AU2012216575B2 - Improvements in and Relating to Soil Treatments - Google Patents

Abstract

Abstract This invention relates to improvements in and relating to soil treatments. In particular, this invention is directed to provide a granule of varying composition but with tailor made particle distribution to suit various applications, soil and temperature conditions. The granule, following application, is directed to easily disperse in the soil yet have sufficient compressive strength to ensure that the granule does not break up during storage, transportation and application.

Description

WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO M0IL TREATMNTS Technial Ield s This invention relates to improvements in and relating to soil treatments. In particular, this invention is directed to provide a granule of varying cormposition but with tailor-made particle distribution to suit various applications, soil and temperature conditions. The granule, following application, is directed to easily disperse in the soil yet have sufficient 10 compressive strength to ensure that the granule does not. break-up during storage, transportation and application. It is envisaged the invention will be applicable to any situation, for example agricultural, hordcultural, forestry, commercial, industrial or domestic situations where soil treatments are 15 required and where It Is desirable fbr such soil treatments to be tailored to meet a specific need and based on soil type. However, the invention may have applications outside this field. Background Art 26 In any agricultural, horticultural, forestry, con-ercial, industrial or domestic situation where at least optimal growth of vegetation is required or desired a number of factors interplay. Not the least of such factors is soil type/structure and nutrient availability. Soil structure has a major Influence on water and air movement, biologioal aodivity, root 25 growth, -seedling emergence and plant retentaon Soil slmoture is dotonined by how individual soil granules clump and thus the arrangement of soll pores betweenthem. Soils also .iffer In netient profile, For example, most sSils in South Affica are poor in phosphorus and do not contain enough to sustain normal .plat Stowth. Phosphorus 30 defoicienotes by extension therefore ;oour in ruminants grazing 'on phosphorus-deficient pastures, -By comparisgu, soils in Westem Australia are very -old, highly weathed and deficient in many of the major nutrients and trace elements zinc, copper, manganese, iron and i s data, for appliCation number 2008312121, is current as of 2012--09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 MolybdenUM, Arccordingly, fertilisers are routinely applied to such soils to achieve thie nutrient profie de~fred to guitain plant growth for harvest, and/or to provide nutrienfts to grazing -stock 'aznirnal S Fetiiser ar nutit~nsl:~opaunds givrn to plants to pr omote, growth, Fertiliserm -fyjiay Provide macro andor w%ronuldents fi varying proportion. Those required in IaggQ quantities for plant growth include nitogen, 1 phosphorus, potasum, Solphur, calcluml -ad magnesium (tucro-plant-autrients), ButI those required in much snmaler quantities include copper, zinc, mangmwee, boron, iron an4 rrlybdornum (mlcrnnirients). The Xost 10 coamnonly available fertilisors provide Thie three major macroautdenfte (hitrogen, Jpous, and potassim). For example, an I - 1-2O0 NPK fetlifier would -oontain by weight, 17g& elemental n~trogsin (N), 22% elemntal phosphous; (P~) and 16% olomental potssium (K). Fetlfise~s inay bo ilied a trganiv or inoranic frtilisoro. Orgaic frii~~:nI '15 manure, 'alury, worme~astings, jcat, seaweed, sewage , guanq, green manure crops, -conmpost, lVlood rnealk -,bone mecal, !seaweed extracts, natural enzyme digested proteins, ish mneal and feather. meal, -'tat oo1*ring minerals such as xanprpq1c phosphate, sulfate of potash and 'imestone, may .also be cmnsldered to be oroair ftilsers. A range of marnufaciurd fe~lise ar alo aailbleFor example, nitrogen Wilit~sor is often oynithesized usitkg the 2o Ha'ber-Bosdh procms, which produ eas ammonia. Thiq ammonia is applied directly to the soil o useoi to pxoduce othor compound;, notibWy ainoiium nitrate and urea, both dry cozicantrated products tbat may be used as i'ertiliser malartes or mixed with water to formr a conceutratWi liquidd Ditrogon fettiliser, Ammonia ma -also Lv used in the Odda. Process. in comib1Aation W1.h reek phos~phate and po'tassiuwoproduce compound NPk fortilisers, 25 Abrtilisers -mqy We water-soluble (intant yelas) or relatively Insoluble tcontrolled/sustained/timed release). However, whilst fllisers may be applied to mnest nutritiondlzaaasd of plants, they are loe *3o tllcly to bo tailor-made in respect or pad'16la -distributiop to suit 'hc aoffs to which they axe * applied. "urlr, whilst various applications may be tailored wiTh respt totDis sla 2 s data, for application number 200831212 1, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 fbst SIM, 144dUM reloase prodlcto over thae, they are .'tyjIially less tailorgd In respect of partile disfributiom to suit climatic conditions as required. Tills ran leAd to the problem of over-h~rtilisation which is-prhnarily assoialed with t use of 5 artifidil fertilisets and iesulto from -the massive quantifies applied and the destructive nature of cbeimical .ferfili~ers on soil nurciel h~1diqg structures. The high solubilities of chemical fertilsersalso exacerbate their tendency to tiegrado ccosystemg. Ther are also problenus'associated with storqgc mid application of some soil treatment 10 products and feitilisers, For example, fine elemental sulphur Is. both explosive and a health hazad. Nitrogen fertlilsers in some weather or soil conditions can cause eatissions of the geenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N 2 0), Ammonia gas (Nil 3 ) may 'be emitted Uowiag application of Inorganic ferdisers, or manure or slurry; and ammonia catalso increase soil aciity (lowering of soil pH). EFrcessivo nitrogen fertiliser applcations ma also lead to pat 15 problenis by IncreasIng thie birth rte, longevity and overall fitness of ceftaif pests. Whilst is also possible to over-apply orgatilo fortilisers; thoi xat~iont content, itbhr aolubility and their release rates are typically much lower than dherical fertilisers, Aiy their natre-, nmo~t organic ferilisers also provide Ine~ased physical anid Wilogieal atorneg tnechtani~rs to Zo solls,'wblch tend to tmgte, theif rift -Howeer, again tho application of suh ferlilisers is nwt typically Seared to being tailored hiado for specific, -soil type. Par these reasons, it Is inpottant to iow die soil type,. the nutrient content of ffie soil and nutrient requirements of thre crop, so that desired outcomes can be carefully bilanceed with the 25 application of soil condltknuing -audlor fbrtillser products ABy aeffil .Monhtor4i of soil, O~hmat conditions and crop requirements, wastage of wxpensive feitlisers And potential gats of 6leanIhg u~p any pollution created oan be avoided, While the present invention has a flumber of potentially realisable applications, it is in relation 30 to problems associated with existing soil treatment and fwtillsing systems that the present jflVoftiofl wis dcvcloped, Moze specoilloally, it was with regard to the issue of' providig a treatment sstom tailor-made to specifically suit tile specific application, soil conditions and 3 s data, for application number 20083 1212 1, is current as of 201 2-09-02 23:35 A-EST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 climatic conditions, including temperature. It was also developed with safety and health Issues typically associated with such systems, that the present invention was developed, Finally, it was having regard to the need to provide a treatment system that would'easily disperse in the soil, provide the desired effect, had efficient compressive strength to ensure 5 that the product did not break-up during storage, transport and handling and that would minnise waste of product when applied. It would be useful therefore, to have a soil treatment system that 10 1 Could be tailor-made to specifloally suit the Apecific application, soil conditions And climatic conditions including temperature;.and 2. Cond4ered and improved on-safety and health issues of existing systems; and 3 Was effective at mobilising nutrients and/or soil enhancing components so that good plant growth could be achieved with lower nutrient densities; and 15 4. fected less wastage of nutrients and/or soll enhanoing components through run off, air dispems and so forth; and ' Released nutrients.at a determined, more consistent rate, helping to avoid boom end-buit-pattems, and 6. Helped, whore applicable, to retain soll moisture, reducing the stress to plants and 20 soil structures due to temporary moisture stress; and 7, Contributed where appropriate to improving the soil structure; and .81" Minirnised the possibility of "burning" plants with concentrated chemicals due to an overapply'ofeomo nutrients; and 9 Provided -a more costveffective alternative to present systems employed; Including 25 costs of handing, transportation and application costs, And 10, Provided a consistent product, so that accurate application of nutrients to match soil type and plant production was possible.; and i Wobuld be easy to use. go It would therefore be advantageous to have an invention that offered at least some. if not all, of the potential advantages of the abovo proposed treatment system. It is therefore en object 4 is data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 of the present invention to consider the above problems and provide at least one solution which addresses a plurality of these problems. It is another object of the present invention to at least provide the public with a useful choice 5 or alternative system. Further aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the ensuing description which is given by way of example only. It should be appreciated that variations to the described embodiments are possible and would fall within the scope of the 10 present invention. DIsclosure of Inventipn This invention is directed to provide a soil treatment system. The soil treatment system Is 15 preferably directed to improving soil condition and/or soil-nutrient availability for plants, The term treatment as used in this specification typically will involve a knowledge of the condition of the soil via prior analysis and involve administration to the soil, or a regimen of applications, of particular preferred matter (whether organic or inorganic and whether singular or a combination) which aids in improving at least the soil condition (including structure) 20 and/or soil nutrient content. Preferably, the soil treatment system is provided in granule form for applioution to soils. For the purpose of the present invention the term granule shall mean any small blocks of molded and/or compressed material and/or otherwise formed and shall include varyingly 25 shaped and sized pellets, fragmernts, briquettes and so forth, The use of the term granule should therefore not be seen as limiting this invention. Preferably, the granule Is speclically tailor-made in respect of the particle distribution of it components to suit various applications, soil and climatic conditions (including temperature) 30 as required. The granule may have varying composition depending on the conponto of the gramile and the application It is designed for, 5 is data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 Preferably, the grnule is specifically tailor-made in respect of particle size and/or surface area of its components to suit various applications, soil and climatic conditions (including temperature) as toquired. The granule may have varying particle sizes Within its composition depending on the cdmponents of the granule and the application It is designed for. S Preferably, the particle size is optimised by fine-grinding and classification to suit differing soil conditions and the purpose for Which it is being used. Preferably, the granule components are tailor made to suit specific soil types in particular 10 countries and for particular soil types in particular regions within said countries, Preferably, the granule, following application, is required to make the components of the granule available within or on the soil. To achieve this, the granule preferably disperses at a preferred rate, Preferably the dispersion of the granule enables the components of the granule to be available. However, the individual components of the granulo may vary in the rate at.which each will be directly available for the specific need, For example one component may be inumediately available for use - whether as a nutrient or soil conditioner; whilst others rnay be released in 20 the aoil over time, or at different rates, or with the onset of particular climatic or soil temperature/conditions as required. In some embodiments of the invention, the granule may be prepared to enable either or both immediate dispersion of the granule and Immediate release of the granule components into or 25 onto the soil. In other embodiments, the granule may be prepared to enable delayed dispersion of the granule and controlled release of any or all of the granule eonponents ove time, or following a set period after application of the granules, or in preferred conditions, In yet farther e-mbodiments, the granule may be prepared to enable immediate dispersion of the granule and then controlled release of any or all of the granule components over time, or 30 following a set period after application of the granules, or in preferred conditions. For exaimplo, in some embodiments of the present invention, the granules may be coated to delay dispersion of the granule per se or delay release of a specific component. In other 6 data, for application number 20083.,2 121, is current as of 201 2-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 embodiments, the granule may be formulated to disperse in water within a few minutes yet delay release of a component. Foff example, coating the granules with a nitrogen inhibitor can courol the release of urea, thereby reducing leaching of nitrate and volatilisation 9f nitrous oxide and ammonia. In this case, the granule is simply dispersing, but it should be 5 appreciated the availability of the partion1ar nutrient component is then determined by the specific solubility of that individual nutrient component. Pressing methods are preferably applied in the formation of the granule form of the product, Any suitable press method may be developed or adapted for use in achieving the present 10 invention, Preferably however, the granule does not break-up during storage, transportation and application. To achieve this, the method of manufacture is directed to producing a granule having a preferred compressive strength (or crush-strength), The compressive strength is 1s directed to ensure that the granule which results is less likely to breakdown during banding, transportation or application. Preferably, the granules are uniform in size.; The uniform sized granules contribute to more accurate spreading. However, the granules may be varyingly shaped. Preferably, the gramilos Are colour coded to ensurte the correct fornuilation is applied to a particular treatment site, for-a particular cad result. It is important to produce granules with optimum storage, handling and application 25 characteristics uader a fl range of conditions. For example, this is the case particularly for urea or othei types of fertilizer products umdei high humidity conditions. The following techniques may be used to achieve this, by: 30 a) Minimising the surface area of the granules - by producing smooth surfaced granules. Granules produced by various means can typically havo rough surfaces and therefore a higher overall -surface area. A pellet press can be used to produce grades with srnooth sides and 7 is data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 clean-cut ends, Bdriquettes are an example of granules produced which are typically smooth on all sides, Often the compression stage can lead to a sheen, often noticeable on briquette type granules. 5 b) MinImising the bulk surface area. The overall surface area of the bulk fertiliser granules can be reduced by producing larger sized granules. c) Minimising the amount of moisture present in the granule. This will especially mitigate problems encountered due to moisture absorption under high humidity conditions. d) Producing harder granules. Qranules produced under higher pressure wiU be border and have better handling characteristics. e) Post-production heating of the granules. Such heating can be applied to produce a 15 hardened surface. This may also further reduce retained/absorbed moisture following production of the granules, f) 'Coating of granules with lime powder can be undertaken. 20 g) Storage of granules in preferred conditions for a preferred period of tinu. It may be that such techniques are employed to also affect the dispersion rate of the granules. For example, newly produced granules ntay disperse more quieldy than granules which have been stored for a period of tine before application onto the soils - whether such changes are 25- effected byfurther drying hf stored granules, changes in pH overtime or other such factors, According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a particulate fertiliser comprised of particulate organic and/or inorganic components. 30 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a particulate fertiliser in the form of granules, briquettes or prilla. s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for maxhnizing the availability of at least one soil teatment composition, said soil treatment composition containing at least one active component, said method including the steps of: a) Selecting the soil treatment components required; and s b) Preparing said components in dried form, said components being ground to a preferred particle size; ad o) Mixing said components together; and d) Adding a preferred quantity of solvent to the mixed components; and d) Applying pressure to a quantity of said component-solvent mixture to fonm granules of the 10 composition; and said method characteried by the particle sizes of the components being specifically targeted for use with a particular soil type and/or treatment requirement. According to another aspect of the present invention there Is provided a method, substantially .15 as described above, wherein an optional dispersion and/or binding agent is added to the component mix According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method, substantially as descdbed above, wherein at least one of the active components also acts as dispersion 20 and/or binding agent, According to another aspect of the present invention* there is provided a method, substantially as described above, wherein the solvent includes at least one of water oil, 2S According to another aspect of the present inventiot there is provided a method for maxinizing the availability of at least one soil treatment composition 'via prolonged release of the components on to and/or into the soil, said method including the step of: grinding the components to achieve a preferred parttole size, said particle size being adapted to the soil type and requirement and providIng an Increased surface area to improve availability of the 30 component in to or onto the soil 9 s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a metbod substantially as described above achieved via coating of the granule to effect delayed release of the components over a period of time after introduction of the granule on to or into the soil. s According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the fan of a granule substantially as descrlbzd above whemin the delay in leasee of the components of the granule is accomplished by encapsulating the granule within a dissolvable or degradable protective layer. 10 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soll treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein a quantity of the components of the granule Is released substantially continuously, once release is initiated, fdr the intended life of th granule. 15 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil Ieatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein there is provided an initial boosted release rate of components from the granule following introduction of the granule on to or into the soil. 20 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the fbrm of a granule substantially as described above wherein there is provided at least a second boosted release xate of components from the granule following introduction of the granule on to or into the soil, 23 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided- a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein the interval between the initial and second boosted release rates corresponds to a predetermined Ideal period betwo release and action of the first component and release and action of a second component 30 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule.substantially as described above wherein a boosted 10 s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 release rate of the compQnents of the granule is accomplished by providing a secondary component having different release rate characteristics than the first componet, According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment 5 composition in the forn of a granule substantially as described above wherein a boosted release rate of the components is accomplished by providing one component having an exposed surface area greater than other components) in the granule. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment 10 composition in the form of a granule saubstantially as described above wherein one component operates as a carrier matrix system through which at least a second component is dispersed, According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a soil treatment composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein the ovrrier 15 matrix component dissolves when exposed to the environment into which it is introovced, to expose at least one other component in a time release manner. According to another aspect of the present invention there in provided a soil treatmem composition in the form of a granule substantially as described above wherein the granule, in 20 Its entirety, is substantially blodegradable within the soil treatment environment to wbich it is introduced. A soil treatment composition in granular form, said grniules have a mecbanial resistance, dimensions and weights being Appropriate for the distribution and the mechanical application 25 on the ground and in the ground, the granules being characterised in that they include finely ground particulate components, A soil treatment composition in granular form, characterized in that the dimensori of fine pmticles do not exceed a preferred dimension as required. is data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 A method of preparation of a granular soll treatment composition wherein the particles of the components are mixed with a binder In effective proportion to bind the particles in the form of granules having dimensions and weights appropriate for a mechanical application. 5 As previously advised, it is envisaged the invelition will be applicable to any reasonable situation where soil treatment is desired or required, Thesc -include agricultural, horticultural, forestry, commercial, industral or domestic applications where each situation may be need specific and requires consideration of the physicol, organic and chemical nature of the soil, such as soil type, density and so forth; as well as the climatic conditions of an area; and so 10 forth. The granules may be applied via serial top-dressing, mechanical spreaders, manually During the ensuing discussion of tho invention, the granule will now be described with 15 roferece to Its use as a fertiliser However, this description is not intended to limit the scope of this invention, For exarnp1c, the invention may be directed to using a granule produced within the ambit of this Invention for soil conditioning, for specific crop types and so forth. In this regard, whilst the following descrption relates to ferilisers (for Introducing both macro and/or micro nutrients into soils), the granule may comprise a proportion of gypsuln 20 for use in clay soils; organic material for use in sandy soils; water retention materials for use in soils prone to drying; non-traditional soil 'nhancers, Ouch as hydrogen peroxide (which if released to soil will be broken down by reacting with other compounds, yet during oxidation can be effective against pests or promote pasture growth); and so forth. 25 In practice, a compromcie between ohe me of artificial and organic fertilisers is common typically by using inorganic fertilisers supplemented with the application of organio matter that is readily available. The present invention lends itself to such practice, by enabling the components of tho granule -to be tallor-made to include inorganic fertiliser components and organic fertiliser components to achieve the -desired end-product, The organic fertiliser 30 comlponents may operate as a matrix:to support ihe inorganic fetiliser components. 12 s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 in addition, some soils require treatments other than solely fordlisers/nutrient application. Again, the present Invention lends itself to such practice, by enabling the components of the granule Io be tailor-made to include soil conditioning components with or without inorganic fertiliser components and/or organic fertiliser components as required to achieve the desired 5 end-product. In addition, some plentarequire soils which provide the environment for the plants not only to grow, but to stilnulate and 'support other plant requirements. Again, the present invention leads itself to such practice, by ;enabling the componeits of the granule to be tailor-made to 10 include components:(such as nitrgean fixing bacteria, other microbes, etc required for healthy soils or as required by podInlar plant species); and again with or 'without inorganic fertiliser components Mdor organic feriliser components Rs required to achieve the desired end product is When considering the typical nutrients applied to soils those required in large quantities for plant growth include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, calcium and magnesium being the main macronutrients, Of these, nitrogen Is important as it promotes rapid leaf growth However, too much nitrogen can prolong a plant's growing season and delay ripening. It can also result in too rapid and luxuriant growth with weakened plant stems that can collapse 20 through the weight of leaves, or by strong wind or rain. Too much nitrogen can also lower a plant's resistance to diseases. The two most important forms of nitrogen, namely nitrate or ammonium, are freely soluble in water, and can therefore be washed out of the soil by too much rain or irrigation water. Urea 16 a commonly used fertiliser as a source of ground and/or plant nitrogen. 25 Phosphorus ia essential for the divialon of cells at the growth points of the plant roots underground, as well as at the growth points of plants above the ground. If the plants take up too little phosphorous, they grmy slowly and remain small, and the ripening of especially grain seeds is slowed down. Too much phosphorous in the soil or too much of it added by so way of fertiliser is not really harmful for plant growth, but it is a waste of money. 13 data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008JO00267 Elemental sulphur is a valuable plant nutrient often required due to sulphur deficient soils. Soils may also be defiient in Inironutrients such as copper, zinc, manganese, boron, iron and molybdenum S ID relation to the application of this invention to soil treatment, the following description is one potentially advantageous example relating to the application of macronutrients to soils However, this ensuing description is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, The following description relates to a granule In which the components are urea and elemental to sulphur, However, other examples include granules in which the components are elemental sulphur and bentonite; or reactive phosphate rock with elemental sulphur and triple superphosphate. Description of the present invention with reference to these examples, should not however be seen to limit the scope of the present invention. The invention does extend to the inclusion of micronutrients, organic inattor and other soil conditioning 15 components, such as gypaun lime and so forth. Line-Suphur particles in Granules may be preferred due to the high costs of phosphate fertilisers. As such a market Is developing for granular lime-sulphur fertilisers, These granules can be produced with dispersnts such as bentonite where required. Both the lime 20 and sulphur can be milled to the optimum particle size and incorporated into the granule. The granular form allows the use of much finer lime and sulphur than conventional fertiliset products which have fineness limits due to dust drift problems on application. The use of fine lime and sulphur in the granules ensures that both components are quickly available after application. These advantages combine to produce a more cowt-eff&tive product. 25 Both urea and elemental sulphur have traditionally been used in various forms and in combination with other fertiliser products. Conventional elemental sulphur-coated urea can take up to several weeks to disperse,in the soil before the nitrogen becomes plant-available. The sulphur is typically applied externally to a urea prill, Thit method places a limit on the .o amount of sulphur which can be applied and makes it diftloult to control the overall composition of the granule. Many soilk require a coarse grade of suphur, These larger sulphur particles are difficult to adhere to the uroa prill. Sulphur-coated utes has the added 14 is data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 disadvantage of producing a certain amount of hazardous fine sulphur dust during storage, transportation and application, Other types of urea-sulphur granules are produced by mixing molten sulphur and molten urea. 5 When molten urea and molten elemental sulphur are mixed to produce a granule, it is not possible to ccurately control the particle size distribution of the sulphur. When urea prills are coated with molten sulphur the coating must be relatively thin, otherwise the sulphur particles are too large to react. This limits the amount of sulphur whiob cmn be applied. Pine ground elemental sulphur has more reactive surface area than sprayed molten sulphur. 10 One aspect of the present invention is to therefore provide a fertiliser granule, said granule including one or more of a binding agent, a dispersing agent and optimum amounts of particulate plant nutrients which coan be released In a timely fashion to the soil to achieve rapid availability for plants, said granule being cheracterised by said particles being sized 15 differently to match the particle sizes required by different soils, different climatic conditions and the different plafit nutrient release rates required. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a granule for use in soil treatment applications as a fertiliser, the granule including the fotowing components, on a 20 wAv basis (wherein the omponelt amounts total O%): a). Controlled release elemental.sulphur up to 90% b), Dentonite between about 5% - about 10%. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a granule for use in soil 25 treatment applications as a fertiliser, the granule including the following components, on a w/w basis (wherein the component amounts total 100%); a). 45-90% by weight elemental sulphur b), 1-50% by weight bentonite c). 0-15% mAoiStne. 30 A granule fbr use In soil treatment applications as a fertiliser, the granule including the following components, on a w/w basis (wherein the component amounts total 100%): 15 s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 0), Controlled release elemental sulphur up to 99% b), An oil (such as fish oil) between about 1%- about 2%. A graftule for use in soil treatment applications as a fertiliser, the granule including the 5 following conponels, ob a vw/w basis (wherein the component amounts total 10O), a), Controlled release elemental 4ulphur up to 10% b). Urea up to 90%. A granule for use In soil treatment applIctions a$ a fertiliser, the granule including the 10 following components, on a w/w basis (wherein the component amounts total 100%): a). Controlled release elemental sulphur of between 5% to 50% b). Urea of between 5% to 50% A granule for use in soil treatment applications as a fertiliser, the granule including the 15 following components, on a w/w basis (wherein the component amounts total 100%): a), 60% by weight Reactive Phosphate Rock, b), 10% by weight elemental sulphur; and c). 30% by weight Triple Super Phosphate. 20 Having regard to the use of Reactive Phosphate Rook (RPR) in relation to a granule for use In soil treatments as a fortiliser at least one.factor which determines the reactivity of RPR is fneness. Practically, there is a limit to how fine RPR can be ground due to Its transportation and usability constraints, Granulation of fine RPR materials overcomes such practical problems enabling a much finer RPR tb be transported and applied. Accordigly, lower 25 grades of RFR are then able to be used which in tum provides realleable benefits in lowering the cost of producing granules containing RPR. Previously unebonomic-RPR deposits can therefore become a more economic source through a fine grinding and granulation process Reactive Phosphate Rock (RPR) with poorer reactivity can thus be i4pgraded by grinding to a flue state, However, it is to be noted that In order to handle or apply RPR materials ground as fincly as desired according to the present invention they must be granulated or mixed with water. For 16 is data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 example when RPR is ground to 100% passing 800 micron it fluidizes when handled or when subj~oted to vibration. Along with the advantages the present invention affords in reducing dust problems associated 5 with fine ground sulphur, the present invention affords the same when finely ground RPR is used. Accordingly, there is provided a granule for use in soil treatment applications as a fertillser, the granule including the following components, on a w/w basis (wherein the component 10 anounts total 100%): Beatonite (10-30%) RPR up to 90% And a granulo for use in soil treatment applications as a fertiliser, the granule including the 15 following components, on a w/w basis (wherein the component amounts total 100%): Bentonite (10-30%) Sulphur, RPR (up to 90% in combination). A granule for use in soil treatment applications sobstantial]y as described above wherein, the 20 granule includes 0% to 15% moisture added during the production process. A granule for use in soil treatment applications substantially as described above where, the moisture content is achieved by the addition of water, 25 A granule for use in soil treatment applications substantially as described above whereiv, the moisture content is achieved by the addition of an oil, A granule for use in soil treatment applications substantially as described above wherein, the oil is a fish or vegetable oil. The vegetable oil may be a triglyceride, 30 A composition wherein said sulphur has been associated with the urea seially (before or after) or simultaneously with a nitrifloation inhibitor 17 s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 A composition wherein the sulphur has been associated with the urea serially (before or after) and/or simultaneously with a urease inhibitor, A patikulate fertiliser composition of particulate urea and particulate elemental Bulphur md 5 coated with a nitrification inhibitor. A particulate ferciliser composition of particulate urea and particulate elemental sulphur and coated with a urease inhibitor. 10 A composition wherein the elemental sulphur is of a median particle size of about 0,075mm. A composition wherein the elemental sulphur is of a median particle size of about 0.25mm. A composition wherein tho nitrification inhibitor Is incorporated as fine particles or es a -15 solution. A composition wherein the aitrification inhibitor is incorporated as fine panicles on a preferred w/w basis to the elemental sulphur (wherein the component amounts total 100%) 20 A composition wherein the urease inhibitor is incorporated as fine particles on a preferred w/w basis to the elemental sulphur (wherein the component amounts total 100%) A method of preparing a fertilisor from particulate urea which comprises or.includs miring such particulate urea (serially and/or simultaneously) with a ground elemental sulphur and 25 optionally including a compatible nitrification and urease inhibitor. In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a urea-elemental sulphur granule of different compositions combining urea with elemental sulphur particles sized difrently to mtch the particle sizes required by different soils, different climatic and 30 tmperature conditions and the different elemonal sulphur release rates required. data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 For example, in soils i New Zealand s North Island sulphur particles must be less than 0.25mm (millimeters) in size to be effective. In New Zealand's South Island soils, sulphur particles must be less than 0,075mm (millimeters) in size to be effective 5 In this embodiment, the urea is agronomically valuable and acts as a binding and dispersing agent for the fine elemental sulphur particles. The urea-sulphur granula easily disperses in the soll and ias sufficient compressive strength to ensure that the granule does not break-up during storage, transport and application. 10 This invention provides a fertiliser granule with optimum amounts'of nitrogen and sulphur which can be released in a timely fashion to the soil to achieve rapid availability for plants: This controlled release sulphur granule provides a substantially useflul alternative to existing fertilisers in terms of particle size and surface area. 15 The sulphur particles are also prefebly irregular in shape which provides an increased surface-area. In one embodiment, the surface area of the sulphur particles is 1280 om2/gram. This increased surface area provides an advantage over existing spherical particles of sulphur used in existing fertiliser products, This contributes to greater reactivity in the soil and more rapid plant availability. 20 Each of the main products contained in this example of the invention have agronomics value. resulting in an agropomically valuable fertiliser. The urea mixed with fine elemental sulphur also acts as both a water dispersible binding agent and a ferriliser 25 The particle size of the elemental sulphur is pretbrably optimised by line-grinding and classification to suit diffeing soil conditions and the purpose for which it is being used, The sulphur is then intimately mixed throughout the granule and not just coated on the surface of the urea, Both the urea and elemental sulphur are finely ground and homogeneously mixed to ensure intimate contact between the different particles types. This enables rapid dispersion 30 upon application and ensures the optimum sized sulphur particles ar6 maade available for plant uptake. The granules have the added benefit of allowing a controlled release of elemental sulphur over a period of time. 19 ~s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2000/000267 The urea and sized elemental sulphur are inter-ground and/or mixed by mixing means. In the present example, moisture is added during the production process, Whilst in this example, the liquid/solvent is water, other liquids and/or solvents may be employed - including for example, oils (such as fish oil), melted wax, an'd so forth. In the present example, it may be appreciated that fino elemental sulphur is both explosive and a health hazard, The granules of the present invention are dust-free. Therefore, the granules are able to be stored, transported and applied with little tisk of hazardous sulphur dust being released, The granules of this invention are substantially safer to handle,- store and io spread when compared to sulphur-coated urea granules. Further, the two key criteria for evaluating a fertilizer granule are crushing strength and water dispersion, The first relates to the ability to produce a dust-free product the second ensures that the uren and sulphur are quickly made available in the soil, Therefore, preferably the 15 granule lis a crush rate in excess of other granular fertiliser products which typically have crush-strengths in the range 2-6kg. In addition, the granule form avoids the limitations of traditional mixed Ifrtlisers which are in powdered or loose form. Such fertilisers are typically transported at some stage. The 20 vibration geneoted during transportation can cause the different component nutrients to separate out due to their varying densities. .When the fertiliser is then applied there Is the potential for uneven distrIbution of the components of the fortiliser and so some areas may remain or may result in being more defjoient in a particular component when compared to another. Further, the present invention is designed with environmental concerns in mind. As advised in the above example, coating the granules With a nitrogen inhibitor can control the release of urea, thereby reducing leaching of nitrate and volatilisation of.nitrous oxide and ammonia. 30 As can be appreciated, where either or both the granule and composition includes Roactive Phosphate Rock (RPR), the invention as described above (with reference to the use only of elemental sulphur)oan be adapted accordingly data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 It will therefore be appreciated that the invention broadly consists in the parts, elements and features described in this specification, and is deemed to include any equivalents known in the art which, if substituted for the preacrhed integers, would not materially alter the substance of the invention. S Variations to the invention may be desirable dependlug on the applications with which it is to be used, Regard would of course be had to effecting The desired concentrations or volume to volume ratios of the components of the granule, the various comapotients of the granula, the dimnusious of the granule, the dissolution rates, the method of application of the granules and .10 so forth as required to effect the desired outcome. The present invention is differentited from many existing products by virtue of the specific ability to detemine and apply preferred components in preferred particulate size having preferred surfhoo area and distribution within the granule as required for the specific soil typo, i5 the spociflu crop, the olimatic conditions and so forth. Whilst some varying embodiments of the present invention have been described above and are to be yet exampled, It should further be appreciated different embodiments, uses, and applications of the present invention also exist. Further embodiments of the present invention 20 will now be given by way of example only, to help better describe and define the present invention, Howwevr, describing the specified embodiments should not be seen as limiting the scope of this invention, Brief Description of Drawings 25 Fatther aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description, given by way af example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which Biirl s an illustration of one embodiment of the granules of the present Invention and 30 figlm- 2 is a graphical representation of the difference in surface area between a controlled release sulphur particle (A) when compared with the surface area of 21 s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 existing spherical sulphur particles (B), in accordance with one embodinont of the present invention; and Figure 2a is an illustration of controlled release sulphur puttieles (A), in accordance with 5 the embodiment of the present invention of Figure 2; and Figure 2b is an illustration of spherical sulphur particles (B), as refered to in the graphical representation of Figure 2; and 10 Figre& 3 is a graphical representation of the difference in availability of a controlled release snlphur particle (A) when compared with availability of prior art spherical sulphur particles (B), in New Zealand North Island soils where sulphur particle size must be less than 0.25mm in size to be effective; in accordance with one embodiment of the present Invotioa; and Figure 3b is a graphical representation of the difference in availability of a controlled release sulphur particle (A) when compared with availability of prior art spherical sulphur particles (B), in New Zealand South Island soils where sulphur particle size mhust be less than 0.075mm in size to be effective; in 20 accordance with one embodiment of the present haveition; and Figure 4 is a table comparing the differences in mush strength (load(kg) and dispersion in water (in minutes) betwen existing granular feilliser produots and granules produced in accordance with et present invention. 2$ BAst Modes for Carrying OQit the Investio With reference to the present invention there is provided a granule (illustrated i one embodiment in Figure 1) for a soil treatment system, ft should be appreciated that the granule 30 may be varyingly shaped and sized, and so forth as desired, 22 s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 The granule is adapted to include various components desirable in the conditioning or treatment of soils The granle preferably is comprised of components having specific particle size and surface 5 avea, One embodiment of the present Invention is illustrated in Figure 2 to 2b in relation to sulphur particles. In these figures, sulphur partioles (A) Arv provided in accordance with the present invention and demonstrate a greater surface area than prior art sulphox particles (B) which have comparatively less surface area. The irregularly shaped controlled release sulphur particles (A) have an eight fold surface area advantage over the spherical sulphur particles In other granules 11nely ground Reactive Phosphate Rook (RPR) may similarly be incorporated. 15 The specific size of pardcles is tailored to the specific soil type to which the granule will be applied. The particle size Is tailored to provide more readily available materials into the soil as required. Figures 3(a) and 3(b) illustrate controlled release sulphur particles (A), as provided in accordance with the present invention, and demonstrate a greater availability In the soil of' such particles than prior art spherical sulphur particles B, Figure 3(a) represents o New Zealand North Island soils which require the sulphur particles to be less than 0.25oma in size to be effective. Figure 3(b) represents New Zealand South Island soils which require the aulphur particles to bo less than 0.075mm in sizc to be effective. The granule may include diapersants and binders which may be in addition to the main 25 components, or the main components may also serve as suitable binders, matrices and dispersants, The granule is preferably able to easily disperse when applied to the soil and yet have Bufficient compressive strength to ensure that the granule does not break-up during storage, 30 transport and application, Figure 4 provides comparatiye results of dispersion and crush strength tests of existing granular fertiliser products and granular products produced In accordance with the present invention, 23 s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 The granule product includes any combination of the following features: a) Is a controlled release) long life granule formulated for a speific soil-type. b) Is comprised of components having one or more of a preferred particle size, 5 preferredparticle distribution, preferredparticle surface area. o) Includes componont(s) directed to a specific treatment, speelfio soil type, specific climatic conditions, d) Includes a component that facilitates dispersal of the granule in water. e) Includes a component that facilitates rapid release of at least one other component 10 from the granule. f) Is uniform in size. g) Ig. dust free for improved handling, spreading, transportation and safety. h) Ia colour coded to ensure the correot formulation is applied to the particular soil type, i) Is an improvement on products prone to leaching. j) Granules are not easily separated during a mix. k) Fast aWting for rapId results - such as rapid plant availability of nutrients. 1) A product which is adapted to address some environmental concerns. 20 EAMPLR 1 UREA - SULPHUR ERTILISBR QRANULB This invention provides a fertiliser granule with optimum amounts of nitrogo ad sulphur which can be released In a thnely fashion to the soil to achieve rapid plant availability. 2 Elemental sulphur is a.valuable plant nutrient which is often required due. to sulphur deficient solls, Urea is an agronomically valuable source of nitrogen, The basis of this example has been provided in the previous description, but further description is now included, This embodiment of the present invention combines urea with fine elemental sulphur in 30 granule form, The urea acts as both a water dispersible binding agent and a fertiliser, 24 is data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 In some embodiments the urea-sulphur granules have a composition in the range of: 50-95% by weight of urea and 5-50% by weight of elemental sulphur, In other preferred embodiments the urea-sulphur granules have a composition in the range of' 20-90% by weight of urea and 10-80% by weight of elemental sulphur. 5 The particI size of the elemental sulphur is optimised by fine-griding and olssification to suit differing soll conditions end the purpose for which it is being used. The surface area of the sulphur particle is in the region of 1280m2 per gram. This surface area is achieved by irregular shaped sulphur particles that can provide an eight-fold surface area advantage over io existing spherical particulate sulphur products (such as DurasulTM having a surface area of 157cm2/gram). This Increase is important when comparing availability of sulphur in different soil types, In New Zealand's North Island soils for example, sulphur particles must be less than 0.25mm in size to be effective, The present invention increases the availability of sulphur to plants ftom 19% uSing exiting spherical particulate sulphur products (such as is DurasulTM) to 62% using the controlled release fertiliser of the present invention, In New Zealand's South Island soils, sulphur particles must be less than 0.075mm in size to be effective. The present invention increases the availability of aulphur to plant tom 2% using exLsting spherical partioulate snlphur products (such as DurasulTm) to 33% using the controlled release fertiliser of the present invention. 20 By means of milling and c1assfloatlon, the 62% / 33% sulphur fgures can be increased almost 100%. The sulphur is intimately mixed throughout the gratiule and not just coated on the surface of 25 the urea. Incorporating sulphur throughout the granule, rather tlan only on the surface, enables a greater totat amount of sulphur to be used, Fertilisers utilising sulphur on the surface only are limited in the total amount of sulphur which can be used. There is also a safety benefit of incorporating the sulphur within the granule - specifically in 3o regard to aerial appliotion. 25 i data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 rCT/NZ2008/000267 BothL the urea and elemental sulphur are finely ground and homogeneously mixed to ensure Intimate contact between the different particles types. This enables pld dispersion upon application and ensures the optimum sized sulphur particles are made available for plant uptake. The gmnules have the added benefit of allowing a controlled release of elemental s sulphur over a period of time, The rea and sized elemental sulphat are interground and/or mixed by means of a double screw auger iixer. Approximately 0% to 10% moisture is added during the production process. 10 Urca-sulphur diots are formed by means of a double-roll chilsolator applying approximately 2000kg of pressme. In relation to the present invention, typical pressures used. are in the range of200 - 10,000 kg/cm2, Other Mnown pressing methods may be used. 15 The pressed sheets are then broken up by means of a rotating finger type device to produce lmm-6mm long granules. The uniform sized granules ensure accurate spreading. The granules may however be made into various shapes. 20 Two key criteria for evaluating a fertiiser granule are crushing strength and water dispersion. The first relates to the ability to produce a dust-fee product the second ensures that the ulea and sulphur are quickly made available in the soiL The urea-sulphut granules have a crush-strength of approximately 4-14g. Other granular 25 fertiliser products typically have crush strengths in the range 2-4kg. The compact, crush-strength nature of the granules makes them dust f'ee, Fine elemental sulphur is both explosive and a health hazard. The dust-free granules of this Inyention are therefore able to be stored, transported and applied with little risk of hazardous sulphur dust - 3 being released. The granules of this invention are therefore safer to handle, store and spread compared to sulphur-coated urea granules. 26 s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 The urea-sulphur granules disperse in water in approximately two minutes indicating excellent water dispersion However, the granules may be coated with a nitrogen inhibitor to control the release of urea 5 reducing leaching of nitrate and volatilisation of Ditrous oxide and ammonia. Incorporating sulphur throughout the granule enables the granules to be coated with nitrogen Inhibitor, reducing the surface contact between inhibitor and sulphur (minimising the unwanted neutralising effect) 10 EXAMPLE , SULPHUR-BENTONITE FRTILISER GRANULE Handling, storage and spreading of finely ground sulphur is a dangerous activity due to the risk of fire and explosion, Accurate spreading of fmely ground sulphur is also difficult. Bontonito is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate clay wioh consists of montmorillonite 15 (NaCa)0.33(Al,Mg)2814010()2'(H20)n Sodiuur bentonite expands when wet, absorbing several times its dry mass in water. The objective of this invention is to provide a sulphur-bentonite granule with a tailormade elemental sulphur particle distribution to specificlly smit the application and soil conditions o and temperatures. The grannie will easily disperse in the soil and has sufficient compressive strength to ensure that the granule does not break-up durig storage, transport, application. The swelling property of bentonite makes it ideal fbr use in e. granular sulphur fertiliser, impardng rapid and controlled release of the carrier particles (in this case fine elemental 25 sulphur) into the soil. Conventional sulphur-coated fertiliser granules can take up to several weeks to disperse in the soil, The sulphur is usually applied externally to the granule, This method places a limit on the amount of sulphur which can be applied and makes it difficult to control the overall 30 composition of the granule, Many soils require a coarse grade of sulphur, These larger sulphur particles do not adhere easily to the granule. Sulphur-coated granules have the added 27 s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 disadvantage of producing a certain amount of hazardous fine sulphur dust during storage, transportation and application, Other types of sulphur granule make use of bentonite mixed Into molten sulphur, Tailor 5 made particle sizing of elemental sulphur is not possible with molten sulphur bentonite mixes. In contrast, finely ground elemental sulphur can be precisely elassilled to produce a particle size distribution specifically suited to soil conditions, climate conditions and the desired release rate under those conditions, 10 Fine ground elemental sulphur has more reactive surface area than sprayed molten sulphur of the same particle size. Another means of applying sulphur Involves the use of sulphate based fartllisers. Sulphates are emaily leached-fiom the soil. In comparison correctly sized elemental sulphur Is not easily 15 leached from the soil. Due to the fact that the elemental sulphur is mixed Into the granule, it is possible to include a greater amount and to accurately control the proportion and particle -size of the elemental sulphur. The resultant product is suited to both aerial and ground spreading. 20 This, invention provides a fortiliser granule with an optimum particle size distribution of elemental sulphur which can be released in a timely fashion to the soil to achieve both rapid plant availability and also a controlled release. The controlled release of sulphur to the soil is essential to provide longer term beneft, 25 The elemental sulphur-Bentonite granules have the following apprdximate composition; 45-90% by weight elemental sulphur 1-50% by weight bentonite 0-15% moisture, 30 The particle size of the elemental sulphur is optimised by fine-grinding and classification to s-it differhig soil types and temperatures and the purpose for which it is being used is data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 The elemental sulphur is intimately mixed with the bentonite throughout the granule and not just coated on the surface of the granule. The elements] sulphur and bentonite are finely ground and homogeneously mixed to ensure intimate contat between the different particles types. When hydrated, the bentonite particles expand to ensum that the elemedal sulphur is released as discrete fine particles. This enables rapid dispersion upon application and ensures the optimum sized sulphur particles are made available for plant uptake. The granules have the added benefit of allowing a controlled release of elemental sulphur over a period of time, 10 E-lemental sulphurbentonito granules are able to be used In a wider range of soil and climatic conditions compared to straight application of sulphur, The elemental sulphur and bentonite are inter-ground and/or mixed by means of a double 15 screw auger mixer or other similar devices. Approximately 0-15% molswtre is added during the production process. The addition of water assists in producing the granule. Over time juolature is lost due to evapration, However, the pellet remains strong due to the bonding arising from the initial 20 use of water, The sulphur-bentonite pellets are forced by means of a double-roll pressure pelletiser device applying approximately 2000kg of pressure to produce granules 1-5mm long. Other known pressing methods can be used, The granules may be various shapes. 25 Fie elemental sulphur is both explosive and a health hazard. The dust-free granules of this invention are able to be stored, traported and plied without risk of hazardous sulphur dust being released. The granules of thia invention are safer to handle, store and spread compared to other sulphur-coated fertlliser granules and other fine sulphur fertilisers. 30 The uniform-sized granules have better spread characteristics than a non-granulated product. This helps ensure more accurate spreading. 29 data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 The two key criteria for evaluating a ibrtiliser granule are crushing strength and water dispersion. The first relates to the ability to produce a dust-free product the second ensures that the sulphur is rapidly made available in the soil. The elemental sulphur-bentonite granules have a crash-strength of 0.9 - 12kg. Other granular fertliser products typically have s crush strengths in therange 2-4kg. The eleiental sulphur-bentadte granules disperse in water in 2-15 minuts indicating excellent water dispersion. REACTIVE PHOSPHATE ROCK - SULPHUR - TRIPLE SUPER PHOSPH4ATE 10 FERTILISER GRANULE Reactive Phosphate Rock (RPR) Is a naturally occurring phosphate-boaring mineral used in the production of superphosphate and also as a fertiliser providing a plant phosphate source. Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) is a synthetic phosphorus fortiliser produced by various means, is TSP is water soluble and when applied to soil provides a ready source of plant-available phosphate. Granular TSP (GTSP) is a highly-concentrated, water-soluble and efficient phosphate fertillser. Elemental sulphur fs a valuable plant nutrient often required due to the sulphur deficient solla 20 fbund in New Zealand, RPR, TSP and elemental sulphur have traditionally been used In various forms and in combination with other frtiliser products. The objective of this Invention is to provide a RPR-sulphur-TSP granule of varying composition with tallor-made elemental sulphur and RPR particle distributions to suit various 25 applications, soil and temperature conditions, The granle can make use of TSP as the sole binder / dispersant, If faster dispersion Is required, the granule can contain small amounts of other dispersants and binders such as bentonite and ligaosulphonate, or any other suitable binder or dispersant, These granules are able to easily disperse in the soil and have sufficient compressive strength to ensure that the granules do not break-up during storage, transport and 30 application. 30 s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 As previously explained, convention[ sulphur-coated fertiliser granules can take up to several weeks to disperse in the soil, The sulphur is often applied externally to the granule. This method places a limit on the amount of sulphur which can be applied and makes It difficult to control the overall composition of tb granule. 5 Many soils requite a coatse grade of sulphur, These larger sulphur particles are difficult to adhere to the granule. Sulphur.coated granules have the added disadvantage of producing a certain amount of hazardous fine sulphur dust during storage, transportation and appliction. io Due to the fact that the elemental sulphur is mixed into this new granule. it- is possible to include a higher proportion and to accurately control the proportion and particle size of the elemental sulphur. The resultant product is suited to both aerial and ground spreading. Handling, storage and spreading of products able to release finely ground sulphur are 1 i~ dangerous activities due to the risk of fire and explosion, Accurate spreading of finely ground sulphur and reactive phosphate rock Is difficult due to the drifting of fmue particles. This invention provides a fertilizer granule with optimum amounts of phosphate (RPR/1SP) and elemental sulphur which can be released In a timely fashion to the soil to achieve rapid 20 plant availability. Each of the main components contained in this invention has agronornic value resulting in an agronomically valuable ferdliser. This enables a reduction in handling and transport costs. 25 RPR / TSP granules may demonstrate better spread characteristics than a non-granulated RPR product. This will potentially provide a wider range of suitability fbr use by farm spreaders, RPR I TSP granules can also include sulphur. The use of TSP enables the higher ratio of sulphur required for aerial spreading to be incorporated safely into the granuls. 30 When a normal mix of ground RPFR granulated triple supcr and fme ground sulphur Is used the following maior problems arise 31 s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 a) Blk mixing of the individual components on a large-scale is difficult to achieve, b) It is difficult to prevent the different components of the maix segregating Le. round granular T$P, coatse ground RPR and the fine ground sulphur all tend to segregate, especially during transport. 5 TSP mixed vith both fine elemental sulphur and RPR acts as a water-dispetsible bindiig agent and a fertiliser in its own right. TSP has not previously been used as a valuable water dispersible binder in fertilisers, 10 RPR is not as readily Water-sofible as TSP, but when ground and classified to a desired partiole size distribution provides an excellent controlled-release phosphate source, Used In combination, RPR and TSP provide an excellent source of both fast-acting and controlled release phosphate. 15 The product derived as % eanult of the present invention can be used as a capital Phosphate fertiliser whereas RPR alone cannot, It is likely that some beneficial acidulation of the RPR surfaces takes place within the grannie, As moisture comes into contact with fine ground sulphur, sulphurous aoid is formed, which 20 then reacts with the RPR. The fact that these granules are formed under pressure will enhance this acidulation. The acidity ofthe TSP will also likely assist in partially acidulating the )PR. In addition an important victor which determines the creativity of RPR is fineness of particle size. There is a limit on how fine RPR can be ground because of transportation and usability constraints. As previously discussed, granulation of fine RPR materials overcomes these 25 practical problems enabling a much finer RPR to be transported and applied. In turn this enables lower grades of RPR to then be used, lowedng the cost of the producing granules containing RPk. On commercial benefit is the availability for use of previously uneconomic RPR deposits through a fine grinding and granulation process, RPR with poorer reactivity can be upgraded by grinding to a fimo state, Zo s data, for application number 200831212 1, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:3 5 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 To improve handling or application of materials so finely ground they must be granulated or mixed with water. For example when RPR ia ground to 100% pasaliig 800 micron it fluidizes when handled or subject to vibration. 5 Granulation of the product provides an advamage in reducing dust problems associated with flmely ground R. Granular TSP is more expensive than powdered TSP. The difference in price could well pay for the granulation process used in this invention. 10 TSP on application imparts acidity to the soil. In some cases this is not desirable. The advantage of RPR is that it contains calcium giving alkaline properties in the soil. The RPR-sulphi-TSP granules the following approximate composition: 15 60% by weight of RPR, 10% by weight elemental sulphur; and 30% by weight of TSP, These ratios may be varied according to soil, temperature and rate of desired release of each 20 constituent. The particle 'ske of the elemental sulphur and RPR is optimised by fine-grinding and classification to suit differing soil types and temperatures and the purpose for which it is being used, 25 The elemental sulphur is intimately mixed throughout the granule Ond not just coated on the surface of the granule or added as separate ground components to the mix. The RPR, TSP and elemental sulphur are finely ground and homogeneously mixed to ensure intimate contact between different particles types, The TSP ensures that the elemental sulphur and RPR are so released as discrete partioles, 'his enables rapid dispersion upon application and nauros the optimum sized sulphur and RPR particles are made available for plant uptske, 33 s data, for application number 200831212 1, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 The granules have the added benefit of allowing a controlled release of elemental sulphur and phosphate (from RPR) over a period of time, RPR-sulphur-TSP gianules are able to be used in a wider range of soil and climatic conditions compared to straight RPR. 5 The RPR, TSP and elemental sulphur are inter-gtound and/or mixed by means of a double screw auger mixer or other mixing methods. Approximiately 0 to 15% moisture is added during the production prooess. RPR-aulphut-TSP aheets are formed by nwans of a double-Ofl chinsolator applying 10 approxnnately 200dkg of pressure. The pressed sheets are then broken up by means of a rotating finger type device to produce 0.2-8mm long granules, Other known pressing methods can be used, The granules may be various shapes. Fine elemental sulphur is both explosive and a health hazard, The dust-free granules of this 15 invention are able to be stored, transported and applied without risk ofhazardous sulphur dust being released. The granules of this invention are safer to handle, store and spread coripared to other sulphur-coated fertiliser granules or mixes containing fteo sulphrn particles. The granules are safer to stote, mix, transport and spread than RPR mixed with fine sulphur. 20 The uniform-sized granules have better spread characteristic than a non-granulated product, This helps ensure more accurate spreading. The two key criteria for evaluating a ftbtiliser -granule are crushing strength And water dispersion. The first relates to the ability to produce a dust-free product the second ensures 25 that the phosphate and sulphur are quickly made available in the soil, The RPR-sulphur-fSP granules have A crush-strength of approximately 4kg. Other granuar fertiliser products typically have crush strengths in the range 2.4kg. 30 The-RPR-aulphur-TSP granules disperse in water in approximately 48 houra, thus indicating good water dispersion, 34 s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 TRIPLE SUPER PHOSPHATE - REACTIVE PH'OSPHATE ROCX - BFJNTONITE FERTILISER GRANULE 5 A farther two granulated product examples may also indude bentonite, TSP s4 RPR, Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) is a synthetic phosphorus fertiliser produced by various means. TSP ig water soluble and when applied to soil provides a rvady source of plant-available phosphate. Cmmlar M~ (OTSP) is a highly-concentrated, water-soluble arnd effloleat phosphate fertiliser. Reactive Phosphate Rook (RIR) Is a -naturally oqgurring phosphate 10 bearing mineral used in theo production of superphosphate and also as a fertillser providing a~ plan~t phosphate soutoe. Dentonit is au absorbent alumni m h ~~~ ~wih consists of M 9tmorillot (Na 1 Ca)oai3(ALMg)2Si4Oo(OH) 2 0)~. Sodium bentonite expands when wet, absorbing several times its dry mans in watr. 15 RPR~ and TSF have.rreciroiially been used in various foruls and I combination with other Providing a TSP-RP-bontonlto granule of varying composition with tailor-made RPR and TSP particle disWbutions can be adapted to guit various applications, soil and temperature :20 conditions. The granule makes use of TSP and bentonite as binder/ dispersant. If more rapid dispersion is required, the granule cant contain small amounts of other dispersants and binders such as llnoulphoniate. Thes* grAnules arc dblo to easily disperse in th6 aoil and have sumieit, coOmptessivc strength tb 6nsure that the granules do not break-up during storage, transport and application. The swell property df bentoulte Makes it ideal fbr use In a grasmiar Tsp-RPR fintiliser, ipiparting rapid and controlled release of the carrier particles (In this case fine RPR) into the soil. 3o Accurate spreading of finely ground reactive phosphate rook Is difficult -due to tho 41ifting of fine particles. 35 s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 This invention provides a fertilizer granule with optimum amounts of phosphate (RPR I TSP) and which can be released I a thnely Ibshion to the soil to achieve rapid plant availability and also controlled release for longer term benefit, s Bach of the main products contained In this invention has agronomic value resulting in an agronomically valuable fertiliser. This enables a reduction in handling and transport cots. When a normal mix of ground RPR and fine ground TSP is sed the following major problems arise. Bulk mixing of the individual components on a large-scale Is difficult to 10 achieve. It is difficult to prevent the different components of tie mix segregating ie, coarse ground RPR and the TSP tend to segregate, especially during transport. RPR when ground and classified to a desired particle size distribution provides an excellent controlled-rcleaso phosphate source. .15 TSP mixed with RPR acts as a water-dispersible binding agent and a frtiliser in its own right. TSP has not previously been used as an agronomically valuable water-dispersible binder in fertilisers. 20 RPR is not as readily water-soluble as TSP, but when ground and classified to a desired particle size distribution provides an excellent controlled-release phosphate source. Used in combination, PR and TSP provide an excellent source of both fast-acting and coritrolled release phosphate. 25 A further advantage of RPR is that it contains calcium giving alkaline properties In the soil This product can be need as a capital Phosphate fertillser whereas RPR alone can not The acidity of the TSP will likely assist In partially acidulating the RPR. Granular TSP is wore expensive than powdered TSP. The difference in price could vell pay 30 for the granulation process used in this invention, TSP on application imparts acidity to the soil. i some cases this is not desirable, The advantage of RPR is that it contains .calium giving alkaline properties in the soil. s data, for application nurnber 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 TSP-RPR-bentonite 'granules may be produced having thie following approximate composition: 30% by weight TSP, 68% by weight RPR and 5 2% by weight bentonite, These ratios may be varied according to soil, temperature and rate of desired relonase of each constituent, io TSP and RPR are Intimately mixed with the bentonite throughout the granule and not just coated an the surface of the granule, The TSP, RPR and bentonite are finely ground and homogeneously nilxed to ensure intimate contact between the different particles types. When hydrated, the bentonite particles expand to ensure that the RPR is ;eleased as discrete fine particles. This enables rapid dispersion upon application and enures the optimum sized 15 particles are made available fbr plant Uptake. The granules have the added benefit of allowing a controlled release of RPR over a period of tima. TSP-RPR-bentonite granules are able to be used in a wider range of soil and climatic conditions compared to straight application of sulphur or RPR, 20 The TSP, RPR and bentonite are interground and/or mixed by means of a double-screw anger - mixer or other mixing methods, Approxirately 0 to 15% moisture is added during the production process. The addition of water assists in producing the granule, Or time moisture is lost due to evaporation, However, the pellet remains atrong due to the bonding arising from the initial use of water. 25 The TSP-RPl-bentonite pellets are formed by means of a double-roll pressure polletiser device applying approximately 2000kg of pressure to produce granules 1-5mm long, Other known pressing methods can be used, The granules may be various shapes. The uniform-sized granules have better spread characteristics than a noi-granulated product, This helps ensure more accurate spreading. 37 s data, for application nurnber 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 The two key criteria for evaluating a fertiliser granule are crushing stiengtb and water dispersibility. The first relates to the ability to produce a dust-free product the second ensures that the phosphate and sulphur are quickly made available in the soil, 5 The TSP-RPR-bentonite granules have a crosh-strength of approximately 2kg. Other granular fbrtiliser products typically have crush strengths In the range 2-4kg. The RPR-sulphur-bentonite granules disperse' in water in approximately 105 minutes indicating good water dispersibility. 10 Two additional product compositions/granules may include; Bentonite (10-30%) & RPR Sulphur, RPR & Bentonite (10-30%) EXAMPLE 5 15 LMF Lime is another granule component of Importance in the present invention. Lime is able to be incorporated in the granule and also is milled and classified to size to suit local conditions. An added benefit is that the lime helps to neutralize sulphur acidity 20 A limpe / silpbur / urea granule can be produced. over a wide range of compositions to suit a particular requirement. A lime-urea-sulphur granulo may have a coinposition In the range of 25 2-40% by weight of lime, 10-80% by Weight of sulphur and 20-90% by weight of nra,. EXAMPLE 6 30 DISPERSION The ability of the granules of the present invention to degrade in a solyent is generally measured via a water dispersion test, In soils, the predominant means by which the granules s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/Nz2008/000267 will degrade will be via water - whether naturally or artificially applied to the soils/ground. In relation to the present invention, the test includes the following method. Water Dispersion Test s Ten grams of the granule material is placed into I 00millifitres of water at room temperature in a closed glass container. The container is then iverted, The container is further inverted at one minute intervals. The time taken,until the granule dispenses is observed. As samples size range between 1mm and 5 mm, field trials will determine dispersion of all sample types in Yivo, 10 Disnerion time The dispersion time of the granule in laboratory tests gives a direct indication of the field dispersion of the granule and hence plant availability of the fertiliser components. The results below show that as the pressure at which the granules are formed inorceas (fom 500 to .5 2000kg) so does the rate at which the granule disperses in water. By controlling the presswm at which granules are formed we are able to produce a granule with the deaired dispersion characteristics. Disperston (min) 20 Granule Composition 1299 kg/m* 2 1.96 kW ** Utca (100%) 5min 8mn Urea (80%), Sulphur (20%) 7 min 10min Urea (70%), Sulphur (30%) 9 mia- 20min Urea (60%), Sulphur (40%) 15 min 177 min 25 Urea (50%), Sulphur (50%) 116 min 1380 min * Pressure it which granules were formed Granule dispersion rates Pan be controlled by: a) The amount of pressure used to produce the granule (see above). 30 b) The granule composition - specifically the amount of uroa, The greater the amount of urea the more rapid the dispersion. 39 s data, for application number 200831.2121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2003/000267 Dispersion rates vary from 2 minutes to hours to days, depending on the above parameters. An economic need exists for the sulphur-urea granules. The price of phosphate has continued to intease, demonstrating a trebling in price in-the 18 months from April 2007 The Use of the granules of the present invention In inany locations offers a potentially more cost effective s option forincreased plant production than conventional phosphate usage. in comparison to urea granules outlined in thia specification, prior art urea prills are: a) Sma11er b) Contain dust a2 c) Prave less strength However, the present invention process can use the cheaper urea prills and enlarge their size and strength via the invention's granulation process. 15 M~LE&7 CRUSH STRENGTH Crush strength gives an indication of the strength haracteristicA of fertliser granules, Granule strength is plays and important role in the storage, transporation and application of granular fertilisers, 20 A range of festiliser products are available on the market. - Comparative crush strength tests undertaken on sone prior art products provide comparative standards. Figure 4 provides the results of the initial ttials. The data indicates the granules of the present invention demonstrate faster dispersion and have a greater crush strength when compared with the prior 25 art products tested. Further testing will be undertaken on a range of granules of differing size and compositioi, compared with prior art products. The result of the same information provided abova under the heading of "dispersion rates" show that aa the pressure at which the granules are formed increases (ftom 500 to 2000kg) so 30 does the crush strength of the granules (for various granulo compositions). By contolling the pressure at which granules axe fonned It is possible to produce a granule with the desired strength characteristics. 40 is data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST WO 2009/051496 PCT/NZ2008/000267 When referring to the description of the present invention, it should also be understood that the term "comprise wbere used hetein is not to be considered to be used in a limiting sense. Accordingly, 'comprise' does not represent nor deflne an excalsive set of Items, but includes the possibility of other components and Items being added to the list. 5 This specification is also based on the understanding of the inventor regarding the prior arL The prior an description sbould not be regarded as being an 4uthoritative diaclosure of the true state of the prior art but rather as referring to considerations in and brought to the mind and attention of the inventor when developing this invention. 10 Aspects of the present invention have been described by way of example only and it should be appreciated that modifications and additions may be made thereto whhout departing fror the scope thereof; as defined in the appended claims. 41 s data, for application number 2008312121, is current as of 2012-09-02 23:35 AEST

Claims (20)

1. A soil treatment composition in granular form as a fertiliser for application on to or into soil, said soil treatment composition including soil treatment components, said soil treatment components including particulate elemental sulphur and particulate 10 urea, said particulate urea and particulate elemental sulphur being intimately intermixed in dried form and finely inter-ground to particles having a median size of less than 0.25millimetres, prior to preparation of the soil treatment composition in granular form. 15

2. A soil treatment composition as claimed in Claim I wherein said particulate elemental sulphur and said particulate urea are finely ground to particles having a median size within a range between 0.075millimetres and less than 0.25millimetres.

3. A soil treatment composition as claimed in Claim I wherein said particulate 20 elemental sulphur and said particulate urea are finely ground to particles having a median size of less than 0.075millimetres.

4. A soil treatment composition as claimed in Claim I and Claim 2 wherein the composition comprises on a weight to weight basis of the soil treatment 25 components (wherein the component amounts of the composition total 100%): a) Up to 80% by weight of finely ground elemental sulphur; and b) 20-95% by weight of finely ground urea.

5. A soil treatment composition as claimed in Claim 4 wherein the composition 30 includes lime.

6. A soil treatment composition as claimed in Claim 5 wherein the composition comprises on a weight to weight basis of the soil treatment components (wherein the component amounts of the composition total 100%): 35 a) 2-80% by weight of lime, b) Up to 80% by weight of sulphur; and c) 20-90% by weight of urea. 42 5

7. A soil treatment composition as claimed in Claim 4 or Claim 6 wherein the composition includes 0% to 15% added moisture.

8. A soil treatment composition as claimed in Claim 7 wherein the fluid includes at least one of water, an oil, a wax 10

9. A soil treatment composition as claimed in Claim 8 wherein the oil includes at least one of a vegetable oil, a fish oil.

10. A soil treatment composition as claimed in Claim 9 wherein the composition 15 includes at least one of a dispersion agent, a binding agent, added to the component mix.

11. A soil treatment composition as claimed in Claim 10 wherein a nitrogen inhibitor and/or an urease inhibitor is applied to the granular form as a coating to effect 20 release of the components over a period of time in a preferred profile after introduction of the granule on to or into the soil.

12. A method of manufacturing a soil treatment using a soil treatment composition in granular form as a fertiliser, said soil treatment composition including soil 25 treatment components, said soil treatment components including particulate elemental sulphur and particulate urea, said particulate urea and particulate elemental sulphur being intimately intermixed in dried form and finely inter-ground to particles having a median size of less than 0.25millimetres, prior to preparation of the soil treatment composition in granular form, said method including the steps 30 of: a) Grinding a predetermined quantity of elemental sulphur and urea together to effect particles having a median size within a range between 0.075millimetres and less than 0.25millimetres; and said finely ground particulate elemental sulphur component comprising up to 80% on a weight to weight basis 35 (wherein the component amounts of the composition total 100%), b) Including up to 15% added moisture, 43 5 c) Applying pressure to a quantity of said component-fluid mixture to effect composition in granular form.

13. A method of manufacturing a soil treatment using a soil treatment composition in granular form as a fertiliser, said soil treatment composition including soil 10 treatment components, said soil treatment components including particulate elemental sulphur and particulate urea, said particulate urea and particulate elemental sulphur being intimately intermixed in dried form and finely inter-ground to particles having a median size of less than 0.25millimetres, prior to preparation of the soil treatment composition in granular form, said method including the steps 15 of: a) Grinding a predetermined quantity of elemental sulphur to effect particles having a median size of less than 0.075millimetres; and said finely ground particulate elemental sulphur component comprising up to 80% on a weight to weight basis (wherein the component amounts of the composition total 20 100%), b) Including up to 15% added moisture, c) Applying pressure to a quantity of said component-fluid mixture to effect composition in granular form. 25

14. A method as claimed in Claim 12 or Claim 13 wherein the composition includes lime added to the elemental suphur and the urea prior to the components being inter-ground and intermixed.

15. A method as claimed in claim 14 wherein the composition includes at least one of 30 a dispersion agent, a binding agent, added prior to the soil treatment components being inter-ground and intermixed.

16. A method as claimed in Claim 15 wherein the particulate components are mixed with a binding agent in effective proportion to bind the particles in the form of a 35 granule having dimensions and weights appropriate for a mechanical application. 44 5

17. A method as claimed in Claim 16 wherein the granule is coated with a nitrogen inhibitor and/or a urease inhibitor applied to the granular form to effect release of the components over a period of time

18. A soil treatment composition in granular form as a fertilizer, said treatment 10 composition including elemental sulphur and urea soil treatment components finely inter-ground together to particles having a median size of less than 0.025millimeters, as described herein with reference to the relevant included examples and attached figures. 15

19. A method of manufacturing a soil treatment composition in granular form as a fertiliser said treatment composition including elemental sulphur and urea soil treatment components finely inter-ground together to particles having a median size of less than 0.025millimeters, as described herein with reference to the relevant included examples and attached figures. 20

20. A method of soil treatment using a soil treatment composition in granular form as a fertilizer, said treatment composition including elemental sulphur and urea soil treatment components finely inter-ground together to particles having a median size of less than 0.025millimeters, as described herein with reference to the included 25 examples and attached figures. 45