AU5618200A - Chimeric oca-b transcription factors - Google Patents

Description

WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 5 Chimeric OCA-B Transcription Factors Introduction A variety of applications involving gene transcription, including among others, 10 gene therapy, production of biological materials and biological research, depend on the ability to elicit specific and high-level expression of genes encoding RNAs or proteins of therapeutic, commercial or experimental value. Achieving a sufficiently high level of expression for clinical or other utility in genetically engineered cells within whole organisms has often been a limiting problem. Various approaches for addressing this problem, 15 including the search for stronger transcriptional promoters or higher transfection efficiencies, have in many cases not met with success. Meanwhile, in various lines of research with transcription factors, promising results in transient transfection models have not been borne out with chromosomally integrated reporter gene constructs. Furthermore, overexpression of transcription factors is commonly associated with toxicity to the host 20 cell. Despite those precedents, this invention takes a novel approach to the challenge of optimizing heterologous gene expression through new uses of, and new designs for, transcription factor proteins which are expressed within the engineered cells containing the target gene. The invention provides improved methods and materials for achieving high-level expression of a target gene in genetically engineered cells, including genetically 25 engineered cells within whole organisms. Summary of the invention This invention involves improvements in transcription activation domains and their use in fusion proteins referred to as "chimeric transcription factors". The invention further 30 involves DNA sequences encoding those chimeric transcription factors, transcription control sequences responsive to the chimeric transcription factors, target gene constructs containing a target gene operably linked to such a transcription control sequence, genetically engineered cells which contain a target gene construct and a construct for expressing a chimeric transcription factor of the invention, organisms containing such cells, 35 methods for producing such cells and organisms, and methods for using the foregoing in gene therapy, production of biological materials and biological research. Of particular interest are recombinant nucleic acids (typically DNA, although embodiments involving RNA are within the scope of the invention) encoding a chimeric transcription factor which (a) contains at least two mutually heterologous domains 40 comprising all or a part of a transcription activation domain from the B cell-specific transcriptional coactivator OCA-B (also known as OBF-1) and a ligand binding domain, and (b) is capable of activating the transcription of an appropriate target gene construct, discussed below, in a ligand-dependent manner. The OCA-B domain comprises part or all of the peptide sequence spanning positions 201-257 of human OCA-B, or a peptide WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 sequence derived therefrom, capable of activating transcription of a target gene. The OCA-B domain may include OCA-B peptide sequence extending beyond position 201 (i.e., to lower numbers). An "OCA-B domain" as that term is used herein denotes a peptide sequence from usually at least 30 amino acids up to about one hundred amino 5 acids in length, as discussed in further detail and illustrated below. In addition to the OCA-B and ligand binding domains, the chimeric transcription factors may further contain one or more additional, optional domains, including for instance, one or more transcription potentiating domains and/or a nuclear localization sequence. Preferred chimeric transcription factors stimulate transcription of a target gene in a 10 ligand-dependant manner as disclosed in greater detail below. Preferably the difference in level of transcription observed in the presence and absence of ligand, respectively, is at least two, more preferably three, and even more preferably four or more orders of magnitude. In various embodiments the chimeric transcription factor contains one or more 15 copies of one or more OCA-B domains, optionally together with one or more copies of one or more different transcription activation domains, regulatory domains, subdomains or potentiating motifs derived for example from Heat shock factor or other transcription activation domains (collectively, "transcription potentiating domains"). Transcription activation domains comprising a non-naturally occurring peptide sequence containing 20 either two or more heterologous activation domains, one activation domain and two or more copies of a reiterated peptide sequence or two or more copies of a reiterated peptide sequence constitute "composite transcription activation domains". One illustrative class of composite transcription activation domains comprise domains containing (a) two or more OCA-B domains (which may be the same or different) or (b) one or more OCA-B 25 domains together with one or more copies of one or more transcription activation potentiating domains. Transcription potentiating domains are peptide sequences which can be shown to potentiate the transcription activation potency of a transcription factor (relative to the corresponding chimeric transcription factor lacking that potentiating domain). Illustrative 30 potentiating domains comprise motifs which may be selected or derived from the so-called "proline-rich", "glutamine-rich" and "acidic" activation motifs such as the VP1 6 V8 motif (DFDLDMLG), the related "'9" motif (DFDLDMLGG), a human activation motif such as the 14 amino acid acidic motif of human heat shock factor (HSF) or an alanine/proline-rich motif selected from p53 or CTF (preferably human) including such motifs which are 35 homologous to alanine/proline rich motifs within residues 361 - 450 of p65. A wide variety of ligand binding domains may be used in this invention, although ligand binding domains which bind to a cell permeant ligand are generally preferred. It is also preferred that the ligand have a molecular weight under about 5kD, more preferably below 2.5 kD and optimally below about 1500 D. Non-proteinaceous ligands are also 40 preferred. Ligand binding domains include, for example, domains selected or derived from 2 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 (a) an immunophilin (e.g. FKBP 12), cyclophilin or FRAP domain; (b) a hormone receptor such as a receptor for progesterone, ecdysone or another steroid; and (c) an antibiotic receptor such as a tetR domain for binding to tetracycline, doxycycline or other analogs or mimics thereof. 5 A tetR domain useful in the practice of this invention may comprise a naturally occurring peptide sequence of a tetR of any of the various classes (e.g. class A, B, C, D or E) (in which case the absence of the ligand stimulates target gene transcription), or more preferably, comprises a mutated tetR which comprises at least one amino acid substitution, addition or deletion compared to a wild-type tetR, especially those mutated 10 tetR domains in which the presence of the ligand stimulates target gene transcription in a cell engineered in accordance with this invention. For example, mutated tetR domains include mutated Tn1 0-derived tetR domains having an amino acid substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 71, 95, 101 and 102. By way of further illustration, one mutated tetR comprises amino acids 1 - 207 of the Tn10 tetR in which glutamic acid 71 is 15 changed to lysine, aspartic acid 95 is changed to asparagine, leucine 101 is changed to serine and glycine 102 is changed to aspartic acid. Ligands include tetracycline and a wide variety of analogs and mimics of tetracycline, including for example, anhydrotetracycline and doxycycline. Target gene constructs in these embodiments contain a target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence including one or 20 more copies of a DNA sequence recognized by the tetR of interest, including for example, an upstream activator sequence for the appropriate tet operator. See e.g. US Patent No. 5,654,168, the full contents of which are expressly incorporated by reference. A wide variety of DNA binding domains may be used in the practice of this invention, including a domain selected or derived from a GAL4, lexA or composite (e.g. 25 ZFHD1) DNA binding domain, or a DNA binding domain, e.g., in combination with ligand binding domains such as a wt or mutated progesterone receptor domain. TetR domains are discussed in the context of ligand binding domains. In many applications it is preferable to use a DNA binding domain which is heterologous to the cells to be engineered. Heterologous DNA binding domains include those which occur naturally in cell 30 types other than the cells to be engineered as well as composite DNA binding domains containing component portions which are not found in the same continuous polypeptide or gene in nature, at least not in the same order or orientation or with the same spacing present in the composite domain. In the case of composite DNA binding domains, component peptide portions which are endogenous to the cells or organism to be 35 engineered are generally preferred. In the case of the chimeric transcription factors containing a tetR domain, the DNA binding domain is typically provided by the tetR component, and is by its nature heterologous to eukaryotic cells. TetR domains are discussed in further detail in the context of ligand binding domains. 3 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 In embodiments in which an endogenous gene is to be regulatably expressed, a composite DNA binding domain which is selected for recognition of one or more sequences upstream of the target gene may be deployed. Additional information concerning DNA binding domains is provided below. 5 Typically it will be preferred that, to the extent available, each of the various domains incorporated into the design of the chimeric transcription factor contain a peptide sequence which is or is derived from a peptide sequence which naturally occurs in the cells or organism in which the chimeric transcription factor is to be expressed. Thus, human sequences or sequences derived therefrom are preferred for chimeric transcription 10 factors for use in humans. In some cases, such as the ecdysone or tetR cases, the inclusion of non-human sequence may be unavoidable. The encoded chimeric transcription factor may further contain one or more additional domains such as a transcription potentiating domain. Specific examples of such chimeric transcription factors include fusion proteins 15 containing at least: (a) an OCA-B domain and a ligand binding domain containing a peptide sequence selected from within, or derived from, an FKBP, FRB or cyclophilin domain (these will typically be paired with a second fusion protein comprising a DNA binding 20 domain and at least one ligand binding domain which, in the presence of a divalent ligand, forms a ligand-dependent (cross-linked) complex with the OCA-B fusion protein and activates transcription of a target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence containing one or more recognition sequences for the DNA binding domain); 25 (b) an OCA-B domain, a DNA binding domain (e.g. GAL4 or ZFHD1) and a ligand binding domain containing peptide sequence selected from within, or derived from, a hormone receptor such as a progesterone receptor domain (see e.g. WO 93/23431 and WO 98/18925) or ecdysone receptor (see e.g., WO 97/38117 and 30 WO 96/37609); and, (c) an OCA-B domain and a tetR domain, or domain derived therefrom, which binds to a characteristic DNA sequence in a ligand-dependent manner (see e.g., US Patent No. 5,650,298 and 5,654,168). 35 The chimeric transcription factors may further include one or more optional domains, including for example, one or more transcription potentiating domains, and the OCA-B domain may in fact be replaced with a OCA-B-containing composite transcription activation domain as described above. 4 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 The recombinant nucleic acid encoding the chimeric transcription factor may be operably linked to a transcription control sequence permitting expression of the chimeric transcription factor in cells. Such recombinant nucleic acid constructs may be contained within any of a variety of DNA vectors for use in transfecting prokaryotic or eukaryotic 5 cells. A target gene construct may be included in the same vector or may be provided in an additional vector. The recombinant nucleic acid encoding the chimeric transcription factor and optionally a target gene construct may be present within one or more recombinant viruses for delivery (by infection) to cells in vitro or in vivo (i.e., by administration of recombinant virus to the whole organism). Conventional techniques may 10 be used to prepare recombinant viruses harboring the recombinant nucleic acids of this invention. Adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, hybrid adeno-AAV, retroviruses and lentiviruses are of particular interest at present. Compositions containing a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a chimeric transcription factor together with a target gene construct may be included in a kit or 15 package for delivery to researchers, hospitals, physicians or veterinarians. In some cases a "universal" target gene construct may be included in which the target gene is replaced with a cloning site for insertion by the practitioner of any desired coding sequence. Such compositions or kits which are designed for regulated expression may further include a sample of ligand for activating target gene transcription. It should also be 20 noted that the various nucleic acids may be present in vectors, recombinant viruses, etc. as described elsewhere. A recombinant nucleic acid encoding a chimeric transcription factor of this invention may be used to transduce a cell to render it capable of expressing a target gene in a ligand-dependent manner. The chimeric transcription factor is chosen which is capable of 25 stimulating, in a ligand-dependent manner, the transcription of a target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence recognized by the chimeric transcription factor. A target gene construct comprising a desired target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence which is recognized by the chimeric transcription factor nay be transduced into the cell as well, and may be included in the same or a different vector or 30 recombinant virus for this purpose (as the recombinant nucleic acid encoding the chimeric transcription factor). In certain applications, cells are so transduced in vitro. In other applications cells are transduced while present within an organism, generally a human or non-human mammal. 35 Cells containing a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a chimeric transcription factor of this invention are useful in a variety of applications as mentioned above, especially cells which further comprise a target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence which is responsive to the chimeric transcription factor in the presence of a ligand. In order to stimulate transcription of the target gene in such cells, one exposes the 40 cells to a ligand which binds to the chimeric transcription factor. This may be conveniently 5 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 effected by simply adding the ligand to the culture medium, in an effective amount to yield the desired level of transcription. Examples of such cells include the following: (1) A cell containing (a) a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a chimeric transcription 5 factor which comprises an OCA-B domain, a DNA binding domain and a ligand binding domain comprising or derived from a progesterone receptor domain, and (b) a target gene construct which comprises a target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence which contains one or more copies of a DNA sequence recognized by the DNA binding domain of the chimeric transcription factor, the cell being capable of expressing its 1o target gene in a ligand-dependent manner, the ligand being progesterone or an analog or mimic thereof. (2) A cell containing (a) a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a chimeric transcription factor which comprises an OCA-B domain and a tetR domain which binds to a recognized 15 DNA sequence in the presence of its ligand, and (b) a target gene construct which comprises a target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence which contains one or more copies of a DNA sequence recognized by the tetR domain of the chimeric transcription factor, the cell being capable of expressing its target gene in a ligand-dependent manner, the ligand being tetracycline, doxycycline or an analog or mimic 20 thereof. (3) A cell containing (a) a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a chimeric transcription factor which comprises an OCA-B domain and an ecdysone receptor domain capable of binding to a DNA binding protein comprising or derived from the peptide sequence of an 25 RXR protein, and (b) a target gene construct which comprises a target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence which contains one or more copies of a DNA sequence recognized by the RXR, the cell being capable of expressing its target gene in a ligand-dependent manner, the ligand being ecdysone or an analog or mimic thereof. 30 (4) A cell containing (a) a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a chimeric transcription factor which comprises an OCA-B domain and a ligand binding domain containing a peptide sequence selected from within, or derived from, an FKBP, FRB or cyclophilin domain (these will typically be paired with a second fusion protein comprising a DNA binding domain and at least one ligand binding domain which, in the presence of a 35 divalent ligand, forms a ligand-dependent (cross-linked) complex with the OCA-B fusion protein and activates transcription of a target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence containing one or more recognition sequences for the DNA binding domain) and (b) a target gene construct which comprises a target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence which contains one or more copies of a DNA sequence 40 recognized by the DNA binding domain of the second fusion protein, the cell being 6 WO 00/78951 PCTUSOO/16620 capable of expressing its target gene in a ligand-dependent manner, the ligand being rapamycin, FK506, FK1 012 or an analog or mimic thereof. Cells so engineered to express a chimeric transcription factor of this invention and 5 a corresponding target gene construct responsive to such factor in a ligand-dependent manner may be introduced into the host organism, thereby rendering the organism capable of regulated expression of a target gene. A non-human organism containing one or more such cells can be used in research to study the effect of regulated expression of a target gene of possible interest. Such animals may also be used as model systems for 10 the study of various diseases and for the evaluation of drug candidates for treating such diseases. Alternatively, the various recombinant nucleic acids may be introduced directly into the organism to transduce cells in vivo and render a host organism capable of regulated expression of a target gene. Of the various methods for gene delivery, use of one or 15 more recombinant viruses containing the recombinant nucleic acids is currently preferred. Particularly important applications of this methodology involve the use of human subjects as the host organism. To stimulate transcription of a target gene in an organism containing cells transduced with the appropriate recombinant nucleic acids, one administers to the organism, by any acceptable means of administration, a ligand which binds to the 20 chimeric transcription factor expressed in the cells, in an amount effective to yield the desired level of gene transcription. The ligand may be in the form of a pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable composition, delivered by any pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable route of administration. 25 Detailed Description of the Invention Definitions For convenience, the intended meaning of certain terms and phrases used herein 30 are provided below. "Activate" as applied to the expression or transcription of a gene denotes a directly or indirectly observable increase in the production of a gene product, e.g., an RNA or polypeptide encoded by the gene. "Capable of selectively hybridizing" as that phrase is used herein means that 35 two DNA molecules are susceptible to hybridization with one another, despite the presence of other DNA molecules, under hybridization conditions which can be chosen or readily determined empirically by the practitioner of ordinary skill in this art. Such treatments include conditions of high stringency such as washing extensively with buffers containing 0.2 to 6 x SSC, and/or containing 0.1% to 1% SDS, at temperatures 40 ranging from room temperature to 65-75*C. See for example F.M. Ausubel et al., Eds, 7 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, Units 6.3 and 6.4 (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 3d Edition, 1995). "Cells", "host cells" and "genetically engineered cells" refer not only to the particular subject cells but to the progeny or potential progeny of such a cell. Because 5 certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term as used herein. "Cell line" refers to a population of cells capable of continuous or prolonged growth and division in vitro. Often, cell lines are clonal populations derived from a single io progenitor cell. It is further known in the art that spontaneous or induced changes can occur in karyotype during storage or transfer of such clonal populations. Therefore, cells derived from the cell line referred to may not be precisely identical to the ancestral cells or cultures, and the cell line referred to includes such variants. "Composite", "fusion", "chimeric" and "recombinant" denote a material 15 such as a nucleic acid, nucleic acid sequence or polypeptide which contains at least two constituent portions which are mutually heterologous in the sense that they are not otherwise found directly (covalently) linked in nature, e.g. are not found in the same continuous polypeptide or gene in nature, at least not in the same order or orientation or with the same spacing present in the composite, fusion or recombinant product. Such 20 materials contain components derived from at least two different proteins or genes or from at least two non-adjacent portions of the same protein or gene. In general, "composite" refers to portions of different proteins or nucleic acids which are joined together to form a single functional unit, while "fusion" generally refers to two or more functional units which are linked together. "Recombinant" is generally used in the context of nucleic acids or 25 nucleic acid sequences. A "coding sequence" or a sequence which "encodes" a particular polypeptide or RNA, is a nucleic acid sequence which is transcribed (in the case of DNA) and translated (in the case of mRNA) into a polypeptide in vitro or in vivo when placed under the control of an appropriate expression control sequence. The boundaries of the coding 30 sequence are determined by a start codon at the 5' (amino) terminus and a translation stop codon at the 3' (carboxy) terminus. A coding sequence can include, but is not limited to, cDNA from procaryotic or eukaryotic mRNA, genomic DNA sequences from procaryotic or eukaryotic DNA, and even synthetic DNA sequences. A transcription termination sequence will usually be located 3' to the coding sequence. 35 A "construct", e.g., a "nucleic acid construct" or "DNA construct' refers to a nucleic acid or nucleic acid sequence. "Derived from" indicates a peptide or nucleotide sequence selected from within a given sequence. A peptide or nucleotide sequence derived from a named sequence may contain a small number of modifications relative to the parent sequence, in most 40 cases representing deletion, replacement or insertion of less than about 15%, preferably 8 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 less than about 10%, and in many cases less than about 5%, of amino acid residues or base pairs present in the parent sequence. In the case of DNAs, one DNA molecule is also considered to be derived from another if the two are capable of selectively hybridizing to one another. Typically, a derived peptide sequence will differ from a parent 5 sequence by the replacement of up to 5 amino acids, in many cases up to 3 amino acids, and very often by 0 or 1 amino acids. Correspondingly, a derived nucleic acid sequence will differ from a parent sequence by the replacement of up to 15 bases, in many cases up to 9 bases, and very often by 0 - 3 bases. In some cases the amino acid(s) or base(s) is/are deleted rather than replaced. 10 "Divalent", as that term is applied to ligands in this document, denotes a ligand which is capable of forming a complex with at least two protein molecules which contain ligand binding domains, to form a three (or greater number)-component complex. "Domain" refers to a portion of a protein or polypeptide. In the art, domain may refer to a discrete 2' structure. However, as will be apparent from the context used 15 herein, the term "domain" is not intended to be limited to a discrete folding domain. Rather, consideration of a polypeptide sequence as a "domain" in, e.g., a fusion protein herein, can be made simply by the observation that the polypeptide has a specific activity, function or source. Most domains described herein can be derived from proteins ranging from naturally occurring proteins to completely artificial sequences. 20 "DNA recognition sequence" means a DNA sequence which is capable of binding to one or more DNA-binding domains, e.g., of a transcription factor or an engineered polypeptide. "Endogenous" refers to molecules which are naturally occurring in a cell, i.e. prior to the genetic engineering or infection of the cell. 25 "Exogenous" refers to molecules which are not naturally present in the cell, and which have been, e.g., introduced by transfection or transduction of the cell (or the parent cell thereof). "Gene" refers to a nucleic acid molecule or sequence comprising an open reading frame and including at least one exon and (optionally) an intron sequence. The term 30 "intron" refers to a DNA sequence present in a given gene which is not translated into protein and is generally found between exons. "Genetically engineered cells" denotes cells which have been modified by the introduction of recombinant or heterologous nucleic acids (e.g. one or more DNA constructs or their RNA counterparts) and further includes the progeny of such cells which retain part 35 or all of such genetic modification. "Heterologous" as it relates to nucleic acid sequences such as coding sequences and control sequences, denotes sequences that are not normally joined together, and/or are not normally associated with a particular cell. Thus, a "heterologous" region of a nucleic acid construct is a segment of nucleic acid within or attached to another 40 nucleic acid molecule that is not found in association with the other molecule in nature. For 9 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 example, a heterologous region of a construct could include a coding sequence flanked by sequences not found in association with the coding sequence in nature. Another example of a heterologous coding sequence is a construct where the coding sequence itself is not found in nature (e.g., synthetic sequences having codons different from the native gene). 5 Similarly, in the case of a cell transduced with a nucleic acid construct which is not normally present in the cell, the cell and the construct would be considered mutually heterologous for purposes of this invention. Allelic variation or naturally occurring mutational events do not give rise to heterologous DNA, as used herein. "Interact" as used herein is meant to include detectable interactions between 10 molecules, such as can be detected using, for example, a yeast two hybrid assay or by immunoprecipitation. The term interact is also meant to include "binding" interactions between molecules. Interactions may be, for example, protein-protein, protein-nucleic acid, protein-small molecule or small molecule-nucleic acid in nature. "Ligand" refers to any molecule which is capable of interacting with a 15 corresponding protein or protein domain. A ligand can be naturally occurring, or the ligand can be partially or wholly synthetic. The term "modified ligand" refers to a ligand which has been modified such that it does not significantly interact with the naturally occurring receptor of the ligand in its non modified form. Ligands may be formulated and administered to cells or human or non-human animals as disclosed in the various patent 20 documents cited herein. A "ligand binding domain" is a domain which binds to a ligand or analogs or mimics thereof with measurable preference over binding to other materials. For the purpose of this document, DNA is not a ligand, and a DNA binding domain is not a ligand binding domain. 25 "Minimal promoter" refers to the minimal expression control sequence that is necessary for initiating transcription of a selected DNA sequence to which it is operably linked. For example, the term "minimal promoter" may be used to refer to a DNA sequence which is derived from a regulatory region upstream of a gene, contains a TATA box flanked upstream by usually at least 20-30 base pairs and on its 3' end by -100-300 bp, 30 and which has little or no basal promoter activity, i.e., less than about 1% of the promoter activity observed with the full length regulatory region as determined by any measure of transcriptional activity. The terms "promoter" and "transcription control sequence" further encompass "tissue specific" promoters and expression control sequences, i.e., promoters 35 and expression control sequences which effect expression of the selected DNA sequence preferentially in specific cells (e.g., cells of a specific tissue). Gene expression occurs preferentially in a specific cell if expression in this cell type is significantly higher than expression in other cell types. The terms "promoter" and " expression control sequence" also encompass so-called "leaky" promoters and " expression control 40 sequences", which regulate expression of a selected DNA primarily in one tissue, but 10 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 cause expression in other tissues as well. These terms also encompass non-tissue specific promoters and expression control sequences which are active in most cell types. Furthermore, a promoter or expression control sequence can be constitutive i.e. one which is active basally or inducible, i.e., a promoter or expression control sequence 5 which is active primarily in response to a stimulus. A stimulus can be, e.g., a molecule, such as a hormone, a cytokine, a heavy metal, phorbol esters, cyclic AMP (cAMP), or retinoic acid. "Nucleic acid" refers to polynucleotides such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and, where appropriate, ribonucleic acid (RNA). The term should also be understood to 10 include, as equivalents, derivatives, variants and analogs of either RNA or DNA made from nucleotide analogs, and, as applicable to the embodiment being described, single (sense or antisense) and double-stranded polynucleotides. A "DNA binding domain" refers to a polypeptide which interacts, or binds, with a higher affinity to a nucleic acid having a particular nucleotide sequence relative to a 15 nucleic acid having a different nucleotide sequence. "Oligomerization" and "multimerization", used interchangeably herein, refer to the association of two or more proteins which can be constitutive or inducible. Inducible oligomerization is mediated, in the practice of this invention, by the binding of each such protein to a common ligand. "Dimerization" refers to the association of two proteins. The 20 formation of a tripartite (or greater) complex comprising proteins containing one or more FKBP domains together with one or more molecules of an FKBP ligand which is at least divalent (e.g. FK1012 or AP1510) is an example of such association or clustering. In cases where at least one of the proteins contains more than one ligand binding domain, e.g., whereat least one of the proteins contains three FKBP domains, the presence of a 25 divalent ligand leads to the clustering of more than two protein molecules. Embodiments in which the ligand is more than divalent (e.g. trivalent) in its ability to bind to proteins bearing ligand binding domains also can result in clustering of more than two protein molecules. The formation of a tripartite complex comprising a protein containing at least one FRB domain, a protein containing at least one FKBP domain and a molecule of 30 rapamycin is another example of such protein clustering. In certain embodiments of this invention, fusion proteins contain multiple FRB and/or FKBP domains. Complexes of such proteins may contain more than one molecule of rapamycin or a derivative thereof and more than one copy of one or more of the constituent proteins. Again, such multimeric complexes are still referred to herein as tripartite complexes to indicate the presence of the 35 three types of constituent molecules, even if one or more are represented by multiple copies. The formation of complexes containing at least one divalent ligand and at least two molecules of a protein which contains at least one ligand binding domain may be referred to as"oligomerization" or "multimerization", or simply as"dimerization", "clustering" or association". 11 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 "Operably linked" refers to an arrangement of elements wherein the components so described are configured so as to perform their usual function. Thus, a transcription control sequence operably linked to a coding sequence permits expression of the coding sequence. The control sequence need not be contiguous with the coding sequence so 5 long as it functions to direct the expression thereof. Thus, for example, intervening untranslated yet transcribed sequences can be present between a promoter sequence and the coding sequence and the promoter sequence can still be considered "operably linked" to the coding sequence. "Protein", "polypeptide" and "peptide" are used interchangeably herein 10 when referring to a gene product, e.g., as may be encoded by a coding sequence. A "recombinant virus" is a virus particle in which the packaged nucleic acid contains a heterologous portion. A "target gene" is a nucleic acid of interest, the expression of which is modulated according to the methods of the invention. The target gene can be 15 endogenous or exogenous and can integrate into a cell's genome, or remain episomal. The target gene can encode a protein or be a non coding nucleic acid, e.g, a nucleic acid which is transcribed into an antisense RNA or a ribozyme. "Transcription factor" refers to any protein or modified form thereof that is involved in the initiation of transcription but which is not itself a part of the polymerase. 20 Transcription factors are proteins or modified forms thereof, which interact preferentially with specific nucleic acid sequences, i.e., regulatory elements. Some transcription factors are active when they are in the form of a monomer. Alternatively, other transcription factors are active in the form of oligomers consisting of two or more identical proteins or different proteins (heterodimer). The factors have different actions during the 25 transcription initiation: they may interact with other factors, with the RNA polymerase, with the entire complex, with activators, or with DNA. Transcription factors usually contain one or more transcription regulatory domains. 'Transcription activation motifs" as that phrase is used herein means a peptide motif of usually at least 6 amino acid residues which is either a transcription 30 potentiating motif (i.e., it need not have a naturally occurring peptide sequence) or it is associated with a transcription activation domain, including, as non-limiting examples, the well-known "acidic", "glutamine-rich" and "proline-rich" motifs such as the K1 3 motif from p65, the OCT2 Q domain and the OCT2 P domain, respectively. "Transfection" means the introduction of a naked nucleic acid molecule into a 35 recipient cell. "Infection" refers to the process wherein a virus enters the cell in a manner whereby the genetic material of the virus can be expressed in the cell. A "productive infection" refers to the process wherein a virus enters the cell, is replicated, and then released from the cell (sometimes referred to as a "lytic" infection). "Transduction" encompasses the introduction of nucleic acid into cells by any means. 12 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 "Transgene" refers to a nucleic acid sequence which has been introduced into a cell. Daughter cells deriving from a cell in which a transgene has been introduced are also said to contain the transgene (unless it has been deleted). A transgene can encode, e.g., a polypeptide, partly or entirely heterologous to the animal or cell into which it is 5 introduced, or comprises or is derived from an endogenous gene of the animal or cell into which it is introduced, but which is designed to be inserted, or is inserted, into the recipient's genome in such a way as to alter that genome. (e.g., it is inserted at a location which differs from that of the natural gene). Alternatively, a transgene can also be present in an episome. A transgene can include one or more expression control io sequences and any other nucleic acid, (e.g. intron), that may be necessary or desirable for optimal expression of a selected coding sequence. "Transient transfection" refers to cases where exogenous DNA does not integrate into the genome of a transfected cell, e.g., where episomal DNA is transcribed into mRNA and translated into protein. A cell has been "stably transfected" with a nucleic 15 acid construct when the nucleic acid construct has been integrated into the genome of that cell. "Wild-type" means naturally occurring in a normal cell. 20 Components of the system and additional details The system, as employed in cells, comprises: (1) a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding and capable of directing the expression of a chimeric transcription factor protein as described above; and, (2) a target gene construct containing a target gene and a transcription control sequence permitting transcription of the target gene under 25 the direction of the chimeric transcription factor and in a ligand-dependent manner. The transcription control sequence comprises a DNA promoter sequence and one or more copies of a DNA recognition sequence to which the transcription factor is capable of binding ("recognizing"). In embodiments in which the chimeric transcription factor does not include a DNA binding domain, a second recombinant nucleic acid is included which 30 encodes an accessory chimeric protein comprising at least one DNA binding domain and a ligand binding domain permitting ligand-dependent crosslinking with the chimeric transcription factor protein to form a two-hybrid-type chimeric transcription factor complex, capable of recognizing the target gene's transcription control sequence and stimulating transcription of the target gene in a ligand-dependent manner. 35 1. Transcription Activation Domains Chimeric transcription factors of this invention contain one or more copies of one or more OCA-B domains, one or more ligand binding domains, and optionally one or more 40 copies of one or more regulatory domains, transcription activation domains or potentiating 13 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 domains. Such additional activation domains may be selected from peptide sequences of naturally occurring transcription factors such as the widely used transcription activation domain of Herpes Simplex Virus VP1 6, may be derived from such sequences or may comprise a composite transcription activation region. A composite transcription activation 5 region consists of a continuous polypeptide region containing two or more reiterated or mutually heterologous component polypeptide portions. The component polypeptide portions comprise polypeptide sequences derived from at least two different proteins, polypeptide sequences from at least two non-adjacent portions of the same protein, polypeptide sequences which are not found so linked in nature (including reiterated 10 copies of a polypeptide sequence) or non-naturally occurring peptide sequence. Preferably the activation domain or component peptide sequences thereof are selected or derived from peptide sequences endogenous to the cells or organism to be engineered. For example, NF-kB p65 turned out to be an important source of transcription activation domains and motifs. p65(450-550) is a known transcription activation domain 15 and methods and materials for using it are disclosed in Natesan and Gilman, USSN 09/ 096,732, the full contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Like p65 and VP1 6, the Heat Shock transcription factor is a potent transcriptional activator that belongs to the class of activation domains known as the acidic, hydrophobic transcription factors. Chimeric proteins containing HSF activation domains are disclosed in USSN 09/262,600, 20 the full contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. OCA-B (also known as OBF-1) was originally identified as a B-cell specific co activator. It has no intrinsic DNA binding activity, but by association with either Oct-1 or Oct-2, OCA-B can activate transcription in an octamer-site dependent manner. The OCA-B mRNA is expressed in a highly cell-specific manner and stimulates 25 immunoglobulin promoter activity in B cells (Strubin et al., Cell 80:497-506, 1995). Recent studies indicate that, like the HSV VP1 6 activation domain, the OCA-B transcription activation domain stabilizes Oct-1 on the Oct-1 responsive octamer sequence (Babb et al., Mol Cell Biol 17:2430, 1997). One class of OCA-B-based chimeric transcription factors contains more than one 30 copy of a OCA-B-derived domain. Such proteins will typically contain two to six copies of a peptide sequence comprising all or a portion of OCA-B(201-257), or peptide sequence derived therefrom. Such transcription factors may contain one or more ligand binding domains to provide for regulation as described elsewhere herein, and in some cases additional other domains. 35 Chimeric transcription factors of this invention may contain, in addition to one or more copies of a OCA-B activation domain such as described above, one or more copies of one or more heterologous peptide sequences which potentiate the transcription activation potency of the transcription factor, as measured by any means. Inclusion of such motifs, including the so-called "glutamine-rich", "proline-rich" and "acidic" transcription 14 WO 00/78951 PCT/US00/1 6620 activation motifs, in combination with a primary activation domain can result in extremely high levels of transcription. A wide variety of transcription activation domains and motifs can be used in the practice of the present invention in conjunction with OCA-B-based domains. 5 Polypeptides which can function to activate transcription in eukaryotic cells are well known in the art. In particular, transcription activation domains have been described for many transcription factors and have been shown to retain their activation function when the transcription activation domain, or a suitable fragment thereof, is present within a fusion protein. 10 Activation domains can comprise naturally occurring or non-naturally occurring peptide sequences, so long as, either alone or in combination with other activation domains, they are capable of activating transcription. Any particular activation domain is preferably at least 6 amino acids in length. Naturally occurring activation domain subunits or motifs include portions of transcription factors. For example, a domain that can be used 15 in combination with the OCA-B activation domain is the LZ4 (leucine zipper 4) region of HSF1, comprising amino acids 371-430. Other motifs from heat shock factor proteins may also be used, such as the acidic motif DLDSSLASIQELLS, spanning amino acids 431 444 of human HSF1, or the motif comprising amino acids 409-444 of HSF1. Domains from other transcription factors may also be used, such as a thirty amino acid fragment of the 20 C-terminus of VP1 6 (amino acids 461-490), referred to herein as "Vc". Other activation domain subunits are derivatives of naturally occurring peptides. For example, the replacement of one amino acid of a naturally occurring activation unit by another may further increase activation. An example of such an activation unit is a derivative of an eight amino acid peptide of VP1 6, the derivative having the amino acid sequence 25 DFDLDMLG. Yet other activation units are entirely synthetic. It is known, for example, that certain random alignments of acidic amino acids are capable of activating transcription. It is well known in the art that certain transcription factors are active only in specific cell types. By using tissue specific activation domains, it is possible to design a 30 transcription factor having a certain tissue specificity. One source of polypeptide motifs for use in conjunction with OCA-B-based activation domains is the herpes simplex virus virion protein 16 (referred to herein as VP1 6, the amino acid sequence of which is disclosed in Triezenberg, S.J. et al. (1988) Genes Dev. 2:718-729). In one embodiment, an activation domain corresponding to 35 about 127 of the C-terminal amino acids of VP1 6 is used. For example, a polypeptide having amino acid residues 208-335 can be used as an auxilliary activation domain. In another embodiment, at least one copy of about 11 amino acids from the C-terminal region of VP1 6 which retain transcription activation ability is used as an additional activation domain. Preferably, an oligomer of this region (i.e., about 22 amino acids) is used. 40 Suitable C-terminal peptide portions of VP1 6 are described in Seipel, K. et al. (EMBO J. 15 WO 00/78951 PCTUSOO/16620 (1992) 13:4961-4968). VP16-derived transcription activation domains have been used successfully in many of the different regulated expression systems referred to herein. Another example of an acidic activation domain is provided in residues 753-881 of GAL4. 5 Other illustrative activation domains and motifs of human origin include the activation domain of human CTF, the 18 amino acid (NFLQLPQQTQGALLTSQP) glutamine rich region of Oct-2, the N-terminal 72 amino acids of p53, the SYGQQS repeat in Ewing sarcoma gene and an 11 amino acid (535-545) acidic rich region of Rel A protein. Various additional activation domains, motifs and chimeric transcription factors are 10 provided in the examples which follow. See also USSN 08/920,610, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, especially for additional information concerning sources of activation domains and motifs that may be used in combination with OCA-B domains in the chimeric transcription domains of this invention. 15 2. Ligand binding domains The chimeric transcription factors contain at least one OCA-B domain and one ligand binding domain, but function, in the various embodiments, through different molecular mechanisms. 20 A. Dimerization-based systems In certain embodiments, the ligand binding domain permits ligand-mediated cross linking of the chimeric transcription factor with a second fusion protein (which contains at least one ligand binding domain and DNA binding domain). In these cases, the ligand is at least divalent and functions as a dimerizing agent by binding to the two fusion proteins 25 and forming a cross-linked heterodimeric complex which activates target target gene expression. See e.g. WO 94/18317, WO 96/20951, WO 96/06097, WO 97/31898, WO 96/41865, and PCT US98/17723, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In other embodiments, the ligand binding event is thought to result in an allosteric 30 change in the chimeric transcription factor leading to binding of the fusion protein to a target DNA sequence [see e.g. US 5,654,168 and 5,650,298 (tet systems), and WO 93/23431 and WO 98/18925 (RU486-based systems)] or to another protein [see e.g. WO 96/37609 and WO 97/38117 (ecdysone/RXR-based systems)], in either case, modulating target gene expression. 35 In the cross-linking-based dimerization systems the fusion proteins can contain one or more ligand binding domains (in some cases containing two, three or four such domains) and can further contain one or more additional domains, heterologous thereto, including e.g. a DNA binding domain, transcription activation domain, etc. In general, any ligand/ligand binding domain pair may be used in such systems. 40 For example, ligand binding domains may be derived from an immunophilin such as an 16 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 FKBP, cyclophilin, FRB domain, hormone receptor protein, antibody, etc., so long as a ligand is known or can be identified for the ligand binding domain. For the most part, the receptor domains will be at least about 50 amino acids, and fewer than about 350 amino acids, usually fewer than 200 amino acids, either as the 5 natural domain or truncated active portion thereof. Preferably the binding domain will be small (<25 kDa, to allow efficient transfection in viral vectors), monomeric, nonimmunogenic, and should have synthetically accessible, cell permeant, nontoxic ligands as described above. Preferably the ligand binding domain is for (i.e., binds to) a ligand which is not 1o itself a gene product (i.e., is not a protein), has a molecular weight of less than about 5 kD and preferably less than about 3 kD, and is cell permeant. In many cases it will be preferred that the ligand does not have an intrinsic pharmacologic activity or toxicity which interferes with its use as a transcription regulator. The DNA sequence encoding the ligand binding domain can be subjected to 15 mutagenesis for a variety of reasons. The mutagenized ligand binding domain can provide for higher binding affinity, allow for discrimination by a ligand between the mutant and naturally occurring forms of the ligand binding domain, provide opportunities to design ligand-ligand binding domain pairs, or the like. The change in the ligand binding domain can involve directed changes in amino acids known to be involved in ligand binding or 20 with ligand-dependent conformational changes. Alternatively, one may employ random mutagenesis using combinatorial techniques. In either event, the mutant ligand binding domain can be expressed in an appropriate prokaryotic or eukaryotic host and then screened for desired ligand binding or conformational properties. Examples involving FKBP, cyclophilin and FRB domains are disclosed in detail in WO 94/18317, WO 25 96/06097, WO 97/31898 and WO 96/41865). Illustrative of this situation is to modify FKBP1 2's Phe36 to Ala and/or Asp37 to Gly or Ala to accommodate a substituent at positions 9 or 10 of FK506 or FK520. In particular, mutant FKBP12 moieties which contain Val, Ala, Gly, Met or other small amino acids in place of one or more of Tyr26, Phe36, Asp37, Tyr82 and Phe99 are of particular interest as receptor domains for FK506-type 30 and FK-520-type ligands containing modifications at C9 and/or C10. Illustrative mutations of current interest in FKBP domains also include the following: F36A Y26V F46A W59A F36V Y26S F48H H87W F36M D37A F48L H87R F36S 190A F48A F36V/F99A F99A 191A E54A/F36V/F99G F99G F46H E54K/F36M/F99A Y26A F46L V55A F36M/F99G 17 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 Table 1: Entries identify the native amino acid by single letter code and sequence position, followed by the replacement amino acid in the mutant. Thus, F36V designates a human FKBP1 2 sequence in which phenylalanine at position 36 is replaced by valine. 5 F36V/F99A indicates a double mutation in which phenylalanine at positions 36 and 99 are replacedby valine and alanine, respectively. Illustrative examples of rapamycin-binding domains are those which include an approximately 89-amino acid rapamycin-binding domain from FRAP, e.g., containing 10 residues 2025-2113 of human FRAP. Another preferred portion of FRAP is a 93 amino acid fragment consisting of amino acids 2021-2113. Similar considerations apply to the generation of mutant FRAP-derived domains which bind preferentially to rapamycin analogs (rapalogs) containing modifications (i.e., are 'bumped') relative to rapamycin in the FRAP-binding effector domain. For example, one may obtain preferential binding using 15 rapalogs bearing substituents other than -OMe at the C7 position with FRBs based on the human FRAP FRB peptide sequence but bearing amino acid substitutions for one of more of the residues Tyr2038, Phe2039, Thr2098, Gln2099, Trp2l 01 and Asp2102. Exemplary mutations include Y2038H, Y2038L, Y2038V, Y2038A, F2039H, F2039L, F2039A, F2039V, D2102A, T2098A, T2098N, T2098L, and T2098S. Rapalogs bearing 20 substituents other than -OH at C28 and/or substituents other than =0 at C30 may be used to obtain preferential binding to FRAP proteins bearing an amino acid substitution for Glu2032. Exemplary mutations include E2032A and E2032S. Proteins comprising an FRB containing one or more amino acid replacements at the foregoing positions, libraries of proteins or peptides randomized at those positions (i.e., containing various substituted 25 amino acids at those residues), libraries randomizing the entire protein domain, or combinations of these sets of mutants are made using the procedures described above to identify mutant FRAPs that bind preferentially to bumped rapalogs. See, for example, USSN 09/012,097, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Other macrolide binding domains useful in the present invention, including mutants 30 thereof, are described in the art. See, for example, W096/41865, W096/13613, W096/061 11, W096/061 10, W096/06097, W096/12796, W095/05389, W095/02684, W094/18317, each of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein. The ability to employ in vitro mutagenesis or combinatorial modifications of sequences encoding proteins allows for the production of libraries of proteins which can 35 be screened for binding affinity for different ligands. For example, one can totally randomize a sequence of 1 to 5, 10 or more codons, at one or more sites in a DNA sequence encoding a binding protein, make an expression construct and introduce the expression construct into a unicellular microorganism, and develop a library. One can then screen the library for binding affinity to one or desirably a plurality of ligands. The 40 best affinity sequences which are compatible with the cells into which they would be introduced can then be used as the ligand binding domain. The ligand would be screened with the host cells to be used to determine the level of binding of the ligand to 18 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 endogenous proteins. A binding profile could be defined weighting the ratio of binding affinity to the mutagenized binding domain with the binding affinity to endogenous proteins. Those ligands which have the best binding profile could then be used as the ligand. Phage display techniques, as a non-limiting example, can be used in carrying out 5 the foregoing. In other embodiments, antibody subunits, e.g. heavy or light chain, particularly fragments, more particularly all or part of the variable region, or fusions of heavy and light chain to create single chain antibodies, can be used as the ligand binding domain. Antibodies can be prepared against haptenic molecules which are physiologically 10 acceptable and the individual antibody subunits screened for binding affinity. The cDNA encoding the subunits can be isolated and modified by deletion of the constant region, portions of the variable region, mutagenesis of the variable region, or the like, to obtain a binding protein domain that has the appropriate affinity for the ligand. In this way, almost any physiologically acceptable haptenic compound can be employed as the ligand or to 15 provide an epitope for the ligand. Instead of antibody units, natural receptors can be employed, where the binding domain is known and there is a useful ligand for binding. In yet another embodiment of the invention, the DNA binding unit is linked to more than one ligand binding domain. For example, a DNA binding domain can be linked to at least 2, 3, 4, or 5 ligand binding domains. A DNA binding domain can also be linked to at least 5 20 ligand binding domains or any number of ligand binding domains. In such embodiments, the ligand binding domains can be, by illustration, linked to each other in a linear array, by linking the NH2-terminus of one ligand binding domain to the COOH-terminus of another ligand binding domain. Thus, more than one molecule of a chimeric transcription factor can be cross-linked to a single DNA binding domain in the presence of a divalent 25 ligand. B. Allostery-based systems As mentioned previously, ligand-dependent transcription regulation switches based on allosteric changes in a chimeric transcription factor are also useful in practicing 30 the subject invention. One such switch employs a deletion mutant of the human progesterone receptor which no longer binds progesterone or any known endogenous steroid but can be activated by the orally active progesterone antagonist RU486, described, e.g, in Wang et al. (1994) Proc. NatI. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:8180. The transcription factor in this system generally consists of a ligand binding domain for binding 35 RU486, a DNA binding domain such as GAL4 and an activation domain, typically VP1 6. Activation was demonstrated, e.g, in cells transplanted into mice using doses of RU486 (5-50 g/kg) considerably below the usual dose for inducing abortion in humans (10 mg/kg). However, according to the art describing this system, the induction ratio in culture and in animals was rather low. 19 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 Another such system is referred to as the ecdysone inducible system. Early work demonstrated that fusing the Drosophila steroid ecdysone (Ec) receptor (EcR) Ec binding domain to heterologous DNA binding and activation domains, such as E. coli lexA and herpesvirus VP1 6 permits ecdysone-dependent activation of target genes 5 downstream of appropriate binding sites (Christopherson et al. (1992) Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:6314). An improved ecdysone regulation system has been developed, using the DNA binding domain of the EcR itself. In this system, the regulating transcription factor is provided as two proteins: (1) a truncated, mutant EcR fused to herpes VP1 6 and (2) the mammalian homolog (RXR) of Ultraspiracle protein (USP), which 10 heterodimerizes with the EcR (No et al. (1996) Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:3346). In this system, because the DNA binding domain was also recognized by a human receptor (the human farnesoid X receptor), it was altered to a site recognized only by the mutant EcR. Thus, the invention provides an ecdysone inducible system, in which a truncated mutant EcR is fused to at least one subunit of a transcription activator of the invention. 15 The transcription factor further comprises USP, thereby providing high level induction of transcription of a target gene having the EcR target sequence, dependent on the presence of ecdysone. In another embodiment, the inducible system comprises the E. coli tet repressor (TetR), which binds to tet operator (tetO) sequences upstream of target genes. In the 20 presence of tetracycline, or an analog, which bind to tetR, DNA binding is abolished and thus transactivation is abolished. This system, in which the TetR had previously been linked to transcription activation domains, e.g, from VP1 6, is generally referred to as an allosteric "off-switch" described by Gossen and Bujard (Proc. NatI. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1992) 89:5547) and in U.S. Patents 5,464,758; 5,650,298; and 5,589,362 by Bujard et 25 al. Furthermore, depending on the concentration of the antibiotic in the culture medium (0-1 mu g/ml), target gene expression can be regulated over concentrations up to several orders of magnitude. Thus, the system not only allows differential control of the activity of an individual gene in eukaryotic cells but also is suitable for creation of "on/off" situations for such genes in a reversible way. This system provides target gene expression in the 30 absence of tetracycline or an analog. Thus, the invention described herein provides a method for obtaining even stronger transcription induction of a target gene, which is regulatable by the tetracycline system or other inducible DNA binding domain. In another embodiment, a "reverse" Tet system is used, again based on a DNA binding domain that is a mutant of the E. coli TetR, but which binds to TetO in the 35 presence of Tet. Additional information on mutated tetR-based systems is provided above and in patent documents cited previously. Thus, the invention described herein provides a method for obtaining even stronger transcription induction of a target gene in the presence of tetracycline or an analog thereof from a very low background in the absence of tetracycline. 40 20 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 3. Ligands of the invention In various embodiments where the a ligand binding domain for the ligand is endogenous to the cells to be engineered, it is desirable to use a ligand which preferentially binds to a modified ligand binding domain relative to a naturally occurring 5 peptide sequence, e.g., from this the modified domain was derived. This approach can avoid untoward intrinsic activities of the ligand. Significant guidance and illustrative examples toward that end are provided in the various references cited herein. A. Cross-linking/dimerization systems 10 Any ligand for which a binding protein or ligand binding domain is known or can be identified may be used in combination with such ligand binding domain in carrying out this invention. Extensive guidance and examples are provided in WO 94/18317 for ligands and other components useful for cross-linked oligomerization-based systems. Systems 15 based on ligands for an immunophilin such as FKBP, a cyclophilin, and/or FRB domain are of special interest. Illustrative examples of ligand binding domain/ligand pairs that may be used for cross-linking include, but are not limited to: FKBP/FK1 012 , FKBP/synthetic divalent FKBP ligands (see WO 96/06097 and WO 97/31898), FRB/rapamycin or analogs thereof:FKBP (see e.g., WO 93/33052, WO 96/41865 and Rivera et al, "A 20 humanized system for pharmacologic control of gene expression", Nature Medicine 2(9):1028-1032 (1997)), cyclophilin/cyclosporin (see e.g. WO 94/18317), FKBP/FKCsA/cyclophilin (see e.g. Belshaw et al, 1996, PNAS 93:4604-4607), DHFR/methotrexate (see e.g. Licitra et al, 1996, Proc. NatI. Acad. Sci. USA 93:12817-12821), and DNA gyrase/coumermycin (see e.g. Farrar et al, 1996, Nature 25 383:178-181). Numerous variations and modifications to ligands and ligand binding domains, as well as methodologies for designing, selecting and/or characterizing them, which may be adapted to the present invention are disclosed in the cited references. B. Allostety-based systems For additional guidance on ligands for other systems which may be adapted to this 30 invention, see e.g. (Gossen and Bujard Proc. NatL. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1992 89:5547, and US Patent Nos. 5654168, 5650298, 5589362 and 5464758 (TetR/tetracycline), Wang et al, 1994, Proc. NatI. Acad. Sci. USA 91:8180-8184 (progesterone receptor/RU486), and No et al, 1996, Proc. NatI. Acad.. Sci. USA 93:3346-3351 (ecdysone receptor/ecdysone). 35 4. DNA-binding domains Regulated expression systems relevant to this invention involve the use of a protein containing a DNA binding domain to selectively target a desired gene for 40 expression. In systems based on ligand-mediated cross-linking, the DNA binding domain 21 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 can be provided in a fusion protein with one or more ligand binding domains. In certain embodiments based on allosteric mechanisms, e.g. the tetR and progesterone-R-based systems, the transcription activation domain is provided as part of a fusion protein which further comprises a DNA-binding domain. 5 Various DNA binding domains may be incorporated into the design of the chimeric transcription factor (or companion fusion protein) so long as a corresponding DNA "recognition" sequence is known or can be identified to which the domain is capable of binding. One or more copies of the recognition sequence are incorporated into the transcription control sequence of the target gene construct. Peptide sequence of human 10 origin is often preferred, where available, for uses in human gene therapy. Composite DNA binding domains provide one means for achieving novel sequence specificity for the protein-DNA binding interaction. An illustrative composite DNA binding domain containing component peptide sequences of human origin is ZFHD-1 which is described in detail below. Individual DNA-binding domains may be further modified by mutagenesis to 15 decrease, increase, or change the recognition specificity of DNA binding. These modifications could be achieved by rational design of substitutions in positions known to contribute to DNA recognition (often based on homology to related proteins for which explicit structural data are available). For example, in the case of a homeodomain, substitutions can be made in amino acids in the N-terminal arm, first loop, second helix, 20 and third helix known to contact DNA. In zinc fingers, substitutions can be made at selected positions in the DNA recognition helix. Alternatively, random methods, such as selection from a phage display library could be used to identify altered domains with increased affinity or altered specificity. Individual DNA-binding domains may be further modified by mutagenesis to decrease, increase, or change the recognition specificity of 25 DNA binding. These modifications could be achieved by rational design of substitutions in positions known to contribute to DNA recognition (often based on homology to related proteins for which explicit structural data are available). For example, in the case of a homeodomain, substitutions can be made in amino acids in the N-terminal arm, first loop, second helix, and third helix known to contact DNA. In zinc fingers, substitutions can be 30 made at selected positions in the DNA recognition helix. Alternatively, random methods, such as selection from a phage display library can be used to identify altered domains with increased affinity or altered specificity. One type of DNA binding domain of interest is a DNA binding domain which binds to a characteristic DNA sequence in a ligand-dependent manner. This sort of DNA binding 35 domain is exemplified by the Tet repressor (tetR) and mutated versions thereof which are discussed in detail elsewhere herein and in various cited references. See the various patent and scientific documents cited herein, and in particular, WO 96/20951, WO 94/18317 and USSN 60/084819 for additional guidance on DNA binding domains and their use ins such systems, as well as on other aspects of this 40 invention. 22 WO 00/78951 PCT/USO0/16620 5. Regulatory domains Domains which regulate the transcriptional activity of OCA-B-containing chimeric transcription factors may be included in the chimeric transcription factors of this invention. 5 Such domains may be, for example, multimerization domains, as described in Natesan USSN 09/140,149. One example of such a multimerization domain is the trimerization domain which spans amino acids 126-217 of human HSF1. This domain is required for DNA binding to the wild-type heat shock transcription factor (Morimoto 1998, Genes and Development 12:3788-3796) and may be used e.g., as previously disclosed, to recruit 10 additional activation domains to the promoter. Optionally, the regulatory domain of HSF1, comprising amino acids 201-371, may be used in the chimeric transcription factors of this invention. In some embodiments, a smaller fragment comprising amino acids 221-310 may be used. In yet other embodiments, a minimal regulatory domain comprising amino acids 300-310 which contains the serine phosphorylation sites at positions 303 and 307 15 may be used. If desired, one or more of the serines at positions 303 and 307 in the context of the full length or minimal regulatory domain may be replaced by different amino acids. As described in Green et al., supra, the regulatory domain negatively regulates the transcriptional activity of the HSF activation domain in the wild type transcription factor as well as in fusion proteins containing the GAL4 DNA binding domain. If lower levels of 20 transcriptional activation are required or desired, this domain may be fused to the OCA-B domain alone or in combination with other potentiating or regulatory domains. Another regulatory domain which may be used in combination with an OCA-B domain in the practice of this invention comprises the peptide sequence spanning amino acids 280-360 of human NF-kb p65. In constructs expressing p65(281-550), the 25 regulatory region stabilizes the activation domain (361-550) and allows higher levels of transcription factor to be expressed in the cell. 6. Additional domains Additional domains may be included in chimeric proteins of this invention. For 30 example, the chimeric proteins may contain a nuclear localization sequence which provides for translocation of the protein to the nucleus. Typically a nuclear localization sequence has a plurality of basic amino acids, referred to as a bipartite basic repeat (reviewed in Garcia-Bustos et al, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (1991) 1071, 83-101). This sequence can appear in any portion of the molecule internal or proximal to the N- or 35 C-terminus and results in the chimeric protein being localized inside the nucleus. The chimeric proteins may include domains that facilitate their purification, e.g. "histidine tags" or a glutathione-S-transferase domain. They may include "epitope tags" encoding peptides recognized by known monoclonal antibodies for the detection of proteins within cells or the capture of proteins by antibodies in vitro. 23 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 Transcription factors can be tested for activity in vivo using a simple assay (F.M. Ausubel et al., Eds., CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLEcULAR BIOLOGY (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994); de Wet et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 7:725 (1987)). The in vivo assay requires a plasmid containing and capable of directing the expression of a recombinant DNA 5 sequence encoding the transcription factor. The assay also requires a plasmid containing a reporter gene , e.g., the luciferase gene, the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene, secreted alkaline phosphatase or the human growth hormone (hGH) gene, linked to a binding site for the transcription factor. The two plasmids are introduced into host cells which normally do not produce interfering levels of the reporter gene product. A second 10 group of cells, which also lack both the gene encoding the transcription factor and the reporter gene, serves as the control group and receives a plasmid containing the gene encoding the transcription factor and a plasmid containing the test gene without the binding site for the transcription factor. The production of mRNA or protein encoded by the reporter gene is measured. An 15 increase in reporter gene expression not seen in the controls indicates that the transcription factor is a positive regulator of transcription. If reporter gene expression is less than that of the control, the transcription factor is a negative regulator of transcription. Optionally, the assay may include a transfection efficiency control plasmid. This plasmid expresses a gene product independent of the test gene, and the amount of this 20 gene product indicates roughly how many cells are taking up the plasmids and how efficiently the DNA is being introduced into the cells. Additional guidance on evaluating chimeric proteins of this invention is provided below. 7. Transcription factors, additional comments. 25 In engineering cells for or in whole animals in accordance with this invention, it will often be preferred, and in some cases required, that the various domains or subdomains of the chimeric transcription factors be derived from proteins of the same species as the host cell. Thus, for genetic engineering of human cells, it is often preferred that component peptide sequences of human origin be used in some or all cases, rather than of bacterial, 30 yeast or other non-human source. Transcription factor constructs generally contain (1) a promoter region consisting minimally of a TATA box and initiator sequence but optionally including other transcription factor binding sites; (2) DNA sequence encoding the desired transcription factor, including sequences that promote the initiation and termination of translation, if appropriate; (3) an optional sequence consisting of a splice donor, splice 35 acceptor, and intervening intron DNA; and (4) a sequence directing cleavage and polyadenylation of the resulting RNA transcript. The practitioner may select a conventional promoter such as the widely used hCMV promoter region It will be preferred in certain embodiments, especially where DNA is introduced into an animal for uptake by cells in situ, that the transcription factors be expressed in a 40 cell-specific or tissue-specific manner. Such specificity of expression may be achieved 24 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 by operably linking one or more of the DNA sequences encoding the chimeric protein(s) to a cell-type specific transcriptional regulatory sequence (e.g. promoter/enhancer). Numerous cell-type specific transcriptional regulatory sequences are known. Others may be obtained from genes which are expressed in a cell-specific manner. For example, 5 constructs for expressing the chimeric proteins may contain regulatory sequences derived from genes known to exhibit expression in selected tissues. See e.g. PCT/US95/10591, especially pp. 36-37. 8. Target gene constructs 1o A DNA construct that enables transcription of a target gene to be regulated by a transcription factor in accordance with this invention comprises a DNA molecule which includes a synthetic transcription unit typically consisting of: (1) one copy or multiple copies of a DNA sequence recognized with high-affinity by the transcription factor or one or more of its component DNA binding domains; (2) a promoter sequence consisting 15 minimally of a TATA box and initiator sequence but optionally including other transcription factor binding sites; (3) sequence encoding the desired product, including sequences that promote the initiation and termination of translation, if appropriate; (4) an optional sequence consisting of a splice donor, splice acceptor, and intervening intron DNA; and (5) a sequence directing cleavage and polyadenylation of the resulting RNA transcript. 20 Typically the gene construct contains a copy of the target gene to be expressed, operably linked to a transcription control sequence comprising a minimal promoter and one or more copies of a DNA recognition sequence responsive to the transcription factor. (a) Target genes 25 A wide variety of genes can be employed as the target gene, including genes that encode a therapeutic protein, antisense sequence or ribozyme of interest. The target gene can be any sequence of interest which provides a desired phenotype. It can encode a surface membrane protein, a secreted protein, a cytoplasmic protein, or there can be a plurality of target genes encoding different products. The target gene may be 30 an antisense sequence which can modulate a particular pathway by inhibiting a transcriptional regulation protein or turn on a particular pathway by inhibiting the translation of an inhibitor of the pathway. The target gene can encode a ribozyme which may modulate a particular pathway by interfering, at the RNA level, with the expression of a relevant transcriptional regulator or with the expression of an inhibitor of a particular 35 pathway. The proteins which are expressed, singly or in combination, can involve homing, cytotoxicity, proliferation, immune response, inflammatory response, clotting or dissolving of clots, hormonal regulation, etc. The proteins expressed may be naturally occurring proteins, mutants of naturally-occurring proteins, unique sequences, or combinations thereof. 25 WO 00/78951 PCT/USO0/16620 Various secreted products include hormones, such as insulin, human growth hormone, glucagon, pituitary releasing factor, ACTH, melanotropin, relaxin, etc.; growth factors, such as EGF, IGF-1, TGF-alpha, -beta, PDGF, G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF, FGF, erythropoietin, thrombopoletin, megakaryocytic stimulating and growth factors, etc.; 5 interleukins, such as IL-1 to -13; TNF-alpha and -beta, etc.; and enzymes and other factors, such as tissue plasminogen activator, members of the complement cascade, perforins, superoxide dismutase, coagulation factors, antithrombin-ll, Factor VIlIc, vWF, Factor IX, alpha-anti-trypsin, protein C, protein S, endorphins, dynorphin, bone morphogenetic protein, CFTR, etc. 10 The gene can encode a naturally-occurring surface membrane protein or a protein made so by introduction of an appropriate signal peptide and transmembrane sequence. Various such proteins include homing receptors, e.g. L-selectin (Mel-14), blood-related proteins, particularly having a kringle structure, e.g. Factor VIic, Factor VIIIvW, hematopoietic cell markers, e.g. CD3, CD4, CD8, B cell receptor, TCR subunits alpha, 15 beta, gamma or delta, CD10, CD19, CD28, CD33, CD38, CD41, etc., receptors, such as the interleukin receptors IL-2R, IL-4R, etc., channel proteins, for influx or efflux of ions, e.g. H+, Ca+ 2 , K+, Na+, C-, etc., and the like; CFTR, tyrosine activation motif, zap-70, etc. Proteins may be modified for transport to a vesicle for exocytosis. By adding the 20 sequence from a protein which is directed to vesicles, where the sequence is modified proximal to one or the other terminus, or situated in an analogous position to the protein source, the modified protein will be directed to the Golgi apparatus for packaging in a vesicle. This process in conjunction with the presence of the chimeric proteins for exocytosis allows for rapid transfer of the proteins to the extracellular medium and a 25 relatively high localized concentration. Also, intracellular proteins can be of interest, such as proteins in metabolic pathways, regulatory proteins, steroid receptors, transcription factors, etc., depending upon the nature of the host cell. Some of the proteins indicated above can also serve as intracellular proteins. 30 By way of further illustration, in T-cells, one may wish to introduce genes encoding one or both chains of a T-cell receptor. For B-cells, one could provide the heavy and light chains for an immunoglobulin for secretion. For cutaneous cells, e.g. keratinocytes, particularly stem cells keratinocytes, one could provide for protection against infection, by secreting alpha, beta or gamma interferon, antichemotactic factors, 35 proteases specific for bacterial cell wall proteins, etc. In addition to providing for expression of a gene having therapeutic value, there will be many situations where one may wish to direct a cell to a particular site. The site can include anatomical sites, such as lymph nodes, mucosal tissue, skin, synovium, lung or other internal organs or functional sites, such as clots, injured sites, sites of surgical 40 manipulation, inflammation, infection, etc. By providing for expression of surface 26 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 membrane proteins which will direct the host cell to the particular site by providing for binding at the host target site to a naturally-occurring epitope, localized concentrations of a secreted product can be achieved. Proteins of interest include homing receptors, e.g. L selectin, GMP140, CLAM-1, etc., or addressins, e.g. ELAM-1, PNAd, LNAd, etc., clot 5 binding proteins, or cell surface proteins that respond to localized gradients of chemotactic factors. There are numerous situations where one would wish to direct cells to a particular site, where release of a therapeutic product could be of great value. (b) Minimal Promoters. 10 Minimal promoters may be selected from a wide variety of known sequences, including promoter regions from fos, hCMV, SV40 and IL-2, among many others. Illustrative examples are provided which use a minimal CMV promoter or a minimal IL2 gene promoter (-72 to +45 with respect to the start site; Siebenlist et al., MCB 6:3042 3049, 1986). Genbank accession numbers for several promoters are given in the table 15 below: Promoter Genbank Accession Number CMV AF067197 fos M 16287 IL-2 U57613 SV40 U47120 CMV enhancer for MIE gene K03104 (c) DNA recognition sequences. 20 Recognition sequences for a wide variety of DNA-binding domains are known. DNA recognition sequences for other DNA binding domains may be determined experimentally. In the case of a composite DNA binding domain, DNA recognition sequences can be determined experimentally, as described below, or the proteins can be manipulated to direct their specificity toward a desired sequence. A desirable nucleic acid 25 recognition sequence for a composite DNA binding domain consists of a nucleotide sequence spanning at least ten, preferably eleven, and more preferably twelve or more bases. The component binding portions (putative or demonstrated) within the nucleotide sequence need not be fully contiguous; they may be interspersed with "spacer" base pairs that need not be directly contacted by the chimeric protein but rather impose proper 30 spacing between the nucleic acid subsites recognized by each module. These 27 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 sequences should not impart expression to linked genes when introduced into cells in the absence of the engineered DNA-binding protein. To identify a nucleotide sequence that is recognized by a chimeric protein containing a DNA-binding region, preferably recognized with high affinity (dissociation 5 constant 10- 11 M or lower are especially preferred), several methods can be used. If high-affinity binding sites for individual subdomains of a composite DNA-binding region are already known, then these sequences can be joined with various spacing and orientation and the optimum configuration determined experimentally (see below for methods for determining affinities). Alternatively, high-affinity binding sites for the protein 10 or protein complex can be selected from a large pool of random DNA sequences by adaptation of published methods (Pollock, R. and Treisman, R., 1990, A sensitive method for the determination of protein-DNA binding specificities. Nucl. Acids Res. 18, 6197 6204). Bound sequences are cloned into a plasmid and their precise sequence and affinity for the proteins are determined. From this collection of sequences, individual 15 sequences with desirable characteristics (i.e., maximal affinity for composite protein, minimal affinity for individual subdomains) are selected for use. Alternatively, the collection of sequences is used to derive a consensus sequence that carries the favored base pairs at each position. Such a consensus sequence is synthesized and tested to confirm that it has an appropriate level of affinity and specificity. 20 The target gene constructs may contain multiple copies of a DNA recognition sequence. For instance, the constructs may contain 5, 8, 10 or 12 recognition sequences for GAL4 or for ZFHD1. (d) Determination of binding affinity. 25 A number of well-characterized assays are available for determining the binding affinity, usually expressed as dissociation constant, for DNA-binding proteins and the cognate DNA sequences to which they bind. These assays usually require the preparation of purified protein and binding site (usually a synthetic oligonucleotide) of known concentration and specific activity. Examples include electrophoretic mobility-shift 30 assays, DNasel protection or 'ootprinting", and filter-binding. These assays can also be used to get rough estimates of association and dissociation rate constants. These values may be determined with greater precision using a BlAcore instrument. In this assay, the synthetic oligonucleotide is bound to the assay "chip," and purified DNA-binding protein is passed through the flow-cell. Binding of the protein to the DNA immobilized on the chip 35 is measured as an increase in refractive index. Once protein is bound at equilibrium, buffer without protein is passed over the chip, and the dissociation of the protein results in a return of the refractive index to baseline value. The rates of association and dissociation are calculated from these curves, and the affinity or dissociation constant is calculated from these rates. Binding rates and affinities for the high affinity composite site 40 may be compared with the values obtained for subsites recognized by each subdomain 28 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 of the protein. As noted above, the difference in these dissociation constants should be at least two orders of magnitude and preferably three or greater. (e) Testing for function in vivo. 5 Several tests of increasing stringency may be used to confirm the satisfactory performance of a DNA-binding protein designed according to this invention. All share essentially the same components: (1) (a) an expression plasmid directing the production of a chimeric protein comprising the DNA-binding region and a transcriptional activation domain or (b) one or more expression plasmids directing the production of a pair of 10 chimeric proteins of this invention which are capable of dimerizing in the presence of a corresponding dimerizing agent, and thus forming a protein complex containing a DNA binding region on one protein and a transcription activation domain on the other; and (2) a reporter plasmid directing the expression of a reporter gene, preferably identical in design to the target gene described above (i.e., multiple binding sites for the DNA-binding 15 domain, a minimal promoter element, and a gene body) but encoding any conveniently measured protein. In a transient transfection assay, the above-mentioned plasmids are introduced together into tissue culture cells by any conventional transfection procedure, including for example calcium phosphate coprecipitation, electroporation, and lipofection. After an 20 appropriate time period, usually 24-48 hr, the cells are harvested and assayed for production of the reporter protein. In embodiments requiring dimerization of chimeric proteins for activation of transcription, the assay is conducted in the presence of the dimerizing agent. In an appropriately designed system, the reporter gene should exhibit little activity above background in the absence of any co-transfected plasmid for the 25 composite transcription factor (or in the absence of dimerizing agent in embodiments under dimerizer control). In contrast, reporter gene expression should be elevated in a dose dependent fashion by the inclusion of the plasmid encoding the composite transcription factor (or plasmids encoding the multimerizable chimeras, following addition of multimerizing agent). This result indicates that there are few natural transcription factors in 30 the recipient cell with the potential to recognize the tested binding site and activate transcription and that the engineered DNA-binding domain is capable of binding to this site inside living cells. The transient transfection assay is not an extremely stringent test in most cases, because the high concentrations of plasmid DNA in the transfected cells lead to unusually 35 high concentrations of the DNA-binding protein and its recognition site, allowing functional recognition even with relative low affinity interactions. A more stringent test of the system is a transfection that results in the integration of the introduced DNAs at near single-copy. Thus, both the protein concentration and the ratio of specific to non-specific DNA sites would be very low; only very high affinity interactions would be expected to be 40 productive. This scenario is most readily achieved by stable transfection in which the 29 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 plasmids are transfected together with another DNA encoding an unrelated selectable marker (e.g., G418-resistance). Transfected cell clones selected for drug resistance typically contain copy numbers of the nonselected plasmids ranging from zero to a few dozen. A set of clones covering that range of copy numbers can be used to obtain a 5 reasonably clear estimate of the efficiency of the system. Perhaps the most stringent test involves the use of a viral vector, typically a retrovirus, that incorporates both the reporter gene and the gene encoding the composite transcription factor or multimerizable components thereof. Virus stocks derived from such a construction will generally lead to single-copy transduction of the genes. 10 If the ultimate application is gene therapy, it may be preferred to construct transgenic animals carrying similar DNAs to determine whether the protein is functional in an animal. 9. Design and assembly of the DNA constructs 15 Constructs may be designed in accordance with the principles, illustrative examples and materials and methods disclosed in the patent documents and scientific literature cited herein, each of which is incorporated herein by reference, with modifications and further exemplification as described herein. Components of the constructs can be prepared in conventional ways, where the coding sequences and regulatory regions may 20 be isolated, as appropriate, ligated, cloned in an appropriate cloning host, analyzed by restriction or sequencing, or other convenient means. Particularly, using PCR, individual fragments including all or portions of a functional unit may be isolated, where one or more mutations may be introduced using "primer repair", ligation, in vitro mutagenesis, etc. as appropriate. In the case of DNA constructs encoding fusion proteins, DNA sequences 25 encoding individual domains and sub-domains are joined such that they constitute a single open reading frame encoding a fusion protein capable of being translated in cells or cell lysates into a single polypeptide harboring all component domains. The DNA construct encoding the fusion protein may then be placed into a vector that directs the expression of the protein in the appropriate cell type(s). For biochemical analysis of the 30 encoded chimera, it may be desirable to construct plasmids that direct the expression of the protein in bacteria or in reticulocyte-lysate systems. For use in the production of proteins in mammalian cells, the protein-encoding sequence is introduced into an expression vector that directs expression in these cells. Expression vectors suitable for such uses are well known in the art. Various sorts of such vectors are commercially 35 available. 10. Cells This invention is particularly useful for the engineering of animal cells and in applications involving the use of such engineered animal cells. The animal cells may be 40 insect, worm or mammalian or other animal cells. While various mammalian cells may be 30 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 used, including, by way of example, equine, bovine, ovine, canine, feline, murine, and non-human primate cells, human cells are of particular interest. Among the various species, various types of cells may be used, such as hematopoietic, neural, glial, mesenchymal, cutaneous, mucosal, stromal, muscle (including smooth muscle cells), 5 spleen, reticuloendothelial, epithelial, endothelial, hepatic, kidney, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, fibroblast, and other cell types. Of particular interest are hematopoietic cells, which may include any of the nucleated cells which may be involved with the erythroid, lymphoid or myelomonocytic lineages, as well as myoblasts and fibroblasts. Also of interest are stem and progenitor cells, such as hematopoietic, neural, stromal, muscle, 10 hepatic, pulmonary, gastrointestinal and mesenchymal stem cells The cells may be autologous cells, syngeneic cells, allogeneic cells and even in some cases, xenogeneic cells with respect to an intended host organism. The cells may be modified by changing the major histocompatibility complex ("MHC") profile, by inactivating beta2-microglobulin to prevent the formation of functional Class I MHC 15 molecules, inactivation of Class 11 molecules, providing for expression of one or more MHC molecules, enhancing or inactivating cytotoxic capabilities by enhancing or inhibiting the expression of genes associated with the cytotoxic activity, or the like. In some instances specific clones or oligoclonal cells may be of interest, where the cells have a particular specificity, such as T cells and B cells having a specific antigen 20 specificity or homing target site specificity. Constructs encoding the chimeric transcription factors or other fusion proteins and constructs comprising target genes can be introduced into the cells as one or more DNA molecules or constructs, in many cases in association with one or more markers to allow for selection of host cells which contain the construct(s). The construct(s) once completed 25 and demonstrated to have the appropriate sequences may then be introduced into a host cell by any convenient means. The constructs may be incorporated into vectors capable of episomal replication (e.g. BPV or EBV vectors) or into vectors designed for integration into the host cells' chromosomes. The constructs may be integrated and packaged into non-replicating, defective viral genomes like Adenovirus, Adeno-associated virus (AAV), 30 or Herpes simplex virus (HSV) or others, including retroviral vectors, for infection into cells. Viral delivery systems are discussed in greater detail below. Alternatively, the construct may be introduced by protoplast fusion, electroporation, biolistics, calcium phosphate transfection, lipofection, microinjection of DNA or the like. The host cells will in some cases be grown and expanded in culture before introduction of the construct(s), 35 followed by the appropriate treatment for introduction of the construct(s) and integration of the construct(s). The cells will then be expanded and screened by virtue of a marker present in the constructs. Various markers which may be used successfully include hprt, neomycin resistance, thymidine kinase, hygromycin resistance, etc., and various cell surface markers such as Tac, CD8, CD3, Thyl and the NGF receptor. 31 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 In some instances, one may have a target site for homologous recombination, where it is desired that a construct be integrated at a particular locus. For example, one can delete and/or replace an endogenous gene (at the same locus or elsewhere) with a recombinant target construct of this invention. For homologous recombination, one may 5 generally use either Q or O-vectors. See, for example, Thomas and Capecchi, Cell (1987) 51, 503-512; Mansour, et al., Nature (1988) 336, 348-352; and Joyner, et al., Nature (1989) 338, 153-156. The constructs may be introduced as a single DNA molecule encoding all of the genes, or different DNA molecules having one or more genes. The constructs may be 10 introduced simultaneously or consecutively, each with the same or different markers. Vectors containing useful elements such as bacterial or yeast origins of replication, selectable and/or amplifiable markers, promoter/enhancer elements for expression in prokaryotes or eukaryotes, and mammalian expression control elements, etc. which may be used to prepare stocks of construct DNAs and for carrying out transfections are well 15 known in the art, and many are commercially available. 11. Introduction of Constructs into Animals Cells which have been modified ex vivo with the DNA constructs may be grown 20 in culture under selective conditions and cells which are selected as having the desired construct(s) may then be expanded and further analyzed, using, for example, the polymerase chain reaction for determining the presence of the construct in the host cells and/or assays for the production of the desired gene product(s). Once modified host cells have been identified, they may then be used as planned, e.g. grown in culture or 25 introduced into a host organism. Depending upon the nature of the cells, the cells may be introduced into a host organism, e.g. a mammal, in a wide variety of ways. Hematopoietic cells may be administered by injection into the vascular system, there being usually at least about 104 cells and generally not more than about 10 10 cells. The number of cells which are 30 employed will depend upon a number of circumstances, the purpose for the introduction, the lifetime of the cells, the protocol to be used, for example, the number of administrations, the ability of the cells to multiply, the stability of the therapeutic agent, the physiologic need for the therapeutic agent, and the like. Generally, for myoblasts or fibroblasts for example, the number of cells will be at least about 104 and not more than 35 about 109 and may be applied as a dispersion, generally being injected at or near the site of interest. The cells will usually be in a physiologically-acceptable medium. Cells engineered in accordance with this invention may also be encapsulated, e.g. using conventional biocompatible materials and methods, prior to implantation into the host organism or patient for the production of a therapeutic protein. See e.g. Hguyen et al, 32 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 Tissue Implant Systems and Methods for Sustaining viable High Cell Densities within a Host, US Patent No. 5,314,471 (Baxter International, Inc.); Uludag and Sefton, 1993, J Biomed. Mater. Res. 27(10):1213-24 (HepG2 cells/hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate membranes); Chang et al, 1993, Hum Gene Ther 4(4):433-40 (mouse Ltk 5 cells expressing hGH/immunoprotective perm-selective alginate microcapsules; Reddy et al, 1993, J Infect Dis 168(4):1082-3 (alginate); Tai and Sun, 1993, FASEB J 7(11):1061 9 (mouse fibroblasts expressing hGH/alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate membrane); Ao et al, 1995, Transplanataion Proc. 27(6):3349, 3350 (alginate); Rajotte et al, 1995, Transplantation Proc. 27(6):3389 (alginate); Lakey et al, 1995, Transplantation Proc. 10 27(6):3266 (alginate); Korbutt et al, 1995, Transplantation Proc. 27(6):3212 (alginate); Dorian et al, US Patent No. 5,429,821 (alginate); Emerich et al, 1993, Exp Neurol 122(1):37-47 (polymer-encapsulated PC12 cells); Sagen et al, 1993, J Neurosci 13(6):2415-23 (bovine chromaffin cells encapsulated in semipermeable polymer membrane and implanted into rat spinal subarachnoid space); Aebischer et al, 1994, Exp 15 Neurol 126(2):151-8 (polymer-encapsulated rat PC12 cells implanted into monkeys; see also Aebischer, WO 92/19595); Savelkoul et al, 1994, J Immunol Methods 170(2):185-96 (encapsulated hybridomas producing antibodies; encapsulated transfected cell lines expressing various cytokines); Winn et al, 1994, PNAS USA 91(6):2324-8 (engineered BHK cells expressing human nerve growth factor encapsulated in an immunoisolation 20 polymeric device and transplanted into rats); Emerich et al, 1994, Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 18(5):935-46 (polymer-encapsulated PC12 cells implanted into rats); Kordower et al, 1994, PNAS USA 91(23):10898-902 (polymer encapsulated engineered BHK cells expressing hNGF implanted into monkeys) and Butler et al WO 95/04521 (encapsulated device). The cells may then be introduced in 25 encapsulated form into an animal host, preferably a mammal and more preferably a human subject in need thereof. Preferably the encapsulating material is semipermeable, permitting release into the host of secreted proteins produced by the encapsulated cells. In many embodiments the semipermeable encapsulation renders the encapsulated cells immunologically isolated from the host organism in which the encapsulated cells are 30 introduced. In those embodiments the cells to be encapsulated may express one or more chimeric proteins containing component domains derived from proteins of the host species and/or from viral proteins or proteins from species other than the host species. For example in such cases the chimeras may contain elements derived from GAL4 and VP1 6. The cells may be derived from one or more individuals other than the recipient and may 35 be derived from a species other than that of the recipient organism or patient. Instead of ex vivo modification of the cells, in many situations one may wish to modify cells in vivo. For this purpose, various techniques have been developed for genetic modification of target tissue and cells in vivo. A number of viral vectors have been developed, such as adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, and retroviruses, which 40 allow for transduction and, in some cases, integration of the virus into the host. See, for 33 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 example, Dubensky et al. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 7529-7533; Kaneda et al., (1989) Science 243,375-378; Hiebert et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 3594-3598; Hatzoglu et al. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 17285-17293 and Ferry, et al. (1991) Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 8377-8381. The vector may be administered by 5 injection, e.g. intravascularly or intramuscularly, inhalation, or other parenteral mode. Non viral delivery methods such as administration of the DNA via complexes with liposomes or by injection, catheter or biolistics may also be used. See e.g. WO 96/41865, PCT/US97/22454 and USSN 60/084819, for example, for additional guidance on formulation and delivery of recombinant nucleic acids to cells and to organisms. Those 10 references as well as the references cited previously, including those relating to tetR based systems, progesterone-r-based systems and ecdysone-based systems provide detailed additional guidance on the preparation, formulation and delivery of various ligands to cells in vitro and to organisms. As mentioned elsewhere, the contents of those cited documents are incorporated herein by reference. 15 In accordance with in vivo genetic modification, the manner of the modification will depend on the nature of the tissue, the efficiency of cellular modification required, the number of opportunities to modify the particular cells, the accessibility of the tissue to the DNA composition to be introduced, and the like. By employing an attenuated or modified retrovirus carrying a target transcriptional initiation region, if desired, one can activate the 20 virus using one of the subject transcription factor constructs, so that the virus may be produced and transfect adjacent cells. The DNA introduction need not result in integration in every case. In some situations, transient maintenance of the DNA introduced may be sufficient. In this way, one could have a short term effect, where cells could be introduced into the host and then 25 turned on after a predetermined time, for example, after the cells have been able to home to a particular site. 12. Applications This invention is applicable to any situation that calls for expression of an 30 endogenous or exogenously-introduced gene, e.g. one embedded within a large genome. The desired expression level could be preset very high or very low. The system may be further engineered to achieve regulated or titratable expression. See e.g. PCT/US93/01617 and other previously cited references. In most cases, the inadvertent activation of unrelated cellular genes is undesirable. 35 1. High-level gene expression in gene therapy. Gene therapy often requires controlled high-level expression of a therapeutic gene, sometimes in a cell-type specific pattern. By supplying the therapeutic gene with saturating amounts of an activating transcription factor in accordance with this invention, considerably higher levels of gene 40 expression can be obtained relative to natural promoters or enhancers, which are 34 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 dependent on endogenous transcription factors. Thus, one application of this invention to gene therapy is the delivery of a two-transcription-unit cassette (which may reside on one or two plasmid molecules, depending on the delivery vector) consisting of (1) a transcription unit encoding a chimeric transcription factor of this invention, in some cases 5 along with a DNA binding domain, and (2) a transcription unit consisting of the target gene linked to and under the control of a minimal promoter carrying one, and preferably several, binding sites for the DNA-binding domain of the transcription factor. Cointroduction of the two transcription units into a cell results in the production of the hybrid transcription factor which in turn activates the therapeutic gene to high level. This strategy essentially 10 incorporates an amplification step, because the promoter that would be used to produce the therapeutic gene product in conventional gene therapy is used instead to produce the activating transcription factor. Each transcription factor has the potential to direct the production of multiple copies of the therapeutic protein. This method may be employed to increase the efficacy of many gene therapy strategies 15 by substantially elevating the expression of a therapeutic target gene, allowing expression to reach therapeutically effective levels. Examples of therapeutic genes that would benefit from this strategy are genes that encode secreted therapeutic proteins, such as cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IL-4, IL-12), CFTR (see e.g. Grubb et al, 1994, Nature 371:802-6), growth factors (e.g., VEGF), antibodies, and soluble receptors. Other 20 candidate therapeutic genes are disclosed in PCT/US93/01617. This strategy may also be used to increase the efficacy of "intracellular immunization" agents, molecules like ribozymes, antisense RNA, and dominant-negative proteins, that act either stoichiometrically or by competition. Examples include agents that block infection by or production of HIV or hepatitis virus and agents that antagonize the production of 25 oncogenic proteins in tumors. It should be appreciated that in practice, the system is subject to many variables, such as the efficiency of expression and, as appropriate, the level of secretion, the activity of the expression product, the particular need of the patient, which may vary with time and circumstances, the rate of loss of the cellular activity as a result of loss of cells or 30 expression activity of individual cells, and the like. Therefore, it is expected that for each individual patient, even if there were universal cells which could be administered to the population at large, each patient would be monitored for the proper dosage for the individual. 35 2. Production of recombinant proteins. Production of recombinant therapeutic proteins for commercial and investigational purposes is often achieved through the use of mammalian cell lines engineered to express the protein at high level. The use of mammalian cells, rather than bacteria or yeast, is indicated where the proper function of the protein requires post-translational modifications not generally performed by 40 heterologous cells. Examples of proteins produced commercially this way include 35 WO 00/78951 PCT/US0O/16620 erythropoietin, tissue plasminogen activator, clotting factors such as Factor VIll:c, antibodies, etc. The cost of producing proteins in this fashion is directly related to the level of expression achieved in the engineered cells. Thus, because the regulated transcription system described above can achieve considerably higher expression levels 5 than conventional expression systems, it may greatly reduce the cost of protein production. 3. Biological research. This invention is applicable to a wide range of biological experiments in which precise control over a target gene is desired. These include: (1) 10 expression of a protein or RNA of interest for biochemical purification; (2) tissue or organ specific expression of a protein or RNA of interest in transgenic animals for the purposes of evaluating its biological function. Transgenic animal models and other applications for which this invention may be used include those disclosed in US Patent Application Serial Nos. 08/292,595 and 08/292,596 (filed August 18, 1994). 15 This invention further provides kits useful for practicing the described methods. Such kits contain a first DNA sequence encoding a transcription factor comprising an OCA-B domain and, in some cases, a second DNA sequence encoding the DNA binding domain of the transcription factor. A third DNA sequence contains a target gene linked to a 20 DNA element to which the transcription factor is capable of binding. Alternatively, the third DNA sequence may contain a cloning site for insertion of a desired target gene by the practitioner. The kits optionally also contain a ligand useful for regulated expression of the target gene. 25 I The following examples contain important additional information, exemplification and guidance which can be adapted to the practice of this invention in its various embodiments and the equivalents thereof. The examples are offered by way illustration 30 should not be construed as limiting in any way. Additional examples and associated figures offering guidance to the practitioner in the use of these and other chimeric transcription factors can be found in USSN 09/096,732 (ARIAD 346C). The contents of all cited references including literature references, issued patents, published patent applications as cited throughout this application are hereby expressly incorporated by 35 reference. The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of cell biology, cell culture, molecular biology, transgenic biology, microbiology, recombinant DNA, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, for example, Molecular CloningtA LaboratorytManual, 2nd Ed., ed. by Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis (Cold 40 Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: 1989); DNA Cloning, Volumes I and I (D. N. Glover 36 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 ed., 1985); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M. J. Gait ed., 1984); Mullis et al. U.S. Patent No: 4,683,195; Nucleic Acid Hybridization (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Transcription And Translation (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Culture Of Animal Cells (R. I. Freshney, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1987); Immobilized Cells And Enzymes 5 (IRL Press, 1986); B. Perbal, A Practical Guide To Molecular Cloning (1984); the treatise, Methods In Enzymology (Academic Press, Inc., N.Y.); Gene Transfer Vectors For Mammalian Cells (J. H. Miller and M. P. Calos eds., 1987, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Methods In Enzymology, Vols. 154 and 155 (Wu et al. eds.), Immunochemical Methods In Cell And Molecular Biology (Mayer and Walker, eds., 1o Academic Press, London, 1987); Handbook Of Experimental Immunology, Volumes I-IV (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell, eds., 1986); Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1986). 37 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 Examples 1. Individual DNA-binding and transcription activating components are modular, may be incorporated into fusion proteins with various other domains and tested 5 in cell culture and in animals: 1. Constructs encoding chimeric transcription factors Unless otherwise stated, all DNA manipulations described in this and other 10 examples were performed using standard procedures (See e.g., F.M. Ausubel et al., Eds., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994). Plasmids Constructs encoding fusions of human FKBP12 (hereafter 'FKBP') with the yeast GAL4 15 DNA binding domain, the HSV VP1 6 activation domain, human T cell CD3 zeta chain intracellular domain or the intracellular domain of human FAS are disclosed in PCT/US94/01617. Additional DNA vectors for directing the expression of fusion proteins relevant to this invention were derived from the mammalian expression vector pCGNN (Attar, R.M. and 20 Gilman, M.Z. 1992. MCB 12: 2432-2443). Inserts cloned as Xbal-BamHI fragments into pCGNN are transcribed under the control of the human CMV promoter and enhancer sequences (nucleotides -522 to +72 relative to the cap site), and are expressed with an optional epitope tag (a 16 amino acid portion of the H. influenzae hemaglutinin gene that is recognized by the monoclonal antibody 12CA5) and, in the case of transcription factor 25 domains, with an N-terminal nuclear localization sequence (NLS; from SV40 T antigen). Except where stated, all fragments cloned into pCGNN were inserted as Xbal-BamHI fragments that included a Spel site just upstream of the BamHI site. As Xbal and Spel produce compatible ends, this allowed further Xbal-BamHl fragments to be inserted downstream of the initial insert and facilitated stepwise assembly of proteins comprising 30 multiple components. A stop codon was interposed between the Spel and BamHI sites. For initial constructs, the vector pCGNN-GAL4 was additionally used, in which codons 1 94 of the GAL4 DNA binding domain gene were cloned into the Xbal site of pCGNN such that a Xbal site is regenerated only at the 3' end of the fragment. Thus Xbal-BamHl fragments could be cloned into this vector to generate GAL4 fusions, and subsequently 35 recovered. Constructs encoding the OCA-B activation domain The full length coding sequence of OCA-B can be found in Genbank, accession number Z47550. The 50 amino acid OCA-B transcription activation sequence is encoded by the 40 following linear sequence: 38 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 CCTGGGCCCCAGTTTGTCCAGCTCCCCATCTCTATCCCAGAGCCAGTCCTTC AGGACATGGAAGACCCCAGAAGAGCCGCCAGCTCGTTGACCATCGACAAGCT GCTTTTGGAGGAAGAGGATAG CGACG CCTATGCGCTTAACCACACTCTCTCTG 5 TGGAAGGCTTT pCGNN/OCA-B 10 An oligonucleotide encoding the C-terminal 50 amino acids of OCA-B was synthesized. The resulting fragment, which has 5' Xbal and 3' Spel sites, was inserted into Xbal-Spel-opened pCGNN (Rivera et al). The resulting plasmid will has two in-frame stop codons and a BamHI site downstream of the Spel site. 15 OCA-B synthetic oligo: GGGCCCCAGTTTGTCCAGCTCCCCATCTCTATCCCAGAGCCAGTCCTTCAGG ACATGGAAGACCCCAGAAGAGCCGCCAGCTCGTTGACCATCGACAAGCTGCT TTTGGAGGAAGAGGATAGCGACGCCTATGCGCTTAACCACACTCTCTCTGTGG 20 AAGGCTTT pCGNN-3xFKBP/OCA-B Insert an Xbal-BamHI fragment from pCGNN-OCA-B into Spel-BamHI-digested 25 pCGNN-3xFKBP (Amara et al) to fuse the OCA/B activation domain to the carboxy terminus of 3xFKBP. pCGNN-FRBH1/OCA-B Insert an Xbal-BamHl fragment from pCGNN-OCA-B into Spel-BamHI-digested 30 pCGNN- FRBH1 (described in USSN 09/262,600) to fuse the OCA-B activation domain to the carboxy terminus of FRBH1. pCGNN-ZFHD1/OCA-B Insert an Xbal-BamHI fragment from pCGNN-OCA-B into SpeI-BamHI-digested 35 pCGNN-ZFHD1 (Rivera et al) to fuse the OCA-B activation domain to the carboxy terminus of ZFHD1. Bicistronic constructs 39 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 The internal ribosome entry sequence (IRES) from the encephalomyocarditis virus was amplified by PCR from pWZL-Bleo. The resulting fragment, which was cloned into pBS SK+ (Stratagene), contains an Xbal site and a stop codon upstream of the IRES sequence and downstream of it, an Ncol site encompassing the ATG followed by Spel 5 and BamHl sites. To facilitate cloning, the sequence around the initiating ATG of pCGNN-ZFHD1 -3FKBP was mutated to an Ncol site and the Xbal site was mutated to a Nhel site using the oligonucleotides 5'-GAATTCCTAGAAGCGAC[ATGCTTCTAGC-3' 10 and 5'-GAAGAGAAAGGTGGCTAGCGAACGCCCATAT-3' respectively. An Ncol-BamHl fragment containing ZFHD1 -3FKBP was then cloned downstream of pBS-IRES to create pBS-IRES-ZFHD1-3FKBP. The Xbal-BamHl 15 fragment from this plasmid can next be cloned into Spel/BamHI-cut pCGNN-1 FRB-OCA B to create pCGNN-1 FRB-OCA-B-IRES-ZFHD1 -3FKBP. 2. Rapamycin-dependent transcriptional activation in transiently transfected cells: ZFHD1 and OCA-B fusions 20 Human fibrosarcoma cells can be transiently transfected with a SEAP target gene and plasmids encoding representative ZFHD-FKBP- and FRB-OCA-B-containing fusion proteins to measure rapamycin-dependent and dose-responsive secretion of SEAP into the cell culture medium. 25 Methods: HT1 080 cells (ATCC CCL-121), derived from a human fibrosarcoma, are grown in MEM supplemented with non-essential amino acids and 10% Fetal Bovine Serum. Cells plated in 24-well dishes (Falcon, 6 x 104 cells/well) are transfected using Lipofectamine under conditions recommended by the manufacturer (GIBCO/BRL). A total of 300 ng of 30 the following DNA can be transfected into each well: 100 ng ZFHDx12-CMV-SEAP reporter gene, 2.5ng pCGNN-ZFHD1-3FKBP or other DNA binding domain fusion, 5 ng pCGNN-1 FRB-OCA-B or other activation domain fusion and 192.5 ng pUC1 18. In cases where the DNA binding domain or activation domain are omitted an equivalent amount of empty pCGNN expression vector should be substituted. Following lipofection 35 (for 5 hours) 500 pl medium containing the indicated amounts of rapamycin is added to each well. After 24 hours, medium is removed and assayed for SEAP activity as described (Spencer et al, Science 262:1019-24, 1993) using a Luminescence Spectrometer (Perkin Elmer) at 350 nm excitation and 450 nm emission. Background SEAP activity, measured from mock-transfected cells, is subtracted from each value. 40 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 To prepare transiently transfected HT1 080 cells for injection into mice (See below), cells in 100 mm dishes (2 x 106 cells/dish) are transfected by calcium phosphate precipitation for 16 hours (Gatz, C., Kaiser, A. & Wendenburg, R. , 1991,Mol. Gen. Genet. 227, 229 237) with the following DNAs: 10 mg of ZHWTx12-CMV-hGH, 1 mg pCGNN-ZFHD1 5 3FKBP, 2 mg pCGNN-1 FRB-OCA-B and 7 mg pUC1 18. Transfected cells are rinsed 2 times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and given fresh medium for 5 hours. To harvest for injection, cells are removed from the dish in Hepes Buffered Saline Solution containing 10 mM EDTA, washed with PBS/0.1% BSA/0.1% glucose and resuspended in the same at a concentration of 2 x 107 cells/mi. 10 Plasmids: Construction of the transcription factor fusion plasmids is described above. pZHWTx12-CMV-SEAP 15 This reporter gene, containing 12 tandem copies of a ZFHD1 binding site (Pomerantz et al., 1995) and a basal promoter from the immediate early gene of human cytomegalovirus (Boshart et. al., 1985) driving expression of a gene encoding secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), was prepared by replacing the Nhel-Hindlll fragment of pSEAP Promoter (Clontech) with the following Nhel-Xbal fragment containing 12 ZFHD binding 20 sites: 25 GQICIGA (the ZFHD1 binding sites are underlined), and the following Xbal-Hindlll fragment containing a minimal CMV promoter (-54 to +45): 30 (the CMV minimal promoter is underlined). pZHWTx12-CMV-hGH 35 Activation of this reporter gene leads to the production of hGH. It was constructed by replacing the Hindill-BamHI (blunted) fragment of pZHWTx12-CMV-SEAP (containing the SEAP coding sequence) with a Hindlil (blunted) -EcoRI fragment from pOGH (containing an hGH genomic clone; Selden et al., MCB 6:3171-3179,1986; the BamHI and EcoRI sites were blunted together). 41 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 pZHWTx12-IL2-SEAP This reporter gene is identical to pZHWTx1 2-CMV-SEAP except the Xbal-HindlII fragment containing the minimal CMV promoter was replaced with the following Xbal 5 HindIll fragment containing a minimal 112 gene promoter (-72 to +45 with respect to the start site; Siebenlist et al., MCB 6:3042-3049, 1986): 10 (the 112 minimal promoter is underlined). pLH To facilitate the stable integration of a single, or few, copies of reporter gene the following retroviral vector was constructed. pLH (LTR-hph), which contains the hygromycin B 15 resistance gene driven by the Moloney murine leukemia virus LTR and a unique internal Clal site, was constructed as follows: The hph gene was cloned as a Hindill-Clal fragment from pBabe Hygro (Morganstern and Land, NAR 18:3587-96, 1990) into BamHlI-Clal cut pBabe Bleo (resulting in the loss of the bleo gene; the BamHI and Hindill sites were blunted together). 20 pLH-ZHWTx12-IL2-SEAP To clone a copy of the reporter gene containing 12 tandem copies of the ZFHD1 binding site and a basal promoter from the 112 gene driving expression of the SEAP gene into the pLH retroviral vector, the Mlul-Clal fragment from pZHWTx12-112-SEAP (with Clal linkers 25 added) was cloned into the Clal site of pLH. It was oriented such that the directions of transcription from the viral LTR and the internal ZFHD-IL2 promoters were the same. pLH-G5-IL2-SEAP To construct a retroviral vector containing 5 Gal4 sites embedded in a minimal 112 30 promoter driving expression of the SEAP gene, a Clal-BstBI fragment consisting of the following was inserted into the Clal site of pLH such that the directions of transcription from the viral LTR and the internal Gal4-IL2 promoters were the same: A Clal-Hindill fragment containing 5 Gal4 sites (underlined) and regions -324 to -294 (bold) and -72 to +45 of the 112 gene (italics) 35 5 ' ATCGATGTTTTCTGAGTTACTTTTGTATCCCCACCCCCCCTCGAGCTTGCATGCCTGCAGGT_ GGCGGAGTACTGTCCTCCGAGCIAGAICTAGAGGA111 !4 AT2AT 42 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 AGTA A7ACTCGCAA= and a Hindlil-BstBI fragment containing the SEAP gene coding sequence (Berger et al., 5 Gene 66:1-10, 1988) mutagenized to add the following sequence (containing a BstB1 site) immediately after the stop codon: 5'-CCCGTGGTCCCGCGTTGCTTCGAT 3. Rapamycin-dependent transcriptional activation in stably transfected cells 10 The following experiments can be performed to confirm that this system exhibits similar properties in stably transfected cells. Stable cell lines can be generated by sequential transfection of a SEAP target gene and expression vectors for ZFHD1 -3FKBP and 1 FRB OCA-B, respectively. Stable clones that exhibit rapamycin-dependent SEAP production will be pooled and from this pool, several individual clones will be characterized.Those 15 clones that exhibit SEAP production that is significantly higher than the pool and significantly higher than transiently transfected cells will be selected. In an attempt to rigorously quantitate background SEAP production and induction ratio in these clones, a second set of assays can be performed in which the length of the SEAP assay is increased by a factor of approximately 50 to detect any SEAP activity in untreated cells. 20 To simplify the task of stable transfection, one can use a bicistronic expression vector that directs the production of both ZFHD1 -3FKBP and 1 FRB-OCA-B through the use of an internal ribosome entry sequence (IRES). This expression plasmid is cotransfected, together with a zeocin-resistance marker plasmid, into a cell line carrying a retrovirally transduced SEAP reporter gene. Following transfection, a pool of expressing clones is 25 selected, expanded and assayed for rapamycin dependent SEAP production. 4. Rapamycin-dependent Production of hGH in Mice 30 In Vivo Methods: Animals, husbandry, and general procedures. Male nulnu mice are obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA) and allowed to acclimate for five days prior to experimentation. They are housed under sterile conditions, allowed free access to sterile food and sterile water throughout the entire experiment, and are handled with sterile techniques throughout. 35 To transplant transiently transfected cells into mice, 2 x 106 transfected HT1 080 cells, are suspended in 100 ml PBS/0.1% BSA/0.1% glucose buffer and administered into four intramuscular sites (approximately 25 ml per site) on the haunches and flanks of the animals. Control mice receive equivalent volume injections of buffer alone. 43 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 Rapamycin is formulated for in vivo administration by dissolution in equal parts of N,N dimethylacetamide and a 9:1 (v:v) mixture of polyethylene glycol (average molecular weight of 400) and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. Concentrations of rapamycin in the completed formulation are sufficient to allow for in vivo administration of the 5 appropriate dose in a 2.0 ml/kg injection volume. The accuracy of the dosing solutions is confirmed by HPLC analysis prior to intravenous administration into the tail veins. Some control mice, bearing no transfected HT1 080 cells, receive 10.0 mg/kg rapamycin. Other control mice bearing transfected cells receive only the rapamycin vehicle. Blood is collected by either anesthetizing or sacrificing mice via C02 inhalation. 10 Anesthetized mice are used to collect 100 ml of blood by cardiac puncture. The mice are revived and allowed to recover for subsequent blood collections. Sacrificed mice are immediately exsanguinated. Blood samples are allowed to clot for 24 hours, at 4'C, and sera are collected following centrifugation at 1000 x g for 15 minutes. Serum hGH is measured by the Boehringer Mannheim non-isotopic sandwich ELISA (Cat No. 1 585 15 878). The assay has a lower detection limit of 0.0125 ng/ml and a dynamic range that extends to 0.4 ng/ml. Absorbance is read at 405 nm with a 490 nm reference wavelength on a Molecular Devices microtiter plate reader, as per the standard instructions. The antibody reagents in the ELISA demonstrate no cross reactivity with endogenous, murine hGH in diluent sera or native samples. 20 hGH expression In Vivo. For the assessment of dose-dependent rapamycin-induced stimulation of hGH expression, rapamycin is administered to mice approximately one hour following injection of HT1080 cells. Rapamycin doses are either 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, or 10.0 mg/kg. Seventeen hours following rapamycin administration, the mice are 25 sacrificed for blood collection. To address the time course of in vivo hGH expression, mice receive 10.0 mg/kg of rapamycin one hour following injection of the cells. Mice are sacrificed at 4, 8, 17, 24, and 42 hours following rapamycin administration. The ability of rapamycin to induce sustained expression of hGH from 30 transplanted HT1 080 cells is tested by repeatedly administering rapamycin. Mice are administered transfected HT1080 cells as described above. Approximately one hour following injection of the cells, mice receive the first of five intravenous 10.0 mg/kg doses of rapamycin. The four remaining doses are given under anesthesia, immediately subsequent to blood collection, at 16, 32, 48, and 64 hours. Additional blood collections 35 are also performed at 72, 80, 88, and 96 hours following the first rapamycin dose. Control mice are administered cells, but receive only vehicle at the various times of administration of rapamycin. Experimental animals and their control counterparts are each assigned to one of two groups. Each of the two experimental groups and two control groups receive identical drug or vehicle treatments, respectively. The groups differ in that blood collection 44 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 times alternate between the two groups to reduce the frequency of blood collection for each animal. 11. Illustrative chimeric transcription factors for allostery-based systems pCGNN-ZFHD1/OCA-B/PR-LBD An additional RU 486 dependent transcription factor can be prepared using the composite DNA binding domain ZFHD1 (Rivera et al., supra, and US 08/366,083.) Primers 5'-PR LBD and 3'-PR-LBD to amplify amino acids 640-891 of hPRB891 from plasmid pT7bhPRB-891 (Vegeto et al, Cell 69:703-713, 1992) . The resulting fragment, which will have 5' Xbal and 3' Spel sites, can be inserted into the Spel site of pCGNN-ZFHD1 OCA-B. This will place the PR-LBD in-frame and at the carboxy terminus of OCA-B. 5'-PR-LBD: 5'-tctagaAAAAAGTTCAATAAAGTCAG 3'-PR-LBD: 5'-actagtGCAGTACAGATGAAGTTG OCA-B/GAL4/PR-LBD An expression vector for directing the expression of an RU486 dependent transcription factor consisting of a progesterone receptor ligand binding domain, a GAL4 DNA binding domain and an OCA-B transcription activation domain can be prepared as follows: Use primers 5'-OCA-Bglll and 3'-OCA-BamHl to amplify amino acids 601 to 768 of OCA-B from plasmid pcGNN-OCA-B. Insert the resulting fragment, which will have 5' BglIlI and 3' BamHI sites, into the BgIlli site of plasmid pGL (Wang et al, PNAS USA 91:8180-8184, 1994) which contains a truncated human progesterone receptor sequence (amino acids 640-891) and a GAL4 DNA binding domain sequence (amino acids 1-94). Up to 2 nucleotides may be added so that the OCA-B sequence is in frame downstream of the ATG and upstream of the GAL4 coding region. 5'-OCA-BgIll: agatctXCCTGGGCCCCAGTTTGTC 3'-OCA-BamHI: ggatccXAAAGCCTTCCACAGAGAG where X is 0, 1 or 2 nucleotides that may be required to create in-frame fusions 45 WO 00/78951 PCTUSOO/16620 rtTA/OCA-B A tetracycline inducible transcription factor containing the OCA-B activation domain can be constructed using pUHD17-1 (described in US 5,654,168) as follows. Digest pUHD17-1 with AfIll. Remove the protruding 5' end with mung bean nuclease and ligate the synthetic oligonucleotide 5'-CactagtTAACTAAGTAA. The resulting plasmid, rTetR Spel contains a Spel cleavage site at the very end of the rTetR gene. Insert an Xbal-Spel fragment from pCGNN-OCA-B into Spel-digested rTetR-Spel to clone the OCA-B activation domain at the carboxy terminus of the rTetR. 46

Claims (40)

1. A recombinant nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein comprising a ligand binding domain and a transcription activation domain, wherein the transcription activation domain comprises all or a part of an OCA-B activation domain.

2. The recombinant nucleic acid of claim 1 wherein the OCA-B domain comprises part or all of the peptide sequence spanning positions 201-257 of human OCA-B1, or a peptide sequence derived therefrom.

3. The recombinant nucleic acid of claim 1 or 2 which further comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heat shock factor trimerization domain.

4. The recombinant nucleic acid of claim 3 wherein the trimerization domain comprises part or all of the peptide sequence spanning amino acids 126-217 of human HSF1.

5. The recombinant nucleic acid of any of claims 1-4 which further comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding part of all of a heat shock factor regulatory domain.

6. The recombinant nucleic acid of claim 5 wherein the regulatory domain comprises part or all of the peptide sequence spanning amino acids 201-371 of human HSF1.

7. The recombinant nucleic acid of claim 6 wherein the regulatory region comprises part or all of the peptide sequence spanning amino acids 300-310 of human HSF1.

8. The recombinant nucleic acid of claim 5 wherein the regulatory domain comprises part or all of the peptide sequence spanning amino acids 280-360 of NF-kb p65.

9. The recombinant nucleic acid of claim 1 or 2 wherein the encoded chimeric transcription factor further comprises one or more copies of one or more transcription potentiating domains which are heterologous with respect to the OCA-B domain and which potentiate the transcription activation potency of the transcription factor.

10. The recombinant nucleic acid of claim 9 in which the transcription potentiating domain comprises or is derived from a peptide sequence within the sequence of a transcription activation domain or a transcription potentiating domain. 47 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/1 6620

11. The recombinant nucleic acid of claim 9 in which the transcription potentiating domain comprises or is derived from a HSF, VP1 6 V8, VP1 6 V9, VP1 6 C, p65 or CTF domain.

12. The recombinant nucleic acid of any of claims 1 - 11 wherein the encoded chimeric transcription factor contains a domain comprising or derived from a DNA binding domain.

13. The recombinant nucleic acid of any of claims 1 - 11 wherein the encoded chimeric transcription factor contains a ligand binding domain comprising or derived from a hormone receptor.

14. The recombinant nucleic acid of claim 13 wherein the hormone receptor is a progesterone or ecdysone receptor.

15. The recombinant nucleic acid of any of claims 1 - 11 wherein the encoded chimeric transcription factor contains a domain comprising or derived from a tetracycline repressor (tetR).

16. The recombinant nucleic acid of claim 15 wherein the tetR is a mutated tetR which has at least one amino acid substitution, addition or deletion compared to a wild-type tetR.

17. The recombinant nucleic acid of claim 16 wherein the mutated tetR is a mutated Tn1 0-derived tetR having an amino acid substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 71, 95, 101 and 102.

18. The recombinant nucleic acid of any of claims 1 - 11 wherein the encoded chimeric transcription factor contains a domain comprising or derived from an immunophilin, cyclophilin or FRAP domain.

19. The recombinant nucleic acid of any of claims 1 - 18 wherein one or more domains comprise or are derived from a human peptide sequence.

20. The recombinant nucleic acid of any of claims 1 - 19 operatively linked to a transcription control sequence.

21. A DNA vector containing a recombinant nucleic acid of any of claims 1 - 20.

22. A recombinant virus containing a recombinant nucleic acid of any of claims 1 - 20. 48 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620

23. A composition comprising a recombinant nucleic acid of any of claims 1 - 20 and a target gene construct comprising a target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence recognized by the chimeric transcription factor.

24. A method for rendering a cell capable of expressing a target gene in a ligand dependent manner which comprises transducing the cell with a recombinant nucleic acid of any of claims 1 - 20 which encodes a chimeric transcription factor which stimulates, in a ligand-dependent manner, the transcription of a target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence recognized by the chimeric transcription factor.

25. The method of claim 24 which further comprises transducing the cell with a target gene construct comprising a target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence which is recognized by the chimeric transcription factor.

26. The method of claim 24 or 25 wherein the cell is transduced in vitro.

27. The method of claim 24 or 25 wherein the cell is transduced while present within an organism.

28. A cell containing a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a chimeric transcription factor in accordance with any of claims 1 - 20.

29. The cell of claim 28 which further comprises a target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence which is responsive to the chimeric transcription factor in the presence of a ligand.

30. A cell containing (a) a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a chimeric transcription factor which comprises an OCA-B domain, a DNA binding domain and a ligand binding domain comprising or derived from a progesterone receptor domain, and (b) a target gene construct which comprises a target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence which contains one or more copies of a DNA sequence recognized by the DNA binding domain of the chimeric transcription factor, the cell being capable of expressing its target gene in a ligand-dependent manner, the ligand being progesterone or an analog or mimic thereof.

31. A cell containing (a) a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a chimeric transcription factor which comprises an OCA-B domain and a tetR domain which binds to a recognized DNA sequence in the presence of its ligand, and (b) a target gene construct which comprises a target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence which contains one or more copies of a DNA sequence recognized by the tetR domain of the 49 WO 00/78951 PCT/USOO/16620 chimeric transcription factor, the cell being capable of expressing its target gene in a ligand-dependent manner, the ligand being tetracycline, doxycycline or an analog or mimic thereof.

32. A cell containing (a) a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a chimeric transcription factor which comprises an OCA-B domain and an ecdysone receptor domain capable of binding to a DNA binding protein comprising or derived from the peptide sequence of an RXR protein, and (b) a target gene construct which comprises a target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence which contains one or more copies of a DNA sequence recognized by the RXR , the cell being capable of expressing its target gene in a ligand-dependent manner, the ligand being ecdysone or an analog or mimic thereof.

33. A cell containing (a) a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a first fusion protein which comprises an OCA-B domain and a ligand binding domain, which forms a ligand dependent cross-linked complex with a second fusion protein containing a DNA binding domain and a ligand binding domain and (b) a target gene construct which comprises a target gene operably linked to a transcription control sequence which contains one or more copies of a DNA sequence recognized by the DNA binding domain of the second fusion protein, the cell being capable of expressing its target gene in a ligand-dependent manner.

34. A non-human organism containing one or more cells of any of claims 28 - 33.

35. A method for rendering a host organism capable of regulated expression of a target gene which comprises introducing into the organism cells of any of claims 28 - 33.

36. A method for rendering a host organism capable of regulated expression of a target gene which comprises introducing into the organism a recombinant nucleic acid of any of claims 1-20.

37. A method for rendering a host organism capable of regulated expression of a target gene which comprises introducing into the organism a DNA vector of claim 21.

38. A method for rendering a host organism capable of regulated expression of a target gene which comprises introducing into the organism one or more recombinant viruses of claim 22.

39. A method for stimulating the transcription of a target gene in cells of any of claims 28 - 33 which comprises exposing the cells to a ligand which binds to the chimeric transcription factor. 50 WO 00/78951 PCTIUSOO/16620

40. A method for stimulating the transcription of a target gene in an organism which comprises administering, to an organism treated in accordance with any of claims 35 - 38, a ligand which binds to the chimeric transcription factor. 51