WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2009/000267 IMPROVEMENTS TN AND RELATING TO SOIL TREATMENTS Technical Fiels] 5 This invention relates to improvements in and relating to soil treatents. In particular, this invention is directed to provide a granule of varying oomposition but with tailor-made particle distribution to suit various applications, soil and temperature conditions. The granule, following application, l% directed to easily disperse in the soil yet have suffiicent 10 compressive strength to ensure that the granule does not. break-up during storage, transportation and application. It is envisaged the invention will be applicable to any situation, for example agricultural, horticultural, forestry, commercial, industrial or domestic situations whore voil treatncrts are 15 required and where it is desirable for such soil treatments to be tailored to meet a specific need and based on soil type. However, the invention may have applications outside this field. Background Art 20 In any agricultural, horticultural, forestry, commercial, industrial or domestic situation where at least optimal growth of vegetation is required or desired a number of factors interplay. Not the least of such factors is soil type/structure and nutrient availability, Soil structure has a major Influcnco on water and air movement, bidlogioal activity, root 25 grovw, seedling emergence and plant retention, Soil structure is deganined by how individual soil granules lump And thus the arrangement of soil pores betweenhem. Soils also differ in nutrient profile. For example, most solls in South Affica are poor in phosphorus and do not conutin enough to sustain normal att growth. Phosphorus 30 deficiencies by extension theroforo :ocour .in ruminants graing -bn phosphomus-doficient pastures, By coniparison, sQils in Western Australia are Ivery ol1d, highly weathered and deficient in many of the major nutrients and trace elements zinc, copper, manganese, iron and i 'his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/951496 PCTNZ2008OOOZ67 molybdenum.. Ac~r.Mingly, -fertilisers are routinely applied -to such soils to aehiexce the nutrknw profile aeeired to siutaln plant growth for harvest andor to proidde nufieiis to gralng stock -nimals. 5 Fortilisersa are rnutrifionul:zoni~pounds given to plants to prOMOte gflOn~h, Fe~li8QM.Vyial1y provide macro oud/or microitrionts h varying proportions. Those required in 1a~ge quantities for plant growth include nitrogell, phaosphorus, potassum, aulphur, calcium .And magnosiuma (xxxoro'plant-nutrients), and tho=e required in much smaller quanities include copper, 2mb, ananese, boroa. -iron and Molybdenmn (rdicrpult1eats). The most 10 comonly available fortilisers provide lhe 'three major macronutdonts .(nlfrogen, phiosphrus. and potassium), FoT example, an I - -20 NPK feztiliser would contain by welghl, Ir.V elemental nitrogen (N), 22% etmntdl phosphorus (PF) and 16% 4Iementa1 potassium (K) Fllertfsma uy be ap~lied -na vganic or inorganic ftlISpx. Organic frlies:nld *~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~g mnrlmfWr aigpet eweswg, guanA, $Me~n manure crops, .C=npoat, blooal raeat bono iniea, seaweed, extracts, natural enzpmo -ftested proteins, YI&h mWd, eind feather, meal, 1turWll$ mcwuring mninerals suroh as nmp-ro~k phosphate, sulfae ; potash 'and mso may .Aso be considered to be organi ±'0rtllhers. A tango of rmufactured e~r ar alo av~~l~ieFor example, nitrogen feaeiliser is often synthesized 'Doing the 20 R~b-Bo34proeess, Wc produces ammonia. Thin Au'monla Wa apled directly to the soil or -mod to pwdudce Qiber compounds, notably anuniflium nitrate and Urea, both dry, concentrated products that may be used as fertiliser inaitrils or mixed with water to form a cmnnratad liqud n'itrogen forriliser, Ammonia oar, -als be used In the Odda 'Proce&sIn combinationn Wulth rock phosphate and pftasiux to produce compound NPR. fertilizers, 25 Piafilisers mnxy he water-soluble (instant reloase)- or relatively Insoluble (pontrdlledlaustagned/tImed release). lRowever, whitst fetilisers may be 4pplied to moot nutritional necas of plants, they are 1ess 3 o likely to bo, tailor-made 1i respect of paetible distribution to Suvit thfe edils to whiph they are * applied. 1Iurther, whilst various applications may be taloied With -repect to the dispersal as his dlata, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 fast slow, medium release products over time, they are ' oally less tailoid T respect of particle distibution to suit climatic conditions as required. This ran lead to the problem of over-.ertilisation which is-primarily assocated with the use of 5 artifidial fertilisers and results fr the massive quantifies applied and the destructive nature of chenilcal -fertilisers on soil nutderit holding stuctures. The high solubilitics of chemical fertiliseralso exacerbate their tendency to degrade ecosystems. There are also problems' associated with storage and application of some soil treatment 10 products and ferdlisers, For example, fine elemental sulphur Is both explosive and a health hazard. Nitrogen fertillsers in some weather or soil conditions can cause emissions of the greenhouse gas, nitrous oilde (N10). Ammonia ga (Ni) may be emitted following application of inovganlo fertilisers, or manure or slurry; and ammonia can also increase soil acidity (lowering of soil pH). Excessive nitrogen fertiliser applications can also lead to post 15 problems by increasing the birth rate, longevity and overall fitness of certain pests, Whilst is also possible to over-apply orgaic fertillsors; their Autdlent content, bdit solvbility and their release rates are typically much lower than chemical fertilisers, Ay their natumt, mont organic fertilisers also provide inreesed physical andbological storage neihanisms to 2o soils, which tend to mitigate their Aks., However, again the application of such fertilisers is not typically geared to being tailored inade for specific soil types. For these reasnas, it Is importan to know the soil type, the nmrient content of the soil and nutrient requirements of the crop, so that desired outcome oan be carefully balanced with the 25 aplication of soll conditioinIg atdfor fertiliser products. Ey careful .manitaug of soil, climatic conditions and crop requirements, 'wastage of expensive feitilisers and potential costs ofleanhg up any pollution created can be avoided, While the present invention has a number of potentially realisable applications, it is in relation 3o to problems associated with existing soil treatment and frtillsing systems that the present invention was developed. More specifically, it was with regard to the issues of providing a treatment system tailor-made to specifically suit the specific application, soil conditions and 3 his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 climatic conditions, including temperature. It was also developed with safety and health issues typically associated with such systems, that the present invention was developed. Finally, it was having regard to the need to provide a treattnent system that would easily disperse in the soil, provide the desired effect, had sufficient compressive strength to ensure 5 that the product did not bteak-up during storage, transport and handling and that would minimise waste of product when applied. It would be useful therefore, to have a soil treatment system that: 1 L 'Coild be tailor-made to speqifically suit the specific application, soil condition atd climatic conditions including temperature;.and 2. Considered and improved on-safety and health issues of existing systems; and 3, Was effective at mobilising nutrients and/or soil enhancing components so that good plant growth could be achieved with lower nutrient densities; and 1 4, .Effocted less waitago of nutrioata and/or soil enhancing components through run off, air dispersal -and so forth; and '5, Released nutrieras at a determined, more consistent rate, helping to avoid boom and-bust patters; and 6, Helpod, where applicable, to retain soil moisture, reduiing the stress to plants and 20 soil strctures due to temporary moisture stress; and 7, Contributed where appropriate to improving the soil structure; and .81 Minimised the possibility of "burinIng" plants with concentrated chemicals du to an over snpplyof:aome nutrients; and 9. Provided -a more.cost:effeotive alternative to present systems employed; including 25 costs of handflng,ttansportation and application costs, and 10, Provided a consistent product, so that accurate application of nutrients to match soil type and plant production was possible,; and 11. Would be easy to use. 30 It would therefore be advantageous to have an invention that offered at least some, if not allp of the potential advantages of the aboyo proposed treatment system. It is thorofore an object 4 'bis data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCTINZ2008/000267 of the present invention to consider the above problems and provide at least one solution which addresses a plurality of these problem 1 It is another object of the present Invention to at least provide the public with a useful choice 5 or alternative system. Further aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the ensuing description which is given by way of example only, It should be appreciated that vartions to the described embodiments are possible and would fall within the scope of the 10 present invention. This invention Is directed to provide a soil treatment system. The soil treatment system is 15 preferably directed to Improving soil condition and/or soil-nutrient availability for plants, The term treatment as used in this specification typically will involve a knowledge of the condition of the soil via prior analysis and involve administration to the soil, or a regimen of applications, ofparticular preferred matter (whether organic or inorganic and whether singular or a combination) which aids in improving at least the soil condition (including structure) 20 and/or soil nutrient content. Preferably, the soil treatment system Is provided in granule form for application to soils. For the purpose of the present invention the term granule shal] mean any small blocks of molded and/or compressed material and/or otherwise formed and shall include varyingly 25 shaped and sized pellets, fragments, briquettes and so forth, The use of the tern granule should therefore not be seen as limiting this invention. Preferably, the granule is specifically tailor-made in respect of the particle distribution of its components to suit various applications, soil and climatic conditions (including temperature) 30 as required. The granule may have varying composition depending on the components of th granule and the application it is designed for, 5 his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of2012-09-02 23:35 AIEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 Preferably, the granule is specifically tailor-made in reapect of particle size and/or surface area of its components to suit various applications, soil and climatic conditions (including temperaure) as required, The granule may have varying particle sizes within its composition depending on the components of the granule and the application It is designed for. 5 Preferably, the particle size is optimised by fio-grinding and classification to suit differing soil conditions and the purpose for which It Is being used. Preferably, the granule components are tailor made to suit specific soil types in -particular to countries and for particular soil types in parivolar regions within said countries, Preferably, the granule, following application, is reqvited to make the components of the granule available within or on the soil. To achieve this, the granule preferably disperses at a preferred rate. 15 Preferably the dispersion of the granule enables the components of the granule to be available. However, the individual components of the granulo may vary in the rate at.which each will be directly available for the specific need, For example one component may be immediately available for use - whether as a nutrient or soil conditioner; whilst others may be released in 20 the soil over time, or at different rates, or with the onset of particular climatic or soil temperature/conditions as required. In some embodiments of the invention, the granule may be prepared to enable either or both immediate dispersion of the granule and immediate release of the granule components into or 25 0to the soil In other embodiments, the granule may be prepared to enable delayed dispersion of the granule and controlled release of any or all of the granule components over time, or following a set period after application of the granules, or in preferred conditions. In yet father embodiments, the granule may be prepared to enable immediate dispersion of the granule and then controlled release of any (t all of the granule components over time, or 30 following a set period after application of the granules, or in preferred conditions. For example, in some embodimenta of the present invention, the granules may be coated to delay dispersion of thp granule per so or delay release of' a specific component. In other 6 his data, for application number 200831212 1, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 embodiments, the granule may be formulated to disperse in water within a few minutes yet delay release of a component. For example, coating the granules with a nitrogen inhibitor can control the release of unea, thereby reducing leaching of nitrate and volatilisation of nitrous oxide and ammonia. In this case, the granule is simply dispersing, but it should be 5 qppreoisted the availability of the particular nutrient component is then determined by the specific solubility of that individual nutrient component. Pressing methods are pfefbrably applied in the formation of the granule form of the product. Any suitable press method may be developed or sdapted for use in achieving the present 0 invention. Preferably however, the granule does not break-up during storage, transportation and application. To achieve this, the method of manufacture is directed to producing a granule having a preferred compressivo strength (or crush-strongth), The compressive strength is 15 directed to ensure that the granule which results is less Ilkoly to breakdown during handling, transportation or application. Prefembly, the granules are uniform in size. The uniform sized granules contribune to more accurate spreading. However, the granules may be varyingly shaped. 20 Preferably, the gramiles re colour coded to ensure the correct fbruilatlon is applied to a particular treatment site, for-a particular cad result. It is important to produce granules with optimum storage, handling and applicationL 25 characteristics under a full range of conditions. For example, this is the case partieularly for nrea or other types of fertiliser products under high humidity conditions. The following techniques may be used to achieve this, by: so a) Minimisaing the surface area of the granules - by producing Rmooth surfaced granules. Granules produced by various means can typically have rough surfaces and therefiore a higher overall -surface area, A pellet press can be used to produce granules with smooth sides and his data, for application number 20083 12121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 clean-cut ends, Briquettes ate an example of granules produced which are typioally smooth on all sides. Often the compression stage can lead to a sheen, oftei noticeable on briquette. type grannles, 5 b) Minimising the bulk surface area. The overall surfae area of the bulk frtiliser granules can be reduced by producing larger sized granules. c) Minimising the amount of moisture present in the granule. This will especially mitigate problems encountered due to moisture absorption under high humidity conditions. d) Producing harder granules. Granules produced under higher pressure will be harder and have better handling characteristics, e) Post-production heating of the granules. Suoh heating cm be applied to produce a 15 hardened surface. This may also further reduce retained/absorbed moisture following production of the granules f) Coating of granules with lime powder can be undertaken. 20 g) Storage of granules in preferred conditions for aprefrred period of tim. It may bc that such techniques are employed to also affect the diepcraion rate of the granules, For example, newly produced granules may disperse more quickly than granules which have been stored for a period of time before application onto the soils - whether such changes are 25 effected by further drying of stored granules, changes in pH over tine or other such ftpqrs According to one aspect of the present Invention there is provided a particulate fertiliser comprised ofparticulate organic and/or inorganic components. 30 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a pardculate fertilisar in the form of granules, briquettes or prills. his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 According to one aspect of the present Inventign there is provided a method for maximizing the availability of t least one soil treatment composition, said soil treatment composition containing at least one active component, said method including the steps of: a) Selecting the soil treatment components required; and S b) Preparing said components in dried form, said components being ground to a preferred particle size; and q) Mixing said components together; and d) Adding a preferred quantity of solvent to the mixed components; End d) Applying presanre to a quantity of said compolent-solvent mixture to form granules of the 10 composition; and said method chancterized by the particle sizes of the components being specifically targeted for use with a particular soil type and/or treatment requirement, According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method, substantially '15 as described above) wherein an optional dispersion and/or binding agent is added to the component mix, According to another aspect of the present invention there i5 provided a method, substantially as described above, Wherein at least one of the active components also acts 'as dispersion 20 and/or binding agent, According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method, substantially as described above, wherein the solvent includes at least one of wateT oiL 25 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for maximizing the availability of at least one oiItreattnent composition via prolonged release of the components on to and/or Into the soil, said method including the step of: grinding the components to achieve a prefered particle size, said particle size being adapted to the soil type and requirement and providing an increased surface area to Improve availability of the 30 component in to or onto the soil, 9 his data, for application number 2008312121, is cturent as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method substantially as described above achieved via coating of the granule to effect delayed rotese of the components over a period of time after introduction of the granule on to or Into the soil. 5 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein the delay in ;elease of the components of the granule is accomplished by encapsulating the granule within a dissolvablo or degradable protective layer. 20 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein a quantity of the components of the granule Is released substantially continuously, once release Is litiated, fer the intended life of the granule. 15 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein there is provided an initial boosted release rate of components from the granule following introduction of the granule on to or into the BQiL, 20 -According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein there is provided at least a second boosted release rato of components from the granule following introduction of the granule on to or into the soil 25 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided- a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above Wherein the interval between the initial and second boosted release rates corresponds to a predetermined Ideal period between release and action of the first component and release and action of a second component 30 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of A granule.substantially as described above wherein a boosted 10 his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEIST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 release rate of the components of the granule is accomplished by providing a secondary component having different release rate characteristics then the frst component, According to another aspect of the pNesent invention there Is provided a soil treatment S composition in the fbrm of a gratiIle substantially as described above wherein a boosted release rate of the components is accomplished by providing one component having an exposed surface area greater than other component(s) in the granule. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment 10 composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein one component operates as a carrier matrix system through which at least a second component is dispersed, According to another aspect of the present invention them is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein the carrier is iatrix component dissolves when exposed to the environment into which it Is introduced, to erpose at least one other component in a tine release manner. According to another aspect of the present Invention there is provided a goil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein the granule, in 20 its entirety, is substantially biodegradable within the soil treatment environment to which it is Introduced, A soil treanent composition in granular form, said granules have a mechanical resistance, dimensions and weights being appropriate for the distribution and the mechanical application 25 on the ground and in the ground, the granules being characterised in that they include finely ground porticulate components. A soil treatment composition In gramular form, characterized in that the dimension of fine particles do not exceed a preferred dimension as required. so 11 his data, for application nurnber 2008312121, is current as of2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 A method of preparation of a granular soil treatment composition wherein the particles of the components are mixed with a binder in effective proportion to bind the particles in the form of granules having dimensions and weights appropriate for a mechanical application. 5 As previously advised, it is envisaged the invention will be applicable to any reasonable situation where soil treatment is desired or required, Thee include agricultural, horttiultural, forestry, commercial, industrial or domestic applications where each situation 'may be need specific and requires consideration of the physical, organic and chemical nature of the soil, such as soil type, density an4 so forth; as well as the climatic conditions of an area; and so 10 forth. The granules may be applied via aerial top-dressing, mechanical spreaders, manually. During the ensuing discussion of the invention, the granule will now be described with 15 reforcnce to its use as a fert.lser, However, this description Is not intended to limit the scoQpe of this invendon. For example, the invention may be directed to using a granule produced within the ombit of this invention for soil conditioning, for specific crop types and so forth. In this regard, whilst the following description relates to fertilisers (for Introducing both macro and/or micro nutrients into sqilb), the granule may comprise a proportion of gypsun 20 for use in clay soils; organic Material for use in sandy soils; water retention materials for use in soils prone to drying; noA-traditional soil enhancers, such as hydrogen peroxide (which if released to soil will be broken down by reacting with other compounds, yet during oxidation can be effective against pests or promote pasture growth); and so forth. 25 In practice, a compronife between the nse of artificial and organirc fertilizers is common , typically by using inorganic fertilisers supplemented with the application of organic matter that i readily available. The present inveitibn lends Itself to such practice, by enabling the components of th granule -to ibe tallor-made to include laoxganic Tei=iser components and organic fertiliser components to achieve the -desired end-produot, The organic fertilizer ao components may operate as a matrih:to support the inorganic fetiliser components. 12 his data, for application number 20083 12121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 in addition, some soils require treatments other than solely ertlisers/nutrient application. Again, the present invention lends itself to such practice, by enabling the components of the granule to be tailor-made to include sol conditioning components with or without inorganto fertliser components and/or organic fertiliser components as required to achieve the desired s end-product. In addition, somo planet require solls Which provide the environment for the plants not only to grow, but to atimulate and support other plant requirements. Again, the present invention leads itself to such practin, by enabling the components of the granule to be tallot-mde to 10 include components;(guch as nitrogen fbdng bacteria, other microbes, etc required for healthy soils or as required by pdlcular plant species); and again with or without inorganic fertiliser components and/or .organic br(illser components as required to achieve the desired end product is When considering the typical nutrients applied to soils those required In large quarttities for plant growth include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, calcium and magnesium being the main macronutrients. Of these, nitrogen is important as it promotes. rapid leaf growth. However, too much nitrogen can prolong a plant's growing season and delay ripening. It can also result in too rapid and luxuriant growth with weakened plant stems that ca wolapse 20 through the weight of leaves, or by strong wind or rain, Too much nitrogen can also lower a plant's resistance to diseases. The two most important fons of nitrogen, namely nitrate or ammonium, are freely soluble in water, and can therefore be washed out of the soil by too much rain orirrigation water. Urea Is a commonly Used fertilizer as a source of ground and/or plant nitrogen. 25 Phosphorus is essential for the division of cells at the growth points of the plant roots underground, as wel as at the growth points of plants above the ground, If the plants take up too little phosphorous, they grow slowly and remain small, and the ripening of especially grain seeds is slowed down. Too much phosphorous in the soil oi, too much of it added by 30 way of fertiliser is not really harmful for plant growth, but it is a waste of monoy. 13 his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:3 5 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 Elemental sulphur is a valuable plant nutrient often required due to sulphur deftient soil. Soils may also be deficient In micromtrients such as copper, zinc, manganese, boror, iron and molybdenum S In relation to the application of this invention to soil treatment, the fIlowing description is one potentially advantageous example relating to the application of macronutrients to soils, However, this ensuing description is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The fbllowing description relates to a granule in which the components are urea and elemanial 10 sulphur. However, other examples include granules in which the components are elemental eulphat and bentonite; or reactive phosphate rock with elemental sulphur and triple sapexphosphate Description of the present invention with reference to these examples, should not however be seen to limit the scope of the present invention. The invention does extend to the inclusion of micronutrients, organic matter and other soil conditioning 15 components, such as gypsum lime and so forth. Lime-Suphur particles in Granules may be preferred due to the high costs of phosphate feitilisers. As such a market is developing for granular lime-sulphur fertilisers. These granules can be produced with dispersants such as bentonite where required. Both the lime 20 and sulphur can be milled to the optimum particle size and incorporated into the granule. The granular form allows the use of much finer lime and sulphur than conventional ferfiliser products which have flnness limits due to dust ddIt problems on application. The use of fine lime and aulphur in the granules ensures that both components am quickly available after application. These advantages combine to produce a more cost-effective product. 25 ,oth urea and elemental sulphur have traditionally been used in various forms and in combination with other frtiliser -products. Conventional elemental sulphur-coated urea can take up to several weeks to disperse.in the soil before the nitrogen becomes plantavailable. The sulphur is typically applied externally to a urea prill. This method places a limit on the 30 amount of sulphur which can be applied and makes it diffloult to control the overall composition of the granule. Many soils require a coarse grade of sulphur These larger sulphur particles are difficult to adhere to the urea prill. Sulphur-coated urea has the added 14 his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 20091051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 disadvantage of producing a certain amount of hazardous fine sulphur dust during storage, transportation and application. Other types of urea-sulphur granules are produced by mixing molten sulphur and molten urea, 5 When molten urea and Molten elemental sulphur are mixed to produce a granule, it is tot possible to accurately control the particle size distribution of the sulphur. When urea prils are coated with molten sulphur the coating must be relatively thin, otherwise the sulphur particles are too large to react. This limits the amount of sulphur which can be applied. Pine ground elemental sulphur has more reactive surface area than sprayed moltn sulphur. 10 One aspect of the present invention is to therefore provide a fertiliser granule, said granule including. one or more of a binding agent, a dispersing agent and optimum amounts of particulate plant nutrients which can be released In a tlnmly fashion to the soil to achieve rapid avallability for plants, said granule being characterised by said particles being sized 15 differently to match the particle sizes required by different soils, different olimatio conditions and the different plant nutrient release rates required. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a granule for use in soil treatment applications as a fertiliser, the granule including the following components, on a 20 w/w basis (wherein the component amounts total 100%). a), Controlled release olcmnemal. sulphur up to 90% b) Bentonite between about 5% - about 10%. According to another aspect of the present invention there Is provided a granule for use in soil 25 treatment applications as a fertiliser the granule including the following components, on a w/w basis (wherein the component amounts total 100%), a). 45-90% by weight elemental sulphur b). 1-50% by weight bentonite c), 0-15% moisture. 30 A granule for use in soil treatment applications as a fortiliser, the granule including the following components, on a w/w basis (wherein the component amounts total 100%) his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 9), Controlled release elemental sulphur up to 99% b), An oil (such as fish oil) between about 1% - about 20/. A granule for uso in soil treatment applications as a fertilizer, the granule including the 5 following compotents, on a w/w basis (wherein the component amounts total 100%) a), Controlled release elemental sulphur up to 10% b). Urea up to 90%. A granule for use in soil treatment, applications as a feztiliser, the granule including the 10 following compotents, on a w/w basis (wherein the component amounts total 100o%) a). Controlled release elemental sulphur of between 5% to 50% b) Urea of between 5% to 50%. A granule for uss in soil treament applications as a fertiliser, the granule including the 15 following components, on a w/w basis (wherein the component amounts total 100%): a), 60% by weight Reactive Phosphate Rook, b). 10% by weight elemental sulphur; and c). 30% by weight Triple Super Phosphate. 20 Having regard to the use of Reactive Phosphate Rock (RPR) in relation to a granule for use in soil treatments as a fertiliser, at least one factor which determines the reactivity of RPR is fineness. Practically, there is a limit to how fine RPR can be ground due to Its transportation and usability constraints, Granulation of fino RPR matcrihla overcomes such practical problems enabling a much finer RPR to be transported and applied. Accordingly, lower 25 grades of RPR are thed able to be used which in turn provides realisable benefits in lowering the cost of producing granules containing RPR. Previously uneconomic IPR deposits can therefore become a more economic source through a fine grinding and granulation process. Reactive Phosphate Rock (RPR) with poorer reactivity can thus be upgraded by grinding to a fiue state. 30 However, it is to be noted that In order to handle or apply RPR materials ground as finely as desired according to the present invention they must be granulated or mixed with water. For 16 his data, for application nurnber 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 example when RPR is ground to 100% passing 800 micron it fluidizes when handled or when subjected to vibration. Along with the advantages the present invention affords in reducing dust problems associated S with fine ground sulphur, the present invention affords the satne when finely ground RPR 4 vacd. Accordingly, there is provided a granule for use in soil treatment applications as a fertilizer, the granule including the following components, on a w/w basis (wherein the compoonet 10 amounts total 100%): Bentonite (10-30%) RPR up to 90% And a granulo for use in soil treatment applications as a fortiliser, the granule including the 15 following components, on a wAv basis (wherein the component amounts total 100%): Bentonite (10-30%) Sulphur, RPR (up to 90% in ornbination). A granule for use in soil treatment applications substantially as described above wherein, the 20 ranule includes 0% to 15% moisture added duiIng the production process. A granute for use in soil treatment applications substantially as described above wherein, the moisture content is achieved by the addition of water. 25 A granule for use in soil treatment applications substantially as described above wherein, the moisture content is achieved by the addition oftan oil, A granule for use in soil treatment applications substantially as described above wherein, the oil is a fish or vegetable oil, The vegetable oil may be a triglyceride, 30 A composition wherein said sulphur has been associated with the urea sedally (before or after) or simultaneously with a nitdifloation inhibitor 17 his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 A composition wherein the sulphur has been associated with the urea serially beforee or after) and/or simultaneously with a urease inhibitor, A particulate fertiliser composition of particulate urea and particulate elemental sulphur and 5 coated with a nitrfication inhibitor. A particulate fertiliser composition of particulate urea, and particulate elemental sulphur and coated with a uQrease inhibitor. 10 A composition wherein the elemental sulphur is of a wedian particle size of about 0,075mm, A composition wherein the elemental sulphur is of a media particle size of about 0.25mm, A composite wherein the nitrification inhibitor is incorporated as fine particles or as a 1 solution, A composition wherein the nitrifloation inhibitor is incorporated as fine particles on a preferred w/w basis to the elemental sulphur (wherein the component amounts total 100%) 20 A composition wherein the grease inhibitor is incorporated as fine particles on a preferred w/w basis to the elemental sulphur (wherein the component amounts total 100%) A method of preparing a fertiliser from particulate urea which compries orincludes mixing such particulate urea (serially and/or simultaneously) with a ground elemental sulphur and 25 optionally including a compatible nitrification and urease inhibitor. In one embodiment of the present invention, there Is provided a vrea-elemental sulphur granule of different compositions combining irca with elemental sulphur particles sized differently to match tha particle sizes required by different soils, different climatic and 30 temperature conditions and the different elemental sulphur release rates required. is 'his data, for application number 200831212 1, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:3 5 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2003/000267 Por example, in soils in New Zealand's North Island sulphur particles must be less than 0,25mn (millimeters) in size to be effective. In New Zealand's South Island soils, sulphur particles must be less than 0.075mm (Millimeters) in size to be effective 5 In this embodiment, the urea is agronomically valuable and acts as a binding and dispersing agent for the fmc elemental sulphur particles. The urea-splphur granule easily disperses in the soil and has sufficient comptessive strength to ensure that the granule does not break-up during storage, transport and application, 10 This invention provides a fertiliser granule with optimum amounWtof nitrogen and sulphur which can be released in a timely fashion to the soil to achieve rapid availability for plants: This controlled release sulphur granule provides a substantially useful alternative to existing fertilisers in terms of particle size and surface area. 15 The sulphur particles are also preferably irregular in shape which provides an increased surface-area. In one embodiment, the surface area of the sulphur particles is 1280 cm2/gram. This increased surface area provides an advantage over existing spherical particles of sulphur used in existing fertiliser products. This contributes to greater reacUvity in the soil md more rapid plant availability, Each of the main products contained in this example of the Invention have agronomic value. resulting in an agronomially valuable fertiliser. The urea mixed with fine elemental sulphur also acts as both a water dispersible binding agent and a fertiliser 25 The particle size of the elemental sulphur is preferably optimised by fte-grinding and clssification to suit diffeting soil conditions- and the purpose for which It is being used, The sulphur is then intimately mixed throughout the granule and not just coated on the surface of the urea. Both the urea and elemental sulphur are finely ground andhomogeneously mixed to ensure intimate contact between the different particles types. This enables rapid dispersion 30 upon application and ensures the optimum sized sulphur paticles are blade available for plant uptake. The granules have the added benefit of allowing a controlled release of elemental sulphur over a period of time. 19 his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2006/000267 The urea and sized elemental sulphur are inter-ground and/or mixed by mixing means. In the present example, moisture is added during the production process, Whilst in this example, the liquid/solvent is water, other liquids and/or solvents may be employed - including for example, oila (auoh as fish oil), melted wax, and so forth. In the present example, it may be appreciated that fine elemental sulphur Is both explosive and a health hazard, The granules of the present invention are dust-ee. Therefore, the granules are able to be stored, transported and applied with little risk of hazardous sulphur dust being released. The granules of this invention are substantially safer to handle, store and to spread when compared to sulphur-ooated urm granules. Further, the two key criteria fop evaluating a fertiliser granule are crushing strength and water dispersion, The firat relates to the ability to produc; a dust-free product the second ensures that the ima and sulphur are quickly made available in the soil. Therefore, preferably the is granule has a crush rate in excess of other granular fertiliser products which typically have crush-strengths in the range 2-6kg In addition, the granule form avoids the limitations of traditional mixed ihrtilisers which are in powdered or loose form. Such fertilisers are typically transported at some stage. The 20 vibration generated during transportation ea cause the different component nutrients to separate out due to their varying densities, -When the fertillser is then applied thetv Is the potential for uneven distribution of the compopeits of the fertiliser and so some areas may remain or may result in being iuore deficient in a particular component when compared to another. Further, the present invention is designed with environmental concerns in mind, As advised In the above example, coating the granules with a nitrogen inhibitor can control the release of ra, thereby reducing leaching of nitrate and volatilisation of nitrous oxide and ammonia, 3o As can be appreciated, where either or both the granule and composition includes Reactive Phosphate Rock (RPR), the invention as described above (with reference to the use only of elemental sulphur)ca be adapted accordingly. 20 his data, for application number 200831212 1, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:3 5 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCTINZ2008/000267 It will therefore be appreolated that the invention broadly consists in the pats, elements and feanes described in this specification, and Is deemed to incee any equivalents known in the art which, if substituted for the prescried Integers, would not materially alter the substance of the invention. s Variations to the invention may be desirable depending on the applications with which it is to be used. Regard would of course be had to effeting the desired concentrations or volume to volume ratios of the components of the granule, the various components of the granules, the diniensions of the granule, the dissolution rates, the method of application of the granules and 10 so forth as required to effect the desired outcome. The present invention is differentiated from many existing products by virtue of the specific ability to determine and apply preferred components in preferred partioulate size having preferred surface Area and distribution within the granule as required for the specific soil typv, 15 the spectc crop, the climatic conditions and so fourth Whilst some varying embodiments of the present invention have been described above and are to be yet example, It should further be appreciated different embodirrients, uges, and applications of the present invention also exist, Further embodiments of the present invention 20 will now be given by way of example only, to help better describe and define the present Invention, However, descibing the specified embodiments should not be seen as limiting the scope ofthis invention, Brlaf Deserhition of Drawins 25 Further aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description, given by way bf example only and with reference to the accompanying drawing in which. PIgural is an illustration of one embodiment of the granules of the present invention; and 30 2m Is a graphical representation of the difference In surface area between a controlled release sulphur particle (A) when compared with the surface area of 21 his data, for application nurnber 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ20081000267 existing spherical sulphur particles (B), in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; and liure 2a is an illustration of controlled release sulphur particles (A), in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention of Figure 2; and igua-e2h is an illustration of spherical sulphur particles (B), as referred to In the graphical representation of Figure 2; and 10 F Is a graphical representation of the difference in availability of a contrOled release sulphur particle (A) when compared with availability of prior art spherical sulphur particles (B), in New Zealand North Island soils where sulphur patticle size must be less than 0.25mm in size to be effective; in accordance with one embodiment of the present Lvention; and figure 3b is a graphical representation of the difference in mailability of a controlled release sulphur particle (A) when compared with availability of prior art spherical sulphur particles (B), in New Zealand South Island soils where sulphur particle size must be less than 0.075mm in size to be efibetive; in 20 accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; and igEa 4 is a table comparing the differences in mush strength (load(kg) and dispersion in water (In minutes) between existing granular fertiliser products and granules produced in accordance with eth present invention.. 25 gst Modes for Carryina Out the Invention With reference to the present inveation there is provided a granule (illustrated in one embodiment in Figure f) for a soil treatment system. It should be appreciated that the granule 3o may be varyingly shaped and sized, and so forth as-desired, his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 The granule is adapted to include various componots desirable in the conditioning or treatment of soils. The granule preferably is comprised of components having specific particle size and surface 5 area, One embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in Figure 2 to 2b in relation to sulplur particles. In these figures, sulphur particles (A) are provided in accordance with the present invention and demonstrate a greater surface area than prior art sulphur particles (B) which have comparatively less surface area. The Irregularly abaped controlled release sulphur particles (A) have an eight fold surface area advantage over the spherical sulphur particles 10 (B), In other granules finely ground Reactive Phosphate Rock (RPR) ray similarly be incorporated. is The specific size of particles is tailored to the specific soil type to which the granule will be applied. The particle size Is tailored to provide more readily available materials into the soil as required. Figures 3(a) and 3(b) illustrate controlled release sulphur particles (A), as provided in accordance with the present invention, and demonstrate a greater availability in the soil of such particles than prior art spherical sulphur particles B, Figure 3(a) represents 20 New Zealand North Island soils which require the sulphur particles to be less than 0,25mm in size to be effective. Figure 3(b) represents New Zealand South Island soils which require the sulphur particles to be los than 0.075mm in size to be effective. The granule niay include dispersents and binders which may be In addition to the main 25 components, or the main components may also serve as suitable binders, matrices and dispersants.
The granule is preferably able to easily disperse when applied to the soil and yet have sufficient compressive strength to ensure that the granule does not break-up during storage, '30 transport and application, Figure 4 provides cotnparativc results of dispersion and cruh strength tests of existing granular fertiliser products and granular products produced in accordance with the present invention, 23 his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 The granule product includes any combination of the following futures: a) Is a controlled release, long life granule formaulated for a specific soil-type. b) Is comprised of components having one or more of a preferred particle size, s preferred particle distribution, preferred particle surface area. c) Includes components) directed to a specific treatment, specific soil type, specific climatic conditions, d) Includes a component that facilitates dispersal of the granule in water. e) Includes a component that facilitates rapid release of at least one othcr component 10 from the granule, Is uniform in size. g) Is dust free for improved handling, spreading, transportation and safety, h) Is colour coded to ensure the correct formulation is applied to the particular soil type. 15 ) Is an improvement on products prone to leaching. j) Granules are not easily separated during a mix. k) Fast acting for rapid results - such as rapid plant availability of nutrients. 1) A product which is adapted to address some environmental concerns. 20 UREA - SULPHUR FERT1 ISER PRANULE This Invention provides a fertiliser granule with optimum amouns of nitrogen and sulphur 'which can be released in a timely fashion to the soil to achieve rapid plant availability. 2$ Elemental sulphur is valuable plant nutrient which is often required duc to sulphur deficient soils, Urea is an agronomically valuable source of nitrogen, The basis of this example has been provided in the previous description, but farther description is now included. This embodiment of the present inventIon combines urea with fine elemental sulphur in 3o granule form. The urea. acts as both a water dispersible binding agent and a fertiliser 24 his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 20091051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 In some embodiments the urea-sulphur granules have a composition in the range of: 50-95% by weight of urea and 5-50% by weight of elemental sulphur, In other preferred embodiments the urea-sulphur granules have a composition in the range of; 20-90% by weight of urea and 10-80% by weight of elenontal sulphur. 5 The particle size of the elemental sulphur is optimised by fine-grinding and classification to suit differing soil conditions and the purpose for which it is being used. The surface area of the sulphur particle is in the region of 1280m2 per gram. This surface area is achieved by irregular shaped sulphur particles that can provide an eight-fold surface area advantage over 10 existing spherical particulate sulphur products (such as DurasullM having a surface area of 157cm2/gram). This increase Is important when comparing availability of sulphur in different soil types. In New Zealand's North Island soils for example, sulphur particles must be less than 0.25mm in size to be effotivo, The present invention increases the availability of sulphur to plants ftom 19% using existing spherical particulate sulphur prodets (such as is DurasuVM) to 62% using the controlled release fertiliser of the present invention, In New Zealand's South Island soils, sulphur partioles must be less than 0.075mm in size to be effective, The present Invention increases the availability of sulphur to plants from 2% using existing spherical pariculate sulphur products (such as DurasuilM) to 33% using the controlled release fertiser of the present invention. 20 By means of milling and classification, the 62% / 33% sulphur figures can be increased almost 100%. The sulphur is intimately mixed throughout the granule and not just coated on the surface of 25 the urea. Incorporating sulphur throughout the granule, -rather than only on the surface, enables a greater total amount of sulphur to be used, Fettilisers utilising sulphur on the surface only are limited in the total amount of sulphur which cah be used. There is also a safety benefit of incorporating the sulphur within the granule - specifically in 30 regard to aerial application. 25 his data, for application nuruber 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 Both the urea and elemental sulphur are finely ground and homogeneously mixed to ensure Intimate contact between the different particles types. This enables rapid dispersion upon application and ensures the optimum sized sulphur particles are made available for plant uptake, The granules have the added benefit of allowing a controlled release of elemental 5 sulphur over a period of time. The urea and sized elemental sulphur are interground and/or mixed by means of a double screw auger uiixer. Approximately 0% to 10% moisture is added during the production process, 10 Urea-sulphur sheets ae formed by means of a double-roll chilsolator applying approximately 2000kg of pressure. In relation to the present invention, typical pressures used. are in the range of 200 - 10,000 kg/crn2. Other known pressing methods may be used, 15 The pressed sheets are then broken up by means of a rotating finger type device to produce Imm-6mm long granules. The uniform sized granules ensure accurate spreading. The granules may however be made into various shapes. 20 Two key criteria fi evaluating a fertilizer granule are ornshing strength and water dispersion. The first relates to the ability to produce a dust-free product the second ensures that the urea and sulphur are quickly made available in the soil, The urea-sulphur granules have a crush-strength of approximately 4-15kg, Other granular 25 fertiliser products typically have crush strengths in the range 24kg, The compact, rush-strength nature of the granules makes them dust free, Fine elemental sulphur is both explosive and a health hazard. The dust-free granules of this invention are therefore able to be stored, transported and applied with little rick of hazardous sulphur dust - 30 being released. The granules of this invention are therefore safer to handle, store and spread compared to sulphur-coated urea granules, 26 his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 The urea-sulphur granles disperse in water in approximately two minutes indicating excellent water dispersion, However, the granules may be coated with a nitrogen inhibitor to control the release of Uten 5 reducing. leaching of nitrate and volatilisation of nitrous oxide and ammonia. Incorporating sulphur throughout the granule enables the granules to be cmated with Udtrogen inhibitor, reducing the surface contact between inhibitor and sulphur (tuininmising the unwanted neutralising effect). 10 EXAMPLE SULPU-BENTONITE, FRTILISER GRANULE Handling, storage and spreading of finely ground sulphur is a dangerous activity due to the risk of fire and explosion. Acourate spreading of fiely ground sulphur is also difficult. Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium phylloalilicate vlky Which consists of Montmorillonite, 15 (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2S14010(OH)2 (H20)n. Sodiunvrbcntonite expands when wet, absorbing several timos its dry mass in water. The objective of this Invention is to provide a sulphur-bentonite granule with a tailor-made elemental sulphur particle distribution to specifically suit the application and soil conditions 20 and temperatures. The granule will easily disperse in the soil and has sufficient compressive strength to ensure that the granule does not break-up during storage, transport application The swelling property of bentonite makes it ideal for use in Pa granular sulphur fertiliser, imparting rapid and controlled release of the carrier particles (in this case fino elemental 25 sulphur) into the soil. Conventional sulphur-coated fertiliser granules oan take up to several weeks to disperse in the soil, The sulphur is usually applied externally to the granule. This method places a lnit on the amount of sulphur which can be applied and makes it .diffloult to control the overall 30 composition of the granufe, Many soils require a coarse grade of sulphur, These larger sulphur particles do not adhee easily to the granulo. Sulphur-coated granules have the added 27 his data, for application number 20083 1212 1, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:3 5 A-EST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 disadvantage of producing a certain amount of hazardous fine sulphur dust during storage, transportation and application, Other types of sulphor granule make ue of bentonite mixed into molten sulphur, Tailor S made particle sizing of elemental sulphur is not possible with molten aulphur beantonit mixes. In contrast, finely ground elemental sulphur can be precisely classified to produce a particle size distribution specifically suited to soil conditions, climate conditions and .the desired release rate under those conditions. 10 Fine ground elemental sulphur has more reactive surface area than sprayed molten sulphur of the same particle size. Another means of applying sulphur involves the we of sulphate based fertilisers, Suiphates arc easily leached- from the soil. in comparison correctly sized elemental sulphur Is not easily u leabhed ftom the soil. Due to the fact that the elemental sulphur is mixed into the granule, it is possible to include a greater amount and to accurately control the proportion and particle size of the elemental sulphur. The resultant product is suited to both aerial and ground spreading. 20 This, iwlnttion provides a fertilizer granule with an optimum particle size distribution of elemental sulphur which can be released in a timely fashion to the soil to achieve both rapid plant availability and also a controlled release. The controlled release of sulphur to the soil is essential to provide longer term benefit. The elemental sulphur-Betitonite granules have the following approximate composition: 45-90% by weight elemental sulphur 1-50% by weight bentonite 0-45% moisture, 30 The particle size of the elemental sulphur is optimised by fmne-grinding arid classification to suit differhig soil types and temperatures atid the purpose for which it is being used. 28 his data, for application number- 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST' WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 The elemental sulphur is intimately rnixed with the bentonite throughout the granule and not just coated on the surface of the granule, The elemental sulphur and bentonite are finely ground and homogeneously mixed to ensure intmat content between the different particles types. 5 When hydrated, the bentonite parties expand to ensure that the elemerntal sulphur is released as discrete fine particles. This enables rapid dispersion upon application and ensures the optimum sized sulphur particles are made available for plant uptake, The granules have the added benefit of allowing a controlled release of elemental sulphur over a period of time. *10 Elemental sulphur-bentonite granules are able to be used. In a wider range of soil and climatic conditions compared to straight application of sulphur. The elemental sulphur and bentonite are inter-ground and/or mixed by means of a double 15 crew auger mixer or other similar devices. -Approximately 0-15% moisture is added during the production process. The addition of water assists in producing the granule. Over time moisture is lost due to evaporation, However, the pellet remains strong due to the bonding arising from the initial 20 us of water, The sulphur-beatonitD pellets are formed by means of a double-roll pressure pelletiser device applying approximately 2000k~g of pressure to produce gnmules 1-5mm long. Other known pressing methods can be used, The granules may be various shapes. 25 Fine elemental sulphur is both explosive and a health hazard, The duskfree granules of this invention are able to be stored, transported and applied without risk of hazardous sulphur dust being released. The granules of this invention are safer to handle, store and spread compared to other sulphur-coated fertiliser granules and other fine sulphur fortilisers. 30 The uniform-sized granules have better spread characteristics than a non-granulated product, This helps ensure more accurate spreading. 29 'his data, for application number 200831212 1, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:3 5 AEST WO 20091051496 PCTINZ2008/100267 Tho two key criteria for evaluating a fertliser granule are crushing strength anid Water dispersion, The fist relates to the ability to prod-ace a dust-free product the wacd ensures, that the sulphur io rapidly rade available in the soil. The elenientaf sulphur-bentonite granules have a crush-strength of 0.9 - 12kg. Other granular fartiliser products typically havoc s crush gtronghs in the raugo 2-4I. The elemental aulphur-bentonlte granules di~pefse in wAtor in 2-15 mluutos indicating excelent wtr dispersion. REACTIVEt PHOSPHATE ROCK - SUJLPHUTR - TRILE SUPER PHOSPHAM, io FERTILISER GRANULEB Reactive Phosphate Rock (R.PR) Is a naturally occurring phosphate-bearing mineral used in the pf oduction of superphosphate And also as a fertiliser providing a plant phosphate source. Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) Is a 6yzithotio phosphorus fertiliser p udaeed by various rzeans, 15 TSP Is water soluble aud when applied to soil provides a ready source of plant-available phosphate, (Jratular TSP (GTSP) is a highly-concentrated, wAter-soluble and efficient phosphate fertiiser, Elemaental sulphur is a valuable plant nutrient often required due to the si~phuxr deficient soils 20 fbun4 in New Zealand, RMR TSP and elemental sulphur have tradtionally been used in various forms aa4 In. combin~Aion with other fertilisar products. The objeet-tve of this invention Ns to provide a RPR-sulphur-TSP granule of var*Sn composition with tailoprmade elemental sulph-ar and ILPR particle distributions to suit various ,25 applications, soil and temnperature conditions. The granule qan makt use of TSP as the sole binder / dispersant, If faster dispersion Is required, the ranule can contain small amountsi of other diaperints and binders euch as bentonite and lignosulpIhonate. or any other suitable binder or dlperat, These gratnules vre able to easily dlsprei hsoladav suffiojent cvoIpressive strength to ens ure that the granules do niot break-up during storage, transport =nd 30 application. 30 'his data, for application number 20083 1212 1, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:3 5 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 As previously explained, conventional sulphur-ooated fertiliser granules can take up to several weeks to disperse in the soil. The sulphur is often applied externally to the granule. This method places a limit on the amount of sulphur which can be applied and makes It difficult to cItrol the overall composition of the granue, Many Aoils require a coarse grade of sulphur, Theso larger sulphur particles are difficult to adhere to the granule. Sulphur-coated granules have the added disadvantage of producing a certain amount of hazardous fine sulphur dust during storage, transportation and application. 10 Due to the fact that the elemental sulphur is mixed into this new granule, it is possible to include a higher proportion and to accurately control the ptoportion and particle size of the elemental sulphur. The resultant product Is suited to both aerial and ground spreading. Handling, storage and spreading of products able to release finely ground sulphur are x1 dangerous activities due to the risk of fire and explosion, Accurate spreading of finely ground sulphur and reactive phosphate rock is difficult due to the drifting of fine particles. This invention provides a fertilizer granule with optimum amounts of phosphate (RPRUTSP) and elemental sulphur which can be released in a tiely fashion to the soil to achieve rapid 20 plant availability. Each of the main components contained in this Invention has agronotmic value resulting in an agronomically valuable fertillser. This enables a reduction in handling and transport costs. 25 RPR / TSP granules may demonstrate better spread characteristics than a non-granulated RPR product. This will potentially provide a wider range of suitability for use by faurm spreaders RPR / TSP granules can Abo include sulphur. The use of TSP enables the higher ratio of sulphur required for aerial spreading to be incorporated safely Into the granules. 30 When a normal mix of ground RPR, granulated triple super and fine ground sulphur is used the following major problems arise 31 rhis data, for application number 20083 12121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 a) Bulk mixing of the individual components on a largescale is dilicult to acheve. b) It is difficult to prevent the different components of the mix segreapting iC. round granular TSP, coarse ground RPR and the fine ground sulphur all tend to segregate, especially during transport. TSP mixed vith both nfie elemental sulphur aud RPR acts as a water-dispersible binding agent and a fertliser in its own right. TSP has not previously been used as a valuable water. dispersible binder In fertilisers, 10 RPR is not as readily water-soluble as TSP, but when ground and classified to a desired particle size distribution provides an excellent controlled-release phosphate sources. Used in combination, lRPR and TSP provide an excellent source of both fist-acting and controlled release phosphate. 15 The product derived as a result of the present invention can be used as a capital phosphate fertilHer whereas RPR alone cannot, It is likely that some beneficial acidulation of the RPR surface takes place within the granule, As moisture comes Into contact with fine ground sulphur, sulphurous acid is formed, which 20 then reacts with the RR. The fact that these granules ar formed under pressure will enhance this acidulation. The acidity ofthe TSP will also likely assist in partially acidulating the RPR In addition an important factor which determines The reacti'ity of RPR is fineness of particle size. There is a limit on how fine RPR can be ground because of transportation and usabilty constraints. As previously discussed, granulation of -fine RPR material overcomes these 25 practical problems enabling a much finer RPR to be transported and applied. In turn this enables lower grades of RPR to then be used, lowering the cost- of the producing granules containing RP. On commercial benefit is the availability for use of previously uneconomic RPR deposits through a fme grinding and granulation process, RPR with poorer reactivity can be upgraded by grinding to a fine state. 30 'his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 To improve handling or appllcatlon of materials so finely ground they must be granulated or mixed with water. For example when RPR is ground to 1 00/o passing 800 inicron it fluidizes when handled or subject to vibration, 5 Granulation of the product provides an advantage in reducing dust problems associated with fmoly ground RPR. Granular TSP is more expensive than powdered TSP. The difference in price could well pay for the granulation process used in this invention. to TSP on application imparts acidity to the soil. In some cases this is not desirable. The advantage of RPR is that it contahis calcium giving alkaline properties in the soil. The RPR-sulphur-TSP granules the following approximate composition: 15 60% by weight of RPR, 10% by weight elemental sulphur; and 30% by weight of TSP. These ratios may be varied according to soil, temperature and rate of desired release of each 20 constituent. The particle size of the elemental sulphur and RPR is optimised by fine-grinding and classification to suit differing soil types and temperatures and the purpose for which it is being used, The elemental sulphut is intimately mixed throughout the granule and not just coated on the surface of the granule or added as separate ground components to the mix, The RPR, TSP and elemental sulphur are lfnely ground and homogeneously nixed to ensure intimate contact between different particles types, The TSP ensures that the elemental sulphur asid RPR are 3o released as discrete particles. This enables rapid dispersion upon application and oasures the optimum sized sulphur and RPR particles are made available for plat uptake 33 'his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AIEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 The granules have the added benefit of allowing a controlled release of elemental sulphur and phosphate (from RPR) over a period of time, PR-sulphur-TSP granules are able to be. used in a wider range of soll and climatic conditions compared to straight RPR. 5 The RPR, TSP and elemental sulphur are interground and/or mixed by means of a double sorcw augcr mixcr or other mixing methods. Approximately 0 to 15% moisture is added during the production process. RPR-sulphur-TSP sheets are formed by means of a double-roll chinsolator applying 10 approximately 2000kg of pressure. The pressed sheets are then broken up by means of a rotating finger type device to produce 0.2-8mm long granules, Other loown pressing methods can be used. The granules may be various shapes. Fine elemental sulphur is both explosive and a health hazard, The dust-free granules of this 15 invention are able to be stored, transported and applied without risk of hazardous sulphur dust being released. The granules of this invention are safer to handle, store and spread compared to other sulphur-ooated fbtiliser granuleo or mixes containing free sulphur particles. The granules are safer to store, mix, transport and spread than RPR mixed with fine sulphur. 20 The uniform-eized granules have better spread characteristic than a non-granulated product. This helps ensure more accurate spreading, The two key criteria for evaluating a fertiliser -granule are crushing strength and water dispersion. The first relates to the ability to produce a dua-free product the second ensures 25 that the phosphate and sulphur re quickly made available in the soil, The RPR-sulphur-TSP granules have a crush-strength of approximately 4-kg, Other granular fertiliser products typically have crush strengths in the range 2-4kg 3o The'RPR-sulphut-TSP granules disperse in water in approximately 48 hours, thus indicating good water dispersion, 34 his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 TRIPLE SUPER PHOSPHATE - FJ3ACTIVE PHOSPHATE ROCM - BETONrE FERTILISER ORANIE 5 A farther two granulated product examples may also include bentonit;, TSP ani RPR, Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) is a synthetic phosphorus fi-tdliser ptaduced by various muan. TSP is water soluble and when applied to soil provides a ready source of plant-available phosphate. (3ratulax TSP (OTSP) is a highly-concentrated, wator-soluble and efficient phosphate fertiliser. Reactive Phosphato Rock (RPR) is a naturally ocurring phosphate io bearing mineral used in the production of superphsphate and also as a fertili=e providing a plant phosphate tote, flentonite is an absorbent alurginlz phl = Ak which consists of niotMirillonite (NC).3Ag2S4l(H (2) Sodim bentonite expands when wet,~ absorbing several times itr, dry mewa in water, a 5 RPR and TSP have~traditiorinlly been used in various forms and in combination; with other feftlilser produ~cIt Providing a T8P-XPR-bentozite granule of varying composition with tailor-made R.PR and TSP particle clisttibutioiis can be, adapted to suit varicus applications, soil and tempean 20 conditions, The grainule takcs use of TSP and bentonite as binder/ dispersant. If rmre rapid dispersion it required tho granule Goai contain small rniowaes of other dispcroants and binders 'Such as llgnosulphonate, These graule are able to easily diaptrse in thob soil and have suftient compressive strengthi to 6iisure that the granules do not break-up during storage, trgrnsporr =id application, 25 The swellig property of bentonite makes it ideal for ase in a gianular TSP-RP.R f~rtillsex, imnparting rapid and controlled release of the carrier parilesu (In this mae fine RPR) into the soil. 3o Accurate spreading or finely ground reactive phosphate rock is diffloult due to tlhe drifting of fine, partiolvs. 35 his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:3 5 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 This Invention provides a fertiliser granule with optimum amounts of phosphate (RPR/ TSP) and which can be released in a timely fashion to the soil to achieve rapid plant availability and also controlled release for longer term benefit. 5 Each of the main products contained In this Invention has agronornic value resulting in an agronomically valuable ferdliser. This enables a reduction in handling and transport costs. When a normal mix of ground RPR and fine ground TSP is used the following mor problems arise. Bulk mixing of the individual components on 'a large-scale is difficult to 10 achieve. It is difficult to prevent the diftrent components of the mix segregating i.e. coarse ground RPR and the TSP tend to segregate, especially during transport. RPR when ground and classified to a desired particle site distribution provides an excellent controlled-release phosphate source. TSP mixed with RPR acts as a water-dispersible binding agent and a fertiliser in its own right, TSP has not previously been used as an agronomically valuable water-dispersible binder in fertilisers. 20 RPR is not as readily water-soluble as TSP, but when ground and classified to a desired particle size distribution provides an excellent controlled-release phosphate source. Used in oombitation, RPR and TSP provide an excollelt source of both fast-acting and coiitrolled release phosphate. 25 A further advantage of RPR is that it contains calcium gIving alkaline properties in the soil This product can be used as a capital Phosphate fetiliser whereas RPR alone can not. The acidity of the TSP will likely assist in partially acidulating the RTR. Gmaulat TSP is more expensive than powdered TSP, The difference in price could well pay 30 for the granulation process used in this invention, TSP on application imparts acidity to the soiL. In some cases this is not desirable, The advantage of RPR is that it contains.calcium giving alkaline properties in the soll his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 TSP-RPR-beatonite granules may be produced having the following approximate Composition: 30% by weight TSP, 68% by weight RPR and 5 2% by weight bentonite, These ratios may be varied acoording to soil, temperature and ate of desired release of each constituent, 10 TSP and RPR pre intimately mixed with the bentonite throughout the granule and not just coated on the surface of the granvle, The TSP, RPR and bontonite are finely ground and homogeneously mixed to ensure intimate contact between the different particles types. When hydrated, the bentonite particles expand to ensure that the IZPR is released as discrete fine particles. This enables rapid dispersio upon application and ensures the optimum sized 15 particles are made available for plant uptake. The granules have the added benefit of allowing a controlled release of RPR over a period of time. TSP-RPR-bentonite granules are able to be used in a wider range of soil and climatic conditions compared to stmight application of sulphur or RPR, 20 The TSP, RPR and bentonite ore iaterground and/or mixed by means of a double.-screw auger mixer or other mixing methods, Approximately 0 to 15% moisture is added during the production process. The addition of water assists in producing the granule. Over time moisture is lost due to evaporation. However, the pellet remains strong due to the bonding arising ftom the Initial use of water. 25 The TSP-RP-bentonlte pellets are formed by means of a double-roll pressure pelletiser device applying approximately 2000kg of pressure to produce granules 1-5mm long. Other known pressing methods can be used. The granules may be various shapes. 30 The uniform-sized granules have better spread characteristics than a nori-granulated product This helps ensure more accurate spreading. 37 his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 20091051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 The two key criteria fbr evaluating a fertilizer grnule are crushing siengtb and water dispersibility. The first relates 1o the ability to produce a dust-free produet-the second ensutes that the phosphate and sulphur are quickly made available in the soil. 5 The TSP-RPR-bentonite granules have a crush-strength of approximately 2kg. Other granular ftiliser products typically have crush strengths in the range 2-4kg. The RPR-sulphur-bentonite granules disperse in water in approximately 105 minutes indicating good water dispersibility. 10 Two additional product compositions/granules may include; Bentonite (10-30%) & RPR Sulphur, RPR & Bentonite (10-30%) EXAMPLE 5 15 LIME Lin is another granule component of importance in the present invention. Lime is able to be incorporated in the granule and also is milled and classified to size to suit local conditions. An added benefit is that the Ihie helps to neutralize sulphur acidity. 20 A limo / sulphur / urea granule can be produced.oyer a wide range of compositions to suit a particular requirement A lime-urea-sulphur granulo mnay have a composition in the range of 25 2-80% by weight of lime, 10-80% by weight of sulphur and 20-90% by weight of area, 30 DISPERSION The ability of the granules of the present invention to degrade in a solvent is generally measured via a water dispersion test, In soils, the predominant means by which the granules 38 his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 will degrade will be via water - whether naturally or artificially applied to the soils/ground. In relation to the present invention, the test inciides the following method. Water Dispersion Test s Ten grams of the granule material is placed into 100millilltros of water at room temperature in a closed glass container. The container Us then inverted, The container Is farther inverted at one minute intervals. The time taken-until the grannie dispenses is observed. 'As samples size range between I nm and 5 m, field trials will determine dispersion of all sample types in vivo. 10 Dispersion time The dispersion time of the granule in laboratory tested gives a direct indication of the field dispersion of the granule and hence plant availability of the feitilisor components. The results below show that as the pressure at which the graules are formed increases (from 500 to 15 2000kg) so does the rate at which the grnule disperses in water. By controlling the pressure at which granules are formed we are able to produce a grnule with the desired dispersion charnoteristics. Dispersion (min) 20 Granule Composition 1299 kg/m - 5196 kg/min Urea (100%) 5min smin Urea (80%), Sulphur (20%) 7 min I 10min Urea (70%), Sulphur (30%) 9 min 20min Urea (60%), Sulphur (40%) 15 min 177 min 25 Urea (50%), Sulphur (50%) 116 min 1380 min * Pressure at which granules were formed Granule dispersion rates Pan be controlled by: a) The amount of pressure used to produce the granule (see above). 30 b) The granule composition - specifically the amount of urea, The greater the amount ofurea the more rapid the dispersion. h9 his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-0.9-02 23:3 5 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 Dispersioa rates vary from 2 minutes to liours to days, depending on the above parameters. An economic need exists for the sulphur-urea granules. The price of phosphate has continued to increase, demonstrating a trebling in price in-the 18 months from April 2007, The use of the granules of the present invention in many locations offers a potentially more cost Offeotive 5 option for-increased plant production than conventional phosphate usage. In comparison to urea granules outlined in this opecification, prior art urea prills are: a) Smaller b) Contain dust in c) Have less strength However, the present invention process can use the cheaper urea drills and enlarge their size and strength via the invention's granulation process. 15 EXAELE CRUSH STRENOTH Crush strength gives an indication of the strength characteristics of fortiliser granules, Granule strength is plays and important role in the storage, transportation and application of granular fertilisers, 20 A range of fertiliser products are available on the market . Comparative crush strength tests undertaken on some prior art products provide comparative standards. Figure 4 provides the results of the initial trials. The data indicates the granules of the present invention demonstrate faster dispersion and hav'e a greater crush strength when compared with the prior 25 att product i tested, Further testing will be undertaken on a range of granules of differing size and conpostion., compared with prior art prodnots. The results of the same Infonmation provided above under the heading of "dispersion rates" show that as the pressure at which the granules are formed increases (fnr 500 to 2000kg) so 30 does the crush strength of the granules (for various granule compositions), By controlling the pressure at which granules axe forced it is possible to produce a granule with the desired strength characteristics. 40 his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 When refening to the description of the present invention, it should also be understood that the ter= "comrise" where used hetein is not to be considered to be used in a liniting Sense. Accordingly, 'comprise' does not represent nor define an exclusive set of items, but includes the possibility of other components mid items being added to the list. ThiU specification is also based on the udertading of the inventor regarding the prior art. The prior art description should not be regarded as being an authoritative disclosure of the true state of the prior art but rather as referring to considerations in and brought to the mind and attention of the inventor when developing this invention, 10 Aspects of the present invention have been described by way of example only and it should, be appreciated that modifications and additions may be made tbereto without departing from the scope thereof, as defined in the appended claims. 41 [his data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST