AU2020201929A1 - Jet-Effect and Transformer - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a method for computational fluid dynamics and apparatuses making enable an efficient implementation and use of an enhanced jet-effect, either the Coanda-jet-effect, the 5 hydrophobic jet-effect, or the waving-jet-effect, triggered by specifically shaped corpuses and tunnels. The method is based on the approaches of the kinetic theory of matter, thermodynamics, and continuum mechanics, providing generalized equations of fluid motion. The method is applicable for slow-flowing as well as fast-flowing real compressible-extendable fluids and enables optimal design of convergent-divergent nozzles, providing for the most efficient jet-thrust. The method can be applied to 10 airfoil shape optimization for bodies flying separately and in a multi-stage cascaded sequence. The method enables apparatuses for electricity harvesting from the fluid heat-energy, providing a positive net-efficiency. Page 1 of 1 5.84 5.94 5.97 5.87 5. 5.92 5.93 5.82 5.85 5.86 5.95 5.96 Case (A) Case (B) Fig. 5o

Description

Jet-Effect and Transformer

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates, in general, to use of a phenomenon of superposition of electrical, magnetic, or electromagnetic fields for producing electric power, and more specifically, to use of a specially shaped core of a transformer of electrical voltage and current to concentrate and control the electromagnetic energy.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of 2018204546 22-Jun-2018 further indicated by AU03, which in turn is divisional of 2017206155 - 17-July-2017 further indicated by AU01.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The disclosures of AU03 and AU01 are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. A widened background of the invention may be referred to the mentioned AU03 and, for the sake of brevity, the widened background of the invention is not narrated herein entirely.

Instead, the inventor points out again to a quint-essential feature of jet-effect in a molecular fluid and the Venturi effect (as a particular case of the jet-effect), wherein the jeteffect is further translated into the terms of electromagnetism. The specification of terminology and the expounding of the background of the invention, both are extracted from AU03 and further specified as follows.

In relation to the molecular fluid defined as an aggregation of randomly moving particles according to the kinetic theory of matter, the term jet-effect is used in a broad sense as the effect of fluid flow portion convective acceleration at the expense of fluid portion internal heat energy. In particular, the jet-effect occurs when the fluid portion moves adjacent to configured walls and is subjected to the walls accelerating action, as seemingly negative drag. For example, the fluid is gas, and the walls are configured to form a converging or convergentdivergent nozzle. In particular, the term jet-effect is applied to the well-known and widely-used effect of convective acceleration of a wind-portion, which is flowing over a convex upper surface of an airplane wing and is thereby being subjected to the varying of flow front crosssection in an imaginary convergent-divergent nozzle. Another example is a case wherein the fluid is water and the configured walls have a hydrophobic surface. Thus, the term jet-effect,

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2020201929 18 Mar 2020 used here in a broad sense, assumes that the process of gas extension may be insignificant or latent.

The inventor takes note that, in frames of the classical kinetic theory of molecular gas, when considering a relatively weak jet-effect (when the temperature changes and so-called “black-body radiation” are negligible), one normally ignores the electromagnetic energy radiation originated by the randomly accelerating molecules of ideal gas, assuming that the radiation, being dominantly hidden due to the destructive interference, even though expected to be significant from the energetic point of view, is not subjected to the energy conversions substantially. The hidden electromagnetic energy, for the purposes of the present invention also called heat-like electromagnetic energy, is capable of a manifestation as well-known phenomena at least such as hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, magnetism, piezo-electricity, photoelectricity, etc. One can estimate the hidden heat-like electromagnetic energy hypothetically capable of the manifestation. In particular, when considering a one-mole portion of a matter composed of Avogadro’s number N_A ® 6 x 10²³ of molecules inherently having distributed electrical charges, wherein the Brownian motion of the molecules results in so-called thermal electromagnetic radiation caused by the random superposition of all elemental radiations thereby resulting in random constructive-destructive interference (i.e. self-compensation, or, speaking stricter, self-hiding), the sum radiation power of the portion of matter can be estimated, for instance, either:

as the radiation power being higher than the thermal electromagnetic radiation power by the factor when considering a hypothetic assumption of ideally notinterfering electromagnetic rays of all the orthogonal radiations (for instance, that all the N_a molecules are moving with regularized accelerations interrelating with effective velocities, cumulatively, corresponding to the portion of matter temperature, such that launching elemental radiations differing in frequency to result in orthogonal frequency modulation and so not interfering at least at one spatial point), or, alternatively, as the radiation power being higher than the thermal electromagnetic radiation power by the factor N_A, when considering a hypothetic assumption of ideally-constructive interference of all the elemental radiations (for instance, that all the N_A molecules are moving in unison with a certain acceleration interrelating with the effective velocity, corresponding to the portion of matter temperature, and so are launching identical elemental radiations to result in constructive interference of all the originated identical elemental radiations at least at one spatial point).

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Further, referring to the corpuscular theory of electromagnetic radiation, and so using the terminology of the kinetic theory of matter, for the purposes of the present invention, the term “electromagnetic gas” should be understood as the background electromagnetic radiation. [In quantum mechanics, the equivalent term “photon gas” is used for the description of the blackbody radiation.]

For the purposes of the present invention, the term molecular fluid should be understood in a further widened sense, including the electromagnetic gas [or, equivalently, the photon gas].

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “heat” or “generalized heat” should be understood in a broad sense as:

in the case of a moving flow, the internal heat energy, defined as the cumulative kinetic energy of random Brownian motion of molecular fluid particles, and in the case of spreading of the electromagnetic field, the internal heat-like energy defined as the cumulative heat-like electromagnetic energy of the electromagnetic gas’s hidden electromagnetic radiation.

Furthermore, the term “heat” or “generalized heat” should be understood in a further widened sense as including the energy of turbulence defined as random Brownian whirling of relatively small groups of the generalized gas molecular fluid particles, while the whirling motion is not considered as the motion of an analyzed fluid portion as a whole.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “jet-effect” or “generalized jet-effect” should be understood in a further widened sense as an effect of transformation of the generalized heat energy into acquired useful energy; wherein:

in the case of a moving flow, the generalized jet-effect is manifested as the moving flow self-acceleration or self-retarding, and in the case of the spreading of the electromagnetic field, the generalized jet-effect is manifested as the electromagnetic field self-boosting or self-compensating.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “imaginary wall”, applied to flowing fluid streamlines, should be understood as a material (but not virtual) wall, formed by the fluid’s matter, forcedly-bordering a portion of the flowing fluid. I.e. the material but optionally invisible by the human eye and thereby imaginary wall acts on adjoining fluid portions, enforcing the fluid portions to move along the streamlines, i.e. in alignment with the imaginary wall. When flowing plasma is subjected to an action of a magnetic field, “imaginary walls” are formed by the magnetic field’s force-lines defining the streamlines of the flowing plasma. When considering

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2020201929 18 Mar 2020 the electromagnetic field, the introduced term “imaginary walls” should be understood as formed by the electromagnetic field’s force-lines.

For the purposes of the present patent application:

the term velocity of a flying body should be understood as the body motion velocity relative to a stationary fluid; and vice-versa, the term flow velocity and, speaking stricter, “flow velocity-vector u having absolute value u should be understood as the fluid flow velocity relative to the considered body submerged in the flowing fluid. The two terms: velocity of a flying body and flow velocity, are interrelated according to Galilean relativity;

o wherein as, when defining the term flow velocity, the stationary fluid (being defined as stationary relative to the body) is, in turn, the molecular fluid, the velocity-vector is also a measure of the molecular fluid particles motion in a prevalent direction in addition to the random Brownian motion of the fluid particles;

the term M-velocity should be understood as the fluid velocity measured in Mach numbers, or identically, velocity normalized to the temperature-dependent velocity of sound in the fluid; and the well-known terms “low-subsonic”, “high-subsonic”, “transonic”, “supersonic”, and “hypersonic” are used to specify the flow velocity ranges as the following:

(a) the low-subsonic velocity range is defined as the M-velocity range comprising Mvelocities lower than 0.3 Mach', (b) the high-subsonic velocity range is defined as the M-velocity range comprising Mvelocities higher than 0.3 Mach and lower than 0.8 Mach', (c) the transonic velocity range is defined as the M-velocity range comprising Mvelocities higher than 0.8 Mach and lower than 1.2 Mach', (d) the supersonic velocity range is defined as the M-velocity range comprising Mvelocities higher than 1 Mach and lower than 5 Mach', and (e) the hypersonic velocity range is defined as the M-velocity range comprising Mvelocities higher than 5 Mach.

Moreover, for the purposes of the present patent application, the term specific M-velocity is introduced to separate the terms “low M-velocities”, associated with M-velocities lower than the specific M-velocity indicated by M*, and “high M-velocities”, associated with M-velocities

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2020201929 18 Mar 2020 higher than the specific M-velocity M*. The value of the specific M-velocity M* will be defined hereinbelow by a specific molecular structure of fluid.

Venturi Effect

Reference is now made to prior art Fig. 1b. Fig. 1b is a schematic illustration of an airfoilshaped convergent-divergent nozzle 102, pipe-section in a sagittal plane. The shape can be described as comprising an inlet part 103 constricting into a narrow throat 104, further followed by a divergent outlet part 105. When a fluid 106 flows slowly through convergent-divergent nozzle 102, a jet-effect is observed in an adiabatic process, i.e. velocity increases in narrow throat 104 at the expense of the static pressure in fluid 106. Speedometers 1071,1072,1073 and barometers 1081,1082, 1083 illustrate the interrelated behavior of the velocity and static pressure. This jet-effect is also known as the Venturi effect. Thus, the Venturi acceleration effect is observed in the case of a slow and converging flow, and the Venturi retarding effect is observed in the case of slow and divergent flow. In contrast, the well-known de Laval effect is observed for relatively fast flows moving through a convergent-divergent nozzle that, in this case, is also called a de Laval nozzle; wherein, in contrast to AU03 where the general case of the jet-effect including both the Venturi effect and the de Laval jet-effect was analyzed, for the purposes of the current divisional patent application, the Venturi effect will be only considered when analyzing the motion of an ionized gas in a prevalent direction, in particular, the motion of a gas of free electrons within and along a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic pipe.

The inventor points out and emphasizes that the phenomenon of the Venturi effect is the self-acceleration and self-retarding of an airflow portion, i.e. is the airflow velocity selfoscillation, at the expense of the air portion’s warmth. I.e., in other words, the Venturi effect of the airflow velocity self-oscillation has the jet-effect nature.

It will be evident for a person skilled in the art that electrical current is a particular case of a flow that is specified as a flow of an ionized fluid, and so, the Venturi effect is obviouslyexpected when considering a convergent-divergent conductor of the electrical current.

For the purposes of the present patent application, the terms “Venturi M-velocity”, de Laval M-velocity, “de Laval low M-velocity”, and “de Laval high M-velocity” should be understood as the following:

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2020201929 18 Mar 2020 a Venturi M-velocity is defined as an M-velocity, lower than the specific M-velocity M* and low sufficient to cross a narrow throat with said M-velocity, lower than the specific M-velocity Mg a de Laval low M-velocity is defined as an M-velocity lower than the specific Mvelocity M* and high sufficient to reach the specific M-velocity M* at the critical condition point %g a de Laval high M-velocity is defined as an M-velocity higher than the specific Mvelocity M* and low sufficient to reach the specific M-velocity M* at the critical condition point %g and a de Laval M-velocity is at least one of the de Laval low M-velocity and the de Laval high M-velocity.

Venturi-Like Effect

Reference is now made again to prior art Fig. 1b, wherein now, all the shaped walls are made from a conductive material, for simplicity, from a hypothetic super-conductor. When an electric flux of the electric field 106 flows through convergent-divergent nozzle 102, comprising inlet part 103, narrow throat 104, and outlet part 105, an effect similar to the Venturi effect when applied to describe manifestations of the electric field, is observed in an adiabatic process. Namely, the electric flux, indicated by Φ, is defined as Φ = AE_a , where A is the cross-sectional area and E_A is the electric field, measured in the cross-sectional plane. The equation of continuity, applied to the electric flux, says that Φ₁₀₃ = Φ₁₀₄ = Φ₁₀₅, i.e. ^103^103 = λ₁₀₄Ε₁₀₄ = zl₁₀₅E₁₀₅, where indexes “103”, “104”, and “105” relate to inlet part 103, narrow throat 104, and outlet part 105, correspondingly. This means that the electric field £i₀₄. in narrow throat 104, is higher than the electric field E₁₀₃ in inlet part 103 and higher than the electric field E_10S in outlet part 105. The energy U_E of electric flux crossing the frontal area A is defined as U_E = 0.5ϊ4ε|Ε^| = Ο.ΒεΕ^Φ, where ε is dielectric constant. Comparing the electric field energy U_E1Q3 = 0.5Α₁₀₃ε|Ει₀₃1, U_E1Q4 = 0.5Α₁₀₄ε|Ει₀₄|, and U_E105 = Ο.5ϊ4_1ο5ε|E₄₀₅1, relating to inlet part 103, narrow throat 104, and outlet part 105, correspondingly, one confusingly discloses that the electric field energy is not constant, namely, the field energy U_E1Q4 is higher than the field energies U_E1Q3 and U_E1QS.

It will be evident for a person skilled in the art that, analogously, similar relations can be shown when considering a convergent-divergent magneto-static field.

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For the purposes of the present invention, for the sake of brevity of further assertions, the term “electromagnetic” should be understood in a broad sense as either electrostatic, or magneto-static, or electromagnetic.

For the purposes of the present invention, for the sake of brevity of further assertions, the term “Venturi-like effect” should be understood in a broader sense including both the Venturi effect describing mechanical manifestations of a moving flow and the mentioned effect that is similar to the Venturi effect when applied to describe manifestations of electromagnetic fields in terms of electromagnetism.

The inventor points out that:

in the one case, the Venturi effect is observed in a moving fluid, and in the other case, the Venturi-like effect is observed in an electromagnetic field, both are manifestations of the generalized jet-effect defined as the transformation of the generalized heat energy into, in the one case, acquired kinetic energy of a selfaccelerated portion of the fluid, and, in the other case, acquired electromagnetic energy, correspondingly.

There is, therefore, a need in the art for a method and apparatus to provide harvesting a useful-beneficial electric power from the internal heat energy of ambient fluid triggering the Venturi-like effect.

Electromagnet and Transformer Of Alternating Voltage and Current

Fig. 1L, further added with respect to the widened background of the invention of AU03 (again, AU03 is not narrated herein for brevity), is divided between two parts: (A) and (B).

Fig. 1L (A) is a prior art schematic drawing of a solenoid-electromagnet 1L.A. An electric current I flowing in a wire 1L.A1 creates a partial magnetic field B_t around the wire 1L.A1, due to Ampere’s law. To concentrate many partial magnetic fields B_± in a solenoidelectromagnet 1L.A, the wire 1L.A1 is wound into a coil with many, for concretization, N turns of wire 1L.A1 lying side by side. The partial magnetic fields B_t of all the turns of wire 1L.A1 passes through the center of the coil, creating a resulting strong magnetic field B there. A coil forming the shape of a straight tube (a helix) is called a solenoid.

The wire 1L.A1 is wound into a coil, which is wrapping around a magnetic core 1L.A3 helically such that the solenoid-electromagnet 1L.A comprises the solenoid and the magnetic core 1L.A3. The material of the magnetic core 1L.A3 (often made of iron or steel) is composed

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2020201929 18 Mar 2020 of small regions called magnetic domains that act like tiny magnets; this phenomenon is wellknown as ferromagnetism. Each domain is an atomic current loop as an elemental magnet dipole. Originally, the atomic current loops (i.e. the elemental magnet dipoles) are random oriented, and when the electric current I flows along the coil, wrapping around a magnetic core 1L.A3 helically, the orientation of the elemental magnet dipoles becomes prevalent in the direction of the magnetic field created by the electric current I circulating in the coil. The effect of the magnetic core 1L.A3 is to boost the field, as the magnetic field B passes through the magnetic core 1L.A3 more easily than it would pass through the air; in other words, passing through the magnetic core 1L.A3, the magnetic field B becomes boosted by the factor μ > 1 relative to the case in the absence of the magnetic domains of the ferromagnetic material. The gas of free electrons, which is present in the ferromagnetic material, is considered a molecular fluid composed of a multiplicity of particles, the original random Brownian motion of which becomes subjected to an action of the magnetic field B within the ferromagnetic material. The resulting complicated motion of the free electrons is characterized by inherent both the Brownian motion of the free electrons and induced whirling currents; the induced whirling currents is the motion of the free electrons in a prevalent direction, namely, whirling along loops in cross-sectional planes perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field B. The induced whirling current loops in the cross-sectional planes have a tendency to become aligned with closed contours of the electric current I circulating in the helically wound coil and viewed from the cross-sectional point of view; wherein an overall shape of the core restricts the tendency. The induced whirling currents, as the motion of free electrons, is characterized by an angular velocity vector u directed along the direction of the magnetic field B. So, the gas of free electrons moving in the prevalent direction is considered as given molecular fluid flow, moving with the angular velocity vector u, wherein streamlines of the induced whirling currents are defined as curves aligned with the varying angular velocity vectors of the induced whirling current (or of the circular motion of the free electrons), being varying along the magnetic field strength force-lines within and along the magnetic core 1L.A3.

The magnetic flux, indicated by Φ_μ, is defined as equal to B x A, where A is crosssectional area of the magnetic flux Φ_μ. The solenoid-electromagnet 1L.A is characterized by an inductivity, indicated by L, dependent by the solenoid-electromagnet’s geometrical parameters; wherein the inductivity L of a relatively long solenoid, having the length I and

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2020201929 18 Mar 2020 cross-sectional area A formed by N coils helically wound around magnetic core 1L.A3 providing the magnetic field boosting factor μ, is approximated by:

, n²a ί=μμ₀— Eq. (1L.1) where μ₀ is the magnetic permeability of vacuum, μ₀ = 4π X 10^-7 H/m. The inductivity L links the values of applied helically flowing current I and created magnetic flux Φ,, as follows:

Φμ=^Ι Eq. (1L.2).

The energy per unit volume in a region of space of permeability μ₀ containing magnetic field B is:

„ IB²

E_v =Eq. (1L.3) z μ₀ and the energy of magnetic flux Φ_μ crossing the and cross-sectional area A is:

E_a = E_vXA=-—XA =-~f Eq.(1L4) z μ₀ Mo

The equation Eq. (1L.4) says that the flux Φ_μ = B x A , when becoming convergentdivergent, on the one hand, remains constant according to the equation of continuity, and, on the other hand, becomes characterized by magnetic energy proportional to B² x A. The fact, that the magnetic flux energy is varying while the Φ_μ remains constant, may seem confusingly-paradoxical if not to take into account the Venturi-Like effect as a manifestation of the generalized jet-effect defined as the transformation of the generalized heat energy into the acquired magnetic energy.

Fig. 1L (B) is a prior art schematic drawing of an alternating current (AC) transformer 1L.B. A simple AC transformer 1L.B is basically a dual electromagnet with two sets of wires: 1L.B1 and 1L.B2, helically wound around magnetic core 1L.B3 for the input and output voltages.

In mathematics, a toroid is a surface of revolution with a hole in the middle, like a bagel or doughnut, forming a solid body. The axis of revolution passes through the hole and so does not intersect the surface. For example, when a rectangle is rotated around an axis parallel to one of its edges, then a hollow rectangle-section ring is produced. If the revolved figure is

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2020201929 18 Mar 2020 a circle, then the object is called a torus. The term toroid is also used to describe a toroidal polyhedron. In this context, a toroid need not be circular and may have any number of holes.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “toroid” should be understood in a broad sense as a three-dimensional geometrical configuration having at least one hole.

The schematically illustrated corpus of magnetic core 1L.B3 is a particular case of a toroid understood in the broad sense.

For the purposes of the present invention, in contrast to the introduced term “whirling currents” understood as loops of electrical current induced within ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials by an applied magnetic field being either constant or varying, the term “eddy-currents” or “Foucault’s currents” should be understood as loops of electrical current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic field in the conductor according to Faraday’s law of induction. Eddy-currents flow in closed loops within conductors, in planes perpendicular to the magnetic field.

The alternating input voltage creates the AC that goes through the primary coil 1L.B1, thereby making the soft iron core 1L.B3 capable of functioning as an AC electromagnet. Soft iron is used because the direction of magnetism can change rapidly with the change in the direction of the current. The strength of the magnetic field is a function of the number of turns of the primary coil 1L.B1.

Transformer energy losses are dominated by winding and core losses. Transformers' efficiency tends to improve with increasing transformer capacity. The efficiency of typical distribution transformers is between about 98 and 99 percent.

When the core is subjected to a changing magnetic field, as it is in devices that use AC current (in particular, in transformers), some of the power that would ideally be transferred through the device is lost in the core; namely, a portion of the power is dissipated as heat and, sometimes, nose. Core loss is commonly termed “iron loss” in contradistinction to “copper loss” meaning the loss in the windings. Dominantly, the iron losses are composed of hysteresis losses and eddy-current losses.

Hysteresis and eddy-current losses are constant at all load levels and dominate at no load while winding loss increases as load increases. Designing energy-efficient transformers for lower loss requires a larger core, good-quality silicon steel, or even amorphous steel for the core and thicker wire, increasing initial cost. The choice of construction represents a trade-off between initial cost and operating cost.

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Basing on the description of AU03, in the present divisional application, a novel enhanced transformer of alternating electrical voltage and current is disclosed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Unity and novelty of the invention

The unity and novelty of the invention are in a method providing for the use of a novel specifically shaped core being a component of either an electromagnet powered by a direct (constant) electrical current or a transformer of alternating electrical voltage and current.

The novel specific shaping of the core is destined to:

first, implement a Venturi-like effect applied to the whirling electric current (interpreted as a kind of flow vectored collinearly with the vector of the circumferentially moving circulating electric current) interrelated with the induced magnetic field within the shaped core and, thereby, to amplify the intensity of the useful-beneficial induced magnetic and/or electric power at the expense of the heat energy of ambient surroundings; and second, reduce a “turbulent” component of the whirling electric current, thereby, to reduce the dissipation of the electric power of the circulating electric currents into ambient warmth.

Primary basic features of the present invention

The invention is defined by the claims.

The specifically shaped corpus of the core is interpreted as a convergent-divergent jet-nozzle applied to whirling electric currents induced within an electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material and being unidirectional and/or alternatingly-circulating.

A set of interrelated terms is defined as follows:

> an electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material is defined as at least one of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic characterized by a high magnetic permeability;

> a core is defined as a solid body having a corpus made from an electroconductive and magneto-boosting material;

> a given fluid matter is specified as an electron gas composed of free electrons of an electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material;

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2020201929 18 Mar 2020 > a given flowing fluid is specified as an induced whirling current, being induced within an electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material and performing a circular motion of an electron gas along a certain closed trajectory bordering a portion of a cross-sectional plane within the electro-conductive and magnetoboosting material;

> a given flowing fluid portion is specified as an annular portion of an electron gas moving as a whole along a certain closed trajectory with an angular velocity vector u relative to a corpus made from an electro-conductive and magnetoboosting material, thereby, said given flowing fluid portion performing an annular portion of an induced whirling current, wherein the angular velocity vector u of said given flowing fluid portion, being vectored along a normal to a crosssectional plane within said corpus;

> a varying velocity-vector is specified as a varying angular velocity vector u of a given flowing fluid portion;

> a streamline of an induced whirling current is defined as a curve aligned with angular velocity vectors of given flowing fluid portions within and along with a corpus made from an electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material; and > a magnetic field strength, induced and boosted within an electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material, is defined as magnetic field strength, associated with and accompanied by an induced whirling current; said magnetic field strength being characterized by a relative concentration of magnetic field strength force-lines being aligned with streamlines of said induced whirling current.

Principal objects

Accordingly, it is a principal object of the present invention to overcome the limitations of existing method and apparatuses for efficient transformation of:

an electric power brought by a direct electric current into a power of a stationary magnetic field, and/or an input electric power manifested as an input alternating electric voltage and current into a power of an oscillating magnetic and further into an output electric power manifested as an output alternating electric voltage and current.

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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

To understand the invention and to see how it may be carried out in practice, a preferred embodiment will now be described, by way of a non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in the drawings:

Fig. 1 b is a prior art schematic drawing of the convergent-divergent Venturi tube;

Fig. 1L is a prior art schematic drawing of: (A) a solenoid, and (B) a conventional transformer of alternating voltage and current;

Fig. 5o is a schematic illustration of two transformers of alternating electrical voltage and current;

Fig. 6a is a schematic illustration of an optimized convergent-divergent jet-nozzle, constructed according to the principles of the present invention;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The principles and operation of a method and an apparatus according to the present invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings and the accompanying description; it being understood that these drawings are given for illustrative purposes only and are not meant to be limiting.

A widened detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention where the jet-effect is analyzed as one of the primary features of all the embodiments may be referred to the mentioned AU03, which (the widened detailed description of preferred embodiments) is not narrated herein for brevity. Instead, the current expounding of the detailed description of preferred embodiments comprises a set of repeated and specified sub-paragraphs of the widened detailed description of preferred embodiments of AU03, which are related to the present divisional application directly. The inventor points out again that, when a molecular fluid is subjected to a headway motion, the jet-effect being triggered in the moving molecular fluid can be manifested as the Venturi effect of either:

o convective self-acceleration accompanied by self-cooling, or o self-retarding accompanying by self-warming.

In other words, the phenomenon of self-acceleration (in a wide sense including the selfretarding) is a manifestation of the jet-effect, in general, defined as either an effect of transformation of the heat power into the kinetic power of fluid motion as a whole or, vice-versa, an effect of transformation of the kinetic power of fluid motion as a whole into the heat power.

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Moreover, the inventor points out that the logic, obtained from the analysis of fluid dynamics as applied to dense matter, is extended to include the case of motions of ionized fluids, wherein the moving charges are inevitably-interacting with the electromagnetic (photon) gas, the heatlike electromagnetic power of which is hidden due to destructive interference.

In light of the diversities of the jet-effect use expounded in AU03, an aspect of the mentioned Venturi-like effect implemented by an embodiment of an enhanced transformer of alternating electrical voltage and current is disclosed hereinbelow as follows.

Enhanced Transformer

Fig. 5o, divided between two parts: Case (A) and Case (B) the description of which is extracted from AU03 and further amended, is a schematic illustration of two transformers of alternating electrical voltage and current, namely, of:

• Case (A) gauge transformer 5.8, comprising:

• a uniformly cross-sectional electro-conductive and magneto-boosting core 5.81, being made from a material characterized by a high magnetic permeability (for instance, made from a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material) and having a ring-like closed toroidal shape, symmetrical with respect to axis 5.80, and • a pair of inter-isolated electro-conductive-coils: primary winding 5.82 and secondary winding 5.83, each coiling around the toroidal core 5.81, thereby, the gauge transformer, essentially, is an ordinary transformer of alternating electrical voltage and current, wherein the primary winding 5.82, when subjected to the alternating electrical voltage, is an input and the secondary winding 5.83, when electrically loaded, is an output of electric power;

and • Case (B) enhanced transformer 5.9, comprising:

• a convergent-divergent electro-conductive and magneto-boosting core 5.91, a corpus of which being made from the ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material and having a varying-cross-sectional ring-like closed toroidal shape, asymmetrical with respect to axis 5.90, and • a pair of inter-isolated electro-conductive-coils: primary winding 5.92 and secondary winding 5.93, each coiling around the asymmetrical toroidal

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2020201929 18 Mar 2020 electro-conductive and the magneto-boosting corpus of core 5.91, constructed according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

Each of the primary electro-conductive-coil windings: 5.82 and 5.92, comprising electron gas composed of free electrons, is subjected to an applied alternating external voltage, called primary voltage, accompanied by an alternating primary current, in turn, originating alternating magnetic flux marked by force-lines of the magnetic field strength: 5.84 and 5.94, correspondingly. Although the magnetic field strength force-lines: either 5.84 or 5.94, is shown in one direction (clockwise), it actually alternates the direction with the alternating current in the primary electro-conductive-coil winding: either 5.82 or 5.92, correspondingly.

Each of the closed toroidal corpuses of cores: symmetrical uniformly cross-sectional 5.81 and asymmetrical convergent-divergent 5.91, performs a closed “tunnel-corridor”, characterized by the high magnetic permeability and by low coercivity and destined for conveying the magnetic field power along the closed tunnel-corridor, in particular, from the location of primary electro-conductive-coil winding: either 5.82 or 5.92, to the location of secondary electroconductive-coil winding: either 5.83 or 5.93, correspondingly, wherein the shape of the closed tunnel-corridor, being either:

• in Case (A), ring-like symmetrical uniformly cross-sectional 5.81, i.e. having identical cross-sections 5.85 and 5.86; or • in Case (B), ring-like asymmetrical convergent-divergent 5.91, i.e. having relatively thick and thin portions with cross-sections 5.95 and 5.96, correspondingly, differing in the cross-sectional area;

is sufficiently airfoil to assume that the originated alternating magnetic flux: either 5.84 or 5.94, correspondingly, is laminar along the closed tunnel-corridor: either 5.81 or 5.91, correspondingly, having no substantial vortices.

The principal difference between the two transformers: gauge 5.8 of Case (A) and enhanced 5.9 of Case (B), is in symmetry and in cross-sectional area varying of the closed cores: ring-like symmetrical uniformly cross-sectional 5.81 and asymmetrical convergentdivergent 5.91, correspondingly. The asymmetrical convergent-divergent core 5.91 has a gradually-varying cross-sectional area, indicted by A and interrelated with the gradually-varying relative concentration of the magnetic field strength force-lines, providing the enhanced Venturi-like jet-effect applied to the alternating magnetic flux 5.94, magnetic field strength current value of which, appearing at the gradually varying cross-sectional area A, is indicted by B.

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Further, for the sake of relevant simplicity, omit the mentioning about the electromagnetic parameters alternation as well as omit the effects of electromagnetic power dissipation due to:

• resistance to the magnetizing hysteresis because of the non-zero coercivity, • eddy-currents within the toroidal cores, and • electrical resistance of the primary and secondary electro-conductive-coils.

The inventor points out that the magnetic flux, indicated by Φ, of the magnetic field 5.94 is constant along the closed asymmetrical convergent-divergent tunnel-corridor 9.91, wherein the gradually-varying cross-sectional area A determines the gradual variation of the magnetic field 9.94’s strength B, according to the equation of continuity applied to the magnetic flux, namely: Φ = A x B = Const. I.e. the narrowed cross-section 5.96 comprises an increased magnetic field strength B characterized by an increased relative concentration of the magnetic field strength force-lines and the widened cross-section 5.95 comprises a decreased magnetic field strength B characterized by a decreased relative concentration of the magnetic field strength force-lines. Furthermore, the constant magnetic flux having the varying cross-sectional area is characterized by gradually-varying magnetic energy along the closed convergentdivergent tunnel-corridor, analogously to the property of the convergent-divergent electric flux described hereinabove in sub-paragraph “Venturi-Like effect” with reference to prior art Fig. 1b, wherein the increased magnetic energy near the secondary electro-conductive-coil winding 5.93 is acquired from the electromagnetic gas heat-like energy, hidden within the molecular ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material of the toroidal electro-conductive and magneto-boosting core 5.91.

In contrast to the gauge transformer 5.8 of Case (A), where the current, induced in the secondary electro-conductive-coil winding 5.83, brings the electric power, equal to the electric power of the current flowing within the primary electro-conductive-coil winding 5.82, in the final analysis of the enhanced transformer 5.9 of Case (B), as an alternating magnetic flux of higher magnetic power induces a current bringing higher electric power, the current, induced in the secondary electro-conductive-coil winding 5.93, brings the electric power higher than the electric power of the current flowing within the primary electro-conductive-coil winding 5.92, wherein the added electric power is acquired at the expense of the electromagnetic gas heatlike energy.

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Thereby, the enhanced transformer 5.9 is interpreted as a motionless magnet-jet engine, allowing for a new beneficial capability of acquiring the useful electrical energy from the electron gas temperature interrelated with the electromagnetic gas heat-like energy, wherein:

• the primary (input) winding electro-conductive-coil 5.92 encircling the widened crosssection 5.95 of the asymmetrical convergent-divergent electro-conductive and magneto-boosting core 5.91 plays the role of a motionless magnetizing compressor, • the vector angular-velocity u, also called the angular velocity vector, of whirling currents (i.e. of circulating free electrons) plays the role of a given molecular fluid flow velocity-vector u, wherein streamlines of the induced whirling currents are defined as curves aligned with the varying angular velocity vectors of the induced whirling current (or of the circular motion of the free electrons), being varying along the magnetic field strength force-lines 5.94 within and along the toroidal convergentdivergent electro-conductive and magneto-boosting corpus of core 5.91, and, looking ahead, • the equation of M-velocity (6.13) described hereinbelow in subparagraph “ConvergentDivergent Jet-Nozzle” with reference to Fig. 6a, in particular, assuming Venturi Mvelocities, is applicable to design an elaborated shape of an actually-airfoil convergent-divergent tunnel-corridor of the toroidal electro-conductive and magnetoboosting corpus of core 5.91, to provide:

• the required laminarity of magnetic flux 5.94 interrelated with whirling currents, and • the desired gradual increase of the vector angular-velocity u of the whirling currents.

In view of the foregoing description of the subparagraph “Enhanced Transformer” referring to Fig. 5o, it will be evident for a person who has studied the present invention that one can use a multi-stage repeating cascade of a set of N elemental enhanced transformers 5.9, wherein the primary (input) winding of each next elemental enhanced transformer is electrically connected to the secondary (output) winding of the previous elemental enhanced transformer. When each of the N elemental enhanced transformers provides an increase in electric power due to the acquiring useful electric energy from the ambient warmth by the factor F, the cumulative increase in the electric power becomes by the factor F^N (for instance, F = 1.1,

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N = 10, and F^N ® 2.6). The increase in electric power due to the jet-effect at least partially compensates for the action of the mentioned negative effects of the electromagnetic power dissipation due to:

• resistance to the magnetizing hysteresis because of the non-zero coercivity, • eddy-currents within the toroidally shaped cores, and • electrical resistance of the primary and secondary electro-conductive-coils.

The inventor points out that the mechanism of the jet-effect is independent of the mentioned mechanisms of resistances and eddy-currents, but interrelates with the mechanism of turbulence and increase or decrease of the whirling currents within the toroidally shaped cores only. Wherein the energy of turbulence, as:

• a kind of the heat-like energy of random Brownian whirling motions of relatively small groups of particles, as well as • a kind of kinetic energy of whirling motions of relatively big portions of the molecular fluid whirling along trajectories misaligned with the circulating current embracing around the core, is capable of transformation into the acquired kinetic energy of the given molecular fluid flow as a whole. This says that the factor F of the increase in the output electric power (the factor F is equal to the ratio between the cross-sectional areas Λ_{5 95} and Λ_{5 96} of cross-sections 5.95 and 5.96, correspondingly), in principle, can be great sufficient to provide a situation when the desired increase in the output electric power due to the jet-effect exceeds the compensation for the negative effects of the electromagnetic power dissipation. The equation of M-velocity (6.13) described hereinbelow in subparagraph “Convergent-Divergent Jet-Nozzle” with reference to Fig. 6a, when:

• considered for substantially low M-velocities corresponding to the angular velocity vector u of whirling currents (the low M-velocities are much lower than the specific Mvelocity), and • conditioned by restrictions applied to the low M-velocity, namely, by gradual changes of M-velocity along a path aligned with streamlines of a field of the angular velocity vectors, can be used for shaping the asymmetrical toroidally shaped electro-conductive and magnetoboosting core 5.91 of Case (B) to provide the desired (sufficiently great) factor F.

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Permanent electro-magnet

Referring again to Fig. 5o, the inventor further notes that considering the case as follows:

• when the primary electro-conductive-coil windings: 5.82 of Case (A) and 5.92 of Case (B), each carrying a certain constant (not-alternating) current; and • when the fragments: 5.87 of Case (A) and 5.97 of Case (B), are withdrawn, i.e. when the former closed toroidal corpuses of cores: symmetrical uniformly cross-sectional 5.81 of Case (A) and asymmetrical convergent-divergent 5.91 of Case (B), correspondingly, thereby become broken;

the transformers: 5.8 of Case (A) and 5.9 of Case (B), having the broken cores: 5.81 of Case (A) and 5.91 of Case (B), correspondingly, become functioning as permanent electro-magnets. It is expected that the magnetic field strength B_{5 87} in the gap 5.87 of Case (A) is weaker than the magnetic field strength B_{5 97} in the gap 5.97 of Case (B), because the cross-section of gap 5.87 is wider than the cross-section of gap 5.97; this follows from the equation of continuity applied to the magnetic flux. In other words, the identical primary electro-conductive-coil windings: 5.82 of Case (A) and 5.92 of Case (B), encircling identical cross-sections and thereby playing the role of identical magnetizing compressors, result in different magnetic properties of the permanent electro-magnets, called magnet-jet engines: 5.8 and 5.9, wherein the difference in magnetic properties between the magnet-jet engines: 5.8 and 5.9, is determined by the difference in cross-sectional varying of the broken cores: 5.81 and 5.91. The magnetic strength difference (B₅₉₇ - B_{5 87}), accompanied by the magnetic field energy difference, is acquired at the expense of the electron gas temperature, i.e., at the final analysis, at the expense of the ambient temperature.

Convergent-Divergent Jet-Nozzle

For the sake of brevity, a detailed description of the equation of M-velocity expounded in AU03 is omitted in the present divisional patent application. Instead, a brief summary in relation to the equation of M-velocity (6.13) shown hereinbelow, that (the brief summary) is relevant to the present patent application, is expounded in this sub-paragraph.

Fig. 6a is a schematic illustration of a convergent-divergent jet-nozzle 610, pipe-section in a sagittal plane. Convergent-divergent jet-nozzle 610 is applied to accelerate a laminarly flowing compressible-expandable fluid 611. Convergent-divergent jet-nozzle 610 has the inner tunnel opposite walls shaped, for simplicity, axis-symmetrically around an imaginary sagittal xPage 19 of 21

2020201929 18 Mar 2020 axis 615, as a convergent funnel 612 having an open inlet, narrow throat 613 comprising point 618 of the narrowest cross-section, and divergent exhaust tailpipe 614 having an open outlet, constructed according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention providing for the Venturi effect and de Laval jet-effect, both improved by suppression of turbulence origination within the convergent-divergent jet-nozzle 610. The specifically shaped tunnel, comprising the three major successive constituents: convergent funnel 612 having an open inlet, narrow throat 613, and divergent exhaust tailpipe 614 having an open outlet, has no real separation features between the constituents. For the purpose of the present patent application, narrow throat 613 is specified as a fragment of the inner tunnel located between imaginary inlet 6131 and outlet 6132. The reference numeral 616 indicates the outflowing jetstream.

The converging, divergent, and convergent-divergent portions of the shaped tunnel are characterized by a cross-sectional area profile A(x) given by the equation of M-velocity expressed as:

y+i

A* /y-lU/2+y(M(%))²\2(y-i) —----- ----------- Eq. (6.13)

M(x) \ γ ) \ y+1 / where A* is a constant, γ is an adiabatic compressibility parameter of a portion of fluid, and M(x) is a gradual smooth function of x representing a profile of an M-velocity of the portion of the fluid moving within the shaped tunnel. The demanded restricting condition of the gradually of M(x) provides for laminarity of the flowing fluid. The condition A(x) = A* is satisfied when M(x) = (y — l)/y. For the purposes of the present patent application, the value M* = (y — l)/y is defined as the specific M-velocity.

The inventor points out that, considering the mentioned circulating free electrons, circulating with the angular velocity vector, as the given flowing fluid moving along the tunnel in the sense of along the angular velocity vector, the adiabatic compressibility parameter y of the electron gas is greater than 2 and is in the range between 2 and 4, thereby, the absolute M-velocity value of the angular velocity vector is much lower than the specific M-velocity M*. Referring again to Fig. 5o and tacking into account that as the absolute values of the varying angular velocity vector,

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2020201929 18 Mar 2020 varying along a curve trajectory aligned with the magnetic field strength force-lines 5.94 within and along the toroidal convergent-divergent electro-conductive and magneto-boosting corpus of core 5.91, remains in the range of Venturi M-velocities, the asymmetrical toroidal electro-conductive and magneto-boosting corpus of core 5.91 is justifiably interpreted as a Venturi tube for the given flowing fluid. In turn, it provides for high laminarity of the given flowing fluid in a wide class of gradual shapes of the toroidal electro-conductive and magneto-boosting corpus of the core that allows for the implementation of enhanced transformers characterized by a relatively high factor F determining the boosting of the output electric power at the expense of the heat energy of the core and, in the final analysis, at the expense of the heat energy of the ambient surroundings.

In the claims, reference signs are used to refer to examples in the drawings for the purpose of easier understanding and are not intended to be limiting on the monopoly claimed.

Claims (3)

1. A motionless magnet-jet engine [5.9];

wherein a set of interrelated terms is defined as follows:

> an electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material is defined as at least one of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic characterized by a high magnetic permeability;

> a core [5.91] is defined as a solid body having a corpus made from an electroconductive and magneto-boosting material;

> a given fluid matter is specified as an electron gas composed of free electrons of an electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material;

> a given flowing fluid is specified as an induced whirling current, being induced within an electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material and performing a circular motion of an electron gas along a certain closed trajectory bordering a portion of a cross-sectional plane within the electro-conductive and magnetoboosting material;

> a given flowing fluid portion is specified as an annular portion of an electron gas moving as a whole along a certain closed trajectory with an angular velocity vector relative to a corpus made from an electro-conductive and magnetoboosting material, thereby, said given flowing fluid portion performing an annular portion of an induced whirling current, wherein the angular velocity vector of said given flowing fluid portion, being vectored along a normal to a cross-sectional plane within said corpus;

> a varying velocity-vector is specified as a varying angular velocity vector of a given flowing fluid portion;

> a streamline [5.94] of an induced whirling current is defined as a curve aligned with angular velocity vectors of given flowing fluid portions within and along with a corpus [5.91] made from an electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material; and > a magnetic field strength, induced and boosted within an electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material, is defined as magnetic field strength, associated with and accompanied by an induced whirling current; said magnetic field strength being characterized by a relative concentration of magnetic field

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2020201929 18 Mar 2020 strength force-lines being aligned with streamlines of said induced whirling current;

the motionless magnet-jet engine comprising:

a core [5.91] having a specifically shaped corpus made from an electroconductive and magneto-boosting material, and an input electro-conductive-coil [5.92] winding encircling a portion of the specifically shaped corpus of the core;

wherein:

> the specifically shaped corpus, being capable of conveying a given fluid matter thereby providing for a given flowing fluid within the specifically shaped corpus, has a toroidal overall shape with a varying cross-sectional area, varying along a trajectory curve within the specifically shaped corpus;

> the varying cross-sectional area is characterized by a cross-sectional area profile A(x) given by equation of M-velocity expressed as:

1 y+i p+y(^M(^x))²yCy-i) M(x) \ γ J \ y+l ) where A* is a constant, γ is an adiabatic compressibility parameter of a given flowing fluid portion, and M(%) is a gradual smooth function of x representing a profile of an M-velocity of the given flowing fluid portion moving within the specifically shaped corpus;

> the varying cross-sectional area is further specified such that the specifically shaped corpus comprises at least two portions:

• relatively thick [5.95], and • relatively thin [5.96], differing in cross-sectional area, such that the varying cross-sectional area of said relatively thick portion is bigger than the cross-sectional area of said relatively thin portion by a factor of at least 1.05;

> the portion of the specifically shaped corpus of the core, which (the portion) is subjected to the input electro-conductive-coil winding encircling, is further specified as the relatively thick portion of the specifically shaped corpus of the core;

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2020201929 18 Mar 2020 and > the input electro-conductive-coil winding [5.92] being electrically connected to a source of electrical voltage and so bringing electrical current to create a magnetic field strength [5.94] being induced and boosted within the electroconductive and magneto-boosting material of the specifically shaped corpus of the core, wherein said induced and boosted magnetic field strength being inherently accompanied by an induced whirling current;

thereby, • an angular velocity vector of the induced whirling current, being gradually-varying along and remaining aligned with the specifically shaped core corpus;

• the gradually-varying angular velocity vector of the induced whirling current being interrelated with a gradually-varying relative concentration of associated magnetic field strength force-lines [5.94]; and • the relative concentration of the associated magnetic field strength force-lines in the relatively thin portion of the specifically shaped corpus of the core being higher than the relative concentration of the associated magnetic field strength force-lines in the relatively thick portion of the specifically shaped corpus of the core in accordance with the equation of continuity;

and, thereby, the motionless magnet-jet engine providing for an increase of the relative concentration of the magnetic field strength force-lines [5.94] crossing the cross-sectional area [5.96] of the relatively thin portion of the specifically shaped corpus of the core.

2. An elemental enhanced transformer of alternating electrical voltage and current; wherein said elemental enhanced transformer comprising the motionless magnet-jet engine of claim 1, wherein:

a Venturi M-velocity is defined as an M-velocity being lower than J(y — l)/y and low sufficient to cross a narrow throat with said M-velocity remaining lower than 7(y - i)/y;

the source of electrical voltage being further specified as a source of an alternating electrical voltage;

the induced whirling current being further specified as alternating;

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2020201929 18 Mar 2020 the induced magnetic field being further specified as alternating;

the velocity-vector is further specified as a measure of an alternating angularvelocity of the induced alternating whirling current; wherein said alternating angular-velocity being in a range corresponding to Venturi M-velocities relative to the convergent-divergent corpus of the core made from said electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material;

the convergent-divergent corpus of the core being further specified as having a closed toroidal convergent-divergent shape; wherein said electro-conductive and magneto-boosting material being further specified as characterized by low coercivity; thereby, said convergent-divergent corpus of the core performing a closed shaped tunnel for said alternating induced magnetic field; wherein said closed toroidally shaped convergent-divergent corpus of the core being gradually tapered to have:

• a relatively thick portion, characterized by a relatively wide crosssection of the closed toroidally shaped convergent-divergent corpus of the core, and • a relatively thin portion, characterized by a relatively narrow crosssection of the closed toroidally shaped convergent-divergent corpus of the core;

wherein the motionless magnet-jet engine is further specified as comprising:

said further specified convergent-divergent corpus of the core having said closed toroidal convergent-divergent shape; and at least two mutually-isolated electro-conductive-coils: said input winding and an output winding, each encircling said closed toroidally shaped convergentdivergent corpus of the core, wherein:

• said input electro-conductive-coil winding encircling said relatively thick portion of said shaped convergent-divergent corpus of the core and being electrically connected to said source of said alternating electrical voltage, and • said output electro-conductive-coil winding encircling said relatively thin portion of said closed toroidally shaped convergent-divergent corpus of the core and being electrically connected to an electrical load.

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3. A complicated enhanced transformer of alternating electrical voltage and current comprising at least two electrically inter-connected said elemental enhanced transformers of alternating electrical voltage and current of claim 2, further called:

• previous elemental enhanced transformer, and • next elemental enhanced transformer, correspondingly;

wherein the output electro-conductive-coil winding of the previous elemental enhanced transformer being electrically connected to the input electro-conductive-coil winding of the next elemental enhanced transformer, thereby, • the output electro-conductive-coil winding of the previous elemental enhanced transformer being said source of electrical voltage applied to the input electro-conductive-coil winding of the next elemental enhanced transformer; and • the input electro-conductive-coil winding of the next elemental enhanced transformer being said electrical load applied to the output electroconductive-coil winding of the previous elemental enhanced transformer.