AU2020102869A4 - Visual simulation device and evaluation method for sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid - Google Patents
Visual simulation device and evaluation method for sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid Download PDFInfo
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- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 144
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 86
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 138
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 138
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 83
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 43
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 14
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 38
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N11/00—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties
- G01N11/02—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by measuring flow of the material
- G01N11/04—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by measuring flow of the material through a restricted passage, e.g. tube, aperture
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/04—Investigating sedimentation of particle suspensions
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
- E21B43/2605—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures using gas or liquefied gas
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
- E21B43/267—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures reinforcing fractures by propping
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N2015/0042—Investigating dispersion of solids
- G01N2015/0053—Investigating dispersion of solids in liquids, e.g. trouble
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Abstract
The invention indicates a visual simulation device for sand-carrying and
sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid and an evaluation method thereof.
The simulation device comprises a simulation mechanism and an injection
mechanism, and the simulation mechanism includes a crack model combination
while the crack model combination includes a number of crack models and
connecting pipes; each crack model has a crack cavity, and each crack cavity is
connected through the connecting pipes to form a crack net cavity. The injection
mechanism includes an injection pipe, a gas injection device, a sand injection
device and a fracturing fluid injection device, wherein the gas injection device is
used for injecting carbon dioxide into the injection pipe, and the sand injection
device is used for injecting proppant into the injection pipe. The fracturing fluid
injection device is used for injecting fracturing fluid into the injection pipe. The
beneficial effect of the technical proposal provided by the invention is that the
actual reservoir fracture is simulated through the crack model combination, and
the mixture of carbon dioxide gas, proppant and fracturing fluid is injected into
the crack model combination through the injection mechanism. Thus, the
sand-carrying and sand-laying characteristics and the changing rules of the
fracturing fluid are studied.
23
452,-a> 462 i ---------------- ,
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22 24
2 1 4
Figure 1
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Figure 2
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Description
452,-a> 462 i ----------------
, 31 21
22 24 2 1 4
Figure 1
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Figure 2
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Visual simulation device and evaluation method for sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid
Technical field The invention relates to the technical field of oil development, in particular to a visual simulation device for sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid as well as an evaluation method.
Background technology When the fracturing fluid enters the crack through the wellbore, the proppant will settle. At present, the sand-carrying and sand-laying characteristics of supercritical CO2 fracturing fluid are studied by high-pressure static sand suspension experimental system, which mainly tests the settling velocity of proppant particles in supercritical CO 2 fracturing fluid system under different experimental conditions, and studies the settling law of proppant in the direction of particle settling velocity. However, there are few researches on the sand-carrying and sand-laying characteristics of supercritical CO 2 fracturing fluid carrying proppant in cracks. The settlement, migration and distribution of the proppant carried by the fracturing fluid in the crack will have a direct impact on the geometric size of the sand-filled crack, the conductivity of the sand-filled crack and the fracturing efficiency, so it is necessary to study the sand-carrying, sand-laying characteristics and the changing law of the fracturing fluid in order to reflect its application value.
Invention contents In view of this, it is necessary to provide a method that can effectively display the sand-carrying and sand-laying process of the fracturing fluid, so as to study the sand-carrying and sand-laying characteristics and their changing rules of the fracturing fluid, so as to better evaluate the performance of the fracturing fluid.
The invention provides a visual simulation device for sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid, which comprises a simulation mechanism and an injection mechanism. The simulation mechanism includes a crack model combination, and the crack model combination comprises a plurality of crack models and connecting pipes, each of which is provided with a crack cavity, and each crack cavity is connected through the connecting pipe to form a crack net cavity. The injection mechanism comprises an injection pipe, a gas injection device, a sand injection device and a fracturing fluid injection device, wherein the injection pipe is connected with one end of the crack net cavity, the gas injection device is connected with the injection pipe and is used for injecting carbon dioxide gas into the injection pipe, and the sand injection device is connected with the injection pipe and is used for injecting proppant into the injection pipe. The fracturing fluid injection device is connected with the injection pipe and is used for injecting fracturing fluid into the injection pipe. The invention also provides a visual evaluation method of sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid, which employs the visual simulation device of sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid provided by the invention, and comprises the following steps: S1. Obtain the average diameter and density of the proppant to be used, and obtain the density of the sand-carrying fluid to be used at the preset temperature and preset pressure. S2. Inject the proppant and the sand-carrying liquid into the injection pipe through the sand injection device. S3. Inject carbon dioxide gas into the injection pipe through the gas injection device. S4. Inject the fracturing fluid to be evaluated into the injection pipe through the fracturing fluid injection device. S5. Observe the sand-carrying and sand-laying process of the fracturing fluid in the crack net cavity, so as to evaluate the performance of the fracturing fluid. Compared with the available technology, the beneficial effect of the technical proposal proposed by the invention is that the actual reservoir crack is simulated through the crack model combination, and the mixture of carbon dioxide gas, proppant and fracturing fluid is injected into the crack model combination through the injection mechanism. Thus, the sand-carrying and sand-laying characteristics and the changing law of the fracturing fluid are studied, and the fracturing performance of the proppant is evaluated.
Instruction with pictures Fig. 1 is a structure schematic diagram of an embodiment of a visual simulation device for sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid and an evaluation method provided by the invention. Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the simulation mechanism in Figure 1. Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the gas injection device in Figure 1. Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the sand injection device in Figure 1. Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the fracturing fluid injection device in Figure 1. Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the separation and recovery mechanism in Figure 1. Figure 7 is the front view of the crack model in Figure 1. Figure 8 is a side view of the crack model in Figure 7. Figure 9 is a cross-sectional view of the crack model in Figure 8 at the A-A section. In the figure: 1-simulation mechanism, 2-injection mechanism, 4-separation and recovery mechanism, 11-crack model, 111-crack cavity, 112-transparent window, 12-connecting pipe, 21-injection pipe, 22-gas injection device, 221-carbon dioxide gas tank, 222-gas storage tank, 223-gas injection pump, 224-refrigeration unit, 225-first filter, 23-sand injection device, 211-sand storage tank, 232-thruster, 24-fracturing fluid injection device, 241-fracturing fluid storage tank, 242-fracturing fluid propulsion unit, 2421-water tank, 2422-electronic balance, 2423-fracturing fluid injection pump, 31-heater, 32-temperature sensor, 41-discharge nozzle, 42-solid separation assembly, 421-solid separation tank, 422-outlet pipe, 423-second filter, 43-gas-liquid separation assembly, 431-gas-liquid separation tank, 432-gas outlet pipe, 44-pressure stabilizer assembly, 441-back pressure valve, 442-nitrogen container, 45-gas recovery assembly, 451-gas recovery pipe, 452-one-way valve, 46-liquid recovery assembly, 461-liquid recovery pipe, 462-liquid recovery tank. Specific mode of execution In order to make the purpose, technical scheme and advantages of the invention more clearer, the invention is further described in detail in combination with the attached drawings and embodiments below. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are used only to explain the invention and are not used to define the invention. Referring to Figure 1-Figure 6, the invention provides a visual simulation device for sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid, which comprises a simulation mechanism 1 and an injection mechanism 2. Referring to Figure 2 and 7-9, the simulation mechanism 1 includes a crack model combination comprising a plurality of crack models 11 and connecting pipes 12, each of the crack model has a crack cavity 111, each of the crack cavity is connected through the connecting pipe 12 to form a crack net cavity. By combining several crack models 11, different shapes of crack net cavities are formed to simulate different crack types. The crack model 11 has a transparent window 112, and the crack cavity 111 in the crack model 11 can be observed through the transparent window 112, so that it is convenient to observe the sand-carrying and sand-laying process of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid. Referring to Figure 1, the injection mechanism 2 comprises an injection pipe 21, a gas injection device 22, a sand injection device 23 and a fracturing fluid injection device 24. The injection pipe 21 is connected with one end of the crack net cavity, the gas injection device 22 is connected to the injection pipe 21 and is used for injecting carbon dioxide gas into the injection pipe 21, and the sand injection device 23 is connected to the injection pipe 21 and is used for injecting proppant into the injection pipe 21. The fracturing fluid injection device 24 is connected with the injection pipe 21 and is used for injecting fracturing fluid into the injection pipe 21. Specifically, referring to Figure 3, the gas injection device 22 comprises a carbon dioxide gas tank 221, a gas storage tank 222 and a gas injection pump 223. The carbon dioxide gas tank 221 possesses an airtight first gas storage cavity, the gas tank 222 possesses an airtight second gas storage cavity, the second gas storage cavity is connected with the first gas storage cavity. The inlet of the gas injection pump 223 is connected with the second gas storage cavity, and the outlet of the gas injection pump 223 is connected with the injection pipe 21. When in use, theCO 2 gas in the carbon dioxide gas tank 221 first enters the gas storage tank 222 and enters the injection pipe 21 through the gas injection pump 223. Preferably, referring to Figure 3, the gas injection device 22 also includes a refrigeration unit 224, which is arranged in the second gas storage cavity. The refrigeration unit 224 is used to cool theCO 2 gas in the gas storage tank 222 and to liquefy theCO 2 gas in the tank. In the present embodiment, a first filter 225 is arranged on the intercommunication channel between the second gas storage cavity and the first gas storage cavity, thereby filtering out impurities in theCO 2 gas. Specifically, referring to Figure 4, the sand injection device 23 comprises a sand storage tank 231 and a thruster 232, the sand storage tank 231 has a closed sand storage cavity; the inlet of the thruster 232 is connected with the sand storage cavity, and the outlet of the thruster 232 is connected with the injection pipe 21. In this embodiment, the number of sand storage tanks 231 is two. When in use, proppant and sand-carrying fluid is added into the sand storage tank 231, and the thrust 232 pushes the proppant and sand-carrying fluid of the sand storage tank 231 into the injection pipe 21, which is later driven by high-pressure CO 2 gas in the injection pipe 21, and the proppant and sand-carrying fluid enters the crack model 11. Specifically, referring to Figure 5, the fracturing fluid injection device 24 comprises a fracturing fluid storage tank 241 and a fracturing fluid propulsion unit 242. The fracturing fluid storage tank 241 has a closed fracturing fluid storage cavity connected with the injection pipe 21; the fracturing fluid propulsion unit 242 is connected with the fracturing fluid storage tank 241 and is used to push the fracturing fluid in the fracturing fluid storage cavity into the injection pipe 21. Preferably, referring to Figure 5, the fracturing fluid propulsion unit comprises a water tank 2421, an electronic balance 2422 and a fracturing fluid injection pump 2423. The water tank 2421 has a closed water storage cavity, and the water tank 2421 is arranged on the electronic balance 2422; the inlet of the fracturing fluid injection pump 2423 is connected with the water storage cavity, and the outlet of the fracturing fluid injection pump 2423 is connected with the fracturing fluid storage cavity. When in use, the water in the water tank 2421 is injected into the fracturing fluid storage tank 241 through the fracturing fluid injection pump 2423, so that the fracturing fluid in the fracturing fluid storage tank 241 is pushed into the injection pipe 21. The reduction of water in the water tank 2421 can be measured by the electronic balance 2422, and the reduction of water in the water tank 2421 is equal to the amount of fracturing fluid entering the injection pipe 21, so that the injection amount of fracturing fluid can be quantitatively controlled. Specifically, referring to Figure 1, the carbon dioxide fracturing fluid sand-carrying and sand-laying visual simulation device provided by the invention also includes a temperature control mechanism, which comprises a heater 31 and a temperature sensor 32. The heater 31 and the temperature sensor
32 are arranged in the injection pipe 21. When in use, the mixture in the injection pipe 21 is heated by the heater 31, and when the temperature sensor 32 detects that the temperature of the mixture in the injection pipe 21 reaches a preset temperature, the heater 31 stops heating and maintains the temperature of the mixture in the injection pipe 21 at a preset temperature by controlling the opening or closing of the heater 31. Specifically, referring to Figure 6, the visual simulation device for sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid provided by the invention also includes a separation and recovery mechanism 4, which comprises a discharge nozzle 41, a solid separation assembly 42 and a gas-liquid separation assembly 43. One end of the discharge nozzle 41 is connected with the other end of the crack net cavity. Referring to Figure 6, the solid separation assembly 42 comprises a solid separation tank 421 and an outlet pipe 422. The solid separation tank 421 is provided with a closed solid sedimentation cavity which is connected with the other end of the discharge nozzle 41, and the outlet pipe 422 is connected with the solid precipitation cavity. In the present embodiment, two solid separation tanks 421 are arranged in series, thereby enhancing the solid separation effect. In addition, in order to prevent a small amount of solids from flowing out with the liquid, a second filter 423 is arranged in the outlet pipe 422 to block the passing proppant particles. When in use, the proppant particles in the mixture are precipitated in the solid separation tank 421, and the liquid in the mixture flows out through the outlet pipe 422. Referring to Figure 6, the gas-liquid separation assembly 43 comprises a gas-liquid separation tank 431 and a gas outlet pipe 432. The gas-liquid separation tank 431 has a closed gas-liquid separation cavity, and the gas outlet pipe 432 is connected with the gas-liquid separation cavity. When in use, the gas-liquid mixture flowing from the outlet pipe 422 enters the gas-liquid separation tank 431, the gas in the gas-liquid mixture is derived from the gas outlet pipe 432, and the liquid in the gas-liquid mixture is stored in the gas-liquid separation tank 431. When the liquid in the gas-liquid separation tank 431 reaches a certain amount, the liquid in the tank is discharged to prevent the gas-liquid separation tank 431 from being filled. Preferably, referring to Figure 6, the separation and recovery mechanism 4 also includes a pressure stabilizer assembly 44 that comprises a back pressure valve 441 and a nitrogen container 442; the inlet of the back pressure valve 441 is connected with the outlet pipe 422, and the outlet of the back pressure valve 441 is connected with the gas-liquid separation cavity; the outlet of the nitrogen container 442 is connected with the pressure input end of the back pressure valve 441. In this embodiment, the back pressure valve 441 is a pneumatic back pressure valve, and the nitrogen of the nitrogen container 442 is used as the power source of the back pressure valve 441. When in use, the opening pressure of the back pressure valve 441 can be controlled by controlling the output of nitrogen in the nitrogen container 442, so that the pressure in the crack model 11 is stable, and at the same time, the pressure in the gas-liquid separation tank 431 is rapidly reduced to normal pressure, so that the nitrogen is transformed into gaseous state and discharged from the gas outlet pipe 432. Preferably, referring to Figure 1, the separation and recovery mechanism 4 also includes a gas recovery assembly 45 that comprises a gas recovery pipe 451 and an one-way valve 452. One end of the gas recovery pipe 451 is connected with the gas outlet pipe 432, and the other end of the gas recovery pipe 451 is connected with the first gas storage cavity, and the one-way valve 452 is arranged on the gas recovery pipe 451. Thus the mixture in the injection pipe 21 is prevented from flowing into the gas recovery pipe 451. Preferably, referring to Figure 1, the separation and recovery mechanism 4 also includes a liquid recovery assembly 46 that comprises a liquid recovery pipe 461 and a liquid recovery tank 462; one end of the liquid recovery pipe 461 is connected with the gas-liquid separation cavity, the liquid recovery tank 462 is provided with a liquid recovery chamber, and the liquid recovery chamber is connected with the other end of the liquid recovery pipe 461. The liquid recovery cavity is also connected with the injection pipe 21. The invention also provides a visual evaluation method of sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid. The visual evaluation method of sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid uses the visual simulation device of sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid provided by the invention, and includes the following steps: S1. Obtain the average diameter and density of the proppant to be used, and obtain the density of the sand-carrying fluid to be used at the preset temperature and preset pressure. S2. Load the proppant and sand-carrying fluid into the sand storage tank 231, open the thruster 232 and inject the proppant and the sand-carrying fluid into the injection pipe 21through the sand injection device 23; S3. Open the carbon dioxide gas tank 221, the gas injection pump 223 and refrigeration unit 224, inject the gas dioxide gas into the injection pipe 21 via the gas injection device 22; S4. Open the fracturing fluid injection pump 2423, inject the fracturing fluid to be evaluated into the injection pipe 21 through the fracturing fluid injection device 24, open the heater 31 to make the temperature of mixture in the injection pipe 21 achieve the preset temperature; when the pressure of the mixture in the injection pipe 21 reaches the preset pressure, close the carbon dioxide gas tank 221; S5. Observe the process of sand-carrying and sand-laying by the fracturing fluid in the crack net cavity to evaluate the performance of the fracturing fluid. S6. Record the sand-laying length X of proppant particles in the crack model within the time t, and calculate the proppant particles sedimentation velocity vp and lateral migration rate up, sand-carrying fluid flow speed uf and the resistance coefficient of sand-carrying fluid Cd. By means of the sand-laying length X, proppant particles sedimentation velocity vp and lateral migration speed up, sand-carrying fluid flow speed ur and the resistance coefficient of sand-carrying fluid Cd, the performance of the fracturing fluid is evaluated. The specific calculation principle and method are as follows: 1) The longitudinal settling mechanism of proppant The fracturing fluid carries proppant into the crack and settles longitudinally, the proppant will be subjected to three forces, namely: gravity of its own F 1 , liquid buoyancy F 2 and liquid resistance F 3 , the resultant force acting on the proppant is expressed as follows: F = F 1 - F 2 - F3 (1) According to universal gravitation, the gravity Fiof the proppant is: F 1 = mg (2) According to Archimedes' principle of buoyancy, the buoyancy of liquid F 2 that the proppant is subjected to is: F 2 = mgp/p, (3) According to the calculation formula of fluid resistance, the resistance F 3 of the proppant to liquid is as follows: F3 = CdApv2/2 (4) According to Newton's Second Law of Motion, the resultant force F that the proppant is subjected to is: F = ma (5) Where A = Trd/4 (6) m = Tpsd/6 (7) Of them m is the mass of proppant particle, g is the gravity acceleration and p is the density of sand-carrying fluid; Ps is the density of proppant particle, Cd is the coefficient of resistance of sand-carrying fluid. A is the cross section of particle resistance of proppant, vp is the particle sedimentation velocity, a is the moving accelerated speed of proppant particle and dp is the diameter of proppant particle. 2) Migration mechanism of the proppant in the transverse direction Particles in horizontal fluid flow produce horizontal transverse motion influenced by fluid flow. In horizontal direction, they will be subjected to two forces: one is the friction of horizontal movement that fluid drives the proppant and another is friction resistance between proppants in movement when they settle to the bottom. The resultant force acting on the horizontal direction of the proppant is: F = F, - F 2 (8) According to the calculation formula of fluid resistance, the friction force between fluid on proppant in horizontal direction is as follows: F 1 = CdAp(uf- u /2 (9) According to the calculation formula of sliding friction force, the friction force that proppant is subjected to is as follows: F 2 = pFn (10) Fn = mg (11) According to Newton's Second Law of Motion, the resultant force is: F = ma (12) Where A = 1Td /4 (13) m = TIpSd/6 (14) Among them m is the mass of proppant particle, g is the gravity acceleration and p is the density of sand-carrying fluid; Ps is the density of proppant particle, Cd is the coefficient of resistance of sand-carrying fluid. A is the cross section of particle resistance of proppant, vp is the particle sedimentation velocity, a is the moving accelerated speed of proppant particle and dp is the diameter of proppant particle. 3) Settlement velocity of proppant particles in cracks When the gravity F1 , buoyancy F 2 and resistance F3 that the proppant is subjected to reach a dynamic equilibrium: a= 0 (15) By substituting Equations (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) and (8) into Equation (1), the settlement velocity of a single proppant particle in the crack is obtained as follows: v,= 4dg(p,-p)/3Cd p (16) As the diameter dp of proppant particle, density p of sand-carrying fluid, particle density p, are measured experimentally, the settling velocity vp of single proppant in the crack is obtained. 4) Migration of proppant particles in the transverse direction As the proppant velocity increases, the friction of the fluid against the proppant becomes less and less until the friction and the dynamic friction of the proppant reach an equilibrium state, namely: a= 0 (17) By substituting Equations (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14) and (15) into Equation (8), the motion velocity of a single proppant particle in the horizontal direction of the crack is obtained as follows: UP = U,- f4psd pig/3Cd1 p (18) As the length of sand-laying X for proppant particle in the crack model is within time t is measured experimentally, the motion velocity up of proppant particle in the horizontal direction is obtained: up = X/t (19) By substituting Equation (18) into Equation (19), it can be sorted out as follows: X/t = (uf - f4psdypg/3Cdp) (20) By experimentally measuring the diameter of proppant particle dy, the density of sand-carrying fluid p, the density of particles p, and the sand-laying length X of the proppant particles in the crack model during time T, the relation formula (20)between the horizontal flow velocity ur and the resistance coefficient Cd of the sand-carrying fluid is obtained. According to Stokes formula, the resistance coefficient Cd is related to the Reynolds number Re as follows: Cd = 8f(Re)/IT (21) Re = puf d/pa (22) Of the Equations above: op is the particle settling velocity, uf is the flow velocity of sand-carrying fluid in horizontal direction, up is the horizontal moving velocity of proppant, g is the acceleration of gravity, p, is particle density, pis the density of sand-carrying fluid, dp for proppant particle diameter, Cd for resistance coefficient, p for dynamic friction factor, M for particle mass, A for cross-sectional area of particle resistance, a for proppant accelerated speed, ta for viscosity coefficient of sand-carrying fluid, and d is equivalent diameter. The density p, viscosity coefficient Pa and Reynolds number R, of sand-carrying fluid are different under different temperatures and pressures, which leads to the different resistance coefficients Cd under different temperatures and pressures. Through several groups of experiments set under the conditions of different temperatures, pressures and other construction parameters, the flow velocity ur and resistance coefficient Cd of sand-carrying fluid in the horizontal direction are obtained by Formula (20). The settling velocity vp and lateral migration velocity up of proppant particles, the flow velocity u of sand-carrying fluid and the resistance coefficient Cd of sand-carrying fluid are obtained by calculation. The performance of the fracturing fluid to be evaluated is evaluated under different conditions through the sand-laying length X, the settling velocity vp and lateral migration velocity UP of proppant particles, the flow velocity uy of sand-carrying fluid and the resistance coefficient Cd of the sand-carrying fluid. To sum up, the invention simulates the actual reservoir fracture through the crack model combination, and injects the mixture of carbon dioxide gas, proppant and fracturing fluid into the crack model combination through the injection mechanism. Thus, the sand-carrying and sand-laying characteristics and the changing rules of the fracturing fluid are studied, and the fracturing performance of the proppant is evaluated. The specific embodiment of the invention described above does not constitute a limit to the protection scope of the invention. Any other corresponding changes and deformations made in accordance with the technical conception of the present invention shall be included in the scope of protection claimed by the present invention.
Claims (10)
- CLAIMS 1. The visual simulation device for sand carrying and laying in carbon dioxide fracturing fluid is characterized in that it comprises a simulation mechanism and an injection mechanism. The simulation mechanism includes a crack model combination, and this combination comprises a plurality of crack models and connecting pipes, each of which is provided with a crack cavity, and each crack cavity is connected through the connecting pipe to form a crack net cavity. The injection mechanism comprises an injection pipe, a gas injection device, a sand injection device and a fracturing fluid injection device, wherein the injection pipe is connected with one end of the crack net cavity, the gas injection device is connected with the injection pipe and is used for injecting carbon dioxide gas into the injection pipe, and the sand injection device is connected with the injection pipe and is used for injecting proppant into the injection pipe. The fracturing fluid injection device is connected with the injection pipe and is used for injecting fracturing fluid into the injection pipe.
- 2. The carbon dioxide fracturing fluid sand-carrying and sand-laying visual simulation device as described in Claim 1 is characterized in that the gas injection device comprises a carbon dioxide gas tank, a gas storage tank and a gas injection pump. The carbon dioxide gas tank is provided with an airtight first gas storage cavity; The gas storage tank is provided with an airtight second gas storage cavity, and the second gas storage cavity is connected with the first gas storage cavity. The inlet of the gas injection pump is connected with the second gas storage cavity, and the outlet of the gas injection pump is connected with the injection pipe.
- 3. The carbon dioxide fracturing fluid sand-carrying and sand-laying visual simulation device as described in Claim 2 is characterized in that the gas injection device also includes a refrigeration unit, which is arranged in the second gas storage cavity.
- 4. The carbon dioxide fracturing fluid sand-carrying and sand-laying visual simulation device as described in Claim 1 is characterized in that the sand injection device comprises a sand storage tank and a thruster The sand storage tank is provided with an airtight sand storage cavity; The inlet of the thruster is connected with the sand storage cavity, and the outlet of the thruster is connected with the injection pipe.
- 5. The carbon dioxide fracturing fluid sand-carrying and sand-laying visual simulation device as described in Claim 1 is characterized in that the fracturing fluid injection device comprises a fracturing fluid storage tank and a fracturing fluid propulsion unit. The fracturing fluid storage tank is provided with a closed fracturing fluid storage cavity, and the fracturing fluid storage cavity is connected with the injection pipe. The fracturing fluid propulsion unit is connected with the fracturing fluid storage tank and is used for pushing the fracturing fluid in the fracturing fluid storage cavity into the injection pipe.
- 6. The carbon dioxide fracturing fluid sand-carrying and sand-laying visual simulation device as described in Claim 5 is characterized in that the fracturing fluid propulsion unit comprises a water tank, an electronic balance and a fracturing fluid injection pump. The water tank is provided with a closed water storage cavity, and the water tank is placed on the electronic balance. The inlet of the fracturing fluid injection pump is connected with the water storage cavity, and the outlet of the fracturing fluid injection pump is connected with the fracturing fluid storage cavity.
- 7. The carbon dioxide fracturing fluid sand-carrying and sand-laying visual simulation device as described in Claim 1 is characterized in that it also includes a temperature control mechanism, which comprises a heater and a temperature sensor. The heater and the temperature sensor are both arranged in the injection tube.
- 8. The visual simulation device for sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid as described in Claim 1 is characterized in that it also includes a separation and recovery mechanism, which comprises a discharge nozzle, a solid separation assembly and a gas-liquid separation assembly. One end of the discharge nozzle is connected with the other end of the crack net cavity. The solid separation assembly comprises a solid separation tank and am outlet pipe, wherein the solid separation tank is provided with a closed solid precipitation cavity, and the solid precipitation cavity is connected with the other end of the discharge nozzle, and the outlet pipe is connected with the solid precipitation cavity; The gas-liquid separation assembly comprises a gas-liquid separation tank and an outlet pipe, wherein the gas-liquid separation tank is provided with a closed gas-liquid separation cavity, and the outlet pipe is connected with the gas-liquid separation cavity.
- 9. The carbon dioxide fracturing fluid sand-carrying and sand-laying visual simulation device as described in Claim 8 is characterized in that the separation and recovery mechanism also includes a pressure stabilizing assembly, which comprises a back pressure valve and a nitrogen tank. The inlet of the back pressure valve is connected with the outlet pipe, and the outlet of the back pressure valve is connected with the gas-liquid separation cavity. The outlet of the nitrogen tank is connected with the pressure input end of the back pressure valve.
- 10. A visual evaluation method for sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid is characterized in that using a visual simulation device for sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid as described in any item of Claims 1-9 comprises the following steps: S1. Obtain the average diameter and density of the proppant to be used, and obtain the density of the sand-carrying fluid to be used at the preset temperature and preset pressure. S2. Inject the proppant and the sand-carrying liquid into the injection pipe through the sand injection device. S3. Inject carbon dioxide gas into the injection pipe through the gas injection device. S4. Inject the fracturing fluid to be evaluated into the injection pipe through the fracturing fluid injection device. S5. Observe the sand-carrying and sand-laying process of the fracturing fluid in the crack net cavity, so as to evaluate the performance of the fracturing fluid.
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| AU2020102869A AU2020102869A4 (en) | 2020-10-19 | 2020-10-19 | Visual simulation device and evaluation method for sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid |
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| AU2020102869A AU2020102869A4 (en) | 2020-10-19 | 2020-10-19 | Visual simulation device and evaluation method for sand-carrying and sand-laying of carbon dioxide fracturing fluid |
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| CN114592846A (en) * | 2022-02-16 | 2022-06-07 | 山东科技大学 | Coal seam fracturing and multi-effect enhanced extraction method based on gas-liquid two-phase carbon dioxide |
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