AU2022304246A1 - Filter material intended for the treatment of wastewater and/or rainwater - Google Patents
Filter material intended for the treatment of wastewater and/or rainwater Download PDFInfo
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- AU2022304246A1 AU2022304246A1 AU2022304246A AU2022304246A AU2022304246A1 AU 2022304246 A1 AU2022304246 A1 AU 2022304246A1 AU 2022304246 A AU2022304246 A AU 2022304246A AU 2022304246 A AU2022304246 A AU 2022304246A AU 2022304246 A1 AU2022304246 A1 AU 2022304246A1
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- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/04—Aerobic processes using trickle filters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
- C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/10—Packings; Fillings; Grids
- C02F3/104—Granular carriers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/10—Packings; Fillings; Grids
- C02F3/105—Characterized by the chemical composition
- C02F3/106—Carbonaceous materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/12—Activated sludge processes
- C02F3/1236—Particular type of activated sludge installations
- C02F3/1242—Small compact installations for use in homes, apartment blocks, hotels or the like
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F2001/007—Processes including a sedimentation step
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/16—Nitrogen compounds, e.g. ammonia
- C02F2101/166—Nitrites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/001—Runoff or storm water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2203/00—Apparatus and plants for the biological treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2203/006—Apparatus and plants for the biological treatment of water, waste water or sewage details of construction, e.g. specially adapted seals, modules, connections
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Biological Treatment Of Waste Water (AREA)
- Filtering Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Plant-based filter material intended for the treatment of wastewater and rainwater, comprising cellulose and lignin, said plant-based filter material being characterized in that it comprises at least pieces of wood or plant fibers that form a population of pieces, said population of pieces having a particle size distribution of between 3 mm and 100 mm, preferentially between 3 mm and 50 mm, favorably between 3 mm and 25 mm, and said population of pieces being thermally converted at a temperature between 150°C and 300°C forming a population of heat stabilized pieces, for example a population of torrefied pieces.
Description
The present invention relates to a plant filter material for treating wastewater and rainwater comprising cellulose and lignin.
Domestic wastewater includes wastewater from private homes, but also wastewater from small communities such as hotel complexes, campsites, housing estates, offices, residential buildings and small villages.
Rainwater includes polluted meteorite water and water that has run off varyingly permeable surfaces, thereby increasing the pollution load.
Biodegradable domestic wastewater cannot be discharged directly into a surface or underground water environment, but must first undergo purification treatments to reduce the risk of pollution, so that it can meet standards and other regulatory obligations.
Run-off water containing particles and dissolved pollutants of varying levels of toxicity and risk, must also undergo treatments before any hydraulically regulated discharge, preferably by infiltration in whole or in part.
Conventionally, domestic wastewater undergoes anaerobic pre-treatment, combined with a settling process, in a tank, commonly known as a septic tank (European definition) or an all-water tank (common name in France), which separates out a large portion of the settleable suspended solids and floating matter. This pre-treatment is generally followed by a so-called secondary aerobic treatment and further treatments, if necessary.
For run-off water, the treatments conditions are different because of variations in flows and the distribution of target pollutants which vary greatly in nature and concentration.
Various manufacturers currently offer domestic wastewater sanitation systems on the market that combine a septic tank and a filter mounted downstream of this tank.
At the tank outlet, such a filter comprises:
- a sealed enclosure intended to be buried, - a supply system, - an unsaturated filter bed, - an emptying system.
This filter bed is formed by an aerobic biomass support filter material, a simple or composite filter medium.
The aim is to use an ideal filter material with the fewest limiting factors, said material having:
- a long lifespan with the sought purification performance, - this purification performance can be direct (intrinsic properties) or indirect (modes of use).
For example, various physical and chemical properties have proved significant, such as:
- static or dynamic water retention by mass or volume, which defines the capacity of the filter material to retain an optimal quantity of water while maintaining sufficient aeration, thereby creating an environment favourable to the microbial activity that adheres to it, - resistance to mechanical and hydraulic settlement, making the filter material more susceptible to clogging and blocking of aeration, and therefore reducing the efficiency of the filter material over time, - the temporal stability of the filter material, particularly through the content of unstable water-soluble material involved in degradation, - the biologically non-limiting air capacity representing the available interstitial space between particles (macroporosity) of the filter material.
In relation to the performance of aerobic digestion, a filter material is adequate if it enables the microbial population to be sustainably maintained to obtain a performance compatible with the desired treatment level, for the usual parameters: COD, DB05, Nitrogen(s), pathogen contamination indicators.
In addition to seeking good purification performance, it is important that the filter material is inexpensive, abundant and easy to access, regardless of the area, and that it can be integrated into a sustainable development approach.
A filter of which the filter material is made from pine bark (EP2976301) provides purification performance in accordance with domestic sanitation regulations. However, the water-soluble content thereof is likely to have an impact on its sustainability.
Another filter, of which the filter material consists exclusively of loose fibres of hemp shives (W020171331), must have the filter material replaced too frequently.
Moreover, a filter of which the filter material includes at least one layer of crushed hazelnut shells (EP3008018), an inexpensive material that is available in large quantities, offers completely satisfactory filtration performance. However, a layer of plastic material for ventilation is added, affecting emptying and recycling.
Lastly, document FR2331515 mentions a bacterial bed support for purifying domestic wastewater using plant carbon, which has a low bulk density and high hydrophilicity. But the method for manufacturing this hydrophilic plant carbon by pyrolysis includes a step of treating the wood with a sulfuric acid to defibrate it. Furthermore, document US20160200602A1 describes a hydrophobic porous material based on lignin and cellulose binding hydrocarbons. This material, which advantageously floats, is used to absorb hydrocarbons, for example, in the event of marine pollution, but can also be used to treat wastewater. This document mentions that, in one particular embodiment, the material is thermally modified at a temperature between 160°C and 260°C and that the wood fibres absorb less water because of the thermal modification and hydrophobic additives added to this porous material.
As can be seen, such filter materials as described above still have limiting factors and, for some criteria, are still a long way from the ideal filter medium. Furthermore, it is increasingly important to enter into a circular economy process, meaning that the filter material complies with the associated obligations.
The management is different for run-off water and organic filter media, with complex requirements such as:
- consideration of several types of effluent, in relation to the nature of the run-off water,
- the need for hydraulic management on a plot-by-plot basis.
The aim is to meet known needs by implementing specific solutions that differ from those used for domestic wastewater:
- storage and flow regulation,
- fractionation of pretreatment solutions and/or treatment of often toxic particles and pollutant targets, particularly by settling and treatment on filters or cartridges using organic and other media,
- before any total or partial discharge by infiltration, which has become a priority, or into an authorised surface environment involving the discharge of a residual pollutant flow with minimal impact on health or the environment.
The purpose of the present invention is to overcome these disadvantages by providing a filter material that is inexpensive, abundant, easy to access, environmentally friendly and has adequate sustainability and purification features.
For this, the present invention provides a plant filter material, characterised in that it comprises pieces of wood or plant fibres forming a population of pieces, said population of pieces having a particle size distribution between 3mm and 100mm, preferably between 3mm and 50mm, favourably between 3mm and 25mm and said population of pieces being thermally processed at a temperature between 1500 C and 300C, forming a population of thermally stabilised pieces, for example a population of torrefied pieces.
For the purposes of the present invention, the term "pieces" is understood to mean, for example, chips, grains, fibrous organic materials, briquettes, blocks or granules.
For the purposes of the present invention, the term "thermally stabilised pieces" is understood to mean pieces of wood and/or plant fibres which have undergone a thermal treatment between 150°C and a maximum of 300°C. Preferably, the thermal treatment is between 1500 C and 2750 C, even more preferably between 150 0 C and 2500 C, between 1500 C and 240C, between 150 0 C and 2300 C. Preferably, the term "thermally stabilised pieces" is understood to mean pieces of wood and/or plant fibres which have undergone a thermal treatment between 1500 C and a maximum of 350C. Alternatively, the thermal treatment is between 2000C and 3500 C, even more preferably between 2200 C and 3300 C, between 2300 C and 3200 C, between 240 0C and 300 0C. The thermal treatment according to the present invention may be torrefaction. The thermal treatment of the plant material according to the present invention has a duration between 1 hour and 24 hours, preferably between 1 hour and 12 hours. Preferably, the thermal treatment of the plant material according to the present invention takes place in an inert atmosphere.
Preferably, the thermal treatment is torrefaction, advantageously characterised by (i) a temperature preferably between 200 and 3500 C, advantageously between 230 and 300C, (ii) a controlled atmosphere: vacuum or inert gas atmosphere, (iii) a treatment duration between 30 and 90 minutes, advantageously between 30 and 60 minutes. Advantageously, the torrefaction according to the present invention is performed using a rotating drum thermal treatment method, a thermal treatment method using double or multiple hearths or even a moving bed thermal treatment method.
According to the present invention, a filter material comprising pieces of torrefied wood with or without secondary treatment, according to a particle size distribution of pieces of torrefied wood as described above, has physico-chemical characteristics that make it possible to obtain a water retention by mass that is low, for example less than 10%, to avoid rapid degradation of the material, and sufficient for the development of the aerobic biofilm, and also has a low percentage of water-soluble material compatible with optimal preservation of the filter material.
According to the present invention, the filter material is also in the form of a filter bed, for example with an air capacity favourable to the development of an aerobic biofilm and a high resistance to hydraulic settlement.
On the one hand, the thermally stabilised pieces develop and maintain the bacterial population which enables an aerobic digestion of the suspended organic material in the wastewater and, on the other hand, the thermally stabilised pieces are resistant to hydraulic settlement and enable a suitable filter bed to be prepared.
Torrefied wood is especially well known as a fuel because it has a high energy value and therefore is increasingly used in the bioenergy sector. Torrefied wood is also increasingly used in furniture, such as for framework structures, mulch and agricultural mulching, fencing, garden furniture, flooring, etc.
It is also known that torrefied biomass has greater grindability characteristics than the corresponding raw biomass (Baptiste Colin. Modlisation de /a torrfaction de plaquettes de bois en four tournant et validation exp6rimentale 6 I'chelle d'un pilote continu de laboratoire.G6nie des proc6d6s. Ecole des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014. French. NNT: 2014EMAC0015). A greater grindability of torrefied wood makes it easier to handle. This property makes it possible to recycle the filter medium at the end of its life and to combine it with other materials.
The thermally stabilised pieces selected to have a particle size distribution between 3 and 100mm, preferably between 3 and 50mm, more preferably between 3 and 25mm, also have a sufficient resistance to hydraulic settlement to form a sustainable filter bed. Torrefaction makes the wood resistant to fungal attacks, xylophagous insects and bacteria, increasing its sustainability. However, despite the thermally stabilised (torrefied) wood being resistant to attacks by microorganisms, it appears to be a very satisfactory medium for establishing a microbial population and developing and maintaining a biofilm. The filter bed formed from thermally stabilised pieces also has a suitable air capacity for developing and maintaining the aerobic biofilm.
Furthermore, torrefaction of the wood enables the structure of the wood to be modified at a lower temperature than pyrolysis, therefore using less energy, which makes this simple torrefaction process more profitable and environmentally friendly compared to the aforementioned wood pyrolysis process.
Furthermore, wood, the raw material for torrefied wood, is inexpensive and sustainable. Furthermore, the thermally stabilised pieces are formed from sawmill, production and cutting waste and therefore form a by product for which wastewater treatment becomes another recovery option. Since wood is an abundant resource in numerous areas, the filter material according to the present invention is perfectly in line with an efficient, profitable and environmentally-friendly circular economy, enabling industrial use in any area.
Preferably, in the filter material for treating wastewater according to the present invention, said thermally stabilised pieces are in particular wood chips, shavings or fibres and other torrefied plant fibres.
For the purposes of the present invention, the term "chip" is understood to mean a body of torrefied wood with a shape defined by three dimensions, for example a thickness, a length and a width, and wherein one of the dimensions, for example the thickness, is smaller than the other two dimensions.
Advantageously, the thermally stabilised pieces are subjected to a secondary, preferably physical treatment, to modify the surface properties, for example wettability, roughness or impact resistance.
Advantageously, in the filter material for treating wastewater and rainwater according to the present invention, the population of pieces comprises a first population of pieces prepared upstream from a source of wood or plant fibres, for example by grinding or cutting, and having a particle size distribution between 3mm and 10mm, and a second population of pieces having a particle size distribution greater than 10mm, preferably greater than 12mm, and preferably less than or equal to 100mm, preferably less than or equal to 90mm, 80mm, 70mm, 60mm, 50mm, said filter material has a mass of the first population greater than that of the second population. An appropriate distribution of the size distribution of the thermally stabilised pieces by having more pieces with a size distribution between 3mm and 10mm optimises the specific surface area of the filter bed, i.e. both the interstitial surface area between the pieces and the surface area taking account of the porosity between the pieces, for the development of a microbial biofilm, which will increase the purification performance of the filter material. Preferably, the ratio between the mass of the first population of pieces divided by the mass of the second population of pieces is greater than 1, preferably greater than or equal to 1.2, more preferably greater than or equal to 1.4, 1.5, 1.8, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4.
Preferably, the filter material for treating wastewater and rainwater according to the present invention has a water retention volume capacity between 5% and 40%, more preferably between 7% and 25% by volume of water calculated in relation to the volume of bed of dry matter formed from the filter material. A water retention volume capacity in this value range provides (i) sufficient moisture retention to maintain the microbial biofilm.
Preferably, the filter material for treating wastewater and rainwater according to the present invention has, in the form of a filter bed, an air capacity between 20 and 70%, preferably between 30 and 60%, between 30 and 50%, between 30 and 40% by volume of air calculated relative to the volume of a bed of said filter material. This value range for air capacity enables the filter material to be sufficiently aerated, which promotes optimal growth of the microbial biofilm.
Advantageously, in the filter material for treating wastewater and rainwater according to the present invention, the thermally stabilised pieces are selected from the group of pieces of beech wood, pine wood, poplar wood, ash wood, acacia wood, eucalyptus wood, softwood, or plant fibres and combinations thereof. The thermally stabilised pieces may be made from various sources of organic matter depending on the availability thereof, for example sawmill waste or plant fibres available in the area in which the filter material according to the present invention is used.
Preferably, the filter material for treating wastewater and rainwater according to the present invention has, in the form of a vertical filter bed, an initial volume and a resistance to degradation when forming a bed of filter material measured by an average settlement percentage of less than 10%, preferably less than 5%, more preferably less than 3%, even more preferably less than 2%, favourably less than 1% relative to the initial volume, after a minimum of 56 days. A very low average settlement percentage ensures that the porosity of the filter material is retained without risk of clogging and/or without reducing the purification performance of the filter material.
Advantageously, the filter material for treating wastewater and rainwater according to the present invention has a content of water-soluble material between 1 and 10%, preferably between 2 and 6% by weight relative to the weight of the filter material. Such a percentage of water-soluble material in the filter material ensures that the filter material is retained.
Preferably, the filter material for treating wastewater and rainwater according to the present invention has hydrophilicity, wherein the hydrophilicity of the filter material is determined by a contact angle between a drop of water and the surface of the filter material of less than 90, preferably less than 600, 500, advantageously less than 450, 300, 200, 100. Particularly advantageously, the drop of water is absorbed by the filter material for treating wastewater and rainwater according to the present invention. Preferably, the filter material according to the present invention has a polar surface. Unlike hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity characterises materials that have no interaction with water because they have an apolar surface. The conventional method for assessing hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity is the contact angle method. A drop of water is placed on a surface, the angle formed between the drop of water and the surface is measured. This angle characterises the degree of hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the surface. An angle between 900 and 1800 characterises a hydrophobic surface, the greater the angle (and the closer to 1800), the greater the hydrophobicity of the surface. According to the contact angle method, the more the contact angle is greater than 900, the more hydrophobic the surface (high hydrophobicity), and the more the contact angle is less than 900, the more hydrophilic the surface (high hydrophilicity).
Advantageously, the filter material for treating wastewater and rainwater according to the present invention preferably comprises a content of thermally-stabilised pieces forming a primary material between 20 and 100%, preferably between 30% and 100%, more preferably between 40% and 100%, between 50% and 100%, between 60% and 100%, between 70% and 100%, between 80% and 100% by weight relative to the weight of the filter material and optionally one or more additional filter materials acting as hydrodynamic or structural correctors to provide complete control of the primary material, said one or more additional filter materials being able to be selected from the group of Xylit, crushed nut shells, pyrolysed wood, biochar or agrichar, raw wood, plant fibres and combinations thereof. A filter material comprising the primary material and one or more other types of compounds may appear advantageous depending on the availability of the various types of compounds, and so as to use, depending on the given area, locally available compounds to form the filter material mixture.
Alternatively, the filter material for treating wastewater and rainwater according to the present invention preferably comprises a content of thermally stabilised pieces forming a primary material between 20 and 100%, preferably between 30% and 100%, more preferably between 40% and 100%, between 50% and 100%, between 60% and 100%, between 70% and 100%, between 80% and 100% by volume relative to the volume of the filter material and optionally one or more additional filter materials acting as hydrodynamic or structural correctors to provide complete control of the primary material, said one or more additional filter materials being able to be selected from the group of Xylit, crushed nut shells, pyrolysed wood, biochar or agrichar, raw wood, plant fibres and combinations thereof.
Preferably, the filter material for treating wastewater and rainwater according to the present invention forms a filter bed comprising (i) a mixture of various filter materials or (ii) a plurality of layers of filter materials formed by a first, second and optionally third, fourth and fifth layer in the direction of water flow (fluid filtration direction). More specifically, the filter bed is characterised by a superposition of layers of filter material in which the water to be filtered first passes through the first layer, then the second layer, and optionally the third, fourth and fifth layer. Preferably, the first layer is composed of a first filter material, the second layer is composed of a second filter material and, optionally, the third, fourth and fifth layers are composed of a third, fourth and fifth filter material. The first, second and optionally third, fourth and fifth filter material are all the same or all different. Advantageously, at least one layer of the filter bed consists of a different filter material to the filter material of the other layers of the filter bed.
Preferably, the filter material for treating wastewater and rainwater according to the present invention forms a filter bed comprising at least one layer of pieces of wood thermally stabilised by a first thermal treatment of between 60% and 100%, preferably between 65% and 100%, between 70% and 100%, between 75% and 100%, advantageously between 80% and 100% by weight relative to the weight of the filter bed and at least one layer of additional filter materials being selected from the group of Xylit, crushed nut shells, pyrolysed wood, biochar or agrichar, raw wood and plant fibres, and combinations thereof.
Advantageously, the filter material for treating wastewater and rainwater according to the present invention forms a filter bed comprising at least one layer of pieces of wood thermally stabilised by a first thermal treatment of between 60% and 100%, preferably between 65% and 100%, between 70% and 100%, between 75% and 100%, advantageously between 80% and 100% by weight relative to the weight of the filter bed and at least one layer of pieces of wood thermally stabilised by a second thermal treatment. Advantageously, the first thermal treatment and the second thermal treatment are different. Advantageously, the pieces of wood to be thermally stabilised by a first thermal treatment are the same as the pieces of wood to be thermally stabilised by a second thermal treatment. Preferably, the first thermal treatment is torrefaction. Preferably, the filter material for treating domestic wastewater and rainwater according to the present invention forms a filter bed comprising:
- one or more layers of said filter material superimposed over a predetermined height, wherein said one or more layers comprise said first population of pieces and/or said second population of pieces, of the same filter material, - or 2 layers of the same filter material separated by a thin or membrane layer of another filter material, in a single layer or mixture, said low-height membrane layer being continuous or not continuous and representing, for example, 10% of the total volume, - or a layer of single filter material incorporating another filter material in a mixture, in a small percentage, for example 10%.
Other embodiments of the filter material for treating wastewater and rainwater according to the present invention are mentioned in the accompanying claims.
The present invention also relates to a purification tank for treating wastewater.
Advantageously, the purification tank for treating wastewater comprises:
- a wastewater settling enclosure, arranged to allow suspended solids to settle in a lower area of the settling enclosure, and comprising at least one wastewater inlet and at least one clarified water outlet, - a filtering enclosure comprising at least one clarified water inlet, in fluid communication with said at least one clarified water outlet of said settling enclosure, and at least one filtered water outlet, between which extends a filter bed comprising the filter material according to the invention, said bed of filter material having an upstream side and a downstream side in a fluid filtration direction.
For the purposes of the present invention, the term "clarified water" means wastewater at least partially purified of suspended solids.
For the purposes of the present invention, the term "fluid filtration direction" means a direction of water flow through the bed of filter material between said at least one clarified water inlet and said at least one filtered water outlet. The vectors for water movement through the bed of filter material may be vertical, horizontal or oblique.
A purification tank comprising an upstream settling enclosure and a downstream filtering enclosure reduces the load of organic matter and suspended solids in wastewater while avoiding clogging of the filter material.
Advantageously, in the purification tank for treating wastewater, the settling enclosure also degrades organic matter using the metabolism of anaerobic bacteria.
Preferably, in the purification tank for treating wastewater, said at least one clarified water inlet of the filtering enclosure is located in a vertically or horizontally upper area of said filtering enclosure and said at least one filtered water outlet is located in a lower area of said filtering enclosure.
Preferably, in the purification tank for treating wastewater, fluid communication between said filtering enclosure and said settling enclosure is achieved through a clarified water distributor which comprises a plurality of clarified water outlets, the clarified water outlets distributing said clarified water into a plurality of positions on the upstream side of the filter bed. Good distribution of clarified water upstream of the filter bed will enable maximum use of the upper filtration surface of the filter bed, which will increase the purification performance of the filter bed.
Advantageously, the purification tank for treating wastewater comprises a means of distributing clarified water, located downstream of said distributor, and comprising a supply system. The presence of a tipping bucket will help to distribute the clarified water even more evenly over the filter bed.
Preferably, the purification tank for treating wastewater comprises at least one aeration system arranged to supply oxygen to the filtering enclosure to enable aerobic digestion by a bacterial population distributed on the filter material.
Advantageously, in the purification tank for treating wastewater, said settling enclosure and said filtering enclosure have walls made of a material that is inert to corrosion.
Advantageously, in the purification tank for treating wastewater, the bed of filter material has an upper filtration surface between1m 2 2 and 15m , more preferably between 2m2 and Om 2 , and has a filtration bed height preferably between 30cm and 1m, more preferably between 80cm and 95cm, preferably 90cm. Such a filtration surface combined with such a filtration height enables filtration of a volume of wastewater corresponding to normal domestic use.
Preferably, in the purification tank for treating wastewater, the filter bed preferably comprises a primary material but said filter bed may also comprise at least one additional filter material selected, for example, from the group of Xylit, crushed nut shells, pyrolysed wood, biochar or agrichar, raw wood and plant fibres, said filter material and particularly said additional filter material being arranged in a mixture or in superimposed layers of varying thickness in the fluid filtration direction. These structural combinations in layers or a mixture provide a modification, improvement in particular to the hydrodynamic and biological properties optimising purification performance.
Other embodiments of the purification tank for treating wastewater according to the present invention are mentioned in the accompanying claims.
The present invention also relates to a method for purifying wastewater in a purification tank.
The method for purifying wastewater in a purification tank according to the present invention comprises a settling area and a filtration area comprising a filter bed of filter material according to the present invention, said filter bed having an upstream filter bed side and a downstream filter bed side in a fluid filtration direction, said method comprising the steps of:
- inserting wastewater into the settling area, - settling the suspended solids in the settling area, forming a bed of settled solids and a clarified liquid phase, - transferring the clarified liquid phase to the filtration area, - distributing the clarified liquid phase over a plurality of positions on the upstream side of the filter bed, - filtering the clarified liquid phase through the filter bed in a fluid filtration direction to obtain filtered water, and
- draining filtered water via at least one filtered water outlet.
Advantageously, the method for purifying wastewater according to the present invention comprises an additional filtration of filtered water before discharge into a surface environment by a filtration system comprising said filter material according to the present invention and/or an additional filtration using a permeable trench comprising said filter material according to the present invention.
Favourably, in the method for purifying wastewater in a purification tank, the filtered water has a biochemical oxygen demand, BOD5, less than or equal to 35mgO2.- 1 , preferably less than or equal to 20mgO2.1- 1
, favourably less than or equal to10mgO2.- 1 . Preferably, in the method for purifying wastewater in a purification tank, the wastewater has an initial ammonium ion content and the filtered water has an ammonium ion content reduced by at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, favourably at least 70% relative to the initial ammonium ion content of the wastewater.
The present invention also relates to method for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water.
According to the present invention, the method for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water comprises the steps of:
- a collection of rainwater and/or run-off water, - a first filtration of rainwater and/or run-off water, forming pre-filtered water free of solid waste, - a filtration of said pre-filtered water via a first rainwater filtration system comprising said filter material according to the present invention to produce filtered water, - a collection of filtered water in a rainwater tank.
According to the present invention, the term "rainwater tank" is understood to mean a management facility for storing, buffering and/or regulating rainwater.
Advantageously, the method for purifying rainwater and/or run off water according to the present invention is complementary to treatment of domestic wastewater, for example on a plot, by filtration incorporating at least one filter medium (primary material) and other additives which aim to:
- capture particles that have run off, - extract target pollutants, for example heavy metals, micropollutants, PAHs, pathogens and other toxins.
Treatment solutions incorporating organic media that can be used with other filter, adsorbent and absorbent media include the following treatment systems:
- downspout filters or cartridges to handle roof effluent with varying levels of contamination, - particle capture and filtration channels, to handle garage access, - shallow soil infiltration interface to improve or maintain permeability, - incorporation of a partly organic filter bed in a valley gutter, trench or water garden.
Advantageously, in the method for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water according to the present invention, the first filtration step and filtration step are performed in a single system.
Preferably, in the method for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water according to the present invention, the filtered water collected in the rainwater tank is (i) discharged into the surface environment and/or (ii) reused in domestic installations and/or (iii) drained via a permeable trench.
Preferably, in the method for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water according to the present invention, the filtered water collected in the rainwater tank is filtered by a second rainwater filtration system comprising said filter material according to the present invention before being (i) discharged into the surface environment and/or (ii) reused in domestic installations and/or (iii) drained via a permeable trench.
The present invention also relates to a system for purifying wastewater.
The system for purifying wastewater according to the present invention comprises:
- at least one purification tank according to the present invention, - at least one additional water treatment system selected from the group comprising: a T filter, a filter cartridge, a permeable trench, a degreasing tank, a screening system, a percolation infiltration surface and combinations thereof,
wherein said at least one additional water treatment system is incorporated upstream and/or downstream of said at least one purification tank or wherein said at least one additional water treatment and/or storage system is separate and positioned upstream and/or downstream of said at least one purification tank.
The present invention also relates to system for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water.
The system for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water according to the present invention comprises:
- at least one water treatment system selected from the group comprising: a filter cartridge, a permeable trench, a degreasing tank, a screening system, a percolation infiltration surface and combinations thereof, - at least one additional water treatment system selected from the group comprising: a T filter, a filter cartridge, a permeable trench, a purification tank, a degreasing tank, a screening system, a percolation infiltration surface and combinations thereof, - at least one water storage and/or buffering and/or regulation system selected from the group comprising, for example, a rainwater tank,
wherein said at least one water treatment system and/or said at least one additional water treatment system comprises the filter material according to the present invention, wherein said at least one water treatment system and/or said at least one additional treatment system is incorporated upstream and/or downstream of said at least one water storage and/or buffering and/or regulation system, or wherein said at least one water treatment system and/or said at least one additional treatment system is separate and positioned upstream and/or downstream relative to said at least one water storage and/or buffering and/or regulation system.
Other features, details and advantages of the invention will emerge from the description given below, which is non-limiting and refers to the accompanying drawings.
Figure 1 shows a photograph of pieces of torrefied wood as a filter material according to the present invention.
Figure 2 is a schematic cross-section of several filter beds comprising pieces of torrefied wood.
Figure 3 is a schematic cross-section of a purification tank according to the present invention.
Figure 4 shows the water and air retention volume capacities of a filter bed made of different filter materials.
Figure 5 shows the average hydraulic settlement of an 80cm filter bed according to the present invention compared with the average hydraulic settlement of a pine bark filter bed of the same height.
Figure 6 shows the content of water-soluble material of filter materials according to the present invention compared with different comparative filter materials.
Figure 7 shows an experimental temporal evolution of the nitrate concentration of water filtered by a filter bed of filter material according to the present invention compared with filter beds of different comparative filter materials.
Figure 8 shows a schematic representation of a home comprising a wastewater drainage system using the filter material according to the present invention. Figure 8 shows a system for purifying wastewater according to the present invention.
Figure 9 shows an alternative system for purifying wastewater to the system for purifying wastewater shown in figure 8.
Figure 10 shows the positioning on a plot plan of filter bed kits, cartridges or filter interfaces, for treating rainwater that has run off onto any surface. Figure 10 shows a system for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water according to the present invention.
Figure 11 shows an alternative system for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water to the system for purifying wastewater shown in figure 10.
Figure 12 shows an alternative system for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water to the system for purifying wastewater shown in figure 11.
Figure 13 shows an alternative system for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water to the system for purifying wastewater shown in figure 12.
Figure 14 shows an experimental temporal evolution over 7 weeks of the nitrate concentration of water filtered by a filter bed of filter materials according to the present invention compared with filter beds of different comparative filter materials.
In the figures, the same or like items bear the same references.
Figure 1 shows pieces of torrefied wood obtained by a torrefaction process as described in document US10526543 and sourced from Saniflor A or LMK Energy B. To form the pieces of torrefied wood, raw wood is firstly ground and cut. This ground raw wood is then dried to less than 15% moisture content before undergoing the torrefaction process.
The shaped torrefied wood is then classified by size, for example by sieving to retain pieces of torrefied wood having a particle size mainly between 3mm and 100mm.
Advantageously, this raw wood is selected from the group of pieces of beech wood, pine wood, poplar wood, ash wood, acacia wood, eucalyptus wood, softwood, or other plant fibres and combinations thereof.
Figure 2 shows a cross-section of a filter bed comprising a filter material. The filter bed comprises, for example, pieces with a selected population. Advantageously, a loose, random arrangement of the pieces creates porosity, a plurality of interstitial spaces, which promotes the development of a bacterial biofilm and the flow of clarified water through the filter bed.
Figure 2A shows a cross-section of a filter bed composed entirely of pieces of torrefied wood 1.
Figure 2B shows a cross-section of a filter bed comprising, from top to bottom:
- a first layer of pieces of torrefied wood 1, - a second layer comprising pieces of a second filter material 2 to correct or improve the properties of the material 1 depending on the use of the system, this material having properties complementary to the pieces of torrefied wood, - advantageously, an optional third layer of pieces of torrefied wood, and - advantageously, a fourth layer comprising pieces of a third filter material 3, defined in the same way as the filter material 2.
Advantageously, according to the present invention, the pieces of torrefied wood are torrefied wood chips.
Figure 2C shows a cross-section of a filter bed comprising pieces of torrefied wood 1, pieces of a second filter material 2 shown previously in figure 2B, and pieces of a third filter material 3 which are distributed randomly over the height and/or width and/or length of said filter bed. Advantageously, the filter bed comprises a filter material but it may further comprise at least one additional material, for example, as shown in figures 2B and 2C by the second filter material and the third filter material, selected for example, from the group of Xylit, torrefied or non-torrefied crushed nut shells, pyrolysed wood, raw wood and torrefied or non-torrefied plant fibres, said filter material and said additional filter material being arranged in a mixture or in superimposed layers.
Figure 2D shows a cross-section of a filter bed comprising a main material, a population of pieces of torrefied wood, incorporating a fine intermediate layer, representing a percentage of the total height of the bed advantageously between 5 and 20%, having complementary functions, in particular hydrodynamic functions by slowing down percolation rates (for example, a layer comprising pieces of a third filter material 3).
As shown in figure 2, the filter material comprises a population of pieces. Advantageously, said population of pieces comprises a first population of pieces having a particle size distribution between 3mm and 10mm, and a second population of pieces having a particle size distribution greater than 10mm and less than or equal to 100mm, said filter material has a mass of the first population greater than that of the second population.
The arrows 4 in figure 2 show the average movement vectors showing stages of water movement through the filter material. As shown, these movement vectors 4 for water movement through the filter material may be vertical or horizontal depending on the different clarified water inlet positions and filtered water outlet positions. The fluid filtration direction is the sum of these different vectors for water movement through the filter material. Advantageously, this fluid direction, for this vertical filter model, is substantially oriented from the top of the filter bed to the bottom of the filter bed.
The filter material according to the present invention has certain chemical, physical and biological nesting or fixation properties. Advantageously, the filter material has a water retention volume capacity, for example, between 7 and 25% by volume of water relative to the quantity of dry matter in the filter material. The filter material in the form of a filter bed is also advantageously defined by an air capacity between 30 and 40% by volume of air calculated relative to the volume of a bed of dry matter formed from the filter material. The filter material according to the present invention also preferably has a compressive strength when forming a bed of filter material measured by an average settlement percentage of less than 5% relative to the initial volume of a bed of dry matter formed from the filter material. The filter material also advantageously has a content of water-soluble material between 2 and 10% by weight relative to the weight of the filter material. Preferably, the filter material according to the present invention comprises a content of pieces of torrefied wood, for example, between 20 and 100%, more preferably between 50 and 100%, between 80 and 100% by weight relative to the weight of the filter material.
Figure 3 shows a cross-sectional view of the purification tank 5 for treating wastewater according to the present invention. This purification tank 5 comprises a settling enclosure 6 and a filtering enclosure 7 having walls 8 made of a material that is inert or resistant to corrosion, such as concrete or a polymer such as polyethylene or polypropylene. The settling enclosure 6 and the filtering enclosure 7 are separated by a wall 9. The purification tank 5 is further provided with a first opening system 10 for access to the settling enclosure 6 and a second opening system 11 for access to the filtering enclosure 7. The settling enclosure 6 comprises a wastewater inlet 12 and a clarified water outlet through a filter 13. A pipe 14 is connected to the filter 13 providing fluid communication between the settling enclosure 6 and the filtering enclosure 7. The filtering enclosure 7 comprises a distributor 15 connected to the pipe 14. Advantageously, the distributor 15 is attached to an upper wall of the filtering enclosure 7 by fasteners 16 and 16'. The distributor 15 further has a clarified water inlet 17. The filtering enclosure 7 also has a filtered water outlet 18, between which extends a filter bed 19 comprising the filter material according to the present invention. The filtering enclosure 7 also comprises a means of distributing clarified water, located downstream of the distributor 15 and comprising for example a tipping bucket (not shown in figure 3). Said means for distributing comprises a plurality of outlet orifices 20, 20' which lead to pipes 21, 21' to be discharged onto the filter bed 19.
The wastewater enters the settling enclosure 6 via the wastewater inlet 12. The settling enclosure 6 is arranged to allow suspended solids to settle in a lower area 22 of the settling enclosure 6. The clarified liquid phase exits the settling enclosure 6 through the filter 13 and then enters the distributor 15 via the pipe 14 above the distributor 15. The pipe 14 enables clarified water to enter the filtration tank 7. The filtering enclosure 7 comprising said bed of filter material 19 has an upstream side and a downstream side in a fluid filtration direction, in stages. The fluid filtration direction is the sum of the movement vectors 4 for water movement through the filter material. These movement vectors 4 are also shown in figure 2. Advantageously, the clarified water inlet via the pipe 14 in the filtering enclosure is located in an upper area of said filtering enclosure 7 and said filtered water outlet 18 is located in a lower area of said filtering enclosure 7. Advantageously, the fluid communication between said filtering enclosure 7 and said settling enclosure 6 is achieved through a clarified water distributor 15 which comprises a plurality of clarified water outlets 20, 20' and 21, 21', the clarified water outlets distributing said clarified water into a plurality of positions on the upstream side of the filter bed. Said clarified water passes through the filter bed 19 in the fluid filtration direction to produce filtered water. The filtered water is then drained via the filtered water outlet 18. Preferably, the purification tank 5 also comprises at least one gas supply pipe (not shown in figure 3) containing oxygen arranged to supply oxygen to the filtering enclosure 7 to enable aerobic digestion by a bacterial population distributed over the bed of filter material 19. Advantageously, the bed of filter material 19 has a filtration surface between 2m 2 and 10m 2
. Advantageously, said suspended solids that have settled in the lower area 22 of the settling enclosure 6 are removed from the settling enclosure 6 at regular predetermined intervals.
Preferably, the filtered water has a biochemical oxygen demand, BOD, less than or equal to 20mgO2.- 1 .
Preferably, the wastewater has an initial ammonium ion content and the filtered water has an ammonium ion content reduced by at least 70% relative to the initial ammonium ion content of the wastewater.
Examples
Example 1 - Temperature and duration of wood torrefaction to obtain pieces of torrefied wood according to the present invention
Raw wood from sawmill waste is previously cut before drying into pieces having a particle size ranging from 3mm to 10cm, preferably in elongated form. This cut wood is then dried at a temperature of 80°C to obtain dried cut wood with a moisture content less than or equal to 15%.
After drying, the wood is torrefied at a gradually increasing temperature, for example up to 240°C and for 60 minutes in a reducing atmosphere.
The pieces of torrefied wood are then sieved using a sieve to collect pieces having a particle size between 3mm and 100mm. These pieces of torrefied wood are separated into a first population of pieces having a particle size between 3mm and 10mm and a second population of pieces having a particle size greater than 10mm and less than or equal to 100mm.
Example 2 - Preparation of a filter bed comprising pieces of torrefied wood according to the present invention
An experimental filter bed comprising the pieces of torrefied wood obtained in Example 1 is placed in the experimental filtering enclosure. This filter bed has a diameter of 200mm and a bed height of 480mm. This filter bed comprises 3.15kg of dry matter from pieces of torrefied wood, of which 70% by mass corresponds to the first population of pieces and 30% by mass corresponds to the second population of pieces. The first and the second populations of pieces are mixed loosely throughout the volume making up the filter bed.
Example 3 - Pilot test purification capacity
A pilot test according to the present invention having a volume 3 of 15dm and a filter bed according to Example 2, has a wastewater treatment capacity defined by a nominal organic daily load of 1501.d-.PE-1 and a nominal hydraulic daily flow rate of 3.61 (litre) per day (l.d-1). The term "PE" means "population equivalent." This pilot test enabled filtered water to be obtained at the outlet of the filtering enclosure having a nominal organic daily load less than or equal to 35mg/I and a content of suspended solids less than or equal to 30mg/I or preferably concentrations of approximately 20mg/l.
Example 4 - Comparison of the water retention volume capacities of the filter bed formed from different filter materials
The water retention volume capacities of the materials in Table 1 were compared by applying 231 of water to 23dm 3 of filter material in the form of a bed of 2.875dm 2 at a height of 0.8m. Filter materials consisting of pieces of torrefied wood from Saniflor (Example 4.1), pieces of torrefied wood from LMK Energy (Example 4.2), coconut coir (Example 4.3), pine bark (Example 4.4) and hazelnut shells (Example 4.5) were tested.
Table 1
Numbering Example type Filter material Average Density particle size of the filter material Example 4.1 According to Pieces of 6.5mm 196kg/m 3 the invention torrefied wood (Saniflor) Example 4.2 According to Pieces of 6.5mm 196kg/m 3 the invention torrefied wood (LMK Energy) Example 4.3 Comparative Coconut coir 4mm 94kg/m 3 Example Example 4.4 Comparative Pine bark 3mm 169kg/m 3 Example Example 4.5 Comparative Hazelnut shells 10mm 225kg/m 3 Example
To determine the water retention volume capacity, a filter bed was immersed in a predetermined volume of water for 24 hours. The filter bed is then drained until no more water drains from the filter bed (stable mass of water in a drip pan on a scale). Next, a specific volume of waterlogged filtration material (less than 5dm3 ) was recovered and then placed in an oven at 110°C for 12 hours. The quantity of water retained by the filtration material is obtained by subtracting the mass of the material after oven drying (110°C,12 hours) from the initial mass of the waterlogged material (after draining) and carried out per unit volume of filtration material.
Figure 4 shows the water retention volume capacity of a filter bed consisting of pieces of torrefied wood from Saniflor (Ex. 4.1), or LMK Energy (Ex. 4.2), coconut coir (Ex. 4.3), pine bark (Ex. 4.4) and hazelnut shells (Ex. 4.5). Figure 4 shows the water retention volume capacity of the filter bed plotted as a function of column height (see also standard NF EN 13041). The filter materials used in Examples 4.1, 4.2 and 4.5 show a lower and less variable water retention volume capacity than the filter materials used in Examples 4.3 and 4.4. It is important to have a water retention volume capacity greater than 5% to enable good bacterial biofilm growth, but less than 40% to avoid loss of aeration efficiency or the creation of reservoirs conducive to uncontrolled biomass proliferation. A filter bed consisting of coconut coir (Ex. 4.3) and pine bark (Ex. 4.4) shows a higher water retention volume capacity compared to the pieces of torrefied wood (Ex. 4.1 and 4.2) and the hazelnut shells (Ex. 4.5). Each black bar in Figure 4 shows an average of 3 experimental measurements.
Example 5 - Comparison of the hydraulic settlement of the filter bed formed from different filter materials
The hydraulic settlement of materials in Table 2 was compared by pouring 11.5Lof water onto a 231 filter bed in less than 5 minutes. Filter materials consisting of pieces of torrefied wood from Saniflor (Example 4.1) and pine bark (Example 4.4) were tested. Hydraulic settlement is measured by comparing the height of the filter bed after water is poured to the height of the filter bed of dry matter before water is poured.
Table 2
Numbering Example type Filter material Example 4.1 According to the Pieces of torrefied invention wood (Saniflor) Example 4.4 Comparative Example Pine bark
Figure 5 shows the hydraulic settlement percentage for the filter material of Example 4.1 and Example 4.4. As shown in Figure 5, a filter bed consisting of a type of pine bark (Ex. 4.4) is more sensitive to granular reorganisation (settlement) than a filter bed consisting of pieces of torrefied wood (Ex. 4.1). The pieces of torrefied wood are particularly resistant to hydraulic settlement because they have a high compressive strength following torrefaction. Figure 5 shows, for Examples 4.1 and 4.2, an average of the hydraulic settlement percentage of 3 experimental measurements and a standard deviation corresponding to each average.
Example 6 - Comparison of the content of water-soluble material of different filter materials
The content of water-soluble material of the different filter materials in Table 1 was compared. To determine the content of water soluble material in a filter material, the Van Soest technique for determining the cell wall constituents of plants was used to analyse composting products and various types of litter for agronomic use using an aqueous solvent (http ://ep.antares.free.fr/site/html/cours4/cours4 3/resources/Methode%20 %20Technique%2Van%2Soest%20manuelle%20et%2Fibertec.pdf and Van Soest P.J. and Wine R.H., "Determination of lignin and cellulose in acid detergentliber with permanganate". J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1968,51:780 785).
Figure 6 shows the content of water-soluble material of different filter materials as shown in Table 1. As shown in Figure 6, the pieces of torrefied wood (Ex. 4.1 and 4.2) have a percentage of water-soluble material of 3 to 3.5%, which is relatively low and ensures that the filter material is well preserved. In comparison, a filter material consisting of coconut coir (Ex. 4.3) has a percentage of water-soluble material of 13%, which is higher. Filter materials rich in water-soluble material are preferably used in a mixture in small proportions for use with, for example, torrefied wood.
Figure 6 shows, for each example, an average of the content of water-soluble material of 3 experimental measurements and a standard deviation corresponding to each average.
Example 7 - Temporal evolution of nitrate production by aerobic biomass in the filter bed formed from different filter materials
The temporal evolution of the nitrate content of water filtered by the different filter materials in Table 3 was compared. To do this, the nitrate content of the filtered water is measured by a photometric method (DMP 1.0 50.0mg/I N03-N) once a week.
Table 3
Numbering Example type Filter material Example 4.1 According to "Fine" pieces of torrefied wood (LMK the invention Energy) (particle size between 3mm and 10mm) Example 4.2 According to Loose pieces of torrefied wood (LMK the invention Energy) (heterogeneous mixture of a first population of pieces having a particle size distribution between 3mm and 25mm and a second population of pieces having a particle size distribution between 25mm and 50mm). Example 4.3 Comparative Coconut coir Example Example 4.4 Comparative Pine bark Example Example 4.6 According to "Coarse" pieces of torrefied wood the invention (particle sizes> 10mm) Example 4.7 Comparative Xylit Example Example 4.8 According to A combination formed, starting from the the invention top of the filtration column, by: a layer of loose pieces of torrefied wood representing 80% by volume relative to the total volume of the combination in the filtration column (which corresponds to approximately 80% by weight relative to the total weight of the combination) and a layer of pine bark, located in the bottom of the filtration column, representing 20% by volume relative to the total volume of the combination in the filtration column (which corresponds to approximately 20% by weight relative to the total weight of the combination) (combination between Ex. 4.2 (80% vol/vol) and Ex. 4.4 (20% vol/vol)). Example 4.9 According to A combination formed, starting from the the invention top of the filtration column, by: a layer of loose pieces of torrefied wood representing 80% by volume relative to the total volume of the combination in the filtration column and a layer of xylit, located in the bottom of the filtration column, representing 20% by volume relative to the total volume of the combination in the filtration column (combination between Ex. 4.2 (80% vol/vol) and Ex. 4.7 (20% vol/vol)). Example 4.10 According to A combination formed, starting from the the invention top of the filtration column, by: a layer of "coarse" torrefied wood representing 80% by volume relative to the total volume of the combination in the filtration column and a layer of xylit representing 20% by volume relative to the total volume of the combination in the filtration column (combination between Ex. 4.6 (80% vol/vol) and Ex. 4.7 (20% vol/vol)). Example 4.11 According to A combination formed, starting from the the invention top of the filtration column, by: a layer of "coarse" pieces of torrefied wood representing 80% by volume relative to the total volume of the combination in the filtration column (which corresponds to approximately 80% by weight relative to the total weight of the combination) and a layer of "fine" pieces of torrefied wood representing 20% by volume relative to the total volume of the combination (which corresponds to approximately 20% by weight relative to the total weight of the combination) (combination between Ex. 4.6 (80% vol/vol) and Ex. 4.1 (20% vol/vol)). Example 4.12 According to A combination formed, starting from the the invention top of the filtration column, by: a layer of loose pieces of torrefied wood representing 20% by volume relative to the total volume of the combination in the filtration column (Ex. 4.2, 20% vol/vol) (which corresponds to approximately 20% by weight relative to the total weight of the combination), a layer of pine bark representing 10% by volume relative to the total volume of the combination (Ex. 4.4, 10% vol/vol) (which corresponds to approximately 10% by weight relative to the total weight of the combination) and another layer of loose pieces of torrefied wood representing 70% by volume relative to the total volume of the combination (Ex. 4.2, 70% vol/vol) (which corresponds to approximately 70% by weight relative to the total weight of the combination). Example 4.13 Comparative "Fine" pieces of non-torrefied wood Example (particle size distribution between 3mm and 10 mm)
As shown in Figure 7, a filter bed consisting of pieces of torrefied wood (Ex. 4.1 and 4.2) produces filtered water with an increased nitrate concentration after 5 weeks of treatment compared with the filter bed consisting of coconut coir (Ex. 4.3) or pine bark (Ex. 4.4). The production of nitrate ions (N03-) by nitrification is the result of the transformation of ammonium ions. It is carried out by aerobic bacteria. The presence of nitrification is an indication that the filter is biologically healthy, well aerated and that the NH4 nitrogen is being degraded efficiently. Figure 7 shows, for each example, and for each week, an average of the nitrate ion content of 3 experimental measurements and a standard deviation corresponding to each average.
As shown in Figure 14, a filter bed comprising "fine" pieces of torrefied wood (Ex. 4.1) quickly shows excellent nitrification, which quickly stabilises. This fine particle size of the pieces of torrefied wood corrects the problem of reducing suspended solids. This reduction in suspended solids is greater when the particle size of the pieces of torrefied wood is larger. Pine bark (Ex. 4.4) showed problems in the treatment of suspended matter linked to an invasion of parasites (springtails). This observation supports the need for a material that is resistant and less palatable to parasites.
Example 8 - System for purifying wastewater using the filter material according to the present invention
The plant filter material according to the present invention was placed in a filtration system, a filter cartridge and/or a permeable trench downstream of a non-collective sanitation system.
Figure 8 shows a system for purifying wastewater from a home 8.0 comprising: (i) a pipe system 8.5 (ii) a non-collective sanitation system 8.1 (iii) a filtration system 8.21 comprising the filter material according to the invention, (iv) a system for discharging wastewater into the surface environment 8.3 (v) an infiltration system, infiltration trench 8.4 comprising the plant filter material according to the invention 8.22. The non-collective sanitation system 8.1 comprises a purification tank according to the present invention, the filtration system 8.21 is a filter cartridge placed in the pipe system 8.5. The direction of wastewater flow from the home 8.0 is shown by the black arrows in Figures 8 and 9. The wastewater is drained by the pipe system 8.5 and passes through the non-collective sanitation system 8.1 to undergo a first filtration. This first filtered water is then filtered a second time by passing through the filter cartridge 8.21. The filtered water exiting the filter cartridge 8.21 may be discharged into the surface environment 8.3 and/or passed through a permeable trench 8.4.
Figure 9 is an alternative embodiment of the wastewater drainage system of a home 8.0 of figure 8 where the plant filter material according to the present invention is not present in the infiltration trench 8.4.
Example 9 - System for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water using the plant filter material according to the present invention for rainwater from impermeable surfaces such as roofs
The plant filter material according to the present invention was placed in one or more filtration systems, one or more filter cartridges and/or a permeable trench upstream and/or downstream of a management facility (rainwater tank) for storing, buffering and/or regulating rainwater.
Figure 10 shows a system for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water from a home 8.0 comprising: (i) a pipe system 8.5 (ii) a solid waste removal system 10.1 (iii) a rainwater tank 10.2 (iv) a rainwater recovery system 10.3 associated with a pump 10.4 (v) a system for discharging wastewater (in this example, rainwater) into the surface environment 8.3 (vi) an infiltration system, infiltration trench 8.4 comprising the plant filter material according to the invention 8.22. An infiltration system such as a filter cartridge comprising the plant filter material according to the present invention is placed upstream 8.23 and downstream 8.21 of the rainwater tank 10.2. The solid waste removal system 10.1 is, for example, a T filter comprising a mesh enabling rainwater to be filtered for the first time and retaining solid waste such as plant debris, leaves etc. The direction of rainwater flow is shown by the black arrows in figures 10 to 12. The rainwater is drained by the pipe system 8.5 and passes through the solid waste removal system 10.1 to undergo a first filtration. This filtered water is then filtered a second time by passing through the filter cartridge 8.23. The filtered water exiting the filter cartridge 8.23 is then stored in the rainwater tank 10.2. The water from the rainwater tank undergoes an additional filtration by passing through a second filter cartridge 8.21. This water is then discharged into the surface environment by a discharge system 8.3 and/or this water is drained by an infiltration trench 8.4 comprising the plant filter material according to the present invention 8.22 and/or this water is reused in the home via the rainwater recovery system 10.3. In particular, this rainwater recovery system 10.3 enables rainwater to be used, for example for sanitary facilities, washing machines, dishwashers, etc. Advantageously, the filtration systems, filter cartridges 8.21 and 8.23 are the same.
Figure 11 is an alternative embodiment of the system for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water from a home of figure 10 where the solid waste removal system 10.1 and the filter cartridge 8.23 are integrated directly upstream of the rainwater tank 10.2 to form an integrated system 10.5 for filtering and storing rainwater and/or run-off water.
Figure 12 is an alternative embodiment of the system for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water from a home of figure 11 which does not comprise the rainwater recovery system 10.3.
Figure 13 is an alternative embodiment of the system for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water from a home of figure 12 which does not comprise a rainwater and/or run-off water drainage system via an infiltration trench 8.4.
It is to be understood that the present invention is in no way limited to the embodiments and uses described above and that modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the accompanying claims.
Claims (13)
1. Plant filter material for treating wastewater and rainwater comprising cellulose and lignin, said plant filter material being characterised in that it comprises pieces of wood or plant fibres forming a population of pieces, said population of pieces having a particle size distribution between 3mm and 100mm, preferably between 3mm and 50mm, favourably between 3mm and 25mm and said population of pieces being thermally processed at a temperature between 1500 C and 3000 C forming a population of thermally stabilised pieces, for example a population of torrefied pieces.
2. Filter material according to claim 1, wherein said population of pieces comprises a first population of pieces prepared upstream from a source of wood or plant fibres, for example by grinding or cutting, and having a particle size distribution between 3mm and 10mm, and a second population of pieces having a particle size distribution greater than 10mm, preferably greater than 12mm, and less than or equal to100mm, said filter material has a mass of the first population greater than that of the second population.
3. Filter material according to claim 1 or claim 2, having hydrophilicity, wherein the hydrophilicity of the filter material is determined by a contact angle between a drop of water and the surface of the filter material of less than 900, preferably less than 600, advantageously less than 450.
4. Filter material according any one of the preceding claims, having a water retention volume capacity between 5% and 40%, more preferably between 7% and 25% by volume of water calculated relative to the volume of a bed of dry matter formed from the filter material and/or, an air capacity between 20% and 70%, more preferably between 30% and 60% by volume of air calculated relative to the volume of a bed of said filter material.
5. Filter material according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said thermally stabilised pieces are selected from the group of pieces of beech wood, pine wood, poplar wood, ash wood, acacia wood, eucalyptus wood, softwood, or plant fibres and combinations thereof.
6. Filter material according to any one of the preceding claims, having, in the form of a vertical filter bed, an initial volume and a resistance to degradation when forming a bed of filter material measured by an average settlement percentage of less than 10%, preferably less than 5%, more preferably less than 3%, even more preferably less than 2%, favourably less than 1% relative to the initial volume.
7. Filter material according to any one of the preceding claims, having a content of water-soluble material between 1 and 10%, preferably between 2 and 6% by weight relative to the weight of the mainly torrefied filter material.
8. Filter material according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising a content of thermally stabilised pieces forming a primary material between 20 and 100% by weight relative to the weight of the filter material and optionally one or more additional filter materials acting as hydrodynamic or structural correctors to provide complete control of the primary material, said one or more additional filter materials being able to be selected from the group of Xylit, crushed nut shells, pyrolysed wood, biochar or agrichar, raw wood, plant fibres and combinations thereof.
9. Purification tank for treating wastewater, said purification tank comprising: - a wastewater settling enclosure, arranged to allow suspended solids to settle or float in a lower or upper area of the settling enclosure, and comprising at least one wastewater inlet and at least one clarified water outlet, - a filtering enclosure comprising at least one clarified water inlet, in fluid communication with said at least one clarified water outlet and said settling enclosure, and at least one filtered water outlet, between which extends a filter bed comprising the filter material according to any one of the preceding claims, said bed of filter material having an upstream section and a downstream side in a fluid filtration direction.
10. Purification tank according to claim 9, wherein said at least one clarified water inlet of the filtering enclosure is located in an upper area of said filtering enclosure and said at least one filtered water outlet is located in a lower area of said filtering enclosure. 11. Purification tank according to any one of claims 9 or claim 10, wherein the bed of filter material has a filtration surface between 1m2 and 15m2,more preferably between 2m 2 and 10m 2, and has a filtration bed height preferably between 30cm and 1m, more preferably between 80cm and 95cm, preferably 90cm. 12. Purification tank according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the filter bed preferably comprises said primary material but said filter bed may also comprise at least one additional filter material selected from the group of Xylit, crushed nut shells, pyrolysed wood, biochar or agrichar, raw wood and plant fibres, said filter material and said additional filter material being arranged in a mixture or in superimposed layers in the fluid filtration direction. 13. Method for purifying wastewater in a purification tank comprising a settling enclosure and a filtration area comprising a filter bed of filter material according to any one of claims 1 to 8, said filter bed having an upstream filter bed side and a downstream filter bed side in a fluid filtration direction, said method comprising the steps of: - inserting wastewater into the settling area, - settling the suspended solids in the settling area, forming a bed of settled solids and a clarified liquid phase, - transferring the clarified liquid phase to the filtration area, - distributing the clarified liquid phase over a plurality of positions on the upstream side of the filter bed, - filtering the clarified liquid phase through the filter bed in the fluid filtration direction to obtain filtered water, and - draining filtered water via at least one filtered water outlet. 14. Method for purifying wastewater according to claim 13, further comprising an additional filtration of said filtered water before discharge into the surface environment by a filtration system comprising said filter material according to any one of claims 1 to 8 and/or an additional filtration using a permeable trench comprising said filter material according to any one of claims 1 to 8. 15. Method for purifying wastewater in a purification tank according to claim 13 or claim 14, wherein the filtered water has a biochemical oxygen demand, BOD, less than or equal to 35mgO2.-1
, preferably less than or equal to 20mgO2.-, favourably less than or equal to 10mgO2.- 1 .
16. Method for purifying wastewater in a purification tank according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the wastewater has an initial ammonium ion content and the filtered water has an ammonium ion content reduced by at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, favourably at least 70% relative to the initial ammonium ion content of the wastewater. 17. Method for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water comprising the steps of: - a collection of rainwater and/or run-off water, - a first filtration of rainwater and/or run-off water, forming pre filtered water free of solid waste, - a filtration of said pre-filtered water via a first rainwater filtration system comprising said filter material according to any one of claims 1 to 8 to produce filtered water, - a collection of filtered water in a rainwater tank. 18. Method for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water according to claim 17, wherein the first filtration step and filtration step are performed in a single system. 19. Method for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water according to claim 17 or claim 18, wherein the filtered water collected in the rainwater tank is (i) discharged into the surface environment and/or (ii) reused in domestic installations and/or (iii) drained via a permeable trench. 20. Method for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water according to any one of claims 17 to 19, wherein the filtered water collected in the rainwater tank is filtered by a second rainwater filtration system comprising said filter material according to any one of claims 1 to 8 before being (i) discharged into the surface environment and/or (ii) reused in domestic installations and/or (iii) drained via a permeable trench.
21. System for purifying wastewater, comprising: - at least one purification tank according to any one of claims 9 to 12, - at least one additional water treatment system selected from the group comprising: a T filter, a filter cartridge, a permeable trench, a degreasing tank, a screening system, a percolation infiltration surface and combinations thereof,
wherein said at least one additional water treatment system is incorporated upstream and/or downstream of said at least one purification tank or wherein said at least one additional water treatment and/or storage system is separate and positioned upstream and/or downstream of said at least one purification tank.
22. System for purifying rainwater and/or run-off water comprising: - at least one water treatment system selected from the group comprising: a filter cartridge, a permeable trench, a degreasing tank, a screening system, a percolation infiltration surface and combinations thereof, - at least one additional water treatment system selected from the group comprising: a T filter, a filter cartridge, a permeable trench, a purification tank, a degreasing tank, a screening system, a percolation infiltration surface and combinations thereof, - at least one water storage and/or buffering and/or regulation system,
wherein said at least one water treatment system and/or said at least one additional water treatment system comprises the filter material according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein said at least one water treatment system and/or said at least one additional treatment system is incorporated upstream and/or downstream of said at least one water storage and/or buffering and/or regulation system, or wherein said at least one water treatment system and/or said at least one additional treatment system is separate and positioned upstream and/or downstream relative to said at least one water storage and/or buffering and/or regulation system.
FIG1
FIG 1
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 A B C D 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 4 4 FIG2 3 4 4 4 3 4
4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4
FIG 2
16' 19 18 5 7 21 20' X 17 4 4 11 1416 4 20 15 21 4 4 4 FIG 3 9 13
6 22
12 8 FIG 3
40 4.5
35 Ex 4.4 30 Ex 25 Ex 4.3
FIG 4 20 Ex 4.2 .II. 15
capacity (%) Ex 4.1 10
Water retention volume 5 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 0 5 0 Ex 4.1 Ex 4.2 Ex 4.3 Ex 4.4 Ex 4.5
FIG 4
6 Ex4.4 5
4 FIG 5
3
2
1
Average settlement (%) 0 Ex 4.1 Ex 4.4
FIG 5
Ex 4.2
16% Ex 4.1 14% 12% Ex 4.4 10% 8% FIG 6
6% 4% Ex Ex 4.3
Content of water- 2%
soluble material (%) 0% Coco Ex 4.3 Coquilles Ex 4.5de Ecorce de Pin Ex 4.4 PLT SAN Ex 4.1 PLT Ex LMK 4.2 12% noisettes 2%0%
FIG 6
Ex 4.4 Ex 4.2 Ex 4.3 Ex 4.1 8 Ex 4.4 35
30 7
Ex 4.1 6 25
-1) time (weeks)
4 5
-1) 20 FIG 7
Ex 4.3 4
- (mg·L 15
3
NO33- (mg·L NO 10
Ex 4.2 2 5
1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 35 30 25 20 15 temps 10 (semaines) time (weeks) 5 O0 FIG 7
8.22 8.4 8.3
8.5
8.5
8.21
FIG 8 8.5 8.0 8.3 8.5
8.1 8.5 8.5
8.1 8.4 8.21 8.0
8.22
FIG 8
8.4 8.3
8.5
8.5
8.21
FIG 9 8.5
8.0 8.3 8.5 8.1
8.5 8.5
8.1 8.4 8.0 8.21
FIG 9
8.22 8.4
8.3
8.5
8.5
8.21
10.4
10.2
FIG 10
8.0 8.5 8.23 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 10.3 10.1 8.5 10.1 10.2 8.5 8.4 8.21 8.23
8.5 8.22 10.3 8.0
10.4
FIG 10
8.22 8.4
8.3
8.5
8.5 8.21
10.4
10.2
10.5
FIG 11 8.23
8.0 10.1 8.5 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.21 10.3 8.5 10.1 10.2 10.2 8.5 8.4 8.23
8.5 8.22 10.3 8.0 10.5 10.4
FIG 11
8.22 8.4
8.3
8.5
8.5 8.21
10.2
10.5 FIG 12 8.23
10.1
8.0 8.5 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5
10.1 10.2 8.4 8.23 8.21 8.0 8.22 10.5
FIG 12
8.3
8.5 8.21
10.2
10.5
8.23 FIG 13
10.1
8.0 8.5 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5
10.1 10.2 8.23 8.21
8.0 10.5
FIG 13
4.13 Ex 4.1 Ex 4.8 Ex - 4.9 Ex 4.3 Ex 4.12 Ex 4.11 Ex * - 4.
10 Ex Ex 4.10
Ex 4.9
40 Ex 4.4 Ex 4.10 Ex 4.
11 K Ex 4.
12 Ex 4.3 Ex 4.8 Ex 4.9 7 Ex 4.8 Ex 4.1 Ex 4.13
Ex 4.1 35 Ex 4.11 Ex 4.
13 Ex 4.1 Ex 4.3 6 Ex 4.10 30 K Ex 4.4 5 time (weeks)
25 Ex 4.12 4 Ex 4.11 FIG 14
20 Ex 4.12 3 15 Ex 4.9 2 10
NO3- (mg.L-1) Ex 4.13
5 1Ex 4.3 Ex 4.8 Ex 4.4
Ex 4.4 0 0 40 35 0 30 1 25 20 2 15 3 10 4 5 6 7 5 0 time (weeks) FIG 14
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| BE2021/5511 | 2021-06-30 | ||
| BE20215511A BE1029541B1 (en) | 2021-06-30 | 2021-06-30 | FILTERING MATERIAL FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT |
| BE2022/5004 | 2022-01-06 | ||
| BE20225004A BE1029544B1 (en) | 2021-06-30 | 2022-01-06 | FILTERING MATERIAL INTENDED FOR THE TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER AND/OR RAINWATER |
| PCT/EP2022/068177 WO2023275310A1 (en) | 2021-06-30 | 2022-06-30 | Filter material intended for the treatment of wastewater and/or rainwater |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU2022304246A1 true AU2022304246A1 (en) | 2023-12-21 |
Family
ID=82558164
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2022304246A Pending AU2022304246A1 (en) | 2021-06-30 | 2022-06-30 | Filter material intended for the treatment of wastewater and/or rainwater |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (2) | EP4363381A1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2022304246A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2023275310A1 (en) |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2331515A1 (en) | 1975-11-13 | 1977-06-10 | Seiler Rene Rodolphe | Porous hydrophilic carbon for waste water purification - prepd. by impregnating wood strips, pyrolysing and crushing |
| KR101290293B1 (en) * | 2012-12-07 | 2013-07-29 | 신영기술개발(주) | Non-point source a contaminant purification apparatus of first rain |
| FR3003182B1 (en) | 2013-03-18 | 2016-07-01 | Eparco Sa | FILTERING MATERIAL WITH PINE NURSES AND CORRESPONDING FILTER FOR THE PURIFICATION OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER, ESPECIALLY IN NON-COLLECTIVE SANITATION. |
| FR3007022B1 (en) | 2013-06-13 | 2015-08-28 | F2F | COMPACT FILTER FOR A NON-COLLECTIVE SANITATION SYSTEM OF WASTEWATER |
| DE102013217016A1 (en) | 2013-08-27 | 2015-03-05 | Technische Universität Dresden | Porous oil binder and process for its preparation |
| FR3016955B1 (en) | 2014-01-27 | 2019-05-24 | Areva Energies Renouvelables | BIOMASS TORREFACTION PROCESS AND PLANT |
| KR101761225B1 (en) * | 2015-02-23 | 2017-07-25 | 주식회사 21세기 환경 | Livestock manure aekbihwa facility structure |
| FR3039078B1 (en) | 2015-07-20 | 2019-08-16 | Eparco | COMPACT BIOFILTER AND INSTALLATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF SEPTIC DOMESTIC EFFLUENTS |
| KR102028943B1 (en) | 2019-02-20 | 2019-10-08 | 장현수 | Air treating apparatus with function for recycling airto removing fine dust etc. |
-
2022
- 2022-06-30 WO PCT/EP2022/068177 patent/WO2023275310A1/en active Application Filing
- 2022-06-30 EP EP22741738.3A patent/EP4363381A1/en active Pending
- 2022-06-30 EP EP22182354.5A patent/EP4112566A1/en active Pending
- 2022-06-30 AU AU2022304246A patent/AU2022304246A1/en active Pending
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|---|---|
| WO2023275310A1 (en) | 2023-01-05 |
| EP4363381A1 (en) | 2024-05-08 |
| EP4112566A1 (en) | 2023-01-04 |
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