ATE54096T1 - Verfahren und apparat zum giessen von linsen. - Google Patents

Verfahren und apparat zum giessen von linsen.

Info

Publication number
ATE54096T1
ATE54096T1 AT86301870T AT86301870T ATE54096T1 AT E54096 T1 ATE54096 T1 AT E54096T1 AT 86301870 T AT86301870 T AT 86301870T AT 86301870 T AT86301870 T AT 86301870T AT E54096 T1 ATE54096 T1 AT E54096T1
Authority
AT
Austria
Prior art keywords
mould
male
female mould
female
liquid composition
Prior art date
Application number
AT86301870T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Albert Henry Morland
Timothy John Warren
Original Assignee
Coopervision Optics
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=10576203&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=ATE54096(T1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Coopervision Optics filed Critical Coopervision Optics
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ATE54096T1 publication Critical patent/ATE54096T1/de

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C43/02—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor of articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C43/32—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C43/58—Measuring, controlling or regulating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/18—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated tools
    • B29C65/22—Heated wire resistive ribbon, resistive band or resistive strip
    • B29C65/221—Heated wire resistive ribbon, resistive band or resistive strip characterised by the type of heated wire, resistive ribbon, band or strip
    • B29C65/222—Heated wire resistive ribbon, resistive band or resistive strip characterised by the type of heated wire, resistive ribbon, band or strip comprising at least a single heated wire
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/54—Joining several hollow-preforms, e.g. half-shells, to form hollow articles, e.g. for making balls, containers; Joining several hollow-preforms, e.g. half-cylinders, to form tubular articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B29C66/73921—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic characterised by the materials of both parts being thermoplastics
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D11/00—Producing optical elements, e.g. lenses or prisms
    • B29D11/00009—Production of simple or compound lenses
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D11/00—Producing optical elements, e.g. lenses or prisms
    • B29D11/00009—Production of simple or compound lenses
    • B29D11/00038—Production of contact lenses
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D11/00—Producing optical elements, e.g. lenses or prisms
    • B29D11/00009—Production of simple or compound lenses
    • B29D11/00038—Production of contact lenses
    • B29D11/00057—Production of contact lenses characterised by the shape or surface condition of the edge, e.g. flashless, burrless, smooth
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D11/00—Producing optical elements, e.g. lenses or prisms
    • B29D11/00009—Production of simple or compound lenses
    • B29D11/00038—Production of contact lenses
    • B29D11/00125—Auxiliary operations, e.g. removing oxygen from the mould, conveying moulds from a storage to the production line in an inert atmosphere
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D11/00—Producing optical elements, e.g. lenses or prisms
    • B29D11/00009—Production of simple or compound lenses
    • B29D11/00432—Auxiliary operations, e.g. machines for filling the moulds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D11/00—Producing optical elements, e.g. lenses or prisms
    • B29D11/00009—Production of simple or compound lenses
    • B29D11/0048—Moulds for lenses
    • B29D11/005—Moulds for lenses having means for aligning the front and back moulds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C33/00—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • B29C33/0011—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor thin-walled moulds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/71—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/812—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the composition, by the structure, by the intensive physical properties or by the optical properties of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/8122—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the composition, by the structure, by the intensive physical properties or by the optical properties of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the composition of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/0002—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped monomers or prepolymers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2011/00—Optical elements, e.g. lenses, prisms
    • B29L2011/0016—Lenses
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S425/00—Plastic article or earthenware shaping or treating: apparatus
    • Y10S425/808—Lens mold

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
  • Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Control And Other Processes For Unpacking Of Materials (AREA)
  • Basic Packing Technique (AREA)
  • Making Paper Articles (AREA)
AT86301870T 1985-03-19 1986-03-14 Verfahren und apparat zum giessen von linsen. ATE54096T1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB858507007A GB8507007D0 (en) 1985-03-19 1985-03-19 Casting lenses
EP86301870A EP0195617B1 (de) 1985-03-19 1986-03-14 Verfahren und Apparat zum Giessen von Linsen

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ATE54096T1 true ATE54096T1 (de) 1990-07-15

Family

ID=10576203

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AT86301870T ATE54096T1 (de) 1985-03-19 1986-03-14 Verfahren und apparat zum giessen von linsen.

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (2) US4944899A (de)
EP (1) EP0195617B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH0645146B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE54096T1 (de)
CA (2) CA1254008A (de)
DE (1) DE3672219D1 (de)
GB (2) GB8507007D0 (de)

Families Citing this family (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2638391B1 (fr) * 1988-10-27 1991-01-25 Essilor Int Procede pour le formage d'une lentille ophtalmique a partir d'un palet en matiere synthetique
US5011633A (en) * 1989-12-11 1991-04-30 Sunsoft Lenses Method of controlling the thickness of cast lenses
US5137441A (en) * 1990-10-30 1992-08-11 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Mold assembly for making an ocular lens blank
IL102556A (en) * 1991-08-16 1998-02-08 Johnson & Johnson Vision Prod Apparatus and method for releasably fusing mold lens pieces
US5805266A (en) * 1992-11-23 1998-09-08 Innotech, Inc. Method of machining contact lenses
US5872613A (en) * 1992-11-23 1999-02-16 Innotech, Inc. Method of manufacturing contact lenses
US5656208A (en) * 1994-06-10 1997-08-12 Johnson & Johnson Vision Products, Inc. Method and apparatus for contact lens mold filling and assembly
US5981618A (en) * 1994-06-10 1999-11-09 Johnson & Johnson Vision Products, Inc. Mold clamping and precure of a polymerizable hydrogel
US5658602A (en) * 1994-06-10 1997-08-19 Johnson & Johnson Vision Products, Inc. Method and apparatus for contact lens mold filling and assembly
US5524419A (en) * 1995-02-02 1996-06-11 Bausch & Lomb Incorporated Method and apparatus for molding contact lenses and making their container
CN1067010C (zh) 1997-02-20 2001-06-13 国际科技资源公司 制镜片用垫圈
US6103148A (en) * 1998-02-19 2000-08-15 Technology Resources International Corporation Method for curing a lens-forming fluid
US6638451B1 (en) * 1999-08-31 2003-10-28 Novartis Ag Plastic casting molds
USD434050S (en) * 1999-12-06 2000-11-21 Technology Resource International Corporation Gasket for lens making
US6368522B1 (en) 2000-01-03 2002-04-09 Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. Mold for forming a contact lens and method of preventing formation of small strands of contact lens material during contact lens manufacture
ATE526135T1 (de) * 2001-03-26 2011-10-15 Novartis Ag Giessform und verfahren zur herstellung von opthalmischen linsen
US6663801B2 (en) * 2001-04-06 2003-12-16 Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. Silicon carbide IR-emitter heating device and method for demolding lenses
JP2003011139A (ja) * 2001-06-27 2003-01-15 Menicon Co Ltd コンタクトレンズ用成形型およびそれを用いたコンタクトレンズの製造方法
US20040178525A1 (en) * 2001-07-25 2004-09-16 Kazunori Kagei Half-finished resin lens, and apparatus and method for producing it
US7008570B2 (en) * 2001-08-09 2006-03-07 Stephen Pegram Method and apparatus for contact lens mold assembly
GB2405611B (en) * 2003-08-29 2006-03-22 Visaq Ltd A method of moulding contact lenses and moulding apparatus for use in the method
US7731873B2 (en) * 2005-08-09 2010-06-08 Coopervision International Holding Company, Lp Contact lens mold assemblies and systems and methods of producing same
US9102110B2 (en) * 2005-08-09 2015-08-11 Coopervision International Holding Company, Lp Systems and methods for removing lenses from lens molds
US7731872B2 (en) * 2006-05-31 2010-06-08 Coopervision International Holding Company, Lp Methods and systems for forming ophthalmic lens mold assemblies
JP4972164B2 (ja) * 2007-06-05 2012-07-11 株式会社メニコン 眼用レンズの製造方法及び装置
CN101909864B (zh) * 2007-12-31 2014-07-02 博士伦公司 用于形成包括眼科器件在内的生物医学器件的浇注模具
JP2011104811A (ja) * 2009-11-13 2011-06-02 Fujifilm Corp マスタ型、マスタの作成方法及びマスタ
US20130235334A1 (en) * 2011-08-31 2013-09-12 Michael F. Widman Ophthalmic lens forming optic
GB2630263B (en) * 2023-04-28 2025-06-11 Coopervision Int Ltd Methods and apparatus for producing contact lenses

Family Cites Families (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2332674A (en) * 1940-08-12 1943-10-26 Univis Lens Co Method of and means for forming unbreakable lenses
US3005234A (en) * 1959-07-06 1961-10-24 Danker & Wohlk Inc Apparatus for molding optical lenses
US3380718A (en) * 1964-07-20 1968-04-30 Neefe Hamilton Res Company Process for molding high quality plastic lenses
US3423488A (en) * 1966-05-11 1969-01-21 Ppg Industries Inc Process for casting resinous lenses in thermoplastic cast replica molds
AT335723B (de) * 1972-04-10 1977-03-25 Ludwig Dr Kamlander Verfahren und form zur kontinuierlichen herstellung von linsenrohlingen
US3902693A (en) * 1973-03-12 1975-09-02 American Optical Corp Mold for casting lenses
US3894710A (en) * 1973-08-29 1975-07-15 George M J Sarofeen Mold forms coating synthetic resin lenses
US4113224A (en) * 1975-04-08 1978-09-12 Bausch & Lomb Incorporated Apparatus for forming optical lenses
US4121896A (en) * 1976-03-24 1978-10-24 Shepherd Thomas H Apparatus for the production of contact lenses
CA1143518A (en) * 1979-01-15 1983-03-29 George T. Croft Method and apparatus for making plastic lenses
US4565348A (en) * 1981-04-30 1986-01-21 Mia-Lens Production A/S Mold for making contact lenses, the male mold member being more flexible than the female mold member
US4402659A (en) * 1981-12-30 1983-09-06 American Optical Corporation Mold clamping fixture
NL8200634A (nl) * 1982-02-18 1983-09-16 Philips Nv Werkwijze en inrichting voor het vormen van een doorzichtig voorwerp.
US4469646A (en) * 1982-08-09 1984-09-04 Rawlings David L Method of molding plastic contact lenses
JPS59109325A (ja) * 1982-12-15 1984-06-25 Olympus Optical Co Ltd プラスチツクレンズ注形型
NL8400152A (nl) * 1984-01-18 1984-10-01 Philips Nv Werkwijze voor de vervaardiging van een optisch element, inrichting voor toepassing van de werkwijze en optisch element vervaardigd met de werkwijze.
US4540532A (en) * 1984-02-02 1985-09-10 Coburn Optical Industries, Inc. Method and apparatus for molding ophthalmic lenses

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US5114629A (en) 1992-05-19
GB8606324D0 (en) 1986-04-23
EP0195617A3 (en) 1988-07-27
DE3672219D1 (de) 1990-08-02
JPH0645146B2 (ja) 1994-06-15
CA1254008A (en) 1989-05-16
EP0195617B1 (de) 1990-06-27
GB8507007D0 (en) 1985-04-24
GB2172839B (en) 1988-06-08
JPS61293816A (ja) 1986-12-24
EP0195617A2 (de) 1986-09-24
US4944899A (en) 1990-07-31
GB2172839A (en) 1986-10-01
CA1258756A (en) 1989-08-29

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