each of said compartments may exit said compartment solely through 3Q said membrane into said slurry retained within said container.

According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a continuous process for leaching metal from sulfide containing solids, said process comprising: providing a first slurry retaining vessel and a second slurry retaining vessel; placing within said first vessel a slurry comprised of metal-bearing, sulfide-containing solids, water, a culture A

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of sulfide oxidizing thiobacillus bacteria, capable of oxidizing some portion of said solids and obtaining energy for growth from said oxidation, and nutrient for said sulfide-oxidizing, thiobacillus bacteria; withdrawing at intervals a first quantity of said slurry from said first vessel; processing said first quantity of slurry thereby separating those solids which are not oxidized from a remainder of said first quantity of slurry; returning said non-oxidized solids to said first vessel; placing said remainder of said first quantity of slurry in said second vessel; wherein liquor containing dissolved by-products of said oxidation is controlledly removed from both said first and said second vessels while conserving said thiobacillus bacteria within said vessels.

o: :According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a continuous process for o treating metal-bearing solids, said continuous process 200 comprising: 9 :providing a first slurry vessel and a second slurry vessel; placing within said first slurry retaining vessel a slurry comprised of a quantity of metal-bearing solids, water, a quantity of thiobacillus bacteria able to oxidize sulfides; providing oxygen-containing gas to said bacteria within ~o~o said slurry in sufficient quantity such that the metabolic oxygen requirement of said bacteria is met and further S that the growth and reproduction of said bacteria are not inhibited; withdrawing a portion of said metal-bearing solids containing slurry from said first vessel; separating non-oxidized metal-bearing solids from other metal-bearing solids within said portion of slurry; returning said non-oxidized metal-bearing solids to said first vessel; channeling the other solids to said second vessel for further treatment.

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_1_L rX Il ~~il 1 U~ -6- The bioreactor vessel of the instant invention consists generally of a tank, having a bottom and upstanding walls fixedly mounted thereon, adapted to receive and contain a liquid medium. The tank is fitted with a mechanical mixing means which operates to effectuate an agitation and suspension of the particulates within the slurry liquid contained in the tank. An air supply means provides oxygen to the tank.

As discussed, oxygen is a necessary component of the '0OOo biooxidation reaction taking place within the bioreactor.

0000 0O 0 The air supply means also provides an air lift suspension of the particulates within the slurry within the tank.

0 .00 The mechanical mixing means includes a shaft mounted centrally within the tank. The shaft is fitted °o with at least one radially extended mixer arm. The shaft 0o*0 is rotatably mounted whereby its rotation effects a corresponding rotation of the arm(s). The rotation of

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0 0 00# the arm(s) causes a mechanical mixing and agitation of 0 a,0ea20 the slurry contained in the tank.

The air supply means of the invention generally o 0 41 involves the introduction of minute air bubbles near the bottom regions of the tank by a plurality of upstanding panel faced diffusers. The diffusers are configured to 25 have a generally streamlined shape which may pass through the slurry with minimal drag and create a minimum amount of agitation and turbulence within the slurry. In preferred constructions, the diffusers are thin planar panels. The narrow width of the panel is directed into the slurry as the diffuser is rotated. In other words, the thin width of the panel constitutes the projected area or silhouette area for purposes of evaluating the drag on the diffuser. The diffusers are mounted on the Aarms and oriented to minimize any drag force on the ii i, -7diffuser as the arm rotates and drives the diffuser through the slurry. As the diffuser passes through the slurry the slurry in close proximity to the diffuser i 5 flows over the panel face of the diffuser. This slurry Sflow is of a sufficient magnitude that the particulates and liquid of the slurry act to scour and cleanse the slurry-exposed face of the diffuser. This scouring and cleansing action reduces the tendency of the pores in the diffuser face to plug. A plurality of diffusers may be mounted in spaced relationship along the length of each Ii radial arm of the slurry mixer mechanism. The radial ecro o0o arms may be rotated about an essentially upright, vertical axis. The diffusers are thus rotated so as to 00 distribute rising air bubbles effectively over a a do °oo°15 substantially horizontally oriented planar area of the o°o. lower regions of the tank. The arms are rotated at a fairly slow speed whereby each diffuser produces a generally spiral helix configuration of bubbles which .o rise through the slurry in the tank.

20 The number of individual diffusers employed and their location relative to each other are determined by the total amount of air required by the biooxidation occurring within the bioreactor. Further, the number and location of diffusers are determined by the oxygen transfer efficiency and capacity of the individual diffusers. Since the diffuser panel faces are oriented vertically upright, the total diffuser area available for dispersing gas bubbles is variable over a considerable range. The diffuser area can exceed by many times the area of the bottom of the bottom of the tank. In other cases the diffuser area of the invention may also exceed the combined area of the tank's bottom and sidewall. The diffusers may each include a vertically mounted frame having fitted thereto a porous membrane. This membrane I, i. i ~1 may be held in a substantially planar orientation by its mounting frame. The membrane includes a plurality of pores or orifices oriented such that the apparent air flow through these pores or orifices is outwardly through the membrane of the diffuser and substantially perpendicular to the slurry flow along the diffuser surface, i.e. along the membrane surface. The diffusers are mounted on the radial arms of the slurry mixer so as to benefit from any local turbulence and cleansing action of the slurry in close proximity to the diffuser which is generated as the diffuser passes through the slurry. The pore size of the diffusers and the location of diffuser P"o mountings on the radial arms of the slurry mixer 1-3 mechanism are determined to produce optimally air bubbles 6 0 "15 having an approximate mean diameter of 4.5 millimeters or i oo ,less. It is recognized that the finer the bubbles produced, the more readily is the oxygen contained therein, assimilatable by the bacteria.

o The air supply means of the instant invention o 20 functions to achieve an enhanced surface area to volume ratio of the air bubbles introduced into the slurry. At o the same, the supply means minimizes the opportunity and probability of aggregation of the various bubbles into larger masses of bubbles having a smaller surface area to 25 volume ratio. In this manner, t.he instant invention achieves a greater assimilation condition or probability for the oxygen to be transferred into liquid s lAltion or directly to the bacteria for purposes of assimilation and subsequent consumption in the biooxidation reaction.

Further, the rotation of the radial arms of the slurry mixer mechanism effects a dispersion of the bubbles through the slurry with a minimal agitation of the slurry within the bioreactor vessel. This enhanced rotation minimizes the energy consumption of the system. The Lm~r~-n-~L -9instant system is significantly less intensive than the conventional means which utilizes a turbine. The sheaz conditions which are produced by agitation have as a consequence the stripping of bacteria from suspended solids. The separation of the bacteria from those solids decreases the reaction rate of the bacteria on the solids. By minimizing the agitation the instant air supply means promotes the retention of the bacteria in contact with the suspended solids and thereby maintains the reaction rate.

0o0* "The center shaft may be a large hollow pipe oo fitted with internal piping necessary to provide air to the radially-mounted mixer arms on which are mounted the diffusers. The selection of a hollow pipe permits the introduction of air from a supply located external to the °ooo tank. The hollow pipe is typically mounted with a lower, open end which communicates with the slurry. By this construction the slurry rises through the interior of the pipe, thereby surrounding the internal piping within the 0 0 420 hollow pipe. Air may be injected into the hollow pipe o* through the internal piping and be channeled downwardly eventually being driven to the diffusers through tile radial mixer arms positioned proximate the bottom of the tank.

o 25 Alternately, a solid center shaft may be employed. This alternative construction may include having the center shaft mounted on a foot or thrust bearing. An air conveying pipeline may be extended into a recess well defined within the portion of the shaft proximate its seating within the foot bearing. The recess well communicates with the mixer arms and the diffusers mounted thereon. The recess well includes a sealing means configured to retain air received within the well from escaping outwardly into the slurry except 0400 49 0000 00 0 o Go 44 0 4000 *c 0 0 0i by passage through the mixer arms and their associated diffusers.

Additional internal piping may be provided in the hollow pipe for purposes of circulating fluids along the height of that pipe. This fluid circulation is directed toward the removal of heat generated within the reaction vessel, by the oxidation reactions occurring therein. The additional internal piping forms a heat exchanger by which cold fluids may be circulated through pipes whose external surfaces are in contact with the heat bearing slurry. Heat from the slurry is transferred through the walls of the piping and is thereafter transferred to the circulating cold fluid. Upon receiving that heat, the now heated fluid is directed away from the vessel to a disposal site.

Slurry may also be circulated from the lower portions of the tank, through the center shaft pipe, to radially-mounted riffle tubes at the upper end i. top of the tank. These riffle tubes may be used to enhance 20 gravitation separation of high specific gravity solids, i.e. free gold, before the circulated slurry is returned to the general body of slurry in the tank. Slurry circulation across the riffle tubes is an energy efficient means of collecting free gold and other high specific gravity solids or deposits. The riffle tubes operate to prevent the accumulation of such solids or deposits on the bottom of the bioreactor tank. The riffle tubes are mounted to rotate with the center shaft about the central longitudinal axis of the reactor vessel.

Each of the riffle tubes is fitted with a discharge port or spout for discharging the circulated slurry from the tube outward and onto the upper surface of the body of slurry. The discharge port is positioned above any contemplated slurry level. As a result the slurry being i

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-11discharged from the tubes always falls downward onto the body of slurry. This falling motion together with the rotation of the tubes provides a downward flow of slurry which is distributed over a large portion of the upper surface of the body of slurry. This flow has the effect of suppressing any buildup of foam on the upper surface of the body of slurry.

In some constructions, the radial mixing arms are mounted to a collar which is slidably mounted on the center shaft. This collar, together with its attendant arms, is made slidable along the height of the center 0.0 0 o shaft. A lifting mechanism to mechanically raise and lower the radial mixing arms of the bioreactor may be 4 0 ,provided to facilitate the cleaning of the mixing arms S 15 and the diffusers mounted thereon.

o A vacuum filter may be mounted within the bioreactor tank to remove clear liquor containing dissolved products and by-products e.g. sulphuric acids o0 and assorted salts from the vessel while leaving the t 9 20 bacteria and slurry solids within the vessel. Generally, 0 this filtering involves the continuous or r semi-continuous removal of a quantity of slurry frnom the general body of slurry. The unoxidized solids within this quantity of slurry are separated out by use of a 6 25 cyclone. The unoxidized solids are then returned to the reactor vessel. The partially oxidized solids are separated from the slurry liquor and are directed to a second reactor vessel and subjected to further oxidation.

The soluble by-products of the oxidation process, e.g.

sulphuric acid and assorted salts, are directed to waste.

The process of the instant invention generally includes the steps of grinding the concentrate or ore; placing the concentrate or ore and other reactants, including a form of bacteria capable of oxidizing sulfide I -12solids, e.g. thiobacillus ferrooxidans or thiobacillus thiooxidans in a primary bioreactor in such a way as to achieve a high rate of bioreaction; removing the soluble products, by-products and partially reacted solids; and directing the insoluble and partially reacted solids to a secondary bioreactor or series of bioreactors to allow for the completion of biooxidation, while returning any unoxidized solids to the primary bioreactor vessel.

Optimization of the overall biooxidation rate, thus minimizing solids residence time, equipment size, *0 t and cost, can be achieved only if the primary bioreactor 0o 0 is operated in such a manner so as to achieve the maximum consumption of oxygen, e.g. biooxidation rate, without 0 e attempting to control coincidentally the extent to which °o'P 15 the concentrate or ore constituents are being oxidized 0 .0 o° while within the primary bioreactor.

The normally recognized biochemical oxidation reaction involves the dissolution of oxygen in water, followed by the bacterial assimilation of that dissolved o" 20 oxygen. The bacteria e.g. thiobacillus thiooxidans or 0 thiobacillus ferrooxidans, subsequently use the assimilated oxygen to oxidize biochemically the sulfide and iron species. The bacteria obtains energy for growth S. from oxidizing these species. In order for the bacteria 25 to oxidize the iron it must be in a bivalent form i.e. the ferrous form. The bacteria converts the iron to trivalent form the ferric form.

The bacteria may also oxidize a variety of sulfides, e.g. thiosulphate ion the tetrathionate ion soluble sulfides, i.e. those containing the sulfur ion insoluble sulfides; and elemental sulphur. The end result is the production of a sulphate ion (SO 4 This biooxidation is the essence of the bioleaching process.

-13- In a bioreactor such as that of the instant invention, the bioreaction environment can be controlled such that oxygen transfer is also accomplished interfacially from a gas directly to the bacteria. In other words, oxygen transfer is effected without involving the otherwise reaction rate-limiting, oxygen dissolution step. This phenomenon has been physically proven in the process of the instant invention by obtaining rates of oxygen consumption via biooxidation which far exceed the maximum oxygen transfer rate possible for oxygen dissolution in solutions of the same 0o°o composition. Overall achievable mass transfer 0 0.

0 coefficients are two to three times those of conventional Oa o processes. Whereas the bioreactors of the current art have oxygen uptake usage) rates of less than 200 S.*0 milligrams per liter per hour, which are generally equivalent to the oxygen dissolution rate, the process of o the instant invention has performed at rates exceeding 0 0.

0, 500 milligrams per liter per hour in the primary bioreactor.

The secondary bioreactor or bioreactors of the 0 00 process of the instant invention generally operate(s) at oxygen uptake rates similar to the bioreactors of the S* current art. However, since as much as 90% of the biooxidation occurs in the primary bioreactor, it is the primary bioreactor which is rate limiting. Thus, due to the enhanced efficiency of the primary bioreactor of the instant invention, the secondary bioreactor and the overall process requires much less time to achieve a desired extent of biooxidation.

The essence of the process of the instant invention is the control of the reaction environment within the bioreactors, particularly the primary reactor.

The factors controlled in each bioreactor in the process Ldinsrer is critical and the quantity required is very 7V -14of the instant invention include temperature, the rate and mechanism of oxygen input, the ratio of biomass (i.e.

bacteria) to suspended solids, the ratio of reacted (i.e.

inert) solids to unreacted solids, the concentration of soluble species generated as products or by-products, and the concentration of carbon dioxide and nutrients provided for bacterial growth.

Since the biooxidation reaction produces heat, a mechanism for heat removal may be provided as part of the process. Oxygen supply in the form of very small bubbles of sufficient number to sustain the bacteria is, So0°0 if insufficient, the limiting factor on overall rate of 0 0 oo. the process. Both temperature control and oxygen supply are factors governed by the mechanical design of the bioreactor.

9090 'Maintaining the optimum ratio of biomass to reacted solids and the optimum ratio of reacted solids to unreacted solids is a task requiring the use of equipment S, ancillary to the bioreactor. A quantity of slurry is 20 continuously or semi-continuously withdrawn from the reactor vessel and processed by this ancillary equipment.

Reacted and partially oxidized solids can be separated from unreacted, unoxidized solids by the use of a selective centrifugal force separation in a cyclone, centrifuge, or alternatively a gravity settling device a hydro-separator). The separation employs the differences in particle size or relative density, i.e.

specific gravity, of the feed and product solids, allowing the more rapid settling of the larger and more dense sulfide, i.e. unreacted unoxidized solids as compared to the less dense oxidized and partially oxidized solids. Selective flocculation or agglomeration of these species may also be employed to enhance the efficiency of their separation.

Soluble by-product constituents in the reaction slurry act to limit the rate of bioreaction. The control of soluble by-product constituents in the reaction slurry may be achieved by the removal of suspended solids-free liquor from the slurry while retaining the bacteria within the slurry. This is achieved by a filtration mechanism internal to the bioreactor or a separation of liquid and solids by the use of a cyclone, centrifuge, or clarifier. Flocculation of all the suspended solids will enhance the solids-liquid separation. The clarified 0°o filtrate or overflow is removed from the system, while °o all captured solids are recycled to the bioreactor.

o It is desirable for the process of this 0.0 o0 invention that biomass, i.e. bacteria, be maintained at as high a number level as possible in each bioreactor.

0 The concentrate or ore feed, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients provide an environment for bacteria to grow and o increase in number. Whatever bacteria leave the ,2 bioreactor thus leave only in combination with product, 20 i.e. reacted, suspended solids, to which they are ,0 physically attached. Mechanisms for the removal of soluble constituents and liquors are designed so as to not remove bacteria coincidentally.

o *0 Briet Description ot the Drawings FIG. 1 is an elevated perspective viewf the bioreactor vessel of the instant inventio -i cluding a cut-away portion which reveals a c t.ally positioned support member fixedly mounted with a plurality of rotating, radially e ding arm-like members positioned about the lowe egions of that support member; FIG. 2 is an elevated perspective view of the _Laler portion of the support member shown in FIG. 1; The following description refers in more detail to the various features of the present invention. To facilitate an understanding of the invention, reference is made in the description to the accompanying drawings where the present invention is illustrated in preferred embodiments. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the preferred embodiments as illustrated in the drawings.

FIG. 1 is an elevated perspective view of the bioreactor vessel of the instant invention including a cut-away portion which reveals a centrally positioned support member fixedly mounted with a plurality of rotating, radially extending arm-like members positioned about the lower regions of that s ,port member; FIG. 2 is an elevated perspective view of the lower portion of the support member shown in FIG. 1; o 0 *oo.

t I o 0 0 0S i 4-

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-16- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the bioreactor vessel shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken of the support member of the bioreactor vessel shown in FIG. 1 taken along sectional lines 4-4; FIG. 5 is a schematic process diagram illustrating the process of the instant invention; FIG. 6 is a partial schematic process diagram illustrating a filtering process of the instant invention; o o FIG. 7 is a schematic process diagram Sa'°o illustrating a separation process of the instant So invention; 1 0 0 5 d FIG. 8 is an elevational perspective view of a o o Q S° 15 diffuser of the invention; o 0 O .B FIG. 9 is a top view of the diffuser shown in FIG. 8; o"o FIG. 10 is a side view of the riffle tube 0 Q o, arrangement as found in the bioreactor vessel illustrated 0" 20 in FIG. 1; FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of the riffle tube arrangement illustrated in FIG. 10 taken along sectional lines 11-11; FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the riffle tube arrangement shown in FIG. 11, taken along sectional lines 12-12; FIG. 13 is an elevated perspective view of a rake-like extension; FIG. 14 is a top view of the rake-like extension shown in FIG. 13 illustrating the positioning of the extension vis-a-vis its support arm; FIG. 15 is an elevational perspective view of the diffuser and rake-like extension mountings on a support arm; II_ -17- FIG. 16 is a perspective view of an alternative diffuser structure adapted for mounting on a radial mixing arm; FIG. 17 is a top view of the diffuser shown in FIG. 16; FIG. 18 is a cut away front view of the diffuser of FIG. 16, illustrating the plurality of segmented cciapartments within the diffuser frame; FIG. 19 is a side view of the diffuser shown in 10 FIG. 18 taken along section lines 19-19; #to* lot* FIG. 20 is a top view of a reactor vessel 0. illustrating two orientations of diffuser. placement on the radial mixing arms of the central rotating shaft; o Q FIG. 21 is a schematic view of an experimental pilot reactor vessel of this invention; FIG. 22 is a schematic view of an experimental pilot reactor vessel system of this invention; O FIG. 23 is a graph illustrating the result of a o 44liquids analysis of the experimental trial of the apparatus and process of the instant invention; I FIG. 24 is a graph illustrating the results of a gas analysis of an experimental trial of the apparatus and process of the instant invention; FIG. 25 is a graph illustrating the results of a solids analysis of an experimental trial of the apparatus and process of the instant invention; FIG. 26 is a graph illustrating the sulfide S oxidation rate results of an experimental trial of the apparatus and process of the instant invention; FIG. 27 is a graph illustrating the results of a liquids analysis of an experimental trial of the apparatus and process of the instant invention; iP~ 1- I IL I~U-i*tl~ -18- FIG. 28 is a graph illustrating the results of a gas analysis of an experimental trial of the apparatus and process of the instant invention; FIG. 29 is a graph illustrating the results of s a solids analysis of an experimental trial of the apparatus and process of the instant invention; FIG. 30 is a graph illustrating the sulfide oxidation rate of an experimental trial of the apparatus and process of the instant invention; FIG. 31 is a graph illustrating the oxygen °oo concentration and oxygen take-up rate in the primary reactor in an experimental trial of the apparatus and O 0 process of the instant invention; o o ro FIG. 32 is a graph illustrating the oxygen ,1 concentration (actual value divided by 10) and the oxygen 0 0 take-up rate (actual value multiplied by 2) of the secondary reactor vessel of an experimental trial of the "oe apparatus and process of the invention; o0 0oOgFIG. 33 is a graph illustrating the desired relationship of oxygen concentration and sulfide oxidation rate in a reactor vessel of the invention; FIG. 34 is a graph illustrating an undesired relationship of oxygen concentration and sulfide oxidation rate in a reactor vessel of the invention; 0444 FIG. 35 is a graph illustrating the efficiency of oxygen transfer rate for a diffuser of this invention.

FIG. 36 is a side view of an alternative air supply means for the reactor vessel of this invention.

FIG. 37 is a perspective view of a third diffuser structure of the instant invention.

FIG. 38 is a cross-sectional side view, of the diffuser shown in FIG. 37.

-19n r r F 1 1 1 r-r- T 1-1 P 1 -A hnent As shown in FIG. i, a bioreactor vessel, generally 13, of the instant invention includes an open-ended tank 14 having suspended therein an air supply means generally 15 adapted to inject air received from a source exterior of the tank 14 into a liquid medium, generally 16, which is contained within the tank.

The tank 14 consists generally of a bottom member 17 which is fixedly and sealingly mounted with an A10 upstanding vertical sidewall or sidewalls 18. As shown, 4 the bottom member 17 may be substantially planar and °o circular in plan view. The upstanding vertical walls 18 0. may be a single tubular-shaped wall, whereby the tank o obtains a substantially cylindrical configuration having ,"I5 an open port or end 20. In a preferred embodiment, the vertical walls 18 define a tank diameter 21 which remains constant over the height of the tank. The upright walls '4 c 18 and the bottom planar member 17 are fabricated from materials which are chem4cally resistant to the solids, slurry or by-products which may be housed within the tank.

Materials such as stainless steel are generally used in constructing the tank. The height of walls 18 is preferably of sufficient dimension to permit a storage of a fluid (slurry), within tank 14, having a depth of at least twelve (12) feet.

Positioned within the tank is an air supply means 15. As shown, this supply means may include an elongate tubular support shaft 22 which may be positioned centrally and upright vertically within the tank 14.

Shaft 22 includes a longitudinal axis 24 which is oriented substantially upright and which furthermore passes through, or may be co-linear to, the longitudinal Z axis 26 of the tank 14. The support shaft 22 may be s structurally configured in a variety of shapes. As L. r I i n shown, the support means may be a substantially cylindrical, hollow tubular pipe member which extends from an elevation which is above any anticipated liquid level 27 (FIG. to be obtained within the tank 14, downwardly to an elevation proximate the bottom plate 17 of the tank.

Support shaft 22, as shown in FIG. 4, may include an exterior wall 30 and an interior wall 32.

Interior wall 32 defines an interior cylindrical channel 34. Channel 34 provides a location for the positioning of a plurality of cylindrical tubular pipes, generally 0.40 0 "The oxidation and reduction processes accomplished within the reactor vessel are exothermic in 0 0.15 nature. The instant invention contemplates a heat 0 4 0 0 transfer mechanism whereby heat produced within the 0 slurry contained in the reactor vessel may be dissipated oaoe or removed from the reactor vessel.

As shown, in a preferred construction a second 20 tubular, cylindrical pipe member 43 is positioned within shaft 22. Tubular pipe member 43 is substantially 0*00 S. similar in configuration to shaft 22 and further shares the same longitudinal axis 24. A first channel 49 is S" defined by the interior wall 32 of shaft 22 and the 4: '2"5 exterior face 47 of tubular pipe member 43. Channel 49 is substantially annular in cross-section. Channel 49 4$40 extends along the height of shaft 22. Channel 49 communicates with a supply means 51 (FIG. 3) positioned on the upper end 41 of shaft 22. Supply means 51 is adapted to supply a pressurized flow of fluid to channel 49. Channel 49 receives that fluid and directs it downwardly along the length of the channel 49.

The fluid, e.g. water, flows along the surface interior walls 32 and 47 and acts to absorb heat from -21shaft 22 and pipe member 43. The described heat is that which is generated within the containcer-retained slurry 16 due to the oxidation reactions occurring therein.

Upon the fluid reaching the end of channel 49, proximate the bottom 17 of the tank, the fluid is directed into a channel 53 defined by a tubular pipe member 55 housed within shaft 22. The heat-laden fluid, being under pressure, is thereafter driven upwairdly through channel 53 until reaching a location proximate the upper reaches of shaft 22 (FIG. Since the slurry within channel 34 contacts the exterior surface of pipe 55, the fluid in channel 53 also absorbs heat from slurry within the channel 34. A discharge means (not shown) is connected 0 a to tubular pipe member 55 and operates to receive the 0415 heat-laden fluid from the channel 49 and dinposge of same.

The arrangement of channel 49, together with pipe supply means 51, and the discharge means, forms the heat exchanger adapted to remove heat generated bl the exothermic reactions occurring within the tank 14. Heat may also be removed from the slurry by the air introduced into the vessel by air supply means 15, the air injected into the slurry 16 may be of a sufficiently low temperature and humidity that as it rises through the 4 slurry, after its introduction therein, it absorbs heat from the slurry and conveys that heat upwardly eventually 4 discharging it to the environment upon the air bubble breaking the surface of the slurry. Alternately, the heat exchanger may include fluid conducting coils positioned within the reactor vessel, e.g. about the walls 18 of the teactor vessel. Heat is removed from the vessel so as to maintain a slurry temperature within the range of 30 0 C to 360C.

A pipe 57 positioned within channel 34 of shaft A 22 defines an intorior channel 59. Channel 59 is used to i :i i-i-li-:lll li*i I ri_~~iiii~- -22receive a pressurized supply of air or oxygen-containing gas from a source (not shown) exterior to the tank 14.

The channel 59 directs that air down to the lowe. regions of the support shaft 22. The air is thereafter introduced into the slurry extant within channel 34 for purposes of air lift suspension of the slurry and the particulates (solids) within the sluty itself.

As shown in FIG. 10, pipe 57 extends to a location proximate the bottom 17 of tank 14. The pipe 57 may be fitted on its end with a diffuser 60. As illustrated, air is injected through diffuser 60 into the a"0 channel 34. Channel 34 communicates with the slurry 16 0 4 within the tank 14 by means of an access port 61. Access :8 port 61 is defined by the open end 62 of shaft 22 which o llos is positioned above and out of contact with bottom member 0o. 17 of tank 14. As air is injected into the interior of channel 34, a portion 64 of the slurry 16 contained within the channel 34 is driven upwardly along channel 34.

Upon reaching the region 66 of channel 34, the slurry portion 64 is directed through a plurality of channels 68, channels 68 communicate with channel 34. Each channel 68 is defined respectively by a hollow riffle tube 70 which is fixedly mounted to shaft 22.

As shown in FIG. 10, each riffle tube *i <5 includes a substantially cylindrical housing 72 which extends radially from shaft 22. Each riffle tube 70 is fitted at its end 74 with a discharge port 76. The slurry proceeds along the length of tube 70 and is eventually discharged from tube 70 through port 76. Port 76 directs the slurry downward. The slurry, in being discharged from the riffle tubes 70, is impacted against the upper surface 78 of the slurry 16 contained within the tank 14. This impacting or discharging of the riffle tube-contained slurry functions to break down foam .1 -23formations produced on the slurry surface 78 due to the reactions and turbulence within the slurry 16. Since the riffle tubes are rotated about the axis 24 of shaft 22, the riffle tubes operate to discharge air lifted slurry over a substantially circular pattern about the surface 78 of slurry 16.

The length of each of the riffle tubes 70 may be varied such that the plurality of tubes provides a series of concentric circular discharge paths over the surface of the slurry. In other words, each of the riffle tubes may be dimensioned to discharge slurry along 000 a a unique and distinctive circular path on the upper 0 00 oo surface of the body of slurry, i.e. each path has a Ol distinctive and unique radius.

Q o 015 Each riffle tube 70 is fitted w 4 th a sawtooth 0000 floor structure 80 (FIG. 12) mounted on the interior wall 0o 82 of the tube 70, on the floor 83 of the interior 0 0o of tube 70. These sawtooth structures function to trap solids, e.g. free gold, silver, or other precious metals 0*20 having high specific gravities, above six which 0000 0 0 oo0 are contained within the slurry flow being directed through 10o0 °o0 the riffle tubes 70. The principles made operative in the use of these sawtooth structures are essentially those employed in a conventional sluicing operation.

i0:°05 As shown in FIG. 11, the upper portion of each o riffle tube 70 is fitted with a manually openable hinged door 71 adapted for permitting the user to access the channel-housed sawtooth structures 80 for purposes of removing the trapped solids.

As shown in FIG. 4, within channel 34 are positioned a pair of cylindrical, tubular pipe members 84 defining a pair of interior channels 86. In an alternate construction as shown in FIG. 36 these pipes 84 and channels 86 may be external to shaft 22.

-24- Pipes 84 axtend from a supply means 88 (FIG. 3) positioned proximate the end 87 of shaft 22 downwardly through channel 34 to a location proximate the location of a plurality of radially extending arms 90. Supply means 88 is adapted to provide a supply of oxygen-containing gas, under pressure, to channels 86 and force that gas along the length of those channels 86. Channels 86 communicate at their ends 92 with one or more channels 94 defined, respectively, within the interior of each radially extending arm Each radial arm 90 extends essentially perpendicular outwardly i.e. radially, from the support g.o shaft 22 and i- dimensioned to extend to a location proximate the wall 18 of the tank 14. Each radial arm o may be supported by a support arm 96 which extends from the o15 shaft 22 outwardly and is fixedly mounted on the radial arm *ou a o90 at point 98.

As shown in FIG. 3, each radial arm 90 is fitted with a plurality of diffusers 100 which communicate with the oo.. interior channel 94. Air is driven downward through channel 86 and directed into the interior channel 94 housed within each radial arm 90. Thereafter, the air is directed through o O° the diffusers 100, thereby permitting the oxygen or air to be directed upwardly and outwardly into the slurry 16 oo 4 residing within the tank 14.

o* o05 In preferred embodiments, the diffusers 100 each include a permeable, replaceable membrane 101 having 0 4 a hydrophobic outer surface. The membrane 101 defines a plurality of extremely small pores or orifices 102 therein preferably having mean diameters of ten (10) microns or less. In a preferred construction, the membrane 101 is fabricated from a nylon, poly-propylene, or polyester fabric having a sealant film, urethane acrylic copolymer or polytetrafluoroethylene, applied or laminated thereon. Suitable membrane materials may include those available commercially under such regiscered trademarks as GORETEX, TYVEK, VERSAPOR and ENTRANT. The membrane 101 is held within a rigid frame structure 104 which retains the membrane 101 in a selected relationship with its respective rotating arm The initial requirement of the diffuser orientation is the provision of an upright, vertical surface over which the slurry can flow. The slurry flow scours the surface so as to prevent clogging. The face 106 of each membrane 101 is positioned in a substantially upright, vertical orientation such that air exiting the oo diffuser face is directed initially horizontally outward, 15 perpendicular to the slurry flow over the membrane. Upon o exiting the diffuser 100 the air bubble rises vertically o 0upward. The membrane preferably includes a flat planar face though various other membrane configurations are within contemplation, upright cylindrical. The air 20 or oxygen found within the diffuser 100 is typically 0(41 under a pressure of 5 to 25 psig. As illustrated in o FIGS. 7 and 8, the diffusers 100 are preferably rectangular in plan view and have a longitudinal axis 105 0 (FIG. Diffusers 100 may include a pair of oppositely and parallelly positioned planar faces 106 separated by a *thin sidewall. The sidewall constitutes the projected area or silhouette for purposes of evaluating the drag and flow patterns created as the diffuser is driven through the slurry. In preferred constructions, this sidewall is made as narrow as possible to minimize drag and turbulence within the slurry. As shown, a diffuser 100 typically includes only one membrane fitted face 106.

In a preferred construction the diffuser longitudinal axis 105 is positioned substantially perpendicular to the -26longitudinal axis 107 of the respective radially extending arm 90. Alternate diffuser positions are within contemplation. Specifically, orientations wherein the angle 118 is varied between 900 and 2700.

Angle 118 is that angle extant between axis 107 and axis 105 determined by a counterclockwise rotation, as shown in FIG. 9. The diffuser 100 is positioned to cause the slurry 16 to collide with air bubbles which exit the diffuser ports 102. This collision serves to disperse or break up the air bubbles into smaller bubbles. Further, the passage or brushing of the slurry 16 over the diffuser face 106 serves to o O scour or cleanse that face and prevent the buildup of material on the face 106, which buildup causes clogging 15 of the dii user ports 102.

CO As shown in FIG. 9, the rotating arm o otypically rotates in a counterclockwise direction (shown by arrows 111) about the central longitudinal axis 24 of shaft 22. Given this rotation, slurry flows in a direction generally shown by arrows 113 along the face r ac"of the diffuser membrane 101, thereby accomplishing the a scouring function.

Diffuser ports 102 are dimensioned such that o: in operation the diffusers 100 produce air bubbles 0-4*5 having a mean diameter of 4.5 millimeters or less.

A second preferred diffusion embodiment 100A is illustrated in FIGS. 16-20. In this embodiment the diffuser 100A includes a curved panel which defines a correspondingly curved face 106A. This curved configuration contrasts with the substantially planar face 106 of diffusion embodiment 100, shown in FIG. 8.

Diffuser 100A includes an upright rigid frame structure 104A which has an arc-like cross section when viewed from above. (See FIG. 17.) Since the diffusers P. O5 100A are driven through the slurry along a generally r- -27circular path, the arc shape diffuser configuration presents an optimized projected or silhouette area which creates a minimum of drag and turbulence as it is driven through the slurry. The frame structure 104A is generally rectangular in plan view. The width or end 104B of the frame 104A forms the projecting area or silhouette of the frame for the purposes of analyzing the drag on the diffuser as it is propelled through the slurry. The curved diffuser configuration functions to minimize turbulence and agitation within the slurry 16 4 t. tso the diffuser is moved through the slurry. In large stt reactor vessels, the diffusers 100 which are positioned o 0 e°~po° proximate the center shaft 22, i.e. within 3-4 meters of P° the center shaft 22, are preferably of this curved orientation. The diffusers which are positioned at a j radial distance in excess of 3-4 meters from the center 0* 0 shaft 22 may be of the planar configuration depicted in 0 FIG. 8.

Each diffuser 100A includes a solid back wall 109 and a plurality of upstanding sidewalls 110 alto positioned on the back wall 109 and extending outwardly k therefrom to form an open-box-like arrangement. A plurality of upstanding ribs 113 also extend outwardly R0 i ,i from said back wall 109. Ribs 113 intersect with 5 sidewalls 109A thereby forming a plurality of open-boxlike compartments 114. Each compartment 114 is substantially airtight except for the open end. As shown in FIGS. 18 and 19, each of these compartments 114 are generally quadrilateral in cross-section.

The diffuser 100A includes a permeable replaceable membrane 101A which is fitted over the open end of each of the compartments 114. The membrane is sealingly adhered to the sidewalls 110 and the ribs 113 whereby each compartment 114 is sealed and rendered

L

L C-1 JI ru .,LS'u -28air-tight. Membrane 101A defines a plurality of pores or orifices therethrough.

Membrane 101A is sealingly adhered to the ribs 113 and the sidewalls 110. The membrane 101A seals the open end of each compartment 114. Each compartment 114 is thereby sealed from communicating with any other compartment 114. The plurality of compartments 114 form a stratified array. It should be understood that other diffuser constructions besides those shown in FIGS. 8 .li0 and 17 are within contemplation. For example, the diffuser 100A could be modified to reduce, if not ,o eliminate, ribs 113 and sidewalls 110 thereby permitting the membrane 101A to be adhered directly to the back to plate 109 at those locations corresponding to the locations of the sidewalls 110 and the ribs 113 (see FIG. 38).

As air is directed under pressure into the compartments 114, those portions of the membrane which are not adhered to the back wall 109 tend to bow outward, as shown in FIGS. 37 and 38. This bowing rtt action enlarges, or in some cases may define, the compartments 114. The size of compartments 114 can be t I I adjusted to vary the resulting gas pressure within the various compartments in order to compensate for variances in hydrostatic pressure along the entire 4/ membrane 101A surface.

rrrl The following table lists a few of the preferred materials together with test results obtained from utilizing the membrane in actual operation within a slurry and bacteria filled reaction vessel.

L lLS

.A

-29- Table 1 Reactor Dissolved Required Average Oxygen Useful Air Rate Pressure Conc. Life Diffuser Type M 3 Drop, Bar Mg/L Days Elastox Perforated Rubber .33 .25 1-1.2 Tyvek 1042 .12 .65 3-3.5 Versapore 0.25 micron pore size .13 .65 3-3.5 7 4,oo o, Porex sintered, oI °porous plastic .65 .55 .5 8 0 00 Wilfley-Weber Porous Ceramic 15 micron pore size .25 .55 2-3 ato Wilfley-Weber Porous Ceramic 6 micron pore size .15 1 3-3.5 0 Polypropylene Felt, (Filter Media) .25 .55 2-3 Polypropylene SFelt (Silicone Treated) .25 .55 2-3 J The "useful life" is defined as that period of time which elapsed from the initiation of the test until the membrane was rendered ineffective due to clogging or damage incident to infestation by the bacteria.

The table indicates the rate of air required to be diffused through the membrane in order to achieve an 02 transfer rate of 200-300 mg/l/hr. to supply an equivalent uptake rate by the bacteria. The 02 uptake rate is a measurement commonly used in biological waste treatment. It reflects the rate of utilization of the oxygen within the slurry of the reactor vessel and is therefore a direct measure of biological activity. It should be understood that the oxygen transfer rate takes into consideration the form, bubble size, of the oxygen being introduced into the slurry. For example, a given quantity or mass of oxygen may be introduced into the slurry in either the form of large bubbles or in the form of fine bubbles. The oxygen in fine bubbles is more rapidly dissolved in the aqueous medium from which it can be assimilated by the bacteria. Therefore, i 0 notwithstanding the fact that equal quantities of air would be introduced into the slurry in both methods, the oo 02 transfer rate would not necessarily be equal for the large and fine bubble methods. Instead, the fine bubble o, o method would have a higher 02 transfer rate, with more 5 oxygen being supplied to the slurry in an assimilatable form from the same volume of air. Therefore, a larger 0 0 0o o portion of that 02 could be assimilated by the bacteria before the bubbles reached the surface of the slurry and were discharged into the environment. With reference to oOO4 0 Table 1, all the diffusers illustrated, except the Porex 0.00 sintered porous plastic, produced bubbles finer than mm in diameter.

As is deducible from a comparison of the data in Table i, a diffuser membrane which produces bubbles having mean diameters greater than 4.5 mm fail to produce *8 aa dissolved oxygen transfer rate comparable to those membrane producing bubbles having a diameter of 4.5 mm or less.

The oxygen level in each reactor was monitored continuously with a YSI probe as manufactured by the Yellow Springs Instrument Company. The procedure in determining the "oxygen uptake rate" was performed on samples withdrawn from the reactor containing the diffuser. The procedure consisted of saturating the -31sample with oxygen in a specially designed agitated vessel containing an 02 probe, removing the 02 source, capping the container and recording the rate of decrease in the 02 concentration. This value measured in mg/L/hr.

S is the take-up rate.

Back wall 109 defines a plurality of apertures 115 therein. Apertures 115 communicate with a hollow air conduit pipe 116 whereby pressurized air within that conduit may be directed into each of the compartments 114.

As depicted in FIGS. 18 and 19, each compartment 114 f" aLO includes at least one aperture 115. The sizes of the 44,, oo apertures may be varied C02 concentration measuring apparatus. More specifically, the apertures are ograduated in size whereby the size of the respective 4oO apertures dimensionally increase from the top to the bottom of the diffuser. The variance int aperture size serves to adjust the air flow into the various compartments 114 to accommodate for the differentials in 44 4.4 hydrostatic pressure along the height of the slurry exposed diffuser face. In turn, this control of the 10 amount of air directed into each compartment permits the 44 user to achieve an optimum discharge of air through the entire face of the diffuser with a concurrent vexry low pressure drop through the diffuser membrane.

In preferred constructions, this second diffuser has a hypothetical tangent which is positioned perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 107 of the radial arm 90 upon which it is mounted.

The support shaft 22 may also function as a drive shaft for purposes of rotating the plurality of radially extending arm-like members 90 which are positioned on that shaft 22 proximate the region near the bottom 17 of the tank 14.

-32- Positioned on the upper region of tank 14 is a bridge support 112 (FIG. 1) which extends essentially across the diameter 21 of tank 14. In the central region of bridge 112 proximate the longitudinal axis 26 of tank 14, the bridge 112 includes an aperture which is adapted to receive the support shaft 22 and permit the rotation of that shaft within the aperture. A power transmission means 193 (FIG. 1) may be mechanically connected with the portion of shaft 22 which extends above bridge 112. This 10 transmission means 193 operates to rotate shaft 22 about 0410 its axis 26 and further effects a rotation of arms 90 and riffle tubes Fitted on the lower surface of each radial arm t00 90 may be a plurality of rake-like extensions 117. These ,,o1 5 rake-like extensions 117 are adapted to effect a 4 squeegee-like action, i.e. scrape against the tank bottom mo 17, and thereby collect solids or particulates which have been deposited on surface 17 (FIG. 10) and direct them to a central collecting location proximate the end 61 of shaft 22. Rake-like extensions 117 may include a *allplurality of planar panels, each panel having a respective longitudinal axis 119 (FIG. 1 and 14). As shown, each longitudinal axis 119 is oriented with respect to axis 107 of the respective arm-like member at a counter-clockwise rotation angle 120. Angle 120 may vary between approximately 450 to approximately 90 0 The critical aspect of the extensions 117 orientation is its capacity to direct solids which have become deposited on the bottom 17 or floor of the reactor vessel 13, to a common collection location.

The radially extending arms 90 (FIG. 1) may be mounted on shaft 22 to be vertically slidable along that shaft. In one construction, the arms 90 and supports 96 are mounted to a tubular cylindrical sleeve 121 which is -33slidably positioned on the exterior of shaft 22 (FIG.

36). Sleeve 121 is made rotatable with shaft 22 by means of a releaseable key lock system which links shaft 22 with sleeve 121 (FIG. The slidability of sleeve 121 is enhanced by an elevational control system 122 which permits the operator selectively to raise or lower the arms 90 at will. This control system 122 may include a plurality of cables 123 which are mounted to either the arms 90 or alternately to the cylindrical sleeve 121 10 which interconnects the various arms 90. The cables 123 0000 0 extend vertically to a winch 125 or other means adapted o 0 to raise the cables 123 and effect a corresponding 0 00 raising of the arms 90. The elevational control system o0 •122 is useful in freeing the arm 90/rake extension 117 o%015 assembly when that assembly becomes mired in sediment 06° collected on the bottom surface 17 of the tank 14.

o0 Further, the system 122 permits the operator to service the arms 90 without having to empty the tank 14.

As shown in FIG. 6, an internal filter 130 is 'o0 positioned within the slurry 16 contained within tank 14.

0000 ooo The filter 130 is adapted to draw liquid either o 4continuously or semi-continuously from the slurry 16 00 outward and into a conventional cloudy port filtrate receiver 132. The internal filter 130 and filtrate receivers 132 and 136 function to separate clear liquor o ocontaining soluble metabolic by-products, sulphuric 00,0 acid and salts, from unoxidized and partially oxidized solids.

Internal filter 130 includes a porous medium having pores dimensioned to filter solids from fluid.

Owing to the relative size of the solids vis-a-vis the medium pore size, a filter 130 initially permits some solids to be introduced into filtrate conduit 134. The cloudy port filtrate receiver 132 functions to retain -34- 10 00*0 o e 0 0 001* o oo 0 0 eo o~ c ao 00 0 00 0 o15 0 o 00 00 00 0 0400 *00 00~0.

o I. I oa~ 25 0 4 erl oo r these solids and reintroduce them into tank 14 along conduit 135. Upon the medium being sufficiently coated with particulates, the operative medium pore size is reduced sufficiently that the enhanced filter effectively screens out solids from the slurry liquid. is the filter 130 begins its enhanced operation, the liquid in filtrate conduit 134 is routed to a secondary filtrate receiver 136. Liquid or liquor which passes through this second receiver 136 is thereafter discarded. The volume of liquor discarded is replaced by introducing water along conduit 137. This water serves to backwash filter 130, removing the coating of solids which has collected thereon.

A second separation system 140 is shown in FIG.

7. The system 140 includes means of removing a volume of slurry 16 continuously or semi-continuously from the tank 14. The slurry 16 is then diluted by the addition of water from conduit 142. Preferably, a flocculant is added to the water or alternately the water/slurry mixture.

The slurry/water/flocculant is agitated to produce a rapid settling floc. The mixture is placed in a settling chamber 143 for at most 10-15 minutes. During this time interval, the flocculated particles produced by the action of the flocculant settle out of the mixture.

The settled pulp which may include unoxidized, oxidized and partially oxidized solids is then returned to the tank 14 along conduit 144. The liquor or liquid portion of the composition is drawn off through an overflow arrangement and thereafter directed to waste disposal or other treatment along conduit 147.

FIGS. 5 and 22 illustrate a preferred system which operates to not only effect a solids-liquid separation but further operates to effect a separation of i i rX- non-oxidized solids from partially oxidized solids. As shown, slurry 16 is drawn either continuously or semicontinuously from tank 14 through a conduit 148. Water is added to the slurry through conduit 149. The water/slurry mixture is then directed to cyclone 150.

The cyclone functions to separate the relatively Light non-oxidized solids from the heavier, partially oxidized solids which make up the remaining components of the water/slurry mixture. The principles operative in cyclone separation are well appreciated in the art. The Snon-oxidized solids are thereafter returned to tank 14 for purposes of processing. The liquid/partially oxidized solids mixture is then mixed with a flocculant as indicated by the block designated generally 154. The .o15 flocculant/liquid/partially oxidized solids mixture is 4 0 S.0 then directed to a sedimentation device 155 wherein the liquid is substantially separated from the partially oxidized solids by a sedimentation process similar to that shown in FIG. 7. The liquid is directed along 20 conduit 156 to treatment or waste disposal.

The separated partially oxidized solids are channeled alu'ig conduit 157 to a second bioreactor vessel 158 which operationally parallels that of vessel 14.

Vessel 158 includes a tank 163 adapted for retaining a slurry composed of metal-ladened solids, liquid, bacteria capable of oxidizing sulfide material, thiobacillus ferrooidans and thiobacillus thiooxidans, nutrients such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Vessel 158 includes a separation system 159 for separating solids from metabolic product-ladened slurry liquid. As shown, slurry 161 is drawn either continuously or semi-continuously from tank 163 through a conduit 16. Water is added to the slurry through conduit 167. The water/slurry mixture is then directed i -36to cyclone 169. The cyclone functions to separate the relatively light, non-oxidized solids from the heavier partially oxidized solids which make up the remaining components of the water/slurry mixture. The principles operative in this separation process are well appreciated in the art. The non-oxidized solids are thereafter returned to tank 163 for purposes of processing. The liquid/partially oxidized mixture is then mixed with a flocculant as indicated by the block designated generally 170. The flocculant/liquid/partially oxidized solids ,0 mixture is then directed to a sedimentation device 172 00 wherein the liquid is substantially separated from the partially oxidized solids by a sedimentation process °similar to that shown in FIG. 7. The liquid is directed "f5 along conduit 174 to treatment or waste. The separated o partially oxidized solids are directed along conduit 175 to an external liquid/solid separation system or are recycled back to reactor 158.

The design of the various separation systems is dictated by the necessity of limiting the amount of time in which the solids (both non-oxidized and partially oxidized) are removed from the oxygen-rich environment found within either the primary reactor vessel 14 or secondary reactor vessel 158. The bacteria utilized in the instant invention attach themselves to solid materials. When those materials are removed from the vessel, provision of oxygen to the bacteria to maintain their activity rate is limited to that oxygen extant within the particular voluie of slurry removed, the removed slurry is not tpically provided with an independent supply of oxygen. Given this condition, the separating systems are configured to provide a streawmlined arrangement for quickly removing the process del'dnting soluble metabolic by-products, found in the -37- 4tl ©o o o o 0 oo o to o 001 oo r a s a 0 00 0 6 6 0 0 0l 4 20 5 fr o Q (Z 4 a aloo +os 90 0444 44,040 i 4 a 25

I

44f liquid portion of the slurry, to permit the reintroduction of the bacteria-laden solids back into the oxygen-rich environment found within one of the reactor vessels 13 or 158. In a preferred construction, the instant invention contemplates restricting the maintenance of the solids out of the reactor vessel environment to a time period of at most 10-15 minutes.

The process of the instant invention consists substantially of distinct steps. The first step includes a grinding operation of the subject metal-bearing solids.

Specifically, the solids are ground to a predetermined size to aid in uxtraction. The grinding operation serves to increase the surface area of the solids which are to be subjected to the action of the bacteria. Further, the grinding of the solids aids in the suspension of those solids within the liquid slurry. The actual size of the ground solids may be varied so as to correspond to the particular properties of the material being processed.

Preferably, closed circuit grinding is utilized with a substantial recycle ratio in order to provide a narrow sized range of solids. This grinding operation enhances a subsequent separation in the bioleaching reaction and also makes filtration and washing of the final product easier. Subsequent to the grinding operation, the ground solids are placed within a storage thickener and concentrated to a dense slurry. This formation of a dense slurry permits the operator to either intermittently or continuously feed the solids into the bioreactor vessel. The slurry is introduced into the reactor vessel together with a sufficient supply of bacteria, thiobacillus ferrooxidans or thiobacillus thiooxidans, and the requisite nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide requisite for the action of the -38- 9,i9 4 0 0 0 0 0 t 0 5 0 0c 99 0 06 00 9 0000 20 9 094 309 "2 49 bacteria on the solids. The nutrients may include nitrogen, phosphate, magnesium and potassium.

During the operation of the bioreactor vessel, compressed oxygen or oxygen containing air (hereinafter "oxygen") is continuously directed downward through channels 86 whereupon reaching the lower regions of shaft 22 the oxygen contained within the channels 86 is forced outwardly through radial arms 90 and subsequently ejected through diffusers 100 (FIGS. 2, 3, 4 and As the oxygen passes outward through the diffuser pores 102, small oxygen bubbles as opposed to larger aggregate bubbles are released into the fluid slurry 16.

Due to the rotation of the arms 90, the bubbles are distributed over a wide, substantially horizontal planar area of the lower regions of the tank 14. This rotation, together with the small dimension of the diffuser ports 102 effects a wide distribution of the very small oxygen bubbles. Further, the rotation aids in hindering any formation or collision of bubbles, which collision may lead to the formation of aggregate bubbles having a smaller surface to volume ratio than that attendant a plurality of smaller oxygen bubbles.

The central drive shaft 22 is rotated at a relatively slow speed, preferably approximately four (4) revolutions per minute. Air bubbles rise through the slurry at a rate of four to six inches per second. The speed of the shaft 22 rotation is adjusted such that bubbles released by a first diffuser at a given location have risen out of that location before the subsequent release of bubbles in that location by an adjacent second diffuser. Theoretically and ideally, each diffuser releases bubbles over the complete surface area of its respective porous membrane i. Due to the rotation of the diffuser, a continuous and generally -39spiral-shaped helix configuration of bubbles, having a width approximately equal to that of the diffuser, is generated within the slurry and rises uniformly upward through the slurry. The speed of the shaft 22 is ideally adjusted whereby none of the helixes, as generated by the respective diffusers, intersect one another. Thereby a plurality of adjacently positioned helixes composed of bubbles rise uniformly through the body of slurry.

Naturally, given the turbulence and non-homogeneity of the slurry, this idealized bubble flow ao,. pattern does not occur in practice. Instead, the rotation speed may be adjusted to approximate the ideal 0 flow pattern so as to optimize the dispersion of air 9 a, a a bubbles within the body of the slurry.

9 0°15 The oxygen bubbles rise through the slurry 16 :o°o and thereby facilitate the assimilation of that oxygen by the bacteria residing within the tank. The effect of the small apertured diffuser ports 102 in creating very fine a 0bubbles together with the rotative action of the rotary arms 90 serving to widely disperse those bubbles about the bottom of the tank creates a condition wherein a large portion of the oxygen in the bubbles is dissolved into the aqueous phase within the slurry 16. The small size of the bubbles acts to not only promote a rapid dissolution of those bubbles into the aqueous phase, but further, enhances the probability of direct interfacial transfer of the oxygen to the bacteria. This interfacial transfer contrasts with the conventional practice in which oxygen is introduced into the slurri nd agitated to encourage dissolution. Thereafter, under the conventional practice, upon dissolution, the oxygen is assimilated by the bacteria. Under the instant methodology, the vessel operator can introduce into the slurry a large quantity of oxygen, a portion of which is IIIIX-^I~ li- 1I~C~~ill_~ ~i~l~_lli adapted for direct interfacial assimilation by the bacteria. Further, the oxygen may be supplied in a quantity in excess of the needs of the bacteria, at an energy consumption rate which is measurably smaller than the conventional approach. Indeed, under the prior practice, the high cost of achieving an adequate oxygen supply for the bacteria resulted in processes wherein the supply was purposely limited to a quantity below that required for maximum bacterial activity due to energy considerations. Under the instant method, the energy consumption is so reduced that oxygen may be supplied in excess of the amounts requisite for optimized bacterial activity, while maintaining energy costs within an acceptable cost range.

The bubbles are introduced proximate the bottom 0 oo of the tank. Due to differences in specific gravity, the bubbles rise upwardly through the slurry. The slurry in contrast is being drawn downwardly as quantities of slurry proximate the bottom 129 of shaft 22 are being 4(20 drawn into the interior channel 34 of shaft 22 by the 'air-lift suspension system and thereafter directed oil& upwardly within that channel 34 (FIG. 10). Eventually, the slurry is discharged over the slurry surface 27 through riffle tubes 70. The effect of this slurry flow creates a general downward movement of the slurry within the tank and exterior to the interior channel 34. This slurry flow serves to retard the upward movement of the oxygen bubbles. Further, this retardation increases the residence time of the bubbles within the slurry and thereby enhances the probability that the oxygen will be dissolved within the slurry and utilized by the bacteria.

During the operation of the bioreactor vessel cold water is injected into the channel 49 of the shaft S 22 and forced downwardly therein. The exothermic nature -41of the reaction occurring within the tank 14 serves to heat the slurry 16 within the tank. The cold water being separated from the slurry by the wall of shaft 22 absorbs heat through that wall from the higher temperatured slurry 16 as it continues downwardly through the channel 49 of the shaft 22. Subsequently, the warmed or heatladen water is drawn upwardly through channel 53 and upon reaching the upper regions of shaft 22 the water is discharged or cooled in an external heat exchanger or cooling tower and recycled.

During the operation of the bioreactor vessel 13, air is directed downward along the interior of pipe 00000 o 57, eventually exiting through a diffuser or nozzle 59.

.o Slurry 16 which is within channel 34 of shaft 22 thereafter is driven upwardly by the motion of the air 0 0o bubbles formed at the tip of diffuser 59. The air 0 bubble/slurry mixture rises upwardly through the interior 00 channel 34 of shaft 22. The slurry 16 subsequently exits through riffle tubes 70 and is distributed over the surface 78 of the slurry 16.

During the operation of the reactor vessel 13 an internal filtration system 130 (FIG. 6) operates S 4 4 continuously or semi-continuously to remove soluble products ladened solution from within the slurry mixture.

5 These products may include sulphates, sulphuric acid and I4 1 arsenic acid. As shown, a filter medium 130 serves S,,initially to screen solid particulates from entering a conduit system which is directed to a cloudy port filtration system 132. The internal filter 130 is fitted with a backwash water conduit 137 whereby water may be injected along conduit 137 and to replace the solution removed as well as to discharge particulates which have collected on the internal filter medium 130.

.i ,i -42- Critical to a proper operation of the instant invention is the control of the constituents and environment within the reactor vessel. The factors of special importance include temperature, the rate and mechanism of oxygen input, the ratio of biomass (bacteria) to suspended solids, the ratio of reacted solids to unreacted solids, the concentration of soluble species generated as products or by-products and the concentration of carbon dioxide and nutrients.

The preferred species of bacteria utilized in the instant process are thiobacillus ferrooxidans or o thiobacillus thiooxidans which are most stable and II o o: :exhibit the broadest set of enzymematic activity when their ambient temperature is maintained in the 35-36 Celsius range, the mesophilic range. Upon the o temperature rising above 46 Celsius, these particular species of bacteria are either extinguished or their o o0 activity severely limited. In that the reaction effected 0* P0 within the reactor vessel is exothermic in nature, absent a withdrawal of the heat produced in reaction, the stability of the bacteria is sacrificed. Accordingly, the instant reactor vessel includes a heat exchanger Iii 4t adapted to absorb heat produced within the vessel 13 and transfer that heat from the vessel to effect thereby an optimized thermal condition for bacteria growth and activity.

C The rate and mechanism of oxygen input 4444 into the vessel has been discussed above. Due to the input of oxygen into the slurry in the form of widely dispersed small bubbles having mean diameters mm or less) a high surface to volume ratio of oxygen is obtained. The minute size of the bubbles effects an increased ratio of dissolution or transition of the oxygen directly into the water. Further, the 'T "I oxygen within the slurry of the reactor vessel and is Fn -43- 1 o o Q 0D 00 O DI O 00 0004 bubble size results in an enhanced quantity of oxygen-ladened bubbles which permit interfacial transfer of the oxygen to the bacteria. Owing to the density difference between the oxygen bubbles and the slurry, the bubbles have a limited residence time within the slurry before rising to the surface of the slurry and discharging into the environment. The present invention involves a means of making the oxygen readily assimilatable upon its input into the slurry.

0 Resultingly, the oxygen is in a useful form throughout 0 its ascension time through the slurry. Indeed, in tests conducted with a prototype of the vessel, oxygen uptake rates in the range of 500 milligrams per liter per hour were obtained at an oxygen transfer efficiency greater C5 than 60%. Efficiency is defined for this instance as the 0 amount of oxygen absorbed by the bacteria divided by the initial amount of oxygen introduced into the vessel.

The rotation of the arms effects a dispersion o of the bubbles about a substantially horizontal plane 20 within the vessel. The arms are therefore relatively slow in rotation in comparison to the typical tip speed of turbines used in the conventional methodology.

Resultingly, the arms avoid cavitation effects thereby preserving the high surface/volume ratio of the bubbles.

Further, the relative slow arm rotation minimizes both the turbulence within the slurry and the energy requirements requisite to operate the vessel.

In normal operation, tLe oxygen input rate is maintained at a constant rate. This rate is of sufficient magnitude to exceed the needs of the bacteria resident wi.thin the vessel. This approach contrasts with the conventional method wherein, due to the energy expense, the oxygen supply may typically be held to a 0 o o or oc o o 0 04 o 0 o 4 044 400 1~-;11 -44quantity below the requisite level for optimum bacterial activity.

The most important criteria attending the optimum operation of the instant process is the maintenance of a high biomass to solids ratio. The biomass population may be limited by an inadequate supply of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, or alternately an excessive supply of soluble metabolic end products or by-products. Under the instant method the supply of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients are maintained at *t'o°o levels which exceed the demands of the bacteria 0000 o0 0 population. The metabolic end products are selectively o eo removed -from the slurry during the vessel's operation.

0..0 These end products are constituted of two types: soluble 0 0.

0 -15 constituents and insoluble reacted solids. The soluble o o o constituents are removed by processing the slurry to effect a separation of suspended solids from the liquid 0 liquor or medium. This separation is achieved by a continuously or semi-continuously operating, internal 0 04 filter within the bioreactor. Alternatively, the o separation may be achieved by sedimentation.

Flocculation of all of the suspended solids may be employed to enhance the solids-liquid separation. Upon separation, the clarified liquor is removed from the 25 system while captured solids are advanced either to a second reactor vesuel or are returned to the first reactor vessel. The bacteria typically adhere to the solid material. The separation of solids from liquid medium results in a minimum loss of bacteria from the vessel population in that the separated solids are subsequently and quickly returned to the first or second reactor vessel.

The solids removed may include reacted solids and unreacted solids. The reacted solids are separated u I from the unreacted solids by the use of selective separation in a cyclone, centrifuge or gravity settling device. Unreacted solids are returned to the reactor vessel. Partially reacted solids are advanced to a secondary reactor for purposes of further bacterial processing. The final reacted product is removed and may be subjected to conventional leaching.

The emphasis of the instant process is the maintenance of the driving force of the reaction at a maximum. Due to the improvement in oxygen supply ror° technology of the instant invention, the method presently oo 0ooo results in the optimization of processing by providing a o surplus of oxygen and other requisite nutriment, stabilizing the ambient temperature to an optimal level and further removing reaction delimiting metabolic o 0by-products. Further, this removal is continuous and operates to minimize the loss of bacteria which resulted under the conventional method.

Tt is to be understood that the embodiments of 20 the invention herein described are merely illustrative of the application of the principles of the invention.

t Reference herein to details of the illustrated embodiment is not intended to limit the scope of the claims which themselves recite those features regarded as essential to 25 the invention.

Example A continuous bioleaching pilot plant was operated on a pyrite-arsenopyrite gold concentrate containing about one ounce of gold per ton, provided by a Canadian gold mine, to determine if this method would be viable for improving gold recovery by subsequent cyanidation. The test campaign lasted several months while the bacteria were acclimated to this particular .L.LIIU.L L.lu: b.Lu V e-vu wnicn iS -46concentrate. Applicants utilized a two-stage biological leaching circuit with cyclone separation between stages.

Applicants assembled a continuous bioleaching pilot plant in their Research Laboratory, using two 60 L.

bioreactors similar to the unit illustrated schematically in FIGS. 21 and 22. The unit is adapted such that finely ground concentrate may be fed continuously to the system, retained in an environment high in chemolithotrophic bacteria concentration for a period of days or weeks, and discharged as an oxidized product substantially reduced in iron, sulfur and arsenic content. The procedure used was the following: feed slurry, after regrinding of the concentrate, was introduced on an hourly basis from an agitated holding tank to the first stage reactor 130 in 1 which an active culture of thiobacillus ferrooxidans bacteria and partially oxidized solids was maintained.

Solution was withdrawn from the reactor continuously 0 '(though it could have been withdrawn semi-continuously, dependent upon the liquor density that was to be maintained) using either an internal filtration system or sedimentation circuit. In the former, the solids were filtered and then back-washed into the reactor which, in Seffect, maintains both solids and bacteria within the system, while filtrate which is relatively free of 1 5 biomass was withdrawn. In the sedimentation mode, slurry was withdrawn from the bioreactor, diluted with wash water, flocculated and thickened, and the thickener underflow returned to the bioreactor while the liquor and some biomass overflow was directed to waste. Both systems were utilized in this study.

Solids were advanced from the first stage to the second via a hydrocyclone, with the cyclone underflow being recycled to the reactor while the overflow solids were thickened and sent to the second unit through a

LS

0 .k

J

i -47continuous feeding system. Because of the capacity of the cyclone, it was necessary to limit the cycloning to about two times per week, with approximately twenty percent of the reactor contents processed at a time.

Solids were removed from the second bioreactor through the same means.

The rationale for this approach is that it will maintain a high concentration of sulfide- and arsenic-containing solids with the bioreactor while removing oxidized solids preferentially. It was found that cycloning could effect a separation between eo 1,a sulfide-bearing material and solids which were low in sulfide, probably due to the difference in density and a 0 the change in particle shape due to bio-oxidation. Since 15 it is well known that a high concentration of food O o~ material (sulfide, arsenic) will result in a higher oxidation rate, this approach should minimize the reactor volume needed and maximize the oxygen transfer 0 a efficiency.

a a Two samples were received and tested; these samples analyzed as follows: Fe As S% SiO? First Sample 37.80 13.16 33.22 13.59 4 Second Sample 37.81 8.39 28.00 19.38 It had been reported that the gold is associated with the arsenopyrite, and that other biological process work had made possible a recovery by cyanidation of 86% of the gold. It seemed likely that this first work would have concentrated on removing only the arsenopyrite (which is leached preferentially), and because of the relatively low recovery, it was felt that it would be useful to reduce the pyrite concentration as

II

I S -48o o 0 0 0o00 Q 9o 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 30 0 00 00 0 0 40025 well. Thus, the tests were designed to solubilize as much of the pyrite and arsenopyrite as possible. It was recognized that some amount of jarosite and ferric arsenate would form, and the jarosite would very likely tie up some of the silver and make it difficult to extract by cyanidation. However, it was of special interest to determine if a 2-stage system could extract both arsenopyrite and pyrite, since the bacteria seem to have a strong proclivity toward the former and poor extraction of pyrite could result. In the first tests, this appeared to be the case, and the flowsheet was changed slightly so as to minimize the effect of arsenic on the second stage. This was done by washing the material that was advanced from first stage to second stage in order to reduced the arsenic content of the liquor in the second stage. Since the bulk of the arsenic-bearing mineral was solubilized in the first stage, this effectively reduced the arsenic level background in the second stage to that which is normal for ordinary pyrite systems.

Progress of the biological oxidation reactions was monitored by measuring the feed rate and the solids removal rate, as well as the solution removal rate from each of the reactors, on a continuous basis. Solution and solids compositions within each of the reactors were measured twice a week, and materials which were removed were composited and analyzed as required. The oxygen level in each reactor was monitored continuously with a YS1 probe. The "oxygen take-up rate," a measurement commonly used in biological waste treatment, was performed daily on samples withdrawn from each reactor.

The significant data are presented graphically in FIGS. 23-30 for the two bioreactors. It should be noted that "46" refers to the first stage reactor and -49refers to the second stage, FIGS. 23-26 represent the first stage and FIGS. 27-30 the second. Dates are shown on the data points; on the time axis, only the days Monday-Friday are shown, although the calculated values include the weekends.

First Stage Bioreactor With reference to FIG. 23, solution analyses include the liquor specific gravity, arsenic and iron concentrations. ormally, liquor specific vities of 1.08-1.12 are tolerable, with iron levels -'gh as i gpl. However, in view of the uncertainties about arsenic tolerance, liquor density was held down in order to keep 0° the arsenic around 10 gpl, or lower. This was done by 0"15 processing the requied amount of slurry daily through o, othe continuous thickener, recycling the solids to the .eo0 system.

FIG. 24, gas analysis, refers to the oxygen S. concentration in the reactor and the oxygen uptake rate of the slurry. Normally, when uptake rates are low, the oxygen concentration approaches saturation, which is 5-6 mg/l under these conditions. As the uptake increases, the 02 concentration drops off, and in order to maintain it, additional air may be applied to the diffusers. The apparent drop off in uptake rate during the last week of S the campaign corresponded approximately to the 0 termination of the feed. As will be noted from the o 0 00 arsenic concentration in the solids in the reactor, the actual arsenic level in the residue is fairly low, and it appeared that the principal reaction occurring in this first stage was the oxidation of arsenopyrite.

The solid analyses are shown in FIG. 23, the percent solids in the reactor and the percent sulfide in i i- the solids. It had been the intent of the program to raise the solids concentration up to about 30%, but, since this has to be done gradually in order to avoid overloading the system, a concentration above 20% was not achieved during this campaign. The percent sulfide in the solids generally was above 30%, even higher than the feed material, due to the effect of recycling cyclone underflow in which the arsenopyrite had been partially solubilized. This confirmed the earlier observations that the bacteria will preferentially oxidize ooo. arsenopyrite and will attack the pyrite only when the arsenic material is depleted.

SFIG. 26 shows the oxidation rate with respect to sulphur for this first stage reactor. It will be a 0 5 noted that this' was higher during the first part of the I campaign, dropping toward the end. This is apparently due to the increased feed rate during the last two weeks, which was an average of 1000 g/day of concentrate, r compared to 600 g in the first 2-1/2 weeks. Again, this illustrates the preference of the bacteria for arsenic.

Second Stage Bioreactor The second stage unit was fed primarily with thickened cyclone overflow from the first stage reactor.

In order to provide sufficient feed material as necessary for proper biomass growth, since tha cyclone underflow was recycling most of the pyrite back to the first stage, a portion of the reactor sl;rry was diluted with water to remove the soluble arsenic, thickened, and added to the feed system to the second reactor.

FIG. 27, with data taken from Tables 3 and 4, presents the liquor analysis for this unit. It will be noted that the arsenic level was reduced significantly, ~YIL--'I'II *IIl-1) I 1 -51while the liquor specific qravity was approaching the target range of 1.1 which was desired.

The gas analysis (FIG. 28) for this reactor was typical of the behavior which has been observed in other instances, with an inverse relationship between 02 concentration and take-up rate. The unusually wide fluctuations were attributed to the lack of substrate (sulfide in the solids) and as the feed rate was increased, the fluctuations were reduced. However, it apparent that the system was not receiving nearly as much 0o,, 0concentrate as it could have handled.

FIG. 29 presents the solids analysis for this o° reactor. The lack of sufficient feed rate resulted in a much lower solids concentration than was desired, and it o00I 5 will be noted that the sulfide in the solids was 0 00 0 0 generally below contrasting with the 30% in the first stage and approximately 11-25% in its feed material. The arsenic level in the solids was usually around and it oo0 is believed that most of this arsenic was present as precipitated ferric arsenate.

FIG. 30 illustrates the oxidation rate, and the increase in oxidation rate as the feed rate was increased confirms the earlier premise that this reactor was not receiving an adequate quantity of unoxidized material.

4 25 FIGS. 31 and 32 contain additional data collected on a daily basis on the oxygen levels and oxygen take-up rates measured in the bioreactors. In FIG. 32, the periodic very rapid increases in take-up over a hour period are worth noting. This suggests that there is a certain level of dormancy that occurs when insufficient food material is present. Maintaining an excess of food material should ensure continued oxidation rates much higher than those that were actually measured.

It also indicates that the system can emerge quickly from IlillL~ -52dormant periods and return to full activity shortly after unoxidized material is added to the system.

Cyanidation Tests Four samples were withdrawn by cycloning of the material in the second stage reactor, with the overflow thickened and washed prior to cyanidation. The cyanide strength was maintained at an average of about 3 gpl NaCN and the total leaching time was 72 hours. It was estimated that the weight of the concentrate has been *aO reduced by approximately 72%, based on the relative 0 00 increase in the insoluble content, and the gold SD concentration increased proportionally. The solutions that were withdrawn from the bioreactors were analyzed by Sfire assaying and found to contain virtually no gold.

Thus, no loss of gold is expected during bioleaching, and the subsequent cyanidation recovered about 97% of the amount present.

The bioleaching test work carried out on the concentrate sample proved that the material can be 20 processed with a continuous, 2-reactor system in which 4 4 4 arsenic is extracted in the first unit and sulfide mainly in the second. The cyanidation of the oxidized product was very successful, with an average 97% recovery of gold 4 values.

Claims (32)

1. -54- thereon, said frame being mounted on one of said arms, said membrane being mounted on said frame so as to define an upright, vertically oriented panel, said frame being configured to receive a quantity of said gas from said arm and pass said quantity of gas through said membrane and outward into said container means; wherein said diffuser faces are oriented such that upon O~o a rotation of said diffusers about said 0o° ~longitudinal axis a quantity of slurry contained within said container means flows 4€ 4 15 over each said diffuser membrane, thereby odetaching gas bubbles forming on said diffuser membrane and dispersing said bubbles into said container retained slurry, said flow of slurry over said diffuser membrane operating to scour said diffuser membrane thereby retarding the clogging of said pores within said membrane.

2. The vessel according to Claim 1 wherein said porous membrane includes a hydrophobic outer surface adapted to maintain said pores free of obstructions and wherein said pores have a mean diameter of 10 microns or less.

3. The vessel according to Claim 1 wherein said diffuser membranes are fabricated from a fabric having a sealant film applied thereon.

4. The vessel according to Claim 1 wherein each of said membranes is mounted to define a plane .A1 35 which is mounted transverse to said second longitudinal i axis. I0eu L The vessel according to Claim 4 wherein said plane is perpendicular to said second longitudinal axis.

6. The vessel according to Claim 4 wherein each of said diffusers includes a porous membrane mounted to define a rectangularly configured planar surface.

7. The reactor vessel according to Claim 1 -0 awherein said arms are mounted to be slidabi. along the o length of said support shaft, said arms being fitted with 7-1i0 lifting means for raising said arms upwards along said support shaft to a location above any slurry within said 0 container.

8. The reactor vessel according to Claim 1 wherein said vessel includes a cooling means for absorbing heat produced within said container means and I transferring said heat away from said container means.

9. The reactor vessel according to Claim 8 wherein said cooling means comprises: a first conduit member positioned within said container L! 20 means, said first conduit member being configured to receive and direct heat-absorbing fluid within said container means whereby heat from said slurry is transferred to said fluid; and a second conduit member adapted to receive said heated fluiq from said first conduit and remove that fluid from said container means. -56- The reactor vessel according to Claim 1 wherein said container mieans includes a filter means for removing suspended-solids-free liquor from said slurry.

11. The reactor vessel according to 'laim 1 U wherein said vessel includes removal means for isolating and removing from within said slurry solids having specific gravities greater than six 00Q0 0o 12. The reactor vessel according to Claim 11 o*0 wherein said removal means comprises: *0 00 0 ~0O a third conduit means extending from container base .0 a member to a first location above an upper surface of slurry contained within said o o container means; a first quantity of said slurry located proximate said 0o0 15 container base member; 0 0 0 an air lift means for injecting a first gas into said a third conduit means whereby bubbles formed by o said injection transfer a portion of said first quantity of slurry vertically upwards through said third conduit means to an elevation above said slurry upper surface; a plurality of riffle tubes associated with said tiird conduit, each said riffle tube being oriented to incline downwardly from said third conduit to an elevationally lower positioned distal end of said riffle tube, said riffle tubes being adapted to receive said portion of said slurry from said third conduit means and direct said portion of slurry, under the force of gravity, downwardly over a plurality of upstanding barriers, said barriers being configured to separate from said portion of slurry, having Tine SOLlas removt.u iLLay jLIIIuutAc L=Cc-iau .I-i U and unreacted solids. The reacted solids are separated -57- specific gravities above six said riffle tubes having returning means for returning said portion of slurry to said container means.

13. The vessel according to Claim 12 wherein said riffle tubes are mounted to said support shaft, said riffle tubes being made rotatable about said first longitudinal axis, wherein said returning means comprises a discharge port being mounted on said distal end of each riffle tube, each said discharge ports being positioned above said slurry upper surface whereby said portion of o 0o slurry is poured outwardly and downwardly from said 0 O discharge ports onto said elevationally lower slurry 0 6 0 upper surface. 0 00

14. The vessel according to Claim 1 wherein a oo 15 first separation means for removing, at least o 0 semi-continuously, an amount of slurry from said container means, processing said amount of slurry to separate therefrom any unoxidized metal-ladened solids contained therein, and returning said unoxidized metal-ladened solids to said container means while directing a remainder of said amount of slurry away from said vessel. The vessel according to Claim 14 wherein a second separation means is associated with said first separation means, said second separation means operating to remove partially oxidized, metal-ladened solids from a liquid portion of said remainder amount of slurry, said second separation means operating to direct said partially oxidized solids to a second reactor vessel for processing while directing said liquid portion to waste. -58-

16. The vessel according to Claim 14 wherein said first separation means comprises a cyclone separator.

17. The reactor vessel according to Claim 14 wherein said first separation means comprises a centrifugal separator adapted to preferentially remove unoxidized metal-ladened solids from said partially oxidized metal-ladened solids.

18. The reactor vessel according to Claim 14 oO.Oo wherein said first separation means comprises a gravity separation for preferentially removing unoxidized metal- oo ladened solids from said partially oxidized metal-ladened solids. O 0 0 o 04 00 o 19. The reactor vessel according to Claim D o°°o wherein said second separation means comprises a gravity 0 o'O separation for preferentially removing said partially oxidized metal-ladened solids from said remainder amount of slurry. 0I-

20. The reactor vessel according to Claim 1 wherein said diffusers include a sufficient number of pores to facilitate a transfer of oxygen to said slurry in a quantity sufficient to support a biooxidation uptake rate of 200-300 milligrams per liter per hour.

21. A reactor vessel for use in processing metal-ladened solids, said vessel having a bottom, an upstanding sidewall mounted on said bottom and a vertically oriented, central longitudinal axis, said sidewall and said bottom defining a container for -59- receiving and retaining a slurry, said vessel having at least one diffuser mounted within said container to rotate about said longitudinal axis, said diffuser comprising: a support assembly positioned within said container and adapted to rotate about said longitudinal axis; an elongate, upright frame panel which defines an array of laterally extending compartments, each of said compartments having a respective first access port and a respective second access port, each said compartment being sealed *e0 substantially eir-tight except for said fIrst o and second access port, said compartments being °segregated one from another vand further said 0' 015 compartments being positioned one above another to form a generally stratified configuration; a gas supply conduit mounted on said frame, said conduit sealedly communicating with each of said first access ports whereby pressurized gas contained .0 within said conduit may be directed through said first access ports into each said compartment; a gas permeable membrane sealedly mounted on said frame to cover said second access ports whereby gas within each of said compartments may exit said compartment solely through said membrane into said slurry retained within said container.

22. The vessel of Claim 21 wherein said first access ports are graduated in size.

23. The vessel of Claim 22 wherein said compartments are dimensioned to accommodate for variances in hydrostatic pressure along a surface of said membrane nllr-.v^r~-r- 7-1-~-1-11 I o 4 4 t 4 .15 t 3 0 4 l Sii i f 4 4 t I S 25 1- thereby facilitating a uniform flow through an entire surface of said membrane.

24. The vessel according to Claim 21 wherein said membrane includes a plurality of pores dimensioned to produce gas bubbles having a mean diameter of millimeters or less upon gas being directed, under pressure, from said compartments through said membrane.

25. The vessel according to Claim 22 wherein each said first access port is dimensionally larger than an adjacent, elevationally higher positioned first access port.

26. The vessel according to Claim 21 wherein said membrane is mounted on said frame to define a substantially arc cross-sectioned, curved upright panel.

27. The vessel according to Claim 26 wherein said arc cross-sectioned panel includes a radius of curvature which continually intersects said container's longitudinal axis as said panel is rotated about said container's longitudinal axis.

28. A continuous process for leaching metal from sulfide containing solids, said process comprising: providing a first slurry retaining vessel and a second slurry retaining vessel; placing within said first vessel a slurry comprised of metal-bearing, sulfide-containing solids, water, a culture of sulfide oxidizing thiobacillus bacteria, capable of oxidizing some portion of said solids and obtaining -61- energy for growth from said oxidation, and nutrient for said sulfide-oxidizing, thiobacillus bacteria; withdrawing at intervals a first quantity of said slurry from said first vessel; processing said first quantity of slurry thereby separating those solids which are not oxidized from a remainder of said first quantity of slurry; returning said non-oxidized solids to said first vessel; placing said remainder of said first quantity of slurry in said second vessel; U wherein liquor containing dissolved by-proJucts of said oxidation is controlledly removed fom both said first and said second vessels while conserving said thiobacillus bacteria within Ssaid vessels.

29. The process of Claim 28 wherein oxidized solids are removed from said second vessel. I, 30. The process of Claim 30 wherein oxidized solids are removed from said first vessel.

31. The process of Claim 28 wherein oxygen in a gaseous form is introduced into said vessels in a form of minute bubbles having a mean diameter of 4.5 mm or less at a location proximate a floor of each respective said vessel, said oxygen introduction being effected by a plurality of upstanding diffusers rotated about each of said vessel floors in a horizontal plane whereby a cylindrical column constituted of an array of oxygen- containing bubbles is forced to rise continuously from said diffusers upwardly through each of said vessels. -62-

32. The process of Claim 31 wherein a downward flow of slurry counter to said oxygen-containing bubble flow within said first vessel is induced by an air-lift suspension system associated wiLh said first vessel, said system drawing a second quantity of slurry from a body of said slurry from proximate said floor of said vessel and conveying slurry to a location positioned superiorly of said body of slurry. o 33. The process of Claim 32 wherein foam o: °o formations on said upper surface of said body of slurry o within said first vessel is suppressed by pouring said second quantity of slurry removed from said body of 0 slurry over said foam from a location above said body of slurry. o a

34. The process of Claim 33 wherein said second quantity of slurry is directed over a riffle fitted sluice way prior to its distribution over said slurry body's upper surface. The process of Claim 28 wherein said unoxidized solids are removed from said first quantity of slurry by means of sedimentation.

36. The process of Claim 28 wherein said unoxidized solids are removed from said first quantity of slurry by cycloning.

37. The process of Claim 28 wherein a separation of unoxidized solids from said first quantity of slurry is effected by a centrifuge. I' -63-

38. The process of Claim 28 wherein a separation of said unoxidized solids from said first quantity of slurry is effected by a use of a gravity settling device.

39. A continuous process for treating metal-bearing solids, said continuous process comprising: providing a first slurry vessel and a second slurry vessel; placing within said first slurry retaining vessel a ,°O0 slurry comprised of a quantity of metal-bearing solids, water, a quantity of thiobacillus bacteria able to oxidize sulfides; providing oxygen-containing gas to said bacteria within said slurry in sufficient quantity such that the metabolic oxygen requirement of said eo bacteria is met and further that the growth and 9O 9 "reproduction of said bacteria are not inhibited; ai withdrawing a portion of said metal-bearing solids containing slurry from said first vessel; separating non-oxidized metal-bearing solids from other metal-bearing solids within said portion of slurry; returning said non-oxidized metal-bearing solids to said first vessel; channeling the other solids to said second vessel for further treatmenc. DATED: 5 February 1987 PHILLIPS ORMONDE FITZPATRICK. Attorneys for: ENVIROTECH CORPORAEN 4 4 x X lf A reactor vessel substantially as hereinbefore described with respect to any one of the embodiments as shown in the accompanying drawings.

41. A process substantially as hereinbefore described with respect to any one of the embodiments as shown in the accompanying drawings. DATED: 4 December 1990 PHILLIPS ORMONDE FITZPATRICK Attorneys for: ENVIROTECH CORPORATION I I 549, 44 0 S' .Y-4 t Q 9 I 9 0 9 Ct t 1 430 -64 VHF 1