AU2012264468B2 - Catalytic process for the conversion of a synthesis gas to hydrocarbons - Google Patents

Catalytic process for the conversion of a synthesis gas to hydrocarbons Download PDF

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Publication number
AU2012264468B2
AU2012264468B2 AU2012264468A AU2012264468A AU2012264468B2 AU 2012264468 B2 AU2012264468 B2 AU 2012264468B2 AU 2012264468 A AU2012264468 A AU 2012264468A AU 2012264468 A AU2012264468 A AU 2012264468A AU 2012264468 B2 AU2012264468 B2 AU 2012264468B2
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AU
Australia
Prior art keywords
process according
active phase
sic
catalyst
support
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
AU2012264468A
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English (en)
Other versions
AU2012264468A1 (en
Inventor
Tymowski Benoit De
Francis Luck
Patrick Nguyen
Charlotte Pham
Cuong Pham-Huu
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Universite de Strasbourg
TotalEnergies SE
Sicat LLC
Original Assignee
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Total SE
Universite de Strasbourg
Sicat LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Priority claimed from FR1101704A external-priority patent/FR2978681A1/fr
Application filed by Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Total SE, Universite de Strasbourg, Sicat LLC filed Critical Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Publication of AU2012264468A1 publication Critical patent/AU2012264468A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of AU2012264468B2 publication Critical patent/AU2012264468B2/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
    • C07C1/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon
    • C07C1/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
    • C07C1/0425—Catalysts; their physical properties
    • C07C1/043—Catalysts; their physical properties characterised by the composition
    • C07C1/0435—Catalysts; their physical properties characterised by the composition containing a metal of group 8 or a compound thereof
    • C07C1/044—Catalysts; their physical properties characterised by the composition containing a metal of group 8 or a compound thereof containing iron
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
    • B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/74—Iron group metals
    • B01J23/745—Iron
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/74—Iron group metals
    • B01J23/75—Cobalt
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/78—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with alkali- or alkaline earth metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/83—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with rare earths or actinides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
    • B01J23/8906—Iron and noble metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
    • B01J23/8913—Cobalt and noble metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
    • B01J27/20—Carbon compounds
    • B01J27/22—Carbides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
    • B01J27/20—Carbon compounds
    • B01J27/22—Carbides
    • B01J27/224—Silicon carbide
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/61—Surface area
    • B01J35/612—Surface area less than 10 m2/g
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/63—Pore volume
    • B01J35/633—Pore volume less than 0.5 ml/g
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/64—Pore diameter
    • B01J35/647—2-50 nm
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/64—Pore diameter
    • B01J35/651—50-500 nm
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/0201—Impregnation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
    • C07C1/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon
    • C07C1/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
    • C07C1/0425—Catalysts; their physical properties
    • C07C1/043—Catalysts; their physical properties characterised by the composition
    • C07C1/0435—Catalysts; their physical properties characterised by the composition containing a metal of group 8 or a compound thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
    • C10G2/30—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
    • C10G2/32—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts
    • C10G2/33—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used
    • C10G2/331—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals
    • C10G2/332—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals of the iron-group
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
    • C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
    • C10G2300/1022—Fischer-Tropsch products
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
    • C10G2300/70—Catalyst aspects
    • C10G2300/703—Activation

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
AU2012264468A 2011-06-01 2012-05-31 Catalytic process for the conversion of a synthesis gas to hydrocarbons Ceased AU2012264468B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1101704A FR2978681A1 (fr) 2011-06-01 2011-06-01 Procede catalytique pour la conversion d'un gaz de synthese en hydrocarbures
FR1101704 2011-06-01
FR1157096 2011-08-02
FR1157096A FR2978682B1 (fr) 2011-06-01 2011-08-02 Procede catalytique pour la conversion d'un gaz de synthese en hydrocarbures
PCT/FR2012/051224 WO2012164231A1 (fr) 2011-06-01 2012-05-31 Procédé catalytique pour la conversion d'un gaz de synthèse en hydrocarbures

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
AU2012264468A1 AU2012264468A1 (en) 2013-12-05
AU2012264468B2 true AU2012264468B2 (en) 2016-09-22

Family

ID=46354407

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AU2012264468A Ceased AU2012264468B2 (en) 2011-06-01 2012-05-31 Catalytic process for the conversion of a synthesis gas to hydrocarbons

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US9493381B2 (zh)
EP (1) EP2714848B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN103748193B (zh)
AP (1) AP3640A (zh)
AU (1) AU2012264468B2 (zh)
BR (1) BR112013030497A2 (zh)
EA (1) EA025257B1 (zh)
FR (1) FR2978682B1 (zh)
WO (1) WO2012164231A1 (zh)
ZA (1) ZA201308854B (zh)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014140973A1 (en) * 2013-03-14 2014-09-18 Sasol Technology (Pty) Limited A hydrocarbon synthesis process using a cobalt-based catalyst supported on a silicon carbide comprising support
WO2014207096A1 (en) 2013-06-27 2014-12-31 Sicat Method for manufacturing shaped beta-sic mesoporous products and products obtained by this method
CN106268892B (zh) * 2015-06-12 2018-08-24 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 用于co加氢制c2含氧化合物的催化剂及其制备和应用
CA2992110C (en) * 2015-07-14 2023-08-01 Bp P.L.C. Extruded titania-based material comprising zirconium oxide
US10683247B1 (en) * 2018-12-21 2020-06-16 Honeywell International Inc. Catalysts and integrated processes for producing trifluoroiodomethane

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5648312A (en) * 1994-12-29 1997-07-15 Intevep, S.A. Hydrogenation catalyst with improved attrition resistance and heat dissipation
US20050002838A1 (en) * 2003-07-02 2005-01-06 Gurli Mogensen Diesel particulate filter
EP1985361A1 (en) * 2007-04-24 2008-10-29 Järäs, Sven Method for depositing metal particles on a support

Family Cites Families (11)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5484757A (en) 1994-06-02 1996-01-16 Norton Chemical Process Products Corp. Titania-based catalyst carriers
AU2001276578B2 (en) 2000-07-24 2005-11-03 Sasol Technology (Proprietary) Limited Catalyst Supports, Catalyst Precursors and Catalysts
GB0030170D0 (en) 2000-12-11 2001-01-24 Norske Stats Oljeselskap Fischer-tropsch catalyst
US7163963B2 (en) 2003-09-08 2007-01-16 Conocophillips Company Chemically and thermally stabilized alumina for Fischer-Tropsch catalysts
US7348293B2 (en) 2003-12-05 2008-03-25 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Homogeneous modified-alumina Fischer-Tropsch catalyst supports
US20060133977A1 (en) * 2004-12-22 2006-06-22 Male Jonathan L Catalyst system and method for the reduction of NOx
GB0704003D0 (en) * 2007-03-01 2007-04-11 Oxford Catalysts Promoted carbide-based fischer-tropsch catalyst, method for its preparation and uses thereof
GB0819849D0 (en) * 2008-10-30 2008-12-03 Johnson Matthey Plc Cobalt catalyst precursor
US8716170B2 (en) * 2009-08-24 2014-05-06 University Of South Florida Eggshell catalyst and methods of its preparation
EP2314557A1 (en) * 2009-10-23 2011-04-27 Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (Advanced Chemical Technologies for Sustainability) Production of lower olefins from synthesis gas
GB201014950D0 (en) * 2010-09-08 2010-10-20 Johnson Matthey Plc Catalyst manufacturing method

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5648312A (en) * 1994-12-29 1997-07-15 Intevep, S.A. Hydrogenation catalyst with improved attrition resistance and heat dissipation
US20050002838A1 (en) * 2003-07-02 2005-01-06 Gurli Mogensen Diesel particulate filter
EP1985361A1 (en) * 2007-04-24 2008-10-29 Järäs, Sven Method for depositing metal particles on a support

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20140194542A1 (en) 2014-07-10
FR2978682B1 (fr) 2016-01-01
EA025257B1 (ru) 2016-12-30
BR112013030497A2 (pt) 2016-09-27
US9493381B2 (en) 2016-11-15
CN103748193B (zh) 2017-06-06
EP2714848A1 (fr) 2014-04-09
ZA201308854B (en) 2016-02-24
CN103748193A (zh) 2014-04-23
AP2013007309A0 (en) 2013-12-31
AP3640A (en) 2016-03-14
EP2714848B1 (fr) 2019-05-22
EA201391784A1 (ru) 2014-04-30
WO2012164231A1 (fr) 2012-12-06
FR2978682A1 (fr) 2013-02-08

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