AU2009249901B2

AU2009249901B2 - Improvements in and relating to soil treatments

Info

Publication number: AU2009249901B2
Application number: AU2009249901A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Robert Hamilton Hall
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2008-05-21
Filing date: 2009-05-20
Publication date: 2013-05-30
Anticipated expiration: 2029-05-20
Also published as: NZ567553A; AU2009249901A1; WO2009142512A1

Abstract

This invention relates to improvements in and relating to soil treatments and in particular, is directed to provide a particulate fertiliser composition, typically in the form of granules or prills. The composition includes inter-ground particulate urea with particulate elemental sulphur each having predetermined particle size. The composition also includes inter-ground particulate lime. The fertilizer composition further includes at least one of a nitrogen inhibitor or a urease inhibitor. The granule, following application, is directed to disperse in the soil over a preferred time frame, for optimal benefit. It is envisaged the invention will be applicable to any situation where soil treatments are required and where it is desirable for such soil treatments to be tailored to meet specific needs, including soil type.

Description

WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO SOIL TREATMENTS Technical Field This invention relates to improvements in and relating to soil treatments. 10 In particular, this invention is directed to provide a granule, typically a granulated fertilizer, of varying composition but tailor-made to suit various applications, soil, moisture content and/or and temperature conditions. The granule, following application, is directed to disperse in the soil over a preferred time frame, yet have characteristics which operate to ensure that 15 the granule and its contents are released for optimal benefit. It is envisaged the invention will be applicable to any situation, for example agricultural, horticultural, forestry, commercial, industrial or domestic situation where soil treatments are required and where it is desirable for such soil treatments to' be tailored to meet a specific 20 need and based on soil type. However, the invention may have applications outside this field. Background Art In any agricultural, horticultural, forestry, commercial, industrial or domestic situation where 25 at least optimal growth of vegetation is required or desired a number of factors interplay. Not the least of such factors is soil type/structure and nutrient availability. Fertilisers are nutritional compounds given to plants to promote growth. Fertilisers typically provide macro and/or micronutrients in varying proportions. The most commonly available 30 fertilisers provide the three major macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). Fertilisers may be water-sohible (instant release) or relatively insoluble (controlled/sustained/timed release). Urea is the most widely used nitrogen fertiliser in the world. When applied in the presence 35 of moisture, urea rapidly undergoes hydrolysis. The urease enzymes in the soil then convert the urea nitrogen into both ammonia and carbon dioxide. Both of these products are easily 1 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 lost to the atmosphere. On average 30% of the ammonia nitrogen can be lost due to this volatisation process thereby reducing the effectiveness of the urea. This can lead to the problem of over-fertilisation which is primarily associated with the use of artificial fertilisers and results from the massive quantities applied and the destructive nature 10 of chemical fertilisers on soil nutrient holding structures. The high solubilities of chemical fertilisers also exacerbate their tendency to degrade ecosystems. For these reasons, it is important to know the soil type, the nutrient content of the soil and nutrient requirements of the crop so that desired outcomes can be carefully balanced with the application of soil conditioning and/or fertiliser products. By careful monitoring of soil, 15 climatic conditions and crop requirements, wastage of expensive fertilisers and potential costs of cleaning up any pollution created can be avoided. While the present invention has a number of potentially realisable applications, it is in relation to problems associated with existing soil treatment and fertilising systems that the 20 present invention was developed. More specifically, it was with regard to the issues of providing a treatment system tailor-made to disperse in the soil over a preferred period of time, maximising availability of nutrients to plants and in turn minimise waste of product when applied. 25 It would be useful therefore, to have a soil treatment system that: 1. Could be tailor-made to specifically suit the specific application, soil conditions and climatic conditions including moisture content; and 2. Considered and improved on wastage issues of existing systems; and 30 3. Was effective at mobilising nutrients and/or soil enhancing components so that good plant growth could be achieved with lower nutrient densities; and 4. Effected less wastage of nutrients and/or soil enhancing components through run off, air dispersal and so forth; and 2 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 5. Released nutrients at a determined, more consistent rate, helping to avoid a boom and-bust patterns; and 6. Minimised the possibility of "burning" plants with concentrated chemicals due to an over supply of some nutrients; and 7. Provided a more cost effective alternative to present systems employed; including 10 costs of handling, transportation and application costs, and 8. Provided a consistent product, so that accurate application of nutrients to match soil type and plant production was possible.; and 9. Would be easy to use. It would therefore be advantageous to have an invention that offered at least some, if not all, 15 of the potential -advantages of the above proposed treatment system. It is therefore an object of the present invention to consider the above problems and provide at least one solution which addresses a plurality of these problems. It is another object of the present invention to at least provide the public with a useful choice or alternative system. 20 Further aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the ensuing description which is given by way of example only. It should be appreciated that variations to the described embodiments are possible and would fall within the scope of the present invention. 25 Disclosure of Invention This invention is directed to provide a soil treatment system. The soil treatment system is preferably directed to improving soil condition and/or soil-nutrient availability for plants. The term treatment as used in this specification typically will involve application of a 30 treatment to a soil to assist with plant growth and production. Typically, a knowledge of the condition of the soil via prior analysis would be preferred; such that administration to the soil of an application, or a regimen of applications, of particular preferred matter (whether organic or inorganic and whether a single or a combination) which aids in improving at least 3 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 the soil condition (including structure) and/or soil nutrient content could be achieved with greater efficiency and effectiveness. Preferably, the soil treatment system is provided in granule form for application to soils. For the purpose of the present invention the term granule shall mean any small blocks of molded 10 and/or compressed material and shall include varyingly shaped and sized pellets, fragments, briquettes and so forth. The use of the term granule should therefore not be seen as limiting this invention. Preferably, the granule is specifically tailor-made in respect of the particle distribution of its 15 components to suit various applications, soil and climatic conditions (including soil moisture/water content and temperature) as required. The granule may have varying composition depending on the components of the granule and the application it is designed for. 20 Preferably, the granule is specifically tailor-made in respect of particle size and/or surface area of its components to suit various applications, soil and climatic conditions (including temperature) as required. The granule may have varying particle sizes within its composition depending on the components of the granule and the application it is designed for. 25 Preferably, the particle size is optimised by fine-grinding and classification to suit differing soil conditions and/or the purpose for which it is being used. Preferably, the granule components are tailor made, to suit specific soil types in particular countries and/or for particular soil types in particular regions within said countries. 30 Preferably, the granule, following application, is required to make the components of the granule available within or on the soil. To achieve this, the granule preferably disperses at a preferred rate. Preferably, the dispersion of the granule enables the components of the granule to be made 35 available. However, the individual components of the granule may vary in the rate at which each will be directly available for the specific need. For example one component may be immediately available for use - whether as a nutrient or soil conditioner; whilst others may 4 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 be released in the soil over time, or at different rates, or with the onset of particular climatic or soil temperature conditions as required. In some embodiments of the invention, the granule may be prepared to enable either or both immediate dispersion of the granule and immediate release of the granule components into or 10 onto the soil. In other embodiments, the granule may be prepared to enable delayed dispersion of the granule and controlled release of the granule components over time, or following a set period after application of the granules, or in preferred conditions. In yet further embodiments, the granule may be prepared to enable immediate dispersion of the granule and then controlled release of the granule components over time, or following a set 15 period after application of the granules, or in preferred conditions. For example, in some embodiments of the present invention, the granules may be coated to delay dispersion of the granule per se or delay release of a specific component. In other embodiments, the granule may be formulated to disperse in water within a few 20 minutes yet delay release of a component. For example, coating the granules with a nitrogen or urease inhibitor can control the release of urea, thereby reducing leaching of nitrate and volatilisation of nitrous oxide and ammonia. In this case, the granule is simply dispersing, but it should be appreciated the availability of the particular nutrient component is then determined by the specific solubility of that individual nutrient component. 25 Commercially, fertiliser urea can be purchased as prills, or as a granulated material. In the past, urea was usually produced by dropping liquid urea from a "prilling tower" while drying the product. The prills formed a smaller and softer substance than other materials commonly used in fertiliser blends. Today, considerable urea is manufactured as granules. Granules are larger, harder, and more resistant to moisture. As a result, granulated urea has become a 30 more suitable material for fertiliser blends. However, even with the harder granule form, as a result of the rapid hydrolysis urea undergoes when in contact with moisture and the subsequent conversion of soil nitrogen to both ammonia and carbon dioxide (which are so readily lost to the atmosphere via 35 volatisation processes) the effectiveness of urea applied to soils can be compromised. 5 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 The use of nitrogen or urease inhibitors prevents hydrolysis by neutralising the grease enzymes in the soil and hence minimises volatisation of nitrogen ammonia. A number of commercial products are available in the marketplace for use as nitrogen inhibitors and are used in combination with urea to provide a degree of longevity to the urea fertiliser applied. AgrotainTm is one such product (available as a urease inhibitor) and has the following typical 10 formulation: - 25% N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, as active ingredient, 10% N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP), - 60-65% other non-hazardous ingredients. 15 The nitrogen inhibitor or urease inhibitor product is typically applied to urea prills at point of production of the prills at the fertiliser plant. In some cases the nitrogen inhibitor is applied directly in the field following urea application. However, when applied to the urea prill the majority of the inhibitor resides on the surface of 20 the prill. The inhibitor therefore easily comes into intimate contact with other compounds when blended with other products or similarly comes into contact with other compound in the field after application. Where the inhibitor used is an alkaline product and contacts acidic compounds, neutralisation 25 can take place thereby reducing the effectiveness of the inhibitor. Sulphur based fertilisers are an example of an acidic material typically applied with urea. Therefore, it is preferable that the prills be produced to substantially reduce the presence of the inhibitor on the surface of the prill, yet at the same time ensure effectiveness of the 30 inhibitor (in delaying hydrolysis of the urea) is not compromised. In so effecting a method of production of urea prills which provide an available source of nitrogen for plant growth, yet in a manner which provides for sustained availability of 6 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 nitrogen, whilst minimising hydrolysis of soil nitrogen and neutralisation of the inhibitor, the availability of soil nitrogen (with or without other plant macro- and micro-nutrients) from urea can be more effectively controlled. Preferably, solid urea products (such as prills, granules, etc) or unpelleted sources of urea are 10 milled to produce urea particles of a size range 150-250 microns (with a mean particle size of around 200 microns). It may not be necessary to mill some urea forms. The particles of urea are then subjected to an application of a preferred inhibitor in appropriate form. For example, the fine urea particles may either be sprayed with a nitrogen 15 inhibitor or urease inhibitor directly into the milling circuit, by a fluid bed coater or by other means. The coated urea particles are then preferably pelletised to produce pellets 2-10mm in diameter. Any suitable pressing method may be developed or adapted for use in achieving 20 the present invention. Preferably however, the pelletised product or granule produced does not break-up during storage, transportation and application. To achieve this, the method of manufacture is directed to producing a granule having a preferred compressive strength (or crush-strength). The compressive strength is directed to ensure that the granule which results is less likely to 25 breakdown during handling, transportation or application. Preferably, the granules are uniform in size. The uniform sized granules contribute to more accurate spreading. However, the granules may be varyingly shaped. 30 Preferably, the granules may be colour-coded to ensure the correct formulation is applied to a particular treatment site, for a particular end result. Preferably, the urea is but one component of a particulate fertilizer product. However, a urea product alone may be'produced as required for various applications as required. 35 7 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a particulate fertiliser comprised of particulate organic and/or inorganic components. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a particulate fertiliser in the form of granules, pellets, briquettes or prills. 10 According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for maximizing the availability of at least one soil treatment composition, said soil treatment composition containing at least one active component, said method including the steps of: a) Selecting the soil treatment components required; and 15 b) Preparing said components in dried form, said components being ground to a preferred particle size; and c) Mixing said components together; and d) Adding a preferred quantity of solvent to the mixed components; and d) Applying pressure to a quantity of said component-solvent mixture to form granules of the 20 composition; and said method characterised by the particle sizes of the components being specifically targeted for use with a particular soil type and/or treatment requirement. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method, substantially 25 as described above, wherein an optional dispersion and/or binding agent is added to the component mix. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method, substantially as described above, wherein at least one of the active components also acts as dispersion 30 and/or binding agent. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method, substantially as described above, wherein the solvent includes at least one of water, oil. 35 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for maximizing the availability of at least one soil treatment composition via prolonged release of the components on to and/or into the soil, said method including the step of: grinding the 8 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 components to achieve a preferred particle size, said particle size being adapted to the soil type and requirement and providing an increased surface area to improve availability of the component in to or onto the soil. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method substantially 10 as described above achieved via application of a coating substantially to individual particles of one or more of the individual components of the soil treatment composition to effect delayed release of one or more of the components over a period of time after introduction of the granule on to or into the soil. 15 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method substantially as described above achieved via application of a coating to the granules of the soil treatment composition to.effect delayed release of one or more of the components over a period of time after introduction of the granule on to or iito the soil. 20 According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method substantially as described above, wherein the coating includes a nitrogen inhibitor or a urease inhibitor. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein the delay in 25 release of the components of the granule is accomplished by encapsulating the particles within a dissolvable or degradable protective layer. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein a quantity of 30 the components of the granule is released substantially continuously, once release is initiated, for the intended life of the granule. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein there is 35 provided an initial boosted release rate of components from the granule following introduction of the granule on to or into the soil. 9 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein there is provided at least a second boosted release rate of components from the granule following introduction of the granule on to or into the soil. 10 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein the interval between the initial and second boosted release rates corresponds to a predetermined ideal period between release and action of the first component and release and action of a second component. 15 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein a boosted release rate of the components of the granule is accomplished by providing a secondary component having different release rate characteristics than the first component. 20 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein a boosted release rate of the components is accomplished by providing one component having an exposed surface area greater than other component(s) in the granule. 25 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein a boosted release rate of the components is accomplished by providing at least one component having a delayed release achieved via application of an inhibitor substance to particles of said 30 component such that the effect of the inhibitor decrease over time to effect a boosted release of the component. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially, as described above wherein one 35 component operates as a carrier matrix system through which at least a second component is dispersed. 10 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein the carrier matrix component dissolves when exposed to the environment into which it is introduced, to expose at least one other component in a time release manner. 10 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein the granule, in its entirety, is substantially biodegradable within the soil treatment environment to which it is introduced. A soil treatment composition in granular form, said granules have a mechanical resistance, 15 dimensions and weights being appropriate for the distribution and the mechanical application on the ground and in the ground, the granules being characterised in that they include finely ground particulate components. A soil treatment composition in granular form, characterised in that the dimension of fine particles do not exceeding a preferred dimension as required. 20 A method of preparation of a granular soil treatment composition wherein the particles of the components are mixed with a binder in effective proportion to bind the particles in the form of granules having dimensions and weights appropriate for a mechanical application. As previously advised, it is envisaged the invention will be applicable to any reasonable 25 situation where soil treatment is desired or required. These-include agricultural, horticultural, forestry, commercial, industrial or domestic applications where each situation may be need specific and requires consideration of the physical, organic and chemical nature of the soil, such as soil type, density and so forth; as well as the climatic conditions of an area; and so forth. 30 The granules may be applied via aerial top-dressing, mechanical spreaders, manually. During the ensuing discussion of the invention, the granule will now be described with reference to its use as a fertiliser. However, this description is not intended to limit the scope 35 of this invention. For example, the invention may be directed to using a granule produced 11 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 within the ambit of this invention for soil conditioning, for specific crop types and so forth. In this regard, whilst the following description relates to fertilisers (for introducing both macro and/or micro nutrients into soils), the granule may comprise a proportion of gypsum for use in clay soils; organic material for use in sandy soils; water retention materials for use in soils prone to drying; non-traditional soil enhancers, such as hydrogen peroxide (which if 10 released to soil will be broken down by reacting with other compounds, yet during oxidation can be effective against pests or promote pasture growth); and so forth. In practice, a compromise between the use of artificial and organic fertilisers is common typically by using inorganic fertilisers supplemented with the application of organic matter that is readily available. The present invention lends itself to such practice, by enabling the 15 components of the granule to be tailor-made to include inorganic fertiliser components and organic fertiliser components to achieve the desired end-product. In addition, some soils require treatments other than solely fertilisers/nutrient application. Again, the present invention lends itself to such practice, by enabling the components of the granule to be tailor-made to include soil conditioning components with (or without) specific 20 inorganic fertiliser components and/or organic fertiliser components as required to achieve the desired end-product. In addition, some plants require soils which provide the environment for the plants not only to grow, but to stimulate and support other plant requirements. Again, the present invention lends itself to such practice, by enabling the components of the granule to be tailor-made to 25 include components (such as nitrogen fixing bacteria, other microbes, etc required for healthy soils or as required by particular plant species); and again with or without inorganic fertiliser components and/or organic fertiliser components as required to achieve the desired end product. When considering the typical nutrients applied to soils those required in large quantities for 30 plant growth include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, calcium and magnesium being the main macronutrients. Of these, nitrogen is important as it promotes rapid leaf growth. However, too much nitrogen can prolong a plant's growing season and delay ripening. It can also result in too rapid and luxuriant growth with weakened plant stems that can collapse through the weight of leaves, or by strong wind or rain. Too much nitrogen can 35 als6 lower a plant's resistance to diseases. The two most important forms of nitrogen, 12 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 namely nitrate or ammonium, are freely soluble in water, and can therefore be washed out of the soil by too much rain or irrigation water. Urea is a commonly used fertiliser as a source of ground and/or plant nitrogen. In relation to the application of this invention to soil treatment, the following description is one potentially advantageous example relating to the application of macronutrients to soils. 10 However, this ensuing description is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The following description relates to a granule in which the component includes urea. However, it should be appreciated that the granules may be produced in which the components also include elemental sulphur and bentonite; or reactive phosphate rock with 15 elemental sulphur and triple superphosphate. Granules containing DAP, superphosphate and TSP can be produced having the same 'slow release' characteristic as described herein for urea by applying the same practice of coating the particles of the component as opposed to coating the granule formed from the components. 20 Description of the present invention with reference to these examples, should not however be seen to limit the scope of the present invention. The invention extends to the inclusion of micronutrients, organic matter and other soil conditioning components,such as gypsum, lime and so forth. For example, Lime is usually applied to a soil which is acidic. Lime, consists of calcium carbonate of various grades of purity and exists as a solid mass that needs to be 25 ground before being-applied on soils to correct acidity. Lime is typically washed into the soil via rain or via irrigation. One aspect of the present invention is to therefore provide a fertiliser granule, said granule including one or more of a binding agent, a dispersing agent and optimum amounts of 30 particulate plant nutrients which can be released in a timely fashion to the soil to achieve rapid availability for plants, said granule being characterised by said particles being sized to match the particle sizes required by different soils, different climatic conditions and the different plant nutrient release rates required. The granule may however be comprised of a single, or multiple, components of which the particles of any of them may have had an 35 inhibitor or the like applied to control the release of the component over time. 13 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 For example, as a result of the application of a nitrogen inhibitor to the finely ground urea particles, the inhibitor can be encapsulated within the prill, pellet or granule and is not simply on the surface thereof. Thus, the nitrogen inhibiting effect can be maintained after application of the urea to the soil, even in the presence of acidic compounds in the soil. Therefore, the urea can be applied in the field separately along with acidic compounds such 10 as elemental sulphur without a significant reduction in effectiveness. Alternatively, the urea can be applied in the field as a single application in which urea and elemental sulphur are components, without a significant reduction in effectiveness. The urea-nitrogen inhibitor granules can also be mixed with other fertiliser products (such as elemental sulphur) and can be applied together without minimal neutralization between the. 15 alkaline and acidic components. As the blended granules are spread in the field they will mostly fall in their 'own space' minimising contact between acidic and alkaline components as they dissolve in the soil. Granules containing DAP, superphosphate and TSP can also be produced with urea as a 20 component and demonstrate the same 'slow release' characteristic as achieved for urea granules alone. A granule for use in soil treatment applications as a fertiliser, the granule including the elemental sulphur and urea components, on a w/w basis (wherein the component amounts total 100%) and wherein the controlled release elemental sulphur comprises up to 55% 25 A granule for use in soil treatment applications as a fertiliser, the granule including the elemental sulphur and urea components, on a w/w basis (wherein the component amounts total 100%) and wherein the controlled release urea comprises up to 90% 30 A granule for use in soil treatment applications as a fertiliser, the granule including the following components, on a w/w basis (wherein the component amounts total 100%): a). Controlled release elemental sulphur up to 10% b). Urea up to 90%. 14 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 A granule for use in soil treatment applications as a fertiliser, the granule including the following components, on a w/w basis (wherein the component amounts total 100%): a). Controlled release elemental sulphur of between 5% to 55% b). Urea of between 5% to 55%. 10 A granule for use in soil treatment applications substantially as described above wherein, the granule also includes lime on a w/w basis wherein the amounts total 100%. A granule for use in soil treatment applications substantially as described above wherein, the granule includes 0% to 15% moisture added during the production process. 15 A granule for use in soil treatment applications substantially as described above wherein, the moisture content is achieved by the addition of water. A granule for use in soil treatment applications substantially as described above wherein, the 20 moisture content is achieved by the addition of oil. A granule for use in soil treatment'applications substantially as described above wherein, the oil is a fish or vegetable oil. The vegetable oil may be a triglyceride. 25 A composition wherein' said sulphur has been associated with the urea serially (before or after) or simultaneously with a nitrification inhibitor A composition wherein the sulphur has been associated with the urea serially (before or after) and/or simultaneously with a urease inhibitor. 30 A particulate fertiliser composition of particulate urea and particulate elemental sulphur and wherein the particles are coated with a nitrification inhibitor. A particulate fertiliser composition of particulate urea and particulate elemental sulphur and 35 wherein the particles are coated with a urease inhibitor. 15 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 A composition wherein the elemental sulphur is of a particle size within a range of 150-2500 micron. A composition wherein the urea is of a particle size within a range of 150-2500 micron. 10 A composition wherein the lime is of a particle size within a range of 250-2500 micron. A composition wherein the elemental sulphur is of a median particle size of about 0.075mm. A composition wherein the elemental sulphur is of a median particle size of about 0.25mm. 15 A composition wherein the nitrification or urease inhibitor is incorporated as fine particles or as a solution. A composition wherein the nitrification inhibitor is incorporated as fine particles on a 20 preferred w/w basis to the urea (wherein the component amounts total 100%) A composition wherein the urease inhibitor is incorporated as fine particles on a preferred w/w basis to the urea (wherein the component amounts total 100%) 25 A composition wherein the nitrification inhibitor is incorporated as fine particles on a preferred w/w basis to the elemental sulphur (wherein the component amounts total 100%) A composition wherein the urease inhibitor is incorporated as fine particles on a preferred w/w basis to the elemental sulphur (wherein the component amounts total 100%) 30 A method of preparing a fertiliser from particulate urea which comprises or includes mixing such particulate urea (serially and/or simultaneously) with a ground elemental sulphur and optionally including a compatible nitrification and/or urease inhibitor. A method of preparing a fertiliser from particulate urea which comprises or includes mixing 35 particulate urea (ser'ially and/or simultaneously) with a ground elemental sulphur and 16 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 optionally including a compatible nitrification and/or urease inhibitor, along with other soil conditioning compounds and/or macro or micronutrients (such as lime). A method of preparing a fertiliser by inter-grinding urea with elemental sulphur and optionally including a compatible nitrification and/or urease inhibitor, along with other soil 10 conditioning compounds and/or macro or micronutrients (such as lime). A method of preparing a fertiliser substantially as described above wherein the compatible nitrification and/or urease inhibitor and/or other soil conditioning compounds and/or macro or micronutrients (such as lime) are interground with the urea and the elemental sulphur 15 during the grinding process.. In. one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a urea-elemental sulphur granule of different compositions combining urea with elemental sulphur particles sized differently to match the particle sizes required by different soils, different climatic and 20 temperature conditions and the different elemental sulphur release rates required. In this embodiment, the urea is agronomically valuable and acts as a binding and dispersing agent for the fine elemental sulphur particles. The urea-sulphur granule (with or without lime included) easily disperses in the soil and has sufficient compressive strength to ensure 25 that the granule does not break-up during storage, transport.and application. This invention provides a fertiliser granule with optimum amounts of nitrogen and sulphur which can be released in a timely fashion to the soil to achieve rapid availability for plants. This controlled release sulphur granule provides a substantially useful alternative to existing 30 fertilisers in terms of particle size and surface area. Each of the main products contained in this example of the invention have agronomic value resulting in an agronomically valuable fertiliser. The urea mixed with fine elemental sulphur 17 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 also acts as both a water dispersible binding agent and a fertiliser. The addition of other components serves to improve the product as required. The particle size of at least the elemental sulphur and urea are preferably optimised by fine grinding and classification to suit differing soil conditions and the purpose for which it is 10 being used. The particles are then intimately mixed throughout the granule. Both the urea and elemental sulphur are finely ground and homogeneously mixed to ensure intimate contact between the different particles types. This enables rapid dispersion upon application and ensures the optimum sized sulphur particles are made available for plant uptake. The nitrogen and/or urease inhibitor applied to the urea, along with the particulate elemental 15 sulphur result in granules which have the added benefit of allowing a controlled release of both nitrogen and elemental sulphur over a period of time. A further aspect of the present invention also relates to storage of the formed granules. For each type of granule containing urea there is also a "slow release" characteristic that develops 20 as the granules age. Typically the granules will disintegrate in water almost immediately if tested as soon as they are produced. If the granules are however allowed to age for several days or weeks they disintegrate more slowly (3-4 hours). When the granules are applied in practice this means a much slower release of the nitrogen to the soil giving a similar effect to using a nitrogen inhibitor i.e. minimal loses of nitrogen to the atmosphere. 25. The urea and sized elemental sulphur are inter-ground and/or mixed by mixing means. In the present example, moisture is added during the production process. Whilst in this example, the liquid/solvent is water, other liquids and/or solvents may be employed - including for example, oils (such as fish oil), melted wax, and so forth. Alternatively, during the grinding sufficient moisture may be released from one or more components sufficient for the 30 production process. In the present example, it may be appreciated that fine elemental sulphur is both explosive and a health hazard. The granules of the present invention are dust-free. Therefore, the granules are able to be stored, transported and applied with little risk of hazardous sulphur 35 dust being released. The granules of this invention are substantially safer to handle, store and spread when compared to sulphur-coated urea granules. 18 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 Further, the two key criteria for evaluating a fertiliser granule are crushing strength and water dispersion. The first relates to the ability to produce a dust-free product the second ensures that the urea and sulphur are quickly made available in the soil. 10 Therefore, preferably the granule has a crush rate in excess of other granular fertiliser products which typically have crush-strengths in the range 2-4kg. In addition, the granule form avoids the limitations of traditional mixed fertilisers which are in powdered or loose form. Such fertilisers are typically transported at some stage. The 15 vibrations generated during transportation can cause the different component nutrients to separate out due to their varying densities. When the fertiliser is then applied there is the potential for uneven distribution of the components of the fertiliser and so some areas may remain or may result in being more deficient in a particular component when compared to another. 20 Further, the present invention is designed with environmental concerns in mind. As advised in the above example, coating the granules with an inhibitor can control the release of urea, thereby reducing leaching of nitrate and volatilisation of nitrous oxide and ammonia. 25 It will be appreciated that the invention broadly consists in the parts, elements and features described in this specification, and is deemed to include any equivalents known in the art which, if substituted for the prescribed integers, would not materially alter the substance of the invention. 30 Variations to the invention may be desirable depending on the applications with which it is to be used. Regard would of course be had to effecting the desired concentrations or volume to volume ratios of the components of the granule, the various components of the granules, the dimensions of the granule, the dissolution rates, the method of application of the granules and so forth as required toeffect the desired outcome. 35 19 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 The present invention is differentiated from many existing products by virtue of the specific ability to determine and apply preferred components in preferred particulate size having preferred surface area and distribution within the granule as required for the specific soil type, the specific crop, the climatic conditions and so forth. Whilst some varying embodiments of the present invention have been described above and 10 are to be yet exampled, it should further be appreciated different embodiments, uses, and applications of the present invention also exist. Further' embodiments of the present invention'will now be given by way of example only, to help better describe and define the present invention. However, describing the specified embodiments should not be seen as limiting the scope of this invention. 15 Brief Description of Drawings Further aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description, given by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 20 Figure 1 is a table showing the approximate theoretical reduction in the amount of nitrogen inhibitor on the surface of a 2mm urea granule, when the inhibitor is instead applied to particulate urea prior to granule formation, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 25 Figure 2 is a table showing the approximate particle size distribution of the urea and elemental sulphur components in accordance with further embodiments of the present invention; and 30 Figure 3 is a table showing the approximate particle size distribution of the lime component in accordance with further embodiments of the present invention; and Figure 4 is a graph showing Urea-Sulphur-Lime granules exhibiting controlled release 35 properties in accordance with further embodiments of the present invention. 20 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 Best Modes for Carrying Out the Invention With reference to the present invention there is provided a granule (illustrated in one embodiment in Figure 1 and in further embodiments in Figures 2 to 4) for a soil treatment system. It should be appreciated that the granule may be varyingly shaped and sized, and so 10 forth as desired. The granule is adapted to include various components desirable in the conditioning or .treatment of soils. 15 The granule preferably is comprised of components having specific particle size and surface area. The specific size of particles is tailored to the specific soil type to which the granule will be applied; and/or the particle size is tailored to provide more readily available materials into the 20 soil as required. The granule may include dispersants and binders which may be in addition to the main components, or the main components may also serve as suitable binders and dispersants. 25 The granule product includes any combination of the following features: a) Is a controlled release, long'life granule formulated for a specific soil-type. b) Is comprised of components having one or more of a preferred particle size, preferred particle distribution, preferred particle surface area. 30 c) Includes component(s) directed to a specific treatment, specific soil type, specific climatic conditions. d) Includes a component that facilitates dispersal of the granule in water. e) Includes a component that facilitates rapid release of at least one other component from the granule. 35 f) Is uniform in size. g) Is dust free for improved handling, spreading, transportation and safety. 21 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 h) Is colour coded to ensure the correct formulation is applied to the particular soil type. i) Is an improvement on products prone to leaching. j) Granules are not easily separated during a mix. k) Fast acting for rapid results - such as rapid plant availability of nutrients. 10 1) A product which is adapted to address some environmental concerns. EXAMPLE 1 Urea is the most widely used nitrogen fertiliser in the world. When applied in the presence 15 of moisture urea rapidly undergoes hydrolysis. Urease (enzymes) in the soil converts nitrogen into both ammonia and carbon dioxide. Both of these products are easily lost to the atmosphere. On average 30% of the ammonia nitrogen can be lost due to this volatisation process thereby reducing the effectiveness of the urea. 20 Today considerable urea is manufactured as granules. Granules are larger, harder, and more resistant to moisture. As a result, granulated urea has become a more suitable material for fertilizer blends. 'The use of inhibitors prevents hydrolysis by neutralising the urease enzymes and hence minimises volatisation of nitrogen ammonia. Nitrogen and/or urease inhibitors are typically applied to the urea prills at the fertiliser plant. In some cases it is 25 applied directly in the field after urea application. However, when applied to the urea prill the majority of the inhibitor resides on the surface of the prill. The inhibitor easily comes into intimate contact with other compounds when blended with other products or during the field after application. 30 If the inhibitor is an alkaline product and comes into contact with acidic compounds neutralisation can take place, reducing the effectiveness of the nitrogen inhibitor. Sulphur based fertilisers are an example of an acidic material typically applied with urea. Lime can be used to reduce the acidity of soils, separately or in conjunction with the method 35 developed to reduce the amount of inhibitor on the surface of a urea prill. 22 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 The urea (prills, granular other form) is milled by various means such as a hammer mill grinding circuit. The majority of the urea particles are in the range of 150-250 microns with a typical mean of 200 micron. It may not be necessary to mill some urea forms. 10 A nitrogen inhibitor/urease inhibitor is applied to the surface of the fine urea particles either by being sprayed directly into the milling circuit, by a fluid bed coater, or by other means. The coated urea particles are then pelletised to produce pellets 2-10mm in diameter. The process of producing the pellets is as described previously. 15 The majority of the inhibitor is thereby encapsulated within the urea pellet and not on the surface of the pellet. When the urea pellet is applied, the nitrogen inhibiting effect of the inhibitor is maintained even in the presence of acidic compounds. The urea can now be applied in the field along with acidic compounds (such as elemental sulphur) without a significant reduction in effectiveness. 20 Table 1 shows the approximate theoretical reduction in the amount of nitrogen inhibitor on the surface of a 2mm granule. The urea-inhibitor granules can be blended with other fertiliser products such as elemental sulphur without minimal neutralisation between the alkaline and acidic components. As the blended granules are spread in the field they will mostly fall in their 'own space' minimising 25 contact between acidic and alkaline components as they dissolve in the soil. For each type of granule containing urea there is also a "slow release" characteristic that develops as the granules age. Typically, the granules will disintegrate in water almost immediately if tested as soon as they are produced. However, if the granules are allowed to 30 age for several days or weeks they disintegrate more slowly (3-4 hours). When the granules are applied in practice this means a much slower release of the nitrogen to the soil giving a similar effect to using a nitrogen inhibitor i.e. minimal loses of nitrogen to the atmosphere. Granules containing DAP, superphosphate and TSP may be produced to have the same 'slow release' characteristic as those for urea granules alone. 23 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 In some prior art urea granular fertilizer particles sizes of between 0.5 - 10 mm and preferably about 0.84mm - 4.76mm are considered. However, such particle sizes are an order of magnitude away from the particles of one embodiment of the present invention Further, a urea-wet ground sulphur particulate fertiliser composition is known in the prior art 10 wherein the urea component is coated (at least partly) with wet ground sulphur. Whilst particle sizes of 10 - 150 microns and of a median particle size of about 75 microns is discussed, the composition is described as a matrix. The invention does not suggest or teach of particles having a mean size of 200 microns, nor does it discuss the use of AgrotainTM being used as a urease inhibitor. 15 Since most fertilisers are applied as solids, problems occur through: loss of fine particles due to them being blown away from the area where they are applied; and fertiliser application can result in pollution of rivers, lakes, underground water and the sea. Mixtures of conventional fertilisers also have the problem of fixation, not only by the ingredients but also with the soil 20 nutrients. Some of the materials are harmful to the soil itself and can kill soil organisms, thereby impacting on the ecology of the soil and the ability to maintain the fertility of soils. Comminuting the urea prill or granule to a suitable particle size before the addition of a urease inhibitor by spraying or similar means such that it provides for a fertilizer having urea 25 particles individually coated or encapsulated with a urease inhibitor - most preferably NBTPT (AgrotainTm), provides a potentially realizable advantage in respect of the present invention over prior art. EXAMPLE 2. 30 In this illustrative working example the inventor wishes to reinforce the combination of a urea-sulphur-lime (USL) granule. This granule further includes lime as a component and also includes a urease inhibitor (preferably AgrotainTM) The potentially realisable advantage arises from the resultant composition (being the urea, 35 sulphur and lime), along with the finely ground nature of the components and the benefits of the chemical interactions between the components. 24 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 Each of the main products contained in this example of the invention has agronomic value resulting in an agronomically valuable fertiliser. The urea mixed with fine elemental sulphur also acts as both a water dispersible binding agent and a fertiliser. The granule, following application, is directed to easily disperse in the soil yet have sufficient 10 compressive strength to ensure that the granule does not break-up during storage, transport and application. A further potentially realizable advantage of this embodiment provides a fertiliser granule with optimum amounts of nitrogen, sulphur and lime which can be released in a controlled 15 fashion to the soil to achieve rapid plant availability. The urea and sulphur are the primary boosters of pasture yield. The resultant granule provides a long lasting nitrogen and sulphur source that can be safely spread by plane, helicopter, professional bulk spreader or farmer (due to its granulated form). 20 Examples of some embodiments of a typical granule composition include: Product Example 1: " Urea-55% 25 0 Elemental sulphur - 30% " Lime - 15% e Urease Inhibitor (AgrotainTM) 0.0138% w/w of NBPT Product Example 2: 30 * Urea - 23% * Elemental sulphur - 17% . * Lime - 60% " Urease Inhibitor (AgrotainTM) 0.0058% w/w of NBPT 25 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 Whilst AgrotainTM is a preferred urease inhibitor in the above examples it should be appreciated that the present invention may be adapted to the use of other urease inhibitors or nitrogen inhibitors. 10 Particle size ranges The present invention teaches of preferred and predetermined particle sizes for the components of the example fertilizer granule. The potentially realizable advantages of such preferred particle sizes have been discussed previously. 15 Urea & Sulphur Particle Sizes In the present examples, the urea and sulphur are inter-ground and so have similar particles sizes. Table 2 shows a typical particle size distribution for urea and sulphur. As can be seen the particle sizes range between 150-2000 microns. A person skilled in the art would appreciate however, that this stated range relates to the current examples and does not limit 20 the scope of this invention to only this range. The main emphasis remains on finely ground components having particle sizes required to enable optimum performance from the resultant granule. Lime 25 In the present examples, the lime is ground and so have similar particles sizes to the elemental sulphur and urea. Table 3 shows a typical particle size distribution for lime in the above referenced examples. As can be seen the particle sizes range between 500-2000 microns. A person skilled in the art would appreciate however, that this stated range relates to the current examples and does not limit the scope of this invention to only this range. The 30 main emphasis remains on finely ground components having particle sizes required to enable optimum performance from the resultant granule. Granules 35 The potentially realizable advantages of the urea-sulphur-lime granules (USL) of the present invention have previously been outlined. 26.

WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 For example, the urea-sulphur granules have a crush-strength of approximately 15kg; whilst other granular fertiliser products typically have crush strengths in the range 2-4kg. The compaction pressure used during granule manufacture will determine the rate of dispersion on application. This enables granules with different dispersion rates to be produced. 10 Preferably, the granule does not break-up during storage, transportation and application. To achieve this, the method of manufacture is directed to producing a granule having a preferred compressive strength (or crush-strength). The compressive strength is directed to ensure that the granule which results is less likely to breakdown during handling, transportation or 15 application. Preferably, the granules are uniform in size. The uniform sized granules contribute to niore accurate spreading. However, the granules may be varyingly shaped. 20 In the present example, it may be appreciated that fine elemental sulphur is both explosive and a health hazard. The granules of the present invention are dust-free. Therefore, the granules are able to be stored, transported and applied with little risk of hazardous sulphur dust being released. The granules of this invention are substantially safer to handle, store and spread when compared to sulphur-coated urea granules. Further, the two key criteria for 25 evaluating a fertiliser granule are crushing strength and water dispersion. The first relates to the ability to produce a dust-free product the second ensures that the urea and sulphur are quickly made available in the soil. In addition, the granule form avoids the limitations of traditional mixed fertilisers which are 30 in powdered or loose form. Such fertilisers are typically transported at some stage. The vibrations generated during transportation can cause the different component nutrients to separate out due to their varying densities. When the fertiliser is then applied there is the potential for uneven distribution of the components of the fertiliser and so some areas may remain or may result in being more deficient in a particular component when compared to 35 another. 27 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 Granulated products are especially suited for aerial application removing the problems associated with drift of fine particles associated with conventional fertilisers. The urea-sulphur granule easily disperses in the soil and has sufficient compressive strength to ensure that the granule does not break-up during storage, transport and application. 10 Compaction is an important part of the production process as it imparts physical strength and stability to the USL granules and also gives long life characteristics. Urea 15 Dry fine-ground urea is intimately mixed with the other particles component particles of the fertiliser during the grinding process. The urea acts as a dispersant. Urea particles are sized to match the other elemental sulphur and lime particles. This enables each particle to be completely surrounded by the urea dispersant. 20 Elemental sulphur The use of elemental sulphur, in comparison to sulphate sulphur, minimises leaching and run off problems. The USL granules exhibit an eight-fold sulphur surface area advantage over similar products 25 on the market and includes significantly finer active material. Traditionally, the handling and application of sulphur fertilisers has been a dangerous practice involving multiple hazards. The use of granules of the present invention provides an opportunity to mitigate these sulphur hazards. The sulphur-urea granules of the present 30 invention can be safely applied by aerial application. Fine sulphur can now be handled and applied substantially safely. Both urea and elemental sulphur have traditionally been used in various forms and in combination with other fertiliser products. Conventional elemental sulphur-coated urea can 35 take up to several weeks to disperse in the soil before the nitrogen becomes plant-available. The sulphur is typically applied externally to a urea prill. This method places a limit on the amount of sulphur which can be applied and makes it difficult to control the overall 28 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 composition of the granule. Many soils require a coarse grade of sulphur. These larger sulphur particles are difficult to adhere to the urea prill. Sulphur-coated urea has the added disadvantage of producing a certain amount of hazardous fine sulphur dust during storage, transportation and application. 10 In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a urea-elemental sulphur granule of different compositions combining urea with elemental sulphur particles sized differently to match the particle sizes required by different soils, different climatic and temperature conditions and the different elemental sulphur release rates required. 15 The sulphur particles are also preferably irregular in shape which provides an increased surface-area. In one embodiment, the surface area of the sulphur particles is 1280 cm2/gram. This increased surface area provides an advantage over existing spherical particles of sulphur used in existing fertiliser products. This contributes to greater reactivity in the soil and more rapid plant availability. 20 The particle size of the elemental sulphur is preferably optimised by fine-grinding and classification to suit differing soil conditions and the purpose for which it is being used. The sulphur is then intimately mixed throughout the granule and not just coated on the surface of the urea. Both the urea and elemental sulphur are finely ground and homogeneously mixed 25 to ensure intimate contact between the different particles types. This enables rapid dispersion upon application and ensures the optimum sized sulphur particles are made available for plant uptake. The granules have the added benefit of allowing a controlled release of elemental sulphur over a period of time. 30 The compact, crush-strength nature of the granules makes them dust free. Fine elemental sulphur is both explosive and a health hazard. The dust-free granules of this invention are therefore able to be stored, transported and applied with little risk of hazardous sulphur dust being released. The granules of this invention are therefore safer to handle, store and spread compared to sulphur-coated urea granules. 35 The fineness of the elemental sulphur particles is tailored to suit the majority of New Zealand soil conditions (see particle size). 29 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 A granulated product further removes the risks associated with fine sulphur. For example fine sulphur contact with eyes. Lime Normally when lime and urea are mixed together they react and considerably increase the 10 risk of volatilization and physical instability. The grinding and co-granulation and compaction process of the present invention is directed to minimise this problem. Lime is used in the granule to balance acidity from the urea and sulphur combination. The result is either a reduction in overall acidity or a pH neutural product (if sufficient lime is 15 incorporated). Lime also imparts physical strength and longer life properties to the product. Use of USL granules enable lime to be applied at maintenance rates to balance the soil pH. 20 This will reduce the need for large capital application every five years. Nitrogen inhibitor As previously described, the granules may be coated with an inhibitor to control the release of urea reducing leaching of nitrate and volatilization of nitrous oxide and ammonia. 25 The method of preparing a fertiliser from particulate urea which comprises or includes mixing such particulate urea (serially and/or simultaneously) with a ground elemental sulphur and optionally including a compatible nitrification and urease inhibitor provides a resultant fertilizer granule which demonstrates potentially realizable advantages as already discussed. 30 The nitrogen inhibitor is very important for the performance of the granule where the' components include urea, elemental sulphur and lime. Without the nitrogen inhibitor the lime component may potentially increase volatilization losses from the urea and thereby reduce its efficiency. 35 The nitrogen inhibitor contributes to the stability of the granulated product chemically. 30 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 The nitrogen inhibitor is dispersed within the USL granule and so is in intimate contact with the urea at all times during release. The urease inhibitor can be incorporated in two ways: 1. Added to the urea as a coating before it enters the manufacturing process. 10 2. Added directly into the inter-grinding step of the manufacturing process. Manufacture method The urea, sulphur and lime are inter-ground during production. The fnely ground urea 15 releases moisture which dampens the elemental sulphur. This contributes to making the overall process safer as fine elemental sulphur release is minimised. * The urea and sized elemental sulphur and lime are inter-ground by means of a pin mill or similar device. " Urea-sulphur-lime sheets are formed by means of a double-roll chilsolator applying 20 approximately 2000kg of pressure. Other known pressing methods may be used. * The pressed sheets are then broken up by means of a granulating device to produce 1 6mm long granules. The uniform sized granules ensure accurate spreading. The granules may however be made into various shapes and sizes. 25 Outcome of Application to Pasture Vegetation It is proposed that use of the USL granules could contribute an additional 400-700 kg of dry mass within the first seven weeks of application to pasture vegetation. The potentially realisable benefits of the controlled release of the present invention would contribute to such 30 an outcome. The results to demonstrate such potential increase in pasture vegetation Graph I in Figure 4 illustrates results of the USL granules exhibiting controlled release properties after application to pasture vegetation. The bar graphs identified as sample 1 relates to the use of a mix of available urea, lime-and sulphur products available in the market 35 place and applying them to determine rate of growth of pasture vegetation. The bar graphs identified as sample 2 included a commercially available nitrogen/urea product SustaiNTM mixed with additional sulphur and lime products and similarly applied to determine rate of 31 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 growth of pasture vegetation. The bar graphs identified as relating to sample 3 relate to the USL granule of the present invention, including a urease inhibitor (represented in the sample by AgrotainTm). The first bar in each sample relates to the a cut of the pasture vegetation in relation to vegetation mass. The second bar relates to results from a second cut of the pasture vegetation following a period since the first out of some seven weeks. The increase in dry 10 mass of pasture vegetation following application of granules of the present.invention indicate a potentially realizable advantage of the present invention. The invention has been described with particular reference to certain embodiments thereof. It will be understood that various modifications can be made to the above-mentioned 15 embodiment without departing from the ambit of the invention. The skilled reader will also. understand the concept of what is meant by purposive construction. The examples and the particular proportions set forth are intended to be illustrative only and are thus non-limiting. The invention may also broadly be said to consist in the parts, elements and features referred. 20 to or indicated in the specification, individually or collectively, and any or all combinations of any of two or more parts, elements, members or features and where specific integers are mentioned herein which have known equivalents such equivalents are deemed to be incorporated herein as if individually set forth. 25 It will also be understood that where a product, method or process as herein described or claimed and that is sold incomplete, as individual components, or as a "kit of Parts", that such exploitation will fall within the ambit of this invention. When referring to the description of the present invention, it should also be understood that 30 the term "comprise" or variations thereof are not intended to exclude other additives, components or step and as such, where used herein, is not to be considered to be used in a limiting sense. Accordingly, 'comprise' does not represent nor define an exclusive set of items, but includes the possibility of other components and items being added to the list. 35 All references, including any patents or patent applications cited in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference. This specification is therefore also based on the understanding of the inventor regarding the prior art. The prior art description should not be 32 WO 2009/142512 PCT/NZ2009/000081 5 regarded as being an authoritative disclosure of the true state of the prior art but rather as referring to considerations in and brought to the mind and attention of the inventor when developing this invention. Further, the applicant makes no admission that any reference constitutes prior art - they are merely assertations by their authors and the applicant reserves the right to contest the accuracy, pertinency and domain of the cited documents. None of the 10 documents or references constitute an admission that they form part of the common general knowledge in NZ or in any other country Aspects of the present invention have been described by way of example only and it should be appreciated that modifications, additions and variations to and from the above described 15 embodiments may be made thereto without departing from the scope thereof, as defined in the appended claims. 33

Claims

1. A fertiliser composition, said fertiliser composition including components of particulate urea interground with at least particulate elemental sulphur, said composition including a urease inhibitor comprising up to 0.0138% on a weight to weight basis (wherein the component amounts of the composition total 100%), said urease inhibitor being intimately mixed with the particulate urea during preparation of the fertiliser composition.

2. A fertiliser composition of Claim 1 wherein at least 47% to 99% of the particulate elemental sulphur component in the composition is of a particle size of up to 2000 microns.

3. A fertiliser composition of Claim 2 wherein the particulate elemental sulphur component comprises up to 55% on a weight to weight basis (wherein the component amounts of the composition total 100%).

4. A fertiliser composition of Claim 3 wherein up to 99% of the particulate urea component combined in the composition with the elemental sulphur is of a particle size of up to 2000 microns.

5. A fertiliser composition of Claim 4 wherein the particulate urea component combined in the composition with the elemental sulphur comprises up to 90% on a weight to weight basis (wherein the component amounts of the composition total 100%).

6. A fertiliser composition of Claim 5 wherein the particulate urea is inter-ground with the particulate elemental sulphur.

7 A fertiliser composition of Claim 6 wherein said elemental sulphur is combined or inter-ground with the urea serially (before or after) with the urease inhibitor.

8. A fertiliser composition of Claim 6 wherein said elemental sulphur is combined or inter-ground with said urea simultaneously with the urease inhibitor. 34

9. A fertiliser composition of particulate elemental sulphur and particulate urea as claimed in Claim7 or Claim 8 wherein said urea particles are coated with the urease inhibitor.

10. A fertiliser composition of particulate elemental sulphur and particulate urea as claimed in Claim7 or Claim 8 wherein the urease inhibitor is also applied as a coating to prills formed from the fertiliser composition.

11. A fertiliser composition of Claim 9 or Claim 10 wherein the composition includes 0% to 15% added moisture.

12. A fertiliser composition of Claim I1 wherein the composition includes particulate lime.

13. A fertiliser composition of Claim 12 wherein between at least 50% to 95% of the lime is of a particle size of up to 2000 microns

14. A fertiliser composition of Claim 13 wherein the particulate lime comprises up to 60% on a weight to weight basis (wherein the component amounts of the composition total 100%).

15. A fertiliser composition of Claim 14 wherein the particulate lime is inter-ground with the particulate urea and the particulate elemental sulphur.

16. A fertiliser composition of Claim 15 wherein the lime is combined or inter-ground with the elemental sulphur and with the urea serially (before or after) with the urease inhibitor.

17. A fertiliser composition of Claim 16 wherein the lime is combined or inter-ground with the elemental sulphur and with the urea simultaneously with a urease inhibitor

18. A fertiliser composition of particulate elemental sulphur, particulate urea and particulate lime as claimed in Claim 16 or Claim 17 wherein said urea particles are coated with a nitrification inhibitor. 35

19. A fertiliser composition of particulate elemental sulphur, particulate urea and particulate lime as claimed in Claim 16 or Claim 17 wherein said urea particles are coated with a urease inhibitor.

20. A fertiliser composition of Claim 17 wherein the composition includes 0% to 15% added moisture.

21. A fertiliser composition of Claim I I or Claim 20 wherein the moisture includes at least one of water, an oil, a wax.

22. A fertiliser composition of Claim 21 wherein the oil includes at least one of a vegetable oil, a fish oil.

23. A fertiliser composition of Claim 22 in the form of granules, prills or like form.

24. A fertiliser composition in granule, prill or like form as claimed in Claim 23 having a crush strength of greater than 4kg.

25. A fertiliser composition of Claim24 wherein the granule, prill or like form is coated with a urease inhibitor.

26. A method of manufacturing a fertiliser from particulate urea and particulate elemental sulphur as claimed in any one of Claims I to 24 wherein said method includes the step of intergrinding the particulate urea with the particulate elemental sulphur and with a urease inhibitor, intimately mixed with the particulate urea during preparation of the fertiliser composition.

27, A method of manufacturing a fertiliser as claimed in Claim 26 in granule, prill or like form.

28. A method of manufacturing a fertiliser as claimed in Claim 27 wherein the granule, prill or like form is coated with a urease inhibitor. 36

29. A particulate fertiliser composition as claimed in Claims I to 22 with reference to the written description, included examples and figures.

30. A particulate fertiliser composition in granule form as claimed in Claims 23 to 25 with reference to the written description, included examples and figures.

31. A method of preparing a particulate fertiliser composition as claimed in Claim 26 with reference to the written description, included examples and figures.

32. A method of preparing a particulate fertiliser composition in granule, prill or the like form as claimed in Claims 27 and Claim 28 with reference to the written description, included examples and figures. 37