AU2005247959B2

AU2005247959B2 - Concrete sideform system

Info

Publication number: AU2005247959B2
Application number: AU2005247959A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Craig Deleon; Steven Girotto; Robert Radovan Sladojevic
Original assignee: SRB Manufacturing Pty Ltd
Current assignee: ITW Australia Pty Ltd
Priority date: 2004-05-24
Filing date: 2005-05-24
Publication date: 2011-04-21
Anticipated expiration: 2025-05-24
Also published as: AU2005247959C1; AU2005247959A1

Description

WO 2005/116365 PCT/AU2005/000738 1 Title Concrete Sideform System Technical Field 5 This invention concerns a concrete sideform system. The system is suitable for factory casting ('precasting') or site casting ('tilt-up') concrete. Background Art 10 Factory casting, or precasting, of concrete panels usually takes place on a large steel platform (casting bed) in a precast yard. The sizes and shapes of the panels are determined by sideforms that are arranged on the platform, and concrete is poured into the space defined by the sideforms. When the concrete is dry the panels are transported 15 for installation. Alternatively, concrete panels may be poured on-site, or tilt-up. In this case the panels are cast either on concrete slabs or on transportable steel beds. Again sideforms are used to define the size and shape. The panels are subsequently lifted into position 20 using a crane. Due to space constraints, site casting frequently involves pouring several panels one on top of another. After the lowermost panel is dry it is coated with a release agent, and the sideforms are moved up to define a new panel of the same size or smaller before a second pour. The crane lifts the panels one at a time from the stack and moves them into position. 25 Standard sideforms are available in the range of standard concrete panel thicknesses 125mm, 150mm, 175mm, 180mm and 200mm. It is virtually impossible to produce a crisp sharp edge on cast concrete, since concrete 30 is made up of granular particles and the sharpness of the corner is governed by the size of the particles. A sharp edge would also highlight formwork that is not perfectly straight and true, and also such an edge would chip very easily. As a result all standard sideforms are shaped to place a 450 chamfer on the concrete edge so as to hide the error in trueness and also prevent damage to the concrete edge. 35 WO 2005/116365 PCT/AU2005/000738 2 Folded steel plate sideforms are generally used for precasting, but not for tilt-up as they are too heavy. These sideforms are made from a steel plate that has 450 plays pressed into the top and bottom edges to form the chamfer. The plate is then welded to a steel angle, channel or square hollow section to give it strength and stability. 5 Aluminium sideforms are also used for both pre-cast and tilt-up applications. There are several types with locking channels at the top and bottom edges, or a keyhole or 'V Lock' locking strip in the rear. Some of these have different angles of splay, but they are generally bulky and expensive to extrude. 10 When a non-standard angle is required, the only option, currently, is to use fillets cut from plywood or polystyrene foam. This is wasteful, slow, extremely labour intensive and does not produce a nice accurate finish. 15 Sideforms are secured to the casting bed by screw-fixing. In this case the screw holes require repair after every cast. An alternative is to bolt the sideform to the casting bed, or to a securing member, which is generally either an angle or magnet. The bolting is time consuming and the resulting structure is very heavy and difficult to manoeuvre. An alternative is to lock the securing member to the sideform using a 20 square or 'V'-groove channel in the rear of the sideform. This technique is prone to problems when excess concrete falls into the channels and sets there. No casting bed or surface is perfectly true and flat, whether it is made from steel, concrete or any other material. Neither are the sideforms. Gaps between the bed and 25 the sideforms result in bleeding of water and fine particles. The result is weak and crumbly patches in the panel that have to be repaired. The most common method of preventing concrete bleeding is to place a bead of silicone between the underside of the sideform and the casting bed. Although this is effective in sealing leaks, it gives rise to substantial costs in time and labour to scrape and grind the cured silicone residue from 30 the casting beds and sideforms before they can be used again. It also causes wear and tear and damage to both surfaces. After the concrete is poured an aluminium screed trowel is brought down onto the concrete surface at the correct height and moved back and forth to cut the surface 35 down to the correct height. When the trowel initially cuts the concrete surface to the right level there is concrete residue left on the trowel. Some of this falls off the trowel C:\NRfonbrDCCEJL\355941l 1.DOC-2103/201 1 3 onto the casting bed or support mechanisms, and some is left on the already cut concrete surface. When a hand or power trowel is then used to finish off the concrete surface these implements do not cut the concrete surface and tend to ride the areas where the concrete residue has been deposited, which results in these areas being 5 slightly elevated. There is also the cost in time, labour and productivity in cleaning the excess concrete spillage from the casting bed. 10 Summary of the Invention In accordance with the present invention there is provided a composite concrete sideform system a composite concrete sideform system comprising: a substantially rigid longitudinally extending wall, the wall having a first face to define an end 15 profile of a concrete panel to be poured onto a casting bed bounded by the wall and a second face opposite the first face having at least one securing formation to be engaged by a bolt, uni-bolt, plate with threaded lugs or a magnetic fastener to enable the wall to be secured to the casting bed; and wherein the system further comprises a longitudinally extending insert formed of a resiliently flexible material comprising an 20 edge profile to impart a shape to an edge of a concrete panel to be cast using the sideform system and an attaching element; wherein the wall comprises a longitudinally extending frame having a receiving formation along at least one of its operatively upper or lower edges arranged to removably receive the attaching element of the longitudinally extending insert to impart a shape to a corresponding 25 operatively upper or lower edge of the concrete panel to be cast; and wherein the receiving formation is arranged to retain the insert in position such that the insert is interchangeable with other inserts dependent of a shape imparted to the other of the operatively upper or lower edges of the concrete panel to be cast. 30 Preferably, the composite concrete sideform system includes end pieces to connect to ends of a plurality of frames to form corners in the sideform system. More preferably, the composite concrete sideform system includes end pieces to form both C:\NRPonbDCC\EJL\3559417_ I DOC-2/03/2011 3A external and internal corners of the concrete panel to be cast. Preferably, the frame has a first receiving formation along its operatively lower edge and the insert comprises a removable base edge insert arranged to be removably 5 received in the first receiving formation and to substantially seal between the first face and the casting bed, the base edge insert imparting its shape to an operatively lower edge of the concrete panel to be cast. More preferably, the insert is attachable to an operatively lower edge of the frame to impart a shape to an operatively lower edge of the concrete panel. Even more preferably, the insert includes a lip and/or 10 ribs to effect sealing between the sideform and a casting bed. Preferably, the insert forms a capping insert attachable to an operatively upper edge of the frame for imparting a shape to an operatively upper edge of the concrete panel. More preferably, the insert includes a tail extension to protect the securing 15 formations of the second face from concrete spillage. In one form, a positioning formation is provided in an operatively upper surface of the capping insert, the positioning formation being aligned, in use, with the first face, to assist in positioning the sideform system on a casting bed. In a preferred form, a slurry catching channel is defined in the capping insert to catch concrete spillage and slurry resulting from 20 pouring, levelling and finishing the concrete panel. In one example, a scraping edge is incorporated into the capping insert to assist in removing excess concrete from a concrete screed trowel used to level the concrete. In one example, there is provided a composite concrete sideform system comprising 25 a substantially rigid longitudinally extending wall, the wall having a first face to define an end profile of a concrete panel to be poured onto a casting bed bounded by the wall and a second face opposite the first face having at least one securing formation to enable the wall to be secured to the casting bed wherein the wall comprises a longitudinally extending frame having at least one receiving formation 30 along at least one of its edges to removably receive a longitudinally extending insert to impart a shape to an edge of the concrete panel to be cast.

C:\NRPonbl\DCC\EJL\3559417 1.DOC.28/03/201 I 3B The removable inserts provide the system with the ability to simply, easily and cost effectively change the edge profiles of concrete poured against the sideform. Architects can use the invention to specify standard or non standard edge profiles and achieve a much more diverse range of aesthetic finishes to the concrete edges 5 without the cost being prohibitive. The frame may have a first receiving formation along its operatively lower edge to removably receive a removable base edge inset of a resilient material substantially to seal between the first face and the bed, the base edge insert imparting its shape to an 10 operatively lower edge of the concrete panel to be cast. The frame may have a second receiving formation along its operatively upper edge to removably receive a capping insert, the capping insert imparting its shape to an operatively upper edge of the concrete panel to be cast. The first and second receiving formation may be identical, and in this case the frame may be symmetrical about a horizontal mid-line. 15 The frame may be fabricated from one of metal, such as extruded aluminium, and a plastics material. The base edge inserts may be made from one of a rubber and a 4 plastics material. The capping inserts may be made from one of an alloy and a polymer. The inserts may be formed to impart any desired shape to the edge of the concrete panel. The inserts may extend to cover part or all of the first face of the wall. The inserts may also be dimensioned to add height to the wall. Instead, the insert may be an assembly comprising an extension piece which provides additional height to the wall by fitting to the locating formation of the frame and a capping insert removably attachable to the extension piece. In this way the invention may enjoy the ability to simply, easily and cost effectively change the thickness of the concrete panel to be cast without having to replace the sideform. The capping insert may define a tail extension to protect the securing formations of the second face from concrete spillage. A positioning formation, such as a notch or step, may be provided in an upper surface of the capping insert, the positioning formation being aligned, in use, with the first face to assist in positioning the sideforms on the casting bed. An upper edge profile may be provided along the top of the capping insert to assist in forming a clean top edge to the poured concrete. A slurry catching channel may be defined in the capping insert to catch concrete spillage and slurry resultant from pouring, levelling (screeding) and finishing the concrete panel. The channel may also help stop excess concrete from spilling onto the casting bed and wall fixing mechanisms. A scraping edge may also be incorporated into the capping insert. This edge assists in removing excess concrete from the concrete screed trowel that is used to level the concrete, both as it moves across the sideform from the concrete surface, and once again as the trowel travels across the sideforms back onto the concrete surface. This is important in that it reduces the problem of excess concrete being left on the concrete surface. It also keeps the screed trowel a lot cleaner thus allowing for a much better surface finish eliminating drag marks left by excess concrete on the screed. The scraping edge also cleans the trowel used for finishing the concrete.

The system may include end pieces to connect to ends of a plurality of frames to form corners in the sideform. The system may include end pieces to form both external and internal comers of the concrete panel to be cast. According to an example, there is provided an accessory for use with a concrete sideform system, the accessory including an elongate body member defining a shape-imparting portion which imparts a predetermined shape to an edge of a concrete panel to be cast using the sideform system; and an attaching element carried by the body member for attaching the body member releasably to a sideform frame of the system. A leading end of the body member may be chamfered to impart a bevelled shape to the edge of the concrete panel to be cast. The leading end of the body member may be that part of the body member facing a void in which the panel is to be cast. In an embodiment, the body member may be of a resiliently flexible material and is attachable to an operatively lower region of the sideform frame to impart the shape to an operatively lower edge of the concrete panel. The body member may carry sealing elements to effect sealing between the sideform and a casting bed on which the sideform frame is mounted in use. The sealing elements may include a leading lip of the leading end of the body member and ribs arranged on an underside of the body member. In another embodiment, the body member may form a capping insert for the sideform system, the capping insert imparting the shape to an operatively upper edge of the concrete panel. The capping insert may define a tail extension to protect securing formations of the sideform frame from concrete spillage. A positioning formation may be provided in an upper surface of the capping insert, the positioning formation being aligned, in use, with a first face of the sideform frame, to assist in positioning the sideform frame on a casting bed. A slurry catching channel may be defined in the capping insert to catch concrete spillage and slurry resultant from pouring, levelling and finishing the concrete panel. A scraping edge may be incorporated into the capping insert to assist in removing excess concrete from a concrete screed trowel used to level the concrete. Brief Description of the Drawings The invention is described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, as set out below. Fig. 1(a) is a pictorial view of a first sideform; Fig. 1(b) is an end elevation; Fig. 1(c) is an exploded view of the sideform; and Fig. I(d) is an end elevation showing the base of the sideform in contact with a casting bed. Fig. 2(a) is a pictorial view of a second sideform; Fig. 2(b) is an end elevation; and Fig. 2(c) is an exploded view of the sideform. Fig. 3(a) is an end elevation of sideform capping insert; Fig. 3(b) is an end elevation of a sideform frame extension; and Fig. 3(c) is the capping of Fig. 3(a) mounted on the frame extension of Fig. 3(b); Fig. 4(a) is an end elevation of another sideform with a first capping and a first base edge; Fig. 4(b) is an end elevation of the sideform with a second capping and a second base edge. Fig. 5 is an end elevation of another sideform with a first capping and first base edge. Fig. 6 is an end elevation of a heavy gauge, extruded aluminium non reversible sideform, primarily for use in factory casting. Fig. 7(a) is an end elevation of another aluminium sideform with a first capping and a first base edge; Fig. 7(b) is an end elevation of the sideform with the first capping and a second base edge; and Fig. 7(c) is an end elevation of the sideform with a second capping and a third base edge. Fig. 8 is a series of shapes available for sideform capping and bases for dual sided sideforms. Fig. 9 is a series of sideform capping and base edges for non-reversible sideforms. Fig. 10 is a series of different sideform capping shapes; Fig. 1 is a series of different base edge shapes; Fig. 12(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) and (g) are window sill profiles. Fig. 13(a) is an end elevation of another sideform capping profile; Fig. 13(b) is an end elevation of another sideform capping profile; and Fig. 13(c) is an end elevation of another sideform capping profile.

WO 2005/116365 PCT/AU2005/000738 6 Fig. 14(a) is an end elevation of another sideform capping profile; and Fig. 14(b) is an end elevation of another sideform capping profile. Figs. 15(a), (b), (c) and (d) are end elevations of capping inserts showing different angles of elevation that extend across the entire face of the frame. 5 Figs. 16(a) is a pictorial view of a sideform joiner; Fig. 16(b) is an elevation and Fig. 16(c) is another pictorial view of the sideform joiner. Figs. 17(a) is an exploded view of a side elevation of a sideform, a sideform joiner and an end elevation of a sideform; Fig. 17(b) is a side elevation of the sideform joined to the sideform joiner and an end elevation of a separate sideform; and Fig. 17(c) 10 shows the sideforms joined using the sideform joiner. Fig. 18 is a pictorial view of an external corner. Fig. 19 is a pictorial view of an internal corner. Fig. 20 is a pictorial view of a series of sideforms connected together to form an exterior mould. 15 Best Modes of the Invention Referring first to Fig. 1, sideform 10 is a mono-sided composite sideform for factory casting; it cannot be used upside down. The sideform is comprised of an extruded 20 aluminum (or plastics) frame 11, a capping insert 12 made from extruded from alloy or polymer, and a base edge insert 13 made from plastics or rubber. Formations 14 and 15 in the top and bottom of frame 11 cooperate with formations on the inserts 12 and 13 to releasably connect them together. When the inserts are attached to the frame they create a shaped edge to the poured concrete panel; the edge has a vertical section where 25 it meets the frame and corners chamfered at 450 along its upper and lower edges. A 'T-shaped slot 17 in the back of the sideform is provided for securing it to the bed. This formations allow a bolt or uni-bolt to be inserted, or alternatively a plate with threaded lugs. The sideform is then secured to a factory casting bed using magnets, or 30 to a panel cast underneath with steel angles. A ball lock rail 18 in the back of the sideform is also provided for securing it to the bed using a clip on magnetic fastener. Formations inside frame 11, such as 19 are provided to cooperate with sleeves to join the frames together. An extension 20 from the back of the capping insert 12 shields the 35 T'-shaped slot 17, the ball lock rail 18 and any securing equipment from excess falling concrete. When the sideform is placed on a casting bed 16, the base edge insert 13 WO 2005/116365 PCT/AU2005/000738 7 deforms to conform to the shape of the bed, ensuring there are no leaks. In particular the lip 21 and ribs 22 provide the seal. In Fig. 2 sideform 25 is a double sided composite sideform for site casting. Again there 5 is an extruded aluminium frame 26, a capping insert 27 and a base edge insert 28. There is also a 'T'-shaped slot 17 in the back. However, the frame 26 is symmetrical about the horizontal mid-line 29 and the formations 30 at the top and bottom are identical, so that the frame 26 can be turned upside down and the capping insert 27 and base edge insert 28 can be swapped over to allow easy raising of the sideform from a 10 completed panel to be ready to pour another panel on top of it. Frames 11 and 26 with their inserts are used to manufacture a concrete panel 150mm thick. By changing the inserts an almost limitless range of different edge profiles can be created in the concrete. By selecting different capping and base edge inserts the 15 upper and lower edge profiles in the concrete may be different. The capping inserts are fitted to the frame by simply rolling them onto the top of the frame so that they snap lock into position. They are removed by pulling them away from the rear by hand and rolling them over the top of the frame. 20 The base edge inserts are fixed to the frame by pushing them into place, and they are removed by simply pulling them free. Fig. 3(a) shows an extended capping insert 31 that is, say, 5mm higher than the 25 standard capping and its use increases the thickness of the concrete panel being cast. Another way of increasing the thickness is to use a frame extension piece 32, as shown in Fig. 3(b), and this raises the height of the frame by, say 10mm. When both are used, as shown in Fig. 3(c) the combined increase in height is achieved. Of course, both the extended capping insert and frame extension piece can be made in a range of sizes. 30 Figs. 4 and 5 show a number of variations in the mono-sided composite sideforms. Fig. 6 shows another variation where there is no capping insert, but only a base edge insert. Figs. 7 show a number of variations in double sided composite sideforms. Figs. 8 and 9 show a range of upper and lower profile shapes that could be formed in concrete panels 35 formed using different inserts. Fig. 10 shows a range of different capping insert shapes, and Fig. 11 shows a range of different base edge insert shapes. Figs. 12 show a range WO 2005/116365 PCT/AU2005/000738 8 of different base edge inserts that can be used to manufacture window ledges of different shapes. Referring again to Figs. 1 and 2, the point 62 of the capping insert meets the top edge 5 of the poured concrete at its finished level. When the concrete is poured there is excess concrete that is removed by a screed trowel that comes down to the correct level and moves back and forth. The screed trowel meets the point 62 and passes over the horizontal area 63. This prevents the screed trowel and other finishing plant and equipment from riding up at the edges of the concrete panel. 10 Fig. 13(a) shows a capping insert 70 which has a 'V' notch 71 on the top of the profile directly above the front wall 72 of the frame to which it is clipped. This facilitates measurements for setting the frames the required distance apart. 15 Fig. 13(b) shows a variation 75 of the capping insert in which a screed trowel scraping edge 76 is provided. When the screed trowel moves of the wet concrete and over the capping insert excess concrete stuck to the bottom of the trowel is scraped off by the edge 76 and collected in the collection area 77. 20 Fig. 13 (c) shows a variation 78 of the capping insert in which the 'V' notch is replaced by a step 79. In Figs. 13, like Figs. 3 the upper surface 80 of the capping inserts slope down away from the edge of the concrete so as to only give "point contact" on the concrete screed 25 and finishing equipment. In Figs. 14(a) and (b) there are two additional variations 82 and 84 equipped with a further slurry catching channel 86 30 Figs. 15(a) show a sideform 90 having a capping insert 92 that extends down the entire face of the frame 11 at 45'. Figs. 15(b), (c) and (d) show capping inserts that provide faces at a range of other angles. Figs. 16 show a sideform end cap 95 used to joint two sideforms together end to end. 35 A first side 96 of the end cap 95 has sockets to receive a peg 97 which push into the end of the frame and engage with its internal formations 19 (see Fig. 1(b) or (c) and 9 Fig. 17 (a) and (b)). The other side 98 is shaped to fit snugly into the side of a composite sideform made up of a frame and inserts (see Figs. 17(b) and (c)). Fig. 18 is a moulded external corner unit that is connected to the ends of two frames to 5 create a 900 corner. The corner unit fits to the frames using pegs 97. Fig. 19 shows a moulded internal corner unit. Fig. 20 shows four composite sideforms connected together by external corner units to create an island within a poured concrete panel, perhaps for use as a window. 10 It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps. The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates.

Claims

1. A composite concrete sideform system comprising: a substantially rigid longitudinally extending wall, the wall having a first face to 5 define an end profile of a concrete panel to be poured onto a casting bed bounded by the wall and a second face opposite the first face having at least one securing formation to be engaged by a bolt, uni-bolt, plate with threaded lugs or a magnetic fastener to enable the wall to be secured to the casting bed; and wherein the system further comprises a longitudinally extending insert formed of a resiliently flexible material 10 comprising an edge profile to impart a shape to an edge of a concrete panel to be cast using the sideform system and an attaching element; wherein the wall comprises a longitudinally extending frame having a receiving formation along at least one of its operatively upper or lower edges arranged to removably receive the attaching element of the longitudinally extending insert to impart a shape to a 15 corresponding operatively upper or lower edge of the concrete panel to be cast; and wherein the receiving formation is arranged to retain the insert in position such that the insert is interchangeable with other inserts dependent of a shape imparted to the other of the operatively upper or lower edges of the concrete panel to be cast. 20

2. A composite concrete sideform system according to claim 1, wherein the frame has a first receiving formation along its operatively lower edge and the insert comprises a removable base edge insert arranged to be removably received in the first receiving formation and to substantially seal between the first face and the casting bed, the base edge insert imparting its shape to an operatively lower edge of the concrete panel to be cast. 25

3. A composite concrete sideform system according to claim 2, wherein the frame has a second receiving formation along its operatively upper edge and the system further comprises a capping insert arranged to be removably received in the second receiving formation, the capping insert imparting its shape to an operatively upper edge of the 30 concrete panel to be cast. C:\NR t bl\CC\EJL\5594 17I.DOC-2/03I2OI I - 11

4. A composite concrete sideform system according to claim 3, wherein the capping insert is arranged to be fitted to the frame by rolling the insert onto the operatively upper edge of the frame such that the insert is received by a respective formation and the insert snap locks into position. 5

5. A composite concrete sideform system according to claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the first receiving formation and the second receiving formation are identical and the frame is symmetrical about a horizontal mid-line. 10

6. A composite concrete sideform system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the frame is fabricated from one of a metal and a plastics material.

7. A composite concrete sideform system according to claim 2, wherein the base edge insert is made from one of a rubber and a plastics material. 15

8. A composite concrete sideform system according to claim 3, wherein the capping insert is made from one of an alloy and a polymer.

9. A composite concrete sideform system according to any one of the preceding 20 claims, wherein the insert extends to cover part or all of the first face of the wall.

10. A composite concrete sideform system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the insert is dimensioned to provide additional height to the wall. 25

11. A composite concrete sideform system according to claim 10, wherein the insert is an assembly comprising an extension piece which provides additional height to the wall by fitting to the receiving formation of the frame and a capping insert removably attachable to the extension piece. 30

12. A composite concrete sideform system according to claim 3 or claim 11, wherein the capping insert defines a tail extension to protect the securing formations of the second C:\NRPorblDCC\EIL\3559417 ILDOC-2&103/20l - 12 face from concrete spillage.

13. A composite concrete sideform system according to any one of claims 3, 11 or 12, wherein a positioning formation is provided in an operatively upper surface of the capping 5 insert, the positioning formation being aligned, in use, with the first face, to assist in positioning the sideform system on the casting bed.

14. A composite concrete sideform system according to any one of claims 3, 11 to 13, wherein an upper edge profile is provided along the top of the capping insert to assist in 10 forming a clean top edge to the poured concrete.

15. A composite concrete sideform system according to any one of claims 3, 11 to 14, wherein a slurry catching channel is defined in the capping insert to catch concrete spillage and slurry resultant from pouring, levelling and finishing the concrete panel. 15

16. A composite concrete sideform system according to any one of claims 3, 11 to 15, wherein a scraping edge is incorporated into the capping insert to assist in removing excess concrete from a concrete screed trowel used to level the concrete. 20

17. A composite concrete sideform system according to claim 2 wherein the edge profile is chamfered to impart a bevelled shape to the edge of the concrete panel to be cast.

18. A composite concrete sideform system according to claim 2 or claim 17 in which the insert is attachable to an operatively lower edge of the frame to impart a shape to an 25 operatively lower edge of the concrete panel.

19. A composite concrete sideform system according to claim I or claim 17 in which the insert forms a capping insert attachable to an operatively upper edge of the frame for imparting a shape to an operatively upper edge of the concrete panel. 30

20. A composite concrete sideform system, substantially as hereinbefore described C:\NRPonblDCC\EJL0559417_ .DOC-28/3/201 - 13 with reference to the drawings and/or Examples.