AU2020201929B2

AU2020201929B2 - Jet-Effect and Transformer

Info

Publication number: AU2020201929B2
Application number: AU2020201929A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Yuri Abramov
Original assignee: Soliton Holdings Corp
Current assignee: Soliton Holdings Corp
Priority date: 2017-07-13
Filing date: 2020-03-18
Publication date: 2022-12-22
Anticipated expiration: 2037-07-17
Also published as: AU2018204546B2; AU2020201562A1; AU2018200099A1; AU2018204546A1; AU2020201568B2; AU2020201910A1; AU2020201910B2; AU2020201568A1; AU2019200817A1; AU2020201562B2; AU2020201929A1

Abstract

OF THE DISCLOSURE The invention provides a method for computational fluid dynamics and apparatuses making enable an efficient implementation and use of an enhanced jet-effect, either the Coanda-jet-effect, the 5 hydrophobic jet-effect, or the waving-jet-effect, triggered by specifically shaped corpuses and tunnels. The method is based on the approaches of the kinetic theory of matter, thermodynamics, and continuum mechanics, providing generalized equations of fluid motion. The method is applicable for slow-flowing as well as fast-flowing real compressible-extendable fluids and enables optimal design of convergent-divergent nozzles, providing for the most efficient jet-thrust. The method can be applied to 10 airfoil shape optimization for bodies flying separately and in a multi-stage cascaded sequence. The method enables apparatuses for electricity harvesting from the fluid heat-energy, providing a positive net-efficiency. Page 1 of 1 2/3 5.8 5.9 5.80 5.90 5.81 5.91 5.84 EQ-75.94 5.97 5.8 5.82 - .35.92 5.93 5.85 5.86 5.95 5.96 Case(A) Case(B) Fig. 3

Description

2/3

5.8 5.9 5.80 5.90

5.81 5.91

5.84 EQ-75.94 5.97

5.8

5.82 - .35.92 5.93

5.85 5.86 5.95 5.96

Case(A) Case(B) Fig. 3

Jet-Effect and Transformer

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates, in general, to use of a phenomenon of superposition of electrical, magnetic, or electromagnetic fields for producing electric power, and more specifically, to use of a specially shaped core of a transformer of electrical voltage and current to concentrate and 5 control the electromagnetic energy.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of 2018204546 22-Jun-2018 further indicated by AU03, which in turn is divisional of 2017206155 - 17-July-2017 further indicated by AU01.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 10

The disclosures of AU03 and AU01 are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. A widened BACKGROUNDOF THE INVENTION may be referred to the mentioned AU03 and, for the sake of brevity, the widened BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION is not narrated herein entirely. Instead, the inventor points out again to a quint-essential feature of jet-effect in a molecular fluid and the Venturi effect (as a particular case of the jet-effect), wherein the jet- 15 effect is further translated into the terms of electromagnetism. The specification of terminology and the expounding of the BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION, both are extracted from AU03 and further specified as follows. In relation to the molecular fluid defined as an aggregation of randomly moving particles according to the kinetic theory of matter, the term "jet-effect" is used in a broad sense as the 20 effect of fluid flow portion convective acceleration at the expense of fluid portion internal heat energy. In particular, the jet-effect occurs when the fluid portion moves adjacent to configured walls and is subjected to the walls accelerating action, as seemingly "negative drag". For example, the fluid is gas, and the walls are configured to form a converging or convergent divergent nozzle. In particular, the term "jet-effect" is applied to the well-known and widely-used 25 effect of convective acceleration of a wind-portion, which is flowing over a convex upper surface of an airplane wing and is thereby being subjected to the varying of flow front cross section in an imaginary convergent-divergent nozzle. Another example is a case wherein the fluid is water and the configured walls have a hydrophobic surface. Thus, the term "jet-effect',

Page l of 21 used herein abroad sense, assumes that the process of gas extension maybe insignificantor latent. The inventor takes note that, in frames of the classical kinetic theory of molecular gas, when considering a relatively weak jet-effect (when the temperature changes and so-called "black-body radiation" are negligible), one normally ignores the electromagnetic energy 5 radiation originated by the randomly accelerating molecules of ideal gas, assuming that the radiation, being dominantly hidden due to the destructive interference, even though expected lo be significant from the energetic point of view, is not subjected to the energy conversions substantially. The hidden electromagnetic energy, for the purposes of the present invention also called "heat-like electromagnetic energy", is capable of a manifestation as well-known 10 phenomenaat leastsuch as hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, magnetism, piezo-electricity, photo electricity, etc. One can estimate the hidden heat-like electromagnetic energy hypothetically capable of the manifestation. In particular, when considering a one-mole portion of a matter composed of Avogadro's number NA 6 x 1023 of molecules inherently having distributed electrical charges, wherein the Brownian motion of the molecules results in so-called thermal 15 electromagnetic radiation caused by the random superposition of all elemental radiations thereby resulting in random constructive-destructive interference (i.e. self-compensation, or, speaking stricter, self-hiding), the sum radiation power of the portion of matter can be estimated, for instance, either: " as the radiation power being higher than the thermal electromagnetic radiation power 20 by the factor NA, when considering a hypothetic assumption of ideally not interfering electromagnetic rays of all the orthogonal radiations (for instance, that all the NA molecules are moving with regularized accelerations interrelating with effective velocities, cumulatively, corresponding to the portion of matter temperature, such that launching elemental radiations differing in frequency to result in orthogonal frequency 25 modulation and so not interfering at least at one spatial point), or, alternatively, " as the radiation power being higher than the thermal electromagnetic radiation power by the factor NA, when considering a hypothetic assumption of ideally-constructive interference of all the elemental radiations (for instance, that all the NA molecules are moving in unison with a certain acceleration interrelating with the effective velocity, 30 corresponding to the portion of matter temperature, and so are launching identical elemental radiations to result in constructive interference of all the originated identical elemental radiations at least atone spatial point).

Page 2 of 21

Further, referring to the corpuscular theory of electromagnetic radiation, and so using the terminology of the kinetic theory of matter, for the purposes of the present invention, the term "electromagnetic gas" should be understood as the background electromagnetic radiation. [In quantum mechanics, the equivalent term "photon gas" is used for the description of the black- 5 body radiation.] Forthe purposes ofthe present invention, the term "molecular fluid" should be understood in a further widened sense, including the electromagnetic gas [or, equivalently, the photon gas]. Forthe purposes ofthe present invention, the term "heat"or "generalized heat" should be understood in a broad sense as: 10 " in the case of a moving flow, the internal heat energy, defined as the cumulative kinetic energy of random Brownian motion of molecular fluid particles, and " in the case of spreading of the electromagnetic field, the internal heat-like energy defined as the cumulative heat-like electromagnetic energyof the electromagnetic gas's hidden electromagnetic radiation. 15 Furthermore, the term "heat" or "generalized heat" should be understood in a further widened sense as including the energy of turbulence defined as random Brownian whirling of relatively small groups of the generalized gas molecular fluid particles, while the whirling motion is not considered as the motion of an analyzed fluid portion as a whole. For the purposes of the present invention, the term "jet-effect"or "generalized jet-effect" 20 should be understood in a further widened sense as an effect of transformation of the generalized heatenergy into acquired useful energy; wherein: " in the case of a moving flow, the generalized jet-effect is manifested as the moving flow self-acceleration or self-retarding, and " inthe caseofthe spreading of the electromagnetic field, the generalized jet-effect 25 is manifested as the electromagnetic field self-boosting or self-compensating.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term "imaginary wall", applied to flowing fluid streamlines, should be understood as a material (but not virtual) wall, formed by the fluid's matter, forcedly-bordering a portion of the flowing fluid. I.e. the material but optionally invisible by the human eye and thereby imaginary wall acts on adjoining fluid portions, enforcing the 30 fluid portions to move along the streamlines, i.e. in alignment with the imaginary wall. When flowing plasma is subjected to an action of a magnetic field, "imaginary walls" are formed by the magnetic field's force-lines defining the streamlines of the flowing plasma. When considering

Page 3 of 21 the electromagnetic field, the introduced term "imaginary walls" should be understood as formed by the electromagnetic field's force-lines. For the purposes of the present patent application: " the term "velocity ofaflying body" should be understood as the body motion velocity relative to a stationary fluid; and vice-versa, the term "flow velocity" and, speaking 5 stricter, "flow velocity-vector u having absolute value u"should be understood as the fluid flow velocity relative to the considered body submerged in the flowing fluid. The two terms: "velocity ofa flying body" and "flow velocity", are interrelated according to Galilean relativity; o wherein as, when defining the term "flow velocity", the stationary fluid (being 10 defined as stationary relative to the body) is, in turn, the molecular fluid, the velocity-vector is also a measure of the molecular fluid particles motion in a prevalent direction in addition to the random Brownian motion of the fluid particles;

" the term "M-velocity" should be understood as the fluid velocity measured in Mach 15 numbers, or identically, velocity normalized to the temperature-dependent velocity of sound in the fluid; and " the well-known terms "low-subsonic", "high-subsonic", "transonic", "supersonic", and "hypersonic" are used to specify the flow velocity ranges as the following: (a) the low-subsonic velocity range is defined as the M-velocity range comprising M- 20 velocities lower than 0.3 Mach; (b) the high-subsonic velocity range is defined as the M-velocity range comprising M velocities higher than 0.3 Mach and lower than 0.8 Mach; (c) the transonic velocity range is defined as the M-velocity range comprising M velocities higher than 0.8 Mach and lower than 1.2 Mach; 25 (d) the supersonic velocity range is defined as the M-velocity range comprising M velocities higher than 1 Mach and lower than 5 Mach; and (e) the hypersonic velocity range is defined as the M-velocity range comprising M velocities higher than 5 Mach. Moreover, forthe purposes of the present patent application, the term "specific M-velocity" 30 is introduced to separate the terms "low M-velocities", associated with M-velocities lower than the specific M-velocity indicated by M,, and "high M-velocities", associated with M-velocities

Page 4 of 21 higherthan the specific M-velocity M,. The value of the specific M-velocity M, will be defined hereinbelow by a specific molecular structure of fluid.

Venturi Effect

Reference is now made to prior art Fig. 1. Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of an airfoil shaped convergent-divergent nozzle 102, pipe-section in a sagittal plane. The shape can be 5 described as comprising an inlet part 103 constricting into a narrow throat 104, further followed by a divergent outlet part 105. When a fluid 106 flows slowly through convergent-divergent nozzle 102, a jet-effect is observed in an adiabatic process, i.e. velocity increases in narrow throat 104 at the expense of the static pressure in fluid 106. Speedometers 1071, 1072, 1073 and barometers 1081, 1082, 1083 illustrate the interrelated behavior of the velocity and static 10 pressure. This jet-effect is also known as the Venturi effect. Thus, the Venturi acceleration effect is observed in the case ofa slow and converging flow, and the Venturi retarding effect is observed in the case of slowand divergentflow. In contrast, the well-known de Laval effect is observed for relatively fast flows moving through a convergent-divergent nozzle that, in this case, is also called a de Laval nozzle; wherein, in contrast to AU03 where the general case of 15 the jet-effect including both the Venturi effect and the de Laval jet-effect was analyzed, for the purposes of the current divisional patent application, the Venturi effect will be only considered when analyzing the motion of an ionized gas in a prevalent direction, in particular, the motion of a gas of free electrons within and along a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic pipe. The inventor points out and emphasizes that the phenomenon of the Venturi effect is the 20 self-acceleration and self-retarding of an airflow portion, i.e. is the airflow velocity self oscillation, at the expense of the air portion's warmth. I.e., in other words, the Venturi effect of the airflow velocity self-oscillation has the jet-effect nature. It will be evident for a person skilled in the art that electrical current is a particular case of a flow that is specified as a flow of an ionized fluid, and so, the Venturi effect is obviously- 25 expected when considering a convergent-divergent conductor of the electrical current.

For the purposes of the present patent application, the terms'Venturi M-velocity", "de Laval M-velocity", "de Laval low M-velocity", and "de Laval high M-velocity" should be understood as the following:

Page 5 of 21

* a Venturi M-velocity is defined as an M-velocity, lowerthan the specific M-velocityM, and lowsufficient to cross a narrow throat with said M-velocity, lowerthan the specific M-velocity M,; * a de Laval low M-velocity is defined as an M-velocity lower than the specific M velocity M, and high sufficient to reach the specific M-velocity M, at the critical 5 condition point x,; * a de Laval high M-velocity is defined as an M-velocity higher than the specific M velocity M, and low sufficient to reach the specific M-velocity M, at the critical condition point x,; and * a de Laval M-velocity is at least one of the de Laval low M-velocity and the de Laval 10 high M-velocity.

Venturi-Like Effect

Reference is now made again to prior art Fig. 1, wherein now, all the shaped walls are made from a conductive material, for simplicity, from a hypothetic super-conductor. When an electricfluxof the electricfield 106flows through convergent-divergent nozzle 102, comprising 15 inlet part 103, narrow throat 104, and outlet part 105, an effect similar to the Venturi effect when applied to describe manifestations of the electric field, is observed in an adiabatic process. Namely, the electric flux, indicated by D, is defined as D = AEA, where A is the cross-sectional area and EA is the electric field, measured in the cross-sectional plane. The equation of continuity, applied to the electric flux, says that 103 = 0104 = 010s, i.e. 20 A 1 0 3 E1 0 3 = A 1 0 4 E1 0 4 = A 1 05 E 1 05, where indexes "103", "104", and "105" relate to inlet part 103, narrow throat 104, and outlet part 105, correspondingly. This means that the electric field E1 04 in narrow throat 104, is higherthan the electricfield E1 0 3 in inletpart 103 and higher than the electric field E10 5 in outlet part 105. The energy U ofelectric flux crossing the frontal area A is defined as UE = O.5AEIEAl = O.SEEA(, where E is dielectric constant. 25 Comparingthe electricfield energy UEio3 = O.5A 1 0 3 EIE 03 |, UE1O4 = O.5A 104 EIE1 0 4 |, and UElOs = O.5AOSEIE 5 , relating to inlet part 103, narrow throat 104, and outlet part 105, correspondingly, one confusingly discloses that the electric field energy is not constant, namely, the field energy UE1O4 is higher than the field energies UEos and UOS. It will be evident for a person skilled in the art that, analogously, similar relations can be 30 shown when considering a convergent-divergent magneto-static field. Page 6 of 21

Fo r the purposes of the p rese nt inve ntio n, fo r the sake of b revity of furthe r asse rtio ns, the term "electromagnetic" should be understood in a broad sense as either electrostatic, or magneto-static, or electromagnetic. Fo r the purposes of the p rese nt inve ntio n, fo r the sake of b revity of furthe r asse rtio ns, the term 'Venturi-like effect" should be understood in a broader sense including both the Venturi 5 effect describing mechanical manifestations of a moving flow and the mentioned effect that is similar to the Venturi effect when applied to describe manifestations of electromagnetic fiel ds in terms of electromagnetism. The inventor points out that: " in the one case, the Venturi effect is observed in a moving fluid, and 10 " in the other case, the Venturi-like effect is observed in an electromagnetic field, both are manifestations of the generalized jet-effect defined as the transformation of the generalized heat energy into, in the one case, acquired kinetic energy of a self accelerated portion of the fluid, and, in the other case, acquired electromagnetic energy, correspondingly. 15

There is, therefore, a need in the art for a method and apparatus to provide harvesting a useful-beneficial electric power from the internal heat energy of ambient fluid triggering the Venturi-like effect.

Electromagnet and Transformer Of Alternating Voltage and Current

Fig.2, further added with respect to the widened BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION of AU03 20 (again, AU03 is not narrated herein for brevity), is divided between two parts: (A) and (B). Fig. 2 (A) is a prior art schematic drawing of a solenoid-electromagnet 1L.A. An electric current I flowing in a wire 1L.A1 creates a partial magnetic field B1 around the wire 1L.A1, due to Ampere's law. To concentrate many partial magnetic fields B 1 in a solenoid

electromagnet 1L.A, the wire 1L.A1 is wound into a coil with many, for concretization, N turns 25

of wire 1L.A1 lying side by side. The partial magnetic fields B1 of all the turns of wire 1L.A1 passes through the center of the coil, creating a resulting strong magnetic field B there. A coil forming the shape of a straight tube (a helix) is called a solenoid. The wire 1L.A1 is wound into a coil, which is wrapping around a magnetic core 1L.A3 helically such that the solenoid-electromagnet 1L.A comprises the solenoid and the magnetic 30 core 1L.A3. The material of the magnetic core 1L.A3 (often made of iron orsteel) is composed

Page 7 of 21 of small regions called magnetic domains that act like tiny magnets; this phenomenon is well known as ferromagnetism. Each domain is an atomic current loop as an elemental magnet dipole. Originally, the atomic current loops (i.e. the elemental magnet dipoles) are random oriented, and when the electric current I flows along the coil, wrapping around a magnetic core 1L.A3 helically, the orientation of the elemental magnet dipoles becomes prevalent in the 5 direction of the magnetic field created by the electric current I circulating in the coil. The effect of the magnetic core 1L.A3 is to boost the field, as the magnetic field B passes through the magnetic core 1L.A3 more easily than it would pass through the air; in otherwords, passing through the magnetic core 1L.A3, the magneticfield B becomes boosted by the factor y > 1 relative to the case in the absence of the magnetic domains of the ferromagnetic material. The 10 gas offree electrons, which is presentin the ferromagnetic material, is considered a molecular fluid composed of a multiplicity of particles, the original random Brownian motion of which becomes subjected to an action of the magnetic field B within the ferromagnetic material. The resulting complicated motion of the free electrons is characterized by inherent both the Brownian motion of the free electrons and induced whirling currents; the induced whirling 15 currents is the motion of the free electrons in a prevalent direction, namely, whirling along loops in cross-sectional planes perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field B. The induced whirling current loops in the cross-sectional planes have a tendency to become aligned with closed contours of the electric current I circulating in the helically wound coil and viewed from the cross-sectional point of view; wherein an overall shape of the core restricts the tendency. 20 The induced whirling currents, as the motion of free electrons, is characterized by an angular velocity vector u directed along the direction of the magnetic field B. So, the gas of free electrons moving in the prevalent direction is considered as given molecular fluid flow, moving with the angular velocity vector u, wherein streamlines of the induced whirling currents are defined as curves aligned with the varying angular velocity vectors of the induced whirling 25 current (or of the circular motion of the free electrons), being varying along the magnetic field strength force-lines within and along the magnetic core 1L.A3. The magnetic flux, indicated by O, is defined as equal to B x A, where A is cross sectional area of the magnetic flux 0A. The solenoid-electromagnet 1L.A is characterized by an inductivity, indicated by L, dependent by the solenoid-electromagnet's geometrical 30 parameters; wherein the inductivity L of a relatively long solenoid, having the length 1 and

Page 8 of 21 cross-sectional area A formed by N coils helically wound around magnetic core 1LA3 providing the magnetic field boosting factor t, is approximated by: N2 A L =1 po Eq. (1L1) where yo is the magnetic permeability of vacuum, yo = 4rc x10-7 H/m. The inductivity L links the values of applied helically flowing current I and created magnetic flux 5 cD as follows: L = -I Eq. (1L.2). N

The energy per unit volume in a region of space of permeability yo containing magnetic

field B is: 1B 2 Ey - Eq. (1L.3) 10 2 yto

and the energy EA of magnetic flux 1) crossing the and cross-sectional area A is:

S1B 2 1B EA = EVxA =--x A =1 Eq. (1L4) 2 yo 2 Io

The equation Eq. (1L4) says that the flux cD = B x A , when becoming convergent

divergent, on the one hand, remains constant according to the equation of continuity, and, on the other hand, becomes characterized by magnetic energy proportonal to B 2 x A. The fact, 15

that the magnetic flux energy EA is varying while the ©D remains constant, may seem

confusingly-paradoxical if not to take into account the Venturi-Like effect as a manifestation of the generalized jet-effect defined as the transformation of the generalized heat energy into the acquired magnetic energy.

Fig. 2 (B) is a prior art schematic drawing of an alternating current (AC) transformer 1L.B. 20 A simple AC transformer 1L.B is basically a dual electromagnet with two sets of wires: 1L.B1 and 1L.B2, helically wound around magnetic core 1L.B3 for the input and output voltages. In mathematics, a toroid is a surface of revolution with a hole in the middle, like a bagel ordoughnut, forming a solid body. The axis of revolution passesthrough the hole and so does not intersect the surface. For example, when a rectangle is rotated around an axis parallel to 25 one of its edges, then a hollow rectangle-section ring is produced. If the revolved figure is

Page 9 of 21 a circle, then the object is called a torus. The term toroid is also used to describe a toroidal polyhedron. In this context, a toroid need not be circular and may have any number of holes. For the purposes of the present invention, the term "toroid" should be understood in a broad sense as a three-dimensional geometrical configuration having at least one hole. The schematically illustrated corpus of magnetic core 1L.B3 is a particular case of a toroid 5 understood in the broad sense. For the purposes of the present invention, " in contrast to the introduced term "whirling currents" understood as loops of electrical current induced within ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials by an applied magnetic field being either constant or varying, 10 " the term "eddy-currents" or "Foucault's currents" should be understood as loops of electrical current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic field in the conductor according to Faraday's lawof induction. Eddy-currents flow in closed loops within conductors, in planes perpendicular to the magnetic field.

The alternating input voltage creates the AC that goes through the primary coil 1L.B1, 15 thereby making the soft iron core 1L.B3 capable of functioning as an AC electromagnet. Soft iron is used because the direction of magnetism can change rapidly with the change in the direction of the current. The strength of the magnetic field is a function of the number of turns of the primary coil 1L.B1. Transformer energy losses are dominated by winding and core losses. Transformers' 20 efficiency tends to improve with increasing transformer capacity. The efficiency of typical distribution transformers is between about 98 and 99 percent. When the core is subjected to a changing magnetic field, as it is in devices that use AC current (in particular, in transformers), some of the power that would ideally be transferred through the device is lost in the core; namely, a portion of the poweris dissipated as heat and, 25 sometimes, nose. Core loss is commonly termed "iron loss" in contradistinction to "copper loss" meaning the loss in the windings. Dominantly, the iron losses are composed of hysteresis losses and eddy-current losses. Hysteresis and eddy-current losses are constantat all load levels and dominate at no load while winding loss increases as load increases. Designing energy-efficient transformers for 30 lower loss requires a larger core, good-quality silicon steel, or even amorphous steel for the core and thicker wire, increasing initial cost. The choice of construction represents a trade-off between initial cost and operating cost.

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Basing on the description of AU03, in the present divisional application, a novel enhanced transformer of alternating electrical voltage and current is disclosed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Unity and novelty of the invention

The unity and novelty of the invention are in a method providing for the use of a novel 5 specifically shaped core being a component of either an electromagnet powered by a direct (constant) electrical current or a transformer of alternating electrical voltage and current. The novel specific shaping of the core is destined to: " first, implement a Venturi-like effect applied to the whirling electric current (interpreted as a kind of flow vectored collinearly with the vector of the circumferentially moving 10 circulating electric current) interrelated with the induced magnetic field within the shaped core and, thereby, to amplify the intensity of the useful-beneficial induced magnetic and/or electric power at the expense of the heat energy of ambient surroundings; and " second, reduce a "turbulent" component of the whirling electric current, thereby, to 15 reduce the dissipation of the electric power of the circulating electric currents into ambient warmth.

Primary basic features of the present invention

The invention is defined by the claims. The specifically shaped corpus of the core is interpreted as a convergent-divergentjet-nozzle 20 applied to whirling electric currents induced within an electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material and being unidirectional and/or alternatingly-circulating. A set of interrelated terms is defined as follows: > an electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material is defined as at least one of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic characterized by a high magnetic 25 permeability; Sa core is defined as a solid body having a corpus made from an electro conductive and magneto-boosting material; > agivenfluid matter isspecified as an electron gas composed offree electronsof an electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material; 30

Page 11of 21 a given flowing fluid is specified as an induced whirling current, being induced within an electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material and performing a circular motion of an electron gas along a certain closed trajectory bordering a portion of a cross-sectional plane within the electro-conductive and magneto boosting material; 5 Sa given flowing fluid portion is specified as an annular portion of an electron gas moving as a whole along a certain closed trajectory with an angular velocity vector u relative to a corpus made from an electro-conductive and magneto boosting material, thereby, said given flowing fluid portion performing an annular portion of an induced whirling current, wherein the angular velocity vector u of 10 said given flowing fluid portion, being vectored along a normal to a cross sectional plane within said corpus; Sa varying velocity-vector is specified as a varying angular velocity vector u of a given flowing fluid portion; Sa streamline of an induced whirling current is defined as a curve aligned with 15 angular velocity vectors of given flowing fluid portions within and along with a corpus made from an electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material; and Sa magnetic field strength, induced and boosted within an electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material, is defined as magnetic field strength, associated with and accompanied by an induced whirling current; said magnetic field strength 20 being characterized by a relative concentration of magnetic field strength force lines being aligned with streamlines of said induced whirling current.

Principal objects

Accordingly, itis a principal objectof the present invention to overcome the limitations of existing method and apparatuses for efficient transformation of: 25 " an electric power brought by a direct electric current into a power of a stationary magnetic field, and/or " an input electric power manifested as an input alternating electric voltage and current into a power of an oscillating magnetic and further into an output electric power manifested as an output alternating electric voltage and current. 30

Page 12 of 21

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

To understand the invention and to see how it may be carried out in practice, a preferred embodimentwill now be described, by way of a non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in the drawings: Fig. 1 is a prior art schematic drawing of the convergent-divergent Venturi tube; 5 Fig. 2 is a prior art schematic drawing of: (A) a solenoid, and (B) a conventional transformer of alternating voltage and current; Fig. 3 is a schematic illustration of two transformers of alternating electrical voltage and current; Fig. 4 is a schematic illustration of an optimized convergent-divergentjet-nozzle, constructed 10 according to the principles of the present invention;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The principles and operation of a method and an apparatus according to the present invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings and the accompanying 15 description; itbeing understood that these drawings are given for illustrative purposes o nly and are not meant to be limiting. A widened DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS of the invention where the jet-effect is analyzed as one of the primary features of all the embodiments may be referred to the mentioned AU03, which (the widened DETAILED DESCRIPTIONOF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS) is 20 not narrated herein for brevity. Instead, the current expounding of the DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS comprises a set of repeated and specified sub-paragraphs of the widened DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS of AU03, which are related to the present divisional application directly. The inventor points outagain that, when a molecularfluid is subjected to a headway motion, the jet-effect being triggered in the moving molecular fluid 25 can be manifested as the Venturi effect of either: o convective self-acceleration accompanied by self-cooling, or o self-retarding accompanying by self-warming. In other words, the phenomenon of self-acceleration (in a wide sense including the self retarding) is a manifestation of the jet-effect, in general, defined as either an effect of 30 transformation ofthe heat power into the kinetic poweroffluid motion as a whole or, vice-versa, an effect of transformation of the kinetic power of fluid motion as a whole into the heat power.

Page 13 of 21

Moreover, the inventor points out that the logic, obtained from the analysis of fluid dynamics as applied to dense matter, is extended to include the case of motions of ionized fluids, wherein the moving charges are inevitably-interacting with the electromagnetic (photon) gas, the heat like electromagnetic power of which is hidden due to destructive interference. In light of the diversities of the jet-effect use expounded in AU03, an aspect of the 5 mentioned Venturi-like effect implemented by an embodiment of an enhanced transformer of alternating electrical voltage and current is disclosed hereinbelow as follows.

Enhanced Transformer

Fig.3, divided between two parts: Case (A) and Case (B) the description of which is extracted from AU03 and further amended, is a schematic illustration of two transformers of alternating 10 electrical voltage and current, namely, of: • Case (A) gauge transformer 5.8, comprising: • a uniformly cross-sectional electro-conductive and magneto-boosting core 5.81, being made from a material characterized by a high magnetic permeability (for instance, made from a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic 15 material) and having a ring-like closed toroidal shape, symmetrical with respect to axis 5.80, and * a pair of inter-isolated electro-conductive-coils: primary winding 5.82 and secondary winding 5.83, each coiling around the toroidal core 5.81, thereby, the gauge transformer, essentially, is an ordinary transformer of alternating 20 electrical voltage and current, wherein the primary winding 5.82, when subjected to the alternating electrical voltage, is an input and the secondary winding 5.83, when electrically loaded, is an output of electric power; and • Case (B) enhanced transformer 5.9, comprising: 25 * a convergent-divergentelectro-conductive and magneto-boosting core 5.91, a corpus of which being made from the ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material and having a varying-cross-sectional ring-like closed toroidal shape, asymmetrical with respect to axis 5.90, and * a pair of inter-isolated electro-conductive-coils: primary winding 5.92 and 30 secondary winding 5.93, each coiling around the asymmetrical toroidal

Page 14 of 21 electro-conductive and the magneto-boosting corpus of core 5.91, constructed according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Each of the primary electro-conductive-coil windings: 5.82 and 5.92, comprising electron gas composed of free electrons, is subjected to an applied alternating external voltage, called primary voltage, accompanied by an alternating primary current, in turn, originating alternating 5 magnetic flux marked by force-lines of the magnetic field strength: 5.84 and 5.94, correspondingly. Although the magnetic field strength force-lines: either 5.84 or 5.94, is shown in one direction (clockwise), it actually alternates the direction with the alternating current in the primary electro-conductive-coil winding: either 5.82 or 5.92, correspondingly. Each of the closed toroidal corpuses of cores: symmetrical uniformly cross-sectional 5.81 10 and asymmetrical convergent-divergent 5.91, performs a closed "tunnel-corridor", characterized by the high magnetic permeability and by low coercivity and destined for conveying the magnetic field power along the closed tunnel-corridor, in particular, from the location of primary electro-conductive-coil winding: either 5.82 or 5.92, to the location of secondary electro conductive-coil winding: either 5.83 or 5.93, correspondingly, wherein the shape of the closed 15 tunnel-corridor, being either: • in Case (A), ring-like symmetrical uniformly cross-sectional 5.81, i.e. having identical cross-sections 5.85 and 5.86; or * in Case (B), ring-like asymmetrical convergent-divergent 5.91, i.e. having relatively thick and thin portions with cross-sections 5.95 and 5.96, 20 correspondingly, differing in the cross-sectional area; is sufficiently airfoil to assume that the originated alternating magnetic flux: either 5.84 or 5.94, correspondingly, is laminar along the closed tunnel-corridor: either 5.81 or 5.91, correspondingly, having no substantial vortices. The principal difference between the two transformers: gauge 5.8 of Case (A) and 25 enhanced 5.9 of Case (B), is in symmetry and in cross-sectional area varying of the closed cores: ring-like symmetrical uniformly cross-sectional 5.81 and asymmetrical convergent divergent 5.91, correspondingly. The asymmetrical convergent-divergent core 5.91 has a gradually-varying cross-sectional area, indicted byA and interrelated with the gradually-varying relative concentration of the magnetic field strength force-lines, providing the enhanced 30 Venturi-like jet-effect applied to the alternating magnetic flux 5.94, magnetic field strength current value ofwhich, appearing at the gradually varying cross-sectional areaA, is indicted by B.

Page 15 of 21

Further, for the sake of relevant simplicity, omit the mentioning about the electromagnetic parameters alternation as well as omit the effects of electromagnetic power dissipation due to: * resistance to the magnetizing hysteresis because of the non-zero coercivity, • eddy-currents within the toroidal cores, and • electrical resistance of the primary and secondary electro-conductive-coils. 5

The inventor points outthat the magnetic flux, indicated by D, of the magnetic field 5.94 is constant along the closed asymmetrical convergent-divergent tunnel-corridor 9.91, wherein the gradually-varying cross-sectional area A determines the gradual variation of the magnetic field 9.94's strength B, according to the equation of continuity applied to the magnetic flux, namely: (D = A x B = Const. I.e. the narrowed cross-section 5.96 comprises an increased 10 magnetic field strength B characterized by an increased relative concentration of the magnetic field strength force-lines and the widened cross-section 5.95 comprises a decreased magnetic field strength B characterized by a decreased relative concentration of the magnetic field strength force-lines. Furthermore, the constant magnetic flux having the varying cross-sectional area is characterized by gradually-varying magnetic energy along the closed convergent- 15 divergent tunnel-corridor, analogously to the property of the convergent-divergent electric flux described hereinabove in sub-paragraph "Venturi-Like effect" with reference to prior art Fig. 1, wherein the increased magnetic energy near the secondary electro-conductive-coil winding 5.93 is acquired from the electromagnetic gas heat-like energy, hidden within the molecular 20 ferromagnetic orferrimagnetic material of the toroidal electro-conductive and magneto -boosting core 5.91. In contrast to the gauge transformer 5.8 of Case (A), where the current, induced in the secondary electro-conductive-coil winding 5.83, brings the electric power, equal to the electric power of the current flowing within the primary electro-conductive-coil winding 5.82, in the final 25 analysis of the enhanced transformer 5.9 of Case (B), as an alternating magnetic flux of higher magnetic power induces a current bringing higher electric power, the current, induced in the secondary electro-conductive-coil winding 5.93, brings the electric power higher than the electric power of the current flowing within the primary electro-conductive-coil winding 5.92, wherein the added electric power is acquired at the expense of the electromagnetic gas heat- 30 like energy.

Page 16 of 21

Thereby, the enhanced transformer 5.9 is interpreted as a motionless magnet-jet engine, allowing for a new beneficial capability of acquiring the useful electrical energy from the electron gas temperature interrelated with the electromagnetic gas heat-like energy, wherein: * the primary (input) winding electro-conductive-coil 5.92 encircling the widened cross- 5 section 5.95 of the asymmetrical convergent-divergent electro-conductive and magneto-boosting core 5.91 plays the role of a motionless magnetizing compressor, • the vector angular-velocity u, also called the angular velocity vector, of whirling currents (i.e. of circulating free electrons) plays the role of a given molecular fluid flow 10 velocity-vector u, wherein streamlines of the induced whirling currents are defined as curves aligned with the varying angular velocity vectors of the induced whirling current (or of the circular motion of the free electrons), being varying along the magnetic field strength force-lines 5.94 within and along the toroidal convergent divergent electro-conductive and magneto-boosting corpus of core 5.91, and, looking 15 ahead, • the equation of M-velocity (6.13) described hereinbelow in subparagraph "Convergent Divergent Jet-Nozzle" with reference to Fig. 4, in particular, assuming Venturi M velocities, is applicable to design an elaborated shape of an actually-airfoil convergent-divergent tunnel-corridor of the toroidal electro-conductive and magneto- 20 boosting corpus of core 5.91, to provide: * the required laminarity of magnetic flux 5.94 interrelated with whirling currents, and • the desired gradual increase of the vector ang ular-velocity u of the whirling currents. 25 In viewof the foregoing description of the subparagraph "Enhanced Transformer" referring to Fig.3, it will be evident for a person who has studied the present invention that one can use a multi-stage repeating cascade of a set of N elemental enhanced transformers 5.9, wherein the primary (input) winding of each next elemental enhanced transformer is electrically connected to the secondary (output) winding of the previous elemental enhanced transformer. 30 When each of the N elemental enhanced transformers provides an increase in electric power due to the acquiring useful electric energy from the ambient warmth by the factor F, the cumulative increase in the electric power becomes by the factor FN (for instance, F = 1.1, Page 17 of 21

N = 10, and FN ~ 2.6). The increase in electric power due to the jet-effect at least partially compensates for the action of the mentioned negative effects of the electromagnetic power dissipation due to: * resistance to the magnetizing hysteresis because of the non-zero coercivity, • eddy-currents within the toroidally shaped cores, and 5 • electrical resistance of the primary and secondary electro-conductive-coils.

The inventor points out that the mechanism of the jet-effect is independent of the mentioned mechanisms of resistances and eddy-currents, but interrelates with the mechanism of turbulence and increase ordecreaseof the whirling currents within the toroidally shaped cores only. Wherein the energy of turbulence, as: 10 * a kind of the heat-like energy of random Brownian whirling motions of relatively small groups of particles, as well as * a kind of kinetic energy of whirling motions of relatively big portions of the molecular fluid whirling along trajectories misaligned with the circulating current embracing around the core, 15 is capable of transformation into the acquired kinetic energy ofthe given molecularfluid flow as a whole. This says that the factor F of the increase in the output electric power (the factor F is

equal to the ratio between the cross-sectional areas A 5 .95 and As. 9 6 of cross-sections 5.95 and 5.96, correspondingly), in principle, can be great sufficient to provide a situation when the desired increase in the output electric power due to the jet-effect exceeds the compensation for 20 the negative effects of the electromagnetic power dissipation. The equation of M-velocity (6.13) described hereinbelow in subparagraph "Convergent-Divergent Jet-Nozzle" with reference to Fig. 4, when: • considered for substantially low M-velocities corresponding to the angular velocity vector u of whirling currents (the low M-velocities are much lower than the specific M- 25 velocity), and • conditioned by restrictions applied to the low M-velocity, namely, by gradual changes of M-velocity along a path aligned with streamlines of a field of the angular velocity vectors, can be used for shaping the asymmetrical toroidally shaped electro-conductive and magneto- 30

boosting core 5.91 of Case (B) to provide the desired (sufficiently great) factor F.

Page 18 of 21

Permanent ele ctro-mag net

Referring again to Fig.3, the inventor further notes that considering the case as follows: * when the primary electro-conductive-coil windings: 5.82 of Case (A) and 5.92 of Case (B), each carrying a certain constant (not-alternating) current; and • when the fragments: 5.87 of Case (A) and 5.97 of Case (B), are withdrawn, i.e. when 5 the former closed toroidal corpuses of cores: symmetrical uniformly cross-sectional 5.81 of Case (A) and asymmetrical convergent-divergent 5.91 of Case (B), correspondingly, thereby become broken; the transformers: 5.8 of Case (A) and 5.9 of Case (B), having the broken cores: 5.81 of Case (A) and 5.91 of Case (B), correspondingly, become functioning as permanent electro-magnets. 10 It is expected that the magnetic field strength B 5 8 7 in the gap 5.87 of Case (A) is weaker than the magnetic field strength B 5 9 7 in the gap 5.97 of Case (B), because the cross-section of gap 5.87 is wider than the cross-section of gap 5.97; this follows from the equation of continuity applied to the magnetic flux. In other words, the identical primary electro-conductive-coil windings: 5.82 of Case (A) and 5.92 of Case (B), encircling identical cross-sections and 15 thereby playing the role of identical magnetizing compressors, result in different magnetic properties of the permanent electro-magnets, called magnet-jet engines: 5.8 and 5.9, wherein the difference in magnetic properties between the magnet-jet engines: 5.8 and 5.9, is determined by the difference in cross-sectional varying of the broken cores: 5.81 and 5.91. The magnetic strength difference (B 5.9 7 - B 5 . 8 7 ), accompanied by the magnetic field energy 20 difference, is acquired atthe expense of the electron gas temperature, i.e., at the final analysis, at the expense of the ambient temperature.

Convergent-DivergentJet-Nozzle

Forthe sake of brevity, a detailed description of the equation of M-velocity expounded in AU03 is omitted in the present divisional patent application. Instead, a brief summary in relation 25 to the equation of M-velocity (6.13) shown hereinbelow, that (the brief summary) is relevant to the present patent application, is expounded in this sub-paragraph. Fig. 4 is a schematic illustration of a convergent-divergentjet-nozzle 610, pipe-section in a sagittal plane. Convergent-divergentjet-nozzle 610 is applied to accelerate a laminarly flowing compressible-expandable fluid 611. Convergent-divergentjet-nozzle 610 has the inner tunnel 30 opposite walls shaped, for simplicity, axis-symmetrically around an imaginary sagittal x-axis

Page 19 of 21

615, as a convergent funnel 612 having an open inlet, narrow throat 613 comprising point 618 of the narrowest cross-section, and divergent exhaust tailpipe 614 having an open outlet, constructed according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention providing for the Venturi effect and de Laval jet-effect, both improved by suppression of turbulence origination within the convergent-divergentjet-nozzle 610. The specifically shaped tunnel, comprising the 5 three majorsuccessive constituents: convergent funnel 612 having an open inlet, narrow throat 613, and divergent exhaust tailpipe 614 having an open outlet, has no real separation features between the constituents. For the purpose of the present patent application, narrow throat 613 is specified as a fragment of the inner tunnel located between imaginary inlet 6131 and outlet 6132. The reference numeral 616 indicates the outflowing jetstream. 10 The converging, divergent, and convergent-divergent portions of the shaped tunnel are characterized by a cross-sectional area profile A(x) given by the equation of M-velocity expressed as: y+1

= * (Yx-1) 2y~~> 2 2y1 Eq. (6.13) .M(x)y (2+y(M(X)) )2y-1)

where A, is a constant, y is an adiabatic compressibility parameter of a portion of fluid, and 15

M(x) is a gradual smooth function of x representing a profile of an M-velocity of the portion of the fluid moving within the shaped tunnel. The demanded restricting condition of the graduality of M(x) provides for laminarity of the flowing fluid. The condition A(x) = A, is

satisfied when M(x) = (y- 1) /y. For the purposes of the present patent application,

the value M, = (y- 1)/y is defined as the specific M-velocity. 20 The inventor points out that, considering the mentioned circulating free electrons, circulating with the angular velocity vector, as the given flowing fluid moving along the tunnel in the sense of along the angular velocity vector, the adiabatic compressibility parameter y of the electron gas is greater than 2 and is in the 25 range between 2 and 4, thereby, the absolute M-velocity value of the angular velocity vector is much lowerthan the specific M-velocity M,.Referring again to Fig. 3 and tacking into account that as the absolute values of the varying angular velocity vector,

Page 20 of 21 varying along a curve trajectory aligned with the magnetic field strength force-lines 5.94 within and along the toroidal convergent-divergent electro-conductive and magneto-boosting corpus of core 5.91, remains in the range of Venturi M-velocities, the asymmetrical toroidal electro-conductive and magneto-boosting corpus of core 5.91 is justifiably interpreted as a Venturi tube for the given 5 flowing fluid. In turn, it provides for high laminarity of the given flowing fluid in a wide class of gradual shapes of the toroidal electro-conductive and magneto-boosting corpus of the core that allows for the implementation of enhanced transformers characterized by a relatively high factor F determining the boosting of the output electric power at the expense of the heat energy of the core and, in the final analysis, at the expense of the heat energy of the ambient 10 surroundings.

In the claims, reference signs are used to refer to examples in the drawings for the purpose of easier understanding and are not intended to be limiting on the monopoly claimed.

Page 21of 21

Claims

1. A motionless magnet-jet engine [5.9];

the motionless magnet-jet engine comprising: " a core [5.91] having a specifically shaped corpus made from an electro conductive and magneto-boosting material, wherein said electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material is as at least one of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic characterized by a high magnetic permeability; and * an input electro-conductive-coil [5.92] winding encircling a portion of the specifically shaped corpus of the core;

wherein: the specifically shaped corpus made from an electro-conductive and magneto boosting material, has a toroidal overall shape with a gradually-varying cross sectional area, varying along a trajectory curve within the specifically shaped corpus; >the varying cross-sectional area is further specified such that the specifically shaped corpus comprises at least two portions: e relatively thick [5.95], and * relatively thin [5.96], differing in cross-sectional area, such that the varying cross-sectional area of said relatively thick portion is bigger than the cross-sectional area of said relatively thin portion by a factor of at least 1.05; >the portion of the specifically shaped corpus of the core, which (the portion) is subjected to the input electro-conductive-coil winding encircling, is further specified as the relatively thick portion of the specifically shaped corpus of the core; and the input electro-conductive-coil winding [5.92] being electrically connected to a source of electrical voltage and so bringing electrical current to create a magnetic field strength [5.94] being induced and boosted within the electro conductive and magneto-boosting material of the specifically shaped corpus of

Page 22 of 24 the core, wherein said induced and boosted magnetic field strength being inherently accompanied by an induced whirling current; thereby, " the induced whirling current being interrelated with a gradually-varying relative concentration of associated magnetic field strength force-lines [5.94]; and " the relative concentration of the associated magnetic field strength force-lines in the relatively thin portion of the specifically shaped corpus of the core being higher than the relative concentration of the associated magnetic field strength force-lines in the relatively thick portion of the specifically shaped corpus of the core; and, thereby, the motionless magnet-jet engine providing for an increase of the relative concentration of the magnetic field strength force-lines [5.94] crossing the cross-sectional area [5.96] of the relatively thin portion of the specifically shaped corpus of the core, thus, a specific use of the motionless magnet-jet engine as an enhanced electromagnet is provided, wherein the enhanced electromagnet is improved by that the magnetic field strength obtained nearby the relatively thin portion of the specifically shaped corpus of the core is stronger than the magnetic field strength induced by said electrical current nearby the relatively thick portion of the specifically shaped corpus of the core.

2. An elemental enhanced transformer of alternating electrical voltage and current; wherein said elemental enhanced transformer comprising the motionless magnet-jet engine of claim 1,

wherein the motionless magnet-jet engine is further specified as comprising: " said further specified convergent-divergent corpus of the core having a closed toroidal convergent-divergent shape; and " at least two mutually-isolated electro-conductive-coils: said input winding and an output winding, each encircling said closed toroidally shaped convergent-divergent corpus of the core, wherein: said input electro-conductive-coil winding encircling said relatively thick portion of said shaped convergent-divergent corpus of the core and

Page 23 of 24 being electrically connected to said source of said alternating electrical voltage, and • said output electro-conductive-coil winding encircling said relatively thin portion of said closed toroidally shaped convergent-divergent corpus of the core and being electrically connected to an electricalload.

3. A complicated enhanced transformer of alternating electrical voltage and current comprising at least two electrically inter-connected said elemental enhanced transformers of alternating electrical voltage and current of claim 2, further called: • previous elemental enhanced transformer, and * next elemental enhanced transformer, correspondingly; wherein the output electro-conductive-coil winding of the previous elemental enhanced transformer being electrically connected to the input electro-conductive-coil winding of the next elemental enhanced transformer, thereby, * the output electro-conductive-coil winding of the previous elemental enhanced transformer being said source of electrical voltage applied to the input electro-conductive-coil winding of the next elemental enhanced transformer; and • the input electro-conductive-coil winding of the next elemental enhanced transformer being said electrical load applied to the output electro conductive-coil winding of the previous elemental enhanced transformer.

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