AP402A - Aerosol formulations containing salmeterol, salbutamol or fluticasone. - Google Patents

Aerosol formulations containing salmeterol, salbutamol or fluticasone. Download PDF

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Publication number
AP402A
AP402A APAP/P/1992/000461A AP9200461A AP402A AP 402 A AP402 A AP 402A AP 9200461 A AP9200461 A AP 9200461A AP 402 A AP402 A AP 402A
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AP
ARIPO
Prior art keywords
formulation
salbutamol
medicament
propellant
beclomethasone dipropionate
Prior art date
Application number
APAP/P/1992/000461A
Other versions
AP9200461A0 (en
Inventor
Rachel Ann Akehurst
Anthony James Taylor
David Andrew Wyatt
Original Assignee
Glaxo Group Ltd
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Priority claimed from GB919126378A external-priority patent/GB9126378D0/en
Priority claimed from GB919126405A external-priority patent/GB9126405D0/en
Priority claimed from GB929202522A external-priority patent/GB9202522D0/en
Application filed by Glaxo Group Ltd filed Critical Glaxo Group Ltd
Publication of AP9200461A0 publication Critical patent/AP9200461A0/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
    • A61K9/0073—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy
    • A61K9/008—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy comprising drug dissolved or suspended in liquid propellant for inhalation via a pressurized metered dose inhaler [MDI]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A61K31/137—Arylalkylamines, e.g. amphetamine, epinephrine, salbutamol, ephedrine or methadone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A61K31/138—Aryloxyalkylamines, e.g. propranolol, tamoxifen, phenoxybenzamine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
    • A61K31/167—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide having the nitrogen of a carboxamide group directly attached to the aromatic ring, e.g. lidocaine, paracetamol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline 
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4402—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof only substituted in position 2, e.g. pheniramine, bisacodyl
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/4458—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine only substituted in position 2, e.g. methylphenidate
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4535—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a heterocyclic ring having sulfur as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pizotifen
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/4738—Quinolines; Isoquinolines ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4741—Quinolines; Isoquinolines ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems condensed with ring systems having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. tubocuraran derivatives, noscapine, bicuculline
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/48—Ergoline derivatives, e.g. lysergic acid, ergotamine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
    • A61K31/52—Purines, e.g. adenine
    • A61K31/522—Purines, e.g. adenine having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. hypoxanthine, guanine, acyclovir
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone
    • A61K31/573—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone substituted in position 21, e.g. cortisone, dexamethasone, prednisone or aldosterone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
    • A61K9/0073—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/12—Aerosols; Foams
    • A61K9/124—Aerosols; Foams characterised by the propellant
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/02—Nasal agents, e.g. decongestants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/08—Bronchodilators

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
  • Otolaryngology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)

Abstract

This invention relates to aerosol formulations of use for the

Description

MEDICAMENTS
This invention relates to aerosol formulations of-use for the administration of medicaments by inhalation
The use of aerosols to administer medicaments has been known for several decades. Such aerosols generally comprise the medicament, one or more chlorofluorocarbon propellants and either a surfactant or a solvent, such as ethanol. The most commonly used aerosol propellants for medicaments have been propellant 11 (CCI}F) and/or propellant 114 (CF,CICF2CI) with propellant 12 (CCl^j). However these propellants are now believed to provoke the degradation of stratospheric ozone and there is thus a need to provide aerosol formulations for medicaments which employ so called ozone-friendly propellants.
A class of propellants which are believed to have minimal ozone-depleting effects in comparison to conventional chlorofluorocarbons comprise fluorocarbons and hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbons, and a number of medicinal aerosol formulations using such propellant systems are disclosed in, for example, EP 0372777, WO91/04011, WO91/11173, WO91/11495 and WO91/14422 These applications are all concerned with the preparation of pressurised aerosols for the administration of medicaments and seek to overcome the problems associated with the use of the new class of propellants, in particular the problems of stability associated with the pharmaceutical formulations prepared The applications all propose the addition of one or more of adjuvants such as alcohols, alkanes, dimethyl ether, surfactants (including fluorinated and non-fluorinated surfactants, carboxylic acids, polyethoxylates etc) and even conventional chlorofluorocarbon propellants in small amounts intended to minimise potential ozone damage
Thus, for example EP 0372777 requires the use of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in combination with both a cosolvent having greater polarity than 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (e g. an alcohol or a lower alkane) and a surfactant in order to achieve a stable formulation of a medicament powder. In particular it is noted in the specification at page
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3, line 7 that it has been found that the use of propellant 134a (1,1,1.2-tetrafluoroethane) and drug as a binary mixture or in combination with a conventional surfactant such as sorbitan trioleate does not provide formulations having suitable properties for use with pressurised inhalers. Surfactants are generally recognised by those skilled in the art to be essential components of aerosol formulations, required not only to reduce aggregation of the medicament but also to lubricate the valve employed, thereby ensuring consistent reproducibility of valve actuation and accuracy of dose dispensed. Whilst WO91/11173, WO91/11495 and WO91/14422 are concerned with formulations comprising an admixture of drug and surfactant, W091/04011 discloses medicinal aerosol formulations in which the particulate medicaments are pre-coated with surfactant prior to dispersal in
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane.
We have now surprisingly found that, in contradistinction to these teachings, it is in fact possible to obtain satisfactory dispersions of certain medicaments in fluorocarbon or hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbon propellants such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane without recourse to the use of any surfactant or cosolvent in the composition, or the necessity to pre-treat the medicament prior to dispersal in the propellant. More particularly, satisfactory dispersions may be formed where the medicament is selected from salmeterol, salbutamol, fluticasone propionate, beclomethasone dipropionate and physiologically acceptable salts and solvates thereof.
There is thus provided in one aspect of the invention a pharmaceutical aerosol formulation which comprises particulate medicament selected from the group consisting of salmeterol, salbutamol, fluticasone propionate, beclomethasone dipropionate and physiologically acceptable salts and solvates (for example hydrates) thereof and a fluorocarbon or hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbon propellant, which formulation is substantially free of surfactant. By substantially free of surfactant is meant formulations which contain no significant amounts of surfactant, for example less than 0.0001% by weight of the medicament.
In an alternative embodiment the present invention provides a pharmaceutical aerosol formulation as hereinbefore defined with the proviso that when said formulation consists
BAD ORIGINAL
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essentially of saibutamol and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in a weight ratio of 0 05:,8, said salbutamol is present in the form of a physiologically acceptable salt.
The particle size of the particulate (e g. micronised) medicament should be such as to permit inhalation of substantially all of the medicament into the lungs upon administration of the aerosol formulation and will thus be less than 100 microns, desirably less than 20 microns, and preferably in the range 1-10 microns, e.g. 1-5 microns.
Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the medicaments of use in the formulations of the present invention include acid addition salts such as for example sulphates, hydrochlorides and xinafoates (1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate), amine salts or alkali metal salts (e g sodium). Salmeterol will preferably be in the form of its xinafoate salt and salbutamol will preferably be in the form of its sulphate salt.
The final aerosol formulation desirably contains 0.005-10% w/w, preferably 0.005 5% w/w, especially 0.01-1.0% w/w, of medicament relative to the total weight of the formulation.
The propellants for use in the invention may be any fluorocarbon or hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbon or mixtures thereof having a sufficient vapour pressure to render them effective as propellants. Preferably the propellant will be a non-solvent for the medicament. Suitable propellants include, for example, C, jhydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbons such as CHjCIF, CCIF2CHCIF, CF3CHCIF,
CHF2CC1F,, CHClFCHFj, CF3CH2CI and CCIF2CH3; CMhydrogen-containing fluorocarbons such as CHF2CHF,, CFjCH^F, CHF2CHj and CF3CHFCF3; and perfluorocarbons such as CF3CF3 and CF3CF,CF3.
Where mixtures of the fluorocarbons or hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbons are employed they may be mixtures of the above identified compounds or mixtures, preferably binary mixtures, with other fluorocarbons or hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbons for example CHCIF,, CH,F, and CF3CH3. Preferably a single fluorocarbon or hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbon is employed as the propellant. Particularly preferred as propellants are CMhydrogen-containing fluorocarbons such as 1,1,1,2tetrafluoroethanefCFjCHT) and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-n-propane (CF,CHFCF3).
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It is desirable that the formulations of the invention contain no components which may provoke the degradation of stratospheric ozone In particular it is desirable that the formulations are substantially free of chJorofluorocarbons such as CC1}F, CCLjF, and CF,CCI,.
The propellant may additionally contain a volatile adjuvant such as a saturated hydrocarbon for example propane, n-butane, isobutane, pentane and isopentane or a dialkyl ether for example dimethyl ether. In general, up to 50% w/w of the propellant may comprise a volatile hydrocarbon, for example 1 to 30% w/w. However, formulations which are substantially free of volatile adjuvants are preferred.
It is further desirable that the formulations of the invention are substantially free of liquid components of higher polarity than the propellant employed. Polarity may be determined for example, by the method described in European Patent Application Publication No. 0327777. In particular formulations which are substantially free of alcohols such as ethanol are preferable. As used herein substantially free means less than 1 % w/w based upon the fluorocarbon or hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbon, in · particular less than 0,5% for example 0.1% or less.
A particularly preferred embodiment of the invention provides a pharmaceutical aerosol formulation consisting essentially of one or more particulate medicament selected from the group consisting of salmeterol, salbutamol, fluticasone propionate, beclomethasone dipropionate and physiologically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, and one or more fluorocarbon or hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbon propellant.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the aerosol formulations according to the invention may , if desired, contain a combination of two or more active ingredients. Aerosol compositions containing two active ingredients (in a conventional propellant system) are known, for example, for the treatment of respiratory disorders such as asthma Accordingly the present invention further provides aerosol formulations in accordance with the invention which contain two or more particulate medicaments. Medicaments may be selected from suitable combinations of the medicaments mentioned hereinbefore or may be selected from any other suitable drug useful in inhalation therapy and which may be presented in a form which is substantially completely insoluble in the
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AP Ο Ο Ο 4 Ο 2 selected propellant. Appropriate medicaments may thus be selected from, for example, analgesics, e e codeine, dihydromorphine, ergotamine, fentanyl or morphine, anginal preparations, eg. diltiazem, antiallergics, e g cromoglycate, ketotifen or nedocromil; antimfectives e g. cephalosporins, penicillins, streptomycin, sulphonamides, tetracyclines and pentamidine, antihistamines, e.g. methapyrilene; anti-inflammatories, e g flunisolide, bud--sonide, tipredane or triamcinolone acetonide; antitussives, eg. noscapine; br nchodilators, e.g. ephedrine, adrenaline, fenoterol, formoterol, isoprenaline, rr aproterenol, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, pirbuterol, reproterol, rimiterol, i .taline, isoetharine, tulobuterol, orciprenaline, or (-)-4-amino-3,5-dichloro[0-[2-(2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]hexyl]amino]methyl]benzenemethanoi; diuretics, eg. ’oride, anticholinergics eg. ipratropium, atropine or oxitropium; hormones, eg.
>ne. hydrocortisone or prednisolone; xanthines e.g. aminophylline, choline lyllinate, lysine theophyllinate or theophylline; and therapeutic proteins and ;s, e g. insulin or glucagon. It will be clear to a person skilled in the art that, where iriate, the medicaments may be used in the form of salts (e.g. as alkali metal or salts or as acid addition salts) or as esters (e g. lower alkyl esters) or as solvates ydrates) to optimise the activity and/or stability of the medicament and/or to se the solubility of the medicament in the propellant.
Particularly preferred aerosol formulations contain salbutamol (e g. as the free base < » sulphate salt) or salmeterol (e g. as the xinafoate salt) in combination with an a flammatory steroid such as a beclomethasone ester (eg. the diproprionate) or a fl tsone ester (e g. the propionate) or an antiallergic such as cromoglycate (e g the sc -n salt) Combinations of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate or beclomethasone dip ’’ionate, or salbutamol and fluticasone propionate or beclomethasone dipropionate are 'eferred, especially salmeterol xinafoate and fluticasone propionate or salbutamol and beciomethasone dipropionate.
The formulations of the invention may be prepared by dispersal of the medicament in the selected propellant in an appropriate container, e g. with the aid of sonication. The
BS339
00402 process is desirably carried out under anhydrous conditions to obviate any adverse effects of moisture on suspension stability
The formulations according to the invention form weakly flocculated suspensions on standing but, surprisingly, these suspensions have been found to be easily redispersed by mild agitation to provide suspensions with excellent delivery characteristics suitable for use in pressurised inhalers, even after prolonged storage. Minimising and preferably avoiding the use of formulation excipients eg. surfactants, cosolvents etc in the aerosol formulations according to the invention is also advantageous since the formulations may be substantially taste and odour free, less irritant and less toxic than conventional formulations.
The chemical and physical stability and the pharmaceutical acceptability of the aerosol formulations according to the invention may be determined by techniques well known to those skilled in the art. Thus, for example, the chemical stability of the components may be determined by HPLC assay, for example, after prolonged storage of the product. Physical stability data may be gained from other conventional analytical techniques such as, for example, by leak testing, by valve delivery assay (average shot weights per actuation), by dose reproducibility assay (active ingredient per actuation) and spray distribution analysis.
The particle size distribution of the aerosol formulations according to the invention is particularly impressive and may be measured by conventional techniques, for example by cascade impaction or by the Twin Impinger analytical process. As used herein reference to the Twin Impinger assay means Determination of the deposition of the emitted dose in pressurised inhalations using apparatus A as defined in British Pharmacopaeia 1988, pages A204-207, Appendix XVII C. Such techniques enable the respirable fraction of the aerosol formulations to be calculated. As used herein reference to respirable fraction means the amount of active ingredient collected in the lower impingement chamber per actuation expressed as a percentage of the total amount of active ingredient delivered per actuation using the twin impinger method described above. The formulations according to the invention have been found to have a respirable fraction of
BAD ORIGINAL A
BS339
AP 0 0 0 4 0 2
20% or more by weight of the medicament, preferably 25 to 70%, for example 30 to
Optionally, the medicament may be surface-modified prior to its dispersion in the propellant by treatment with a substantially non-polar liquid medium which is a non-solvent for the medicament. There is thus provided in a further aspect of the invention an aerosol formulation comprising particulate, surface-modified medicament, as defined herein, and a fluorocarbon or hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbon propellant, which formulation is substantially free of surfactant. By surface-modified medicament is meant particles of medicament selected from the group consisting of salmeterol, salbutamol, fluticasone propionate, beclomethasone dipropionate and physiologically acceptable salts and solvates thereof which have been surface-modified by admixture with a substantially non-polar non-solvent liquid, followed by removal of the liquid. The substantially non-polar non-solvent liquid medium is conveniently an aliphatic hydrocarbon, e g. a lower alkane, which is sufficiently volatile to permit its ready evaporation, e g. at ambient temperature and pressure, after slurrying with the medicament. The use of isopentane as liquid medium is particularly advantageous in this respect.
The medicament is desirably slurried with the liquid medium under anhydrous conditions to obviate any adverse effects of moisture on suspension stability. The slurry may advantageously be sonicated to maximise the surface-modifying effect of the treatment. The liquid may be removed by any convenient means for example by evaporation or by filtration followed by evaporation, provided that following treatment the medicament is substantially free of the liquid. The formulations of the invention will be substantially free of the non-solvent non-polar liquid. Surface-modified medicament prepared by the above-described process comprises a further aspect of the present invention.
The formulations according to the invention may be filled into canisters suitable for delivering pharmaceutical aerosol formulations. Canisters generally comprise a container capable of withstanding the vapour pressure of the propellant used such as a plastic or plastic-coated glass bottle or preferably a metal can, for example an aluminium can which
BS339
AP 0 00
may optionally be anodised, lacquer-coated and/or plastic-coated, which container is closed with a metering valve. The metering valves are designed to deliver a metered amount of the formulation per actuation and incorporate a gasket to prevent leakage of propellant through the valve. The gasket may comprise any suitable elastomeric material such as for example low density polyethylene, chlorobutyl, black and white butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers, butyl rubber and neoprene. Suitable valves are commercially available from manufacturers well known in the aerosol industry, for example, from Valois, France (e g. DF10, DF30, DF60), Bespak pic, UK (e g. BK300, BK356) and 3M-Neotechnic Ltd, UK (e.g. Spraymiser™).
Conventional bulk manufacturing methods and machinery well known to those skilled in the art of pharmaceutical aerosol manufacture may be employed for the preparation of large scale batches for the commercial production of filled canisters. Thus, for example, in one bulk manufacturing method a metering valve is crimped onto an aluminium can to form an empty canister. The particulate medicament is added to a charge vessel and liquified propellant is pressure filled through the charge vessel into a manufacturing vessel The drug suspension is mixed before recirculation to a filling machine and an aliquot of the drug suspension is then filled through the metering valve into the canister. Typically, in batches prepared for pharmaceutical use, each filled canister is check-weighed, coded with a batch number and packed into a tray for storage before release testing.
Each filled canister is conveniently fitted into a suitable channelling device prior to use to form a metered dose inhaler for administration of the medicament into the lungs or nasal cavity of a patient. Suitable channelling devices comprise for example a valve actuator and a cylindrical or cone-like passage through which medicament may be delivered from the filled canister via the metering valve to the nose or mouth of a patient e g a mouthpiece actuator. Metered dose inhalers are designed to deliver a fixed unit dosage of medicament per actuation or puff”, for example in the range of 10 to 5000 microgram medicament per puff.
Administration of medicament may be indicated for the treatment of mild, moderate or severe acute or chronic symptoms or for prophylactic treatment. It will be appreciated
BS339
AP 00 0 40 2 that the precise dose administered will depend on the age and condition of the patient, the particular particulate medicament used and the frequency of administration and will ultimately be at the discretion of the attendant physician. When combinations of medicaments are employed the dose of each component of the combination will in general be that employed for each component when used alone. Typically, administration may be one or more times, for example from I to 8 times per day, giving for example 1,2,3 or 4 puffs each time.
Suitable daily doses, may be, for example in the range 50 to 200 microgram of salmeterol, 100 to 1000 microgram of salbutamol, 50 to 2000 microgram of fluticasone propionate or 100 to 2000 microgram of beclomethasone dipropionate, depending on the severity of the disease.
Thus, for example, each valve actuation may deliver 25 microgram salmeterol, 100 microgram salbutamol, 25, 50, 125 or 250 microgram fluticasone propionate or 50, 100, 200 or 250 microgram beclomethasone dipropionate. Typically each filled canister for use in a metered dose inhaler contains 100, 160 or 240 metered doses or puffs of medicament.
The filled canisters and metered dose inhalers described herein comprise further aspects of the present invention.
A still further aspect of the present invention comprises a method of treating 20 respiratory disorders such as, for example, asthma, which comprises administration by inhalation of an effective amount of a formulation as herein described.
The following non-limitative Examples serve to illustrate the invention.
Example 1
Micronised salmeterol xinafoate (24mg) was weighed into a clean, dry, plastic-coated glass bottle and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (18.2g) was added from a vacuum flask. The bottle was quickly sealed with a blank aluminium ferrule. The resulting aerosol contained
BS339
AP000402
Example 2
Micronised salmeterol xinafoate (38 28g) and 1, 1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (36 36kg) were added to a pressure vessel and mixed with a high shear mixer for 20 minutes. Aliquots (18.2g) of the suspension were filled into aluminium cans closed with a metering valve, filling under pressure through the valve using conventional filling equipment. The resulting inhalers contained 9.57mg salmeterol xinafoate and delivered 25 microgram salmeterol (39.9 microgram salt) per actuation.
Example 3
Micronised fluticasone propionate (24mg) was weighed into a clean, dry, plastic-coated glass bottle and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (18.2g) was added from a vacuum flask. The bottle was quickly sealed with a blank aluminium ferrule. The resulting aerosol contained 0.132% w/w fluticasone propionate.
Examples 4 and 5
Micronised fluticasone propionate (66mg or 6.6mg) was weighed directly into each of 100 open aluminium cans and a metering valve was then crimped into place on each can. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (18.2g) was then added to each canister under pressure, through the valve, and each filled canister shaken to disperse the drug. The resulting inhalers contained 66 or 6.6mg fluticasone propionate and delivered 250 or 25 microgram fluticasone propionate per actuation (Examples 4 and 5 respectively).
Example 6
Micronised salbutamol (24mg) was weighed into a clean,'dry, plastic-coated glass 25 bottle and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (18.2g) was added from a vacuum flask. The bottle was quickly sealed with a blank aluminium ferrule. The resulting aerosol contained
0.132% w/w salbutamol.
BAD ORIGINAL fl
BS339
AP000402
II
Examples 7 and 8
Micronised salbutamol (24mg or 48mg) was weighed directly into each of 3 open aluminium cans. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (18 2g) was added to each can from a vacuum flask and a metering valve was then crimped into place. Each filled canister was then shaken in an ultrasonic bath for 8 minutes. The resulting inhalers contained 24mg or 48mg salbutamol and delivered 100 or 200 microgram salbutamol per actuation (Examples 7 and 8 respectively).
Example 9
Micronised salbutamol sulphate (31.7mg) was weighed into a clean, dry, plastic-coated glass bottle and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (18.2g) was added from a vacuum flask. The bottle was quickly sealed with a blank aluminium ferrule. The resulting aerosol contained 0.174% w/w salbutamol sulphate.
Example 10
Micronised salbutamol sulphate (31.7mg) was weighed directly into each of 4 open aluminium cans. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (18.2g) was added to each can from a vacuum flask and a metering valve was then crimped into place. Each filled canister was then shaken in an ultrasonic bath for 5 minutes. The resulting inhalers contained 31 7mg salbutamol sulphate and delivered 100 microgram salbutamol per actuation.
Example 11
Isopentane (25ml) was added to micronised salmeterol xinafoate (0.5g) to form a slurry, which was sonicated for 3 minutes. The resulting suspension was dried by evaporating the isopentane at ambient temperature to yield surface-modified salmeterol xinafoate. Samples of this product (11.6mg) were weighed into aluminium aerosol cans and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (18.2g - 99.95% w/w of total fill weight) was added to each can, whereafter suitable metering valves were crimped onto the cans, which were then each sonicated for 5 minutes. The resulting aerosols contained salmeterol in an amount equivalent to 240 actuations at 25 microgram per actuation.
BS339
AP000402
Example 12
Micronised beclomethasone dipropionate monohydrate (68 mg) was weighed into a clean, dry, plastic-coated glass bottle and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (to 18.2g) was added from a vacuum flask The bottle was quickly sealed with a metering valve. The resulting aerosol dispensed 250 microgram beclomethasone dipropionate (as the monohydrate) per 75 Smg actuation.
Example 13
Micronised salmeterol xinafoate (9.57mg) is weighed directly into an aluminium can and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-n-propane (to 21.4g) added from a vacuum flask. A metering valve is crimped into place and the filled canister sonicated for five minutes. The aerosol delivers 25 microgram salmeterol per actuation.
Example 14
Micronised fluticasone propionate (I3.3mg) is weighed directly into an aluminium can and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-n-propane (to 21.4g) added from a vacuum flask. A metering valve is crimped into place and the filled canister sonicated for five minutes. The aerosol delivers 50 microgram fluticasone propionate per actuation.
Example 15
Micronised salbutamol sulphate (29mg) was weighed directly into an aluminium can and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-n-propane (to 2I.4g) added from a vacuum flask A metering valve was crimped into place and the filled canister sonicated for five minutes.
The aerosol delivered 100 microgram salbutamol per actuation.
Example 16
Micronised beclomethasone diproprionate monohydrate (62mg) was weighed directly into an aluminium can and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-n-propane (to 21.4g) added from a vacuum flask. A metering valve was crimped into place and the filled canister sonicated bad original
BS339 AP ο 0 0 4 0 2 for five minutes The aerosol delivered 250 microgram beclomethasone diproprionate per actuation
Example 17
Per Inhaler % w/w Per Actuation
Salmeterol xinafoate 0.048 36.25 microgram
Fluticasone propionate 0.066 50 microgram
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane to 100 to 75 8mg
Micronised medicaments were weighed into an aluminium can, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (18.2g) was added from a vacuum flask and a metering valve was crimped into place.
Example 18 Per Inhaler % w/w Per Actuation
Salmeterol xinafoate 0.048 36.25 microgram
Fluticasone propionate 0.165 125 microgram
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane to 100 to 75.8mg
Micronised medicaments were weighed into an aluminium can, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (18.2g) was added from a vacuum flask and a metering valve was crimped into place
Example 19
Per Inhaler % w/w Per Actuation
Salmeterol xinafoate 0.048 36.25 microgram
Fluticasone propionate 0.132 100 microgram
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane to 100 to 75.8mg
Example 20
Per Inhaler % w/w Per Actuation
Salmeterol xinafoate 0.048 36.25 microgram
Fluticasone propionate 0.330 250 microgram
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane to 100 to 75.8mg
BAD ORIGINAL ft
BS339
AP00040
Example 21
Per Inhaler % w/w Per Actuation
Salbutamol * 0.132 100 microgram
5 Fluticasone propionate 0.132 100 microgram
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane to 100 to 75.8mg
* as free base or an equivalent weight of salt e.g. sulphate
10 Per Inhaler % w/w Per Actuation
Salbutamol * 0.264 200 microgram
Fluticasone propionate 0.330 250 microgram
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane to 100 to 75.8mg
1 c * as free base or an equivalent weight of salt e g. sulphate
1 J Example 23 Per Inhaler % w/w Per Actuation
Salmeterol xinafoate 0.048 36.25 microgram
Beclomethasone dipropionate 0.066 50 microgram
20 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane to 100 . to 75.8mg
Example 24 Per Inhaler % w/w Per Actuation
Salmeterol xinafoate 0.048 36.25 microgram
25 Fluticasone propionate 0.264 200 microgram
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane to 100 to 75.8mg
BAD ORIGINAL
BS339
AP 0 0 0 4 0 2 ξ*1-·;
Example 25
Per Inhaler % w/w Per Actuation
Salbutamol * 0.132 100 microgram
Beclomethasone dipropionate 0.066 50 microgram
5 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane to 100 to 75.8mg
as free base or an equivalent weight of salt e.g. sulphate
Example 26 Per Inhaler % w/w Per Actuation
10 Salbutamol * 0.264 200 microgram
Beclomethasone dipropionate 0.264 200 microgram
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane to 100 to 75.8mg
* as free base or an equivalent weight of salt e.g. sulphate
In Examples 19 to 26 micronised medicaments are weighed into aluminium cans,
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (18 2g) is added from a vacuum flask, and metering valves are crimped into place.
BAD ORIGINAL
4Αν>ΜΓ NOW PART'-fLARLY OES- - aED ANO ASCERlft'-.CO V ' · · ·: »·.»-Α Γ THf <,
Q . · z C i 2 c ι »· riA · WE * ·»
AP 0 0 0 4 0 2

Claims (15)

1. A pharmaceutical aerosol formulation which comprises particulate medicament selected from the group consisting of salmeterol, salbutamol,
2. A pharmaceutical aerosol formulation which comprises particulate medicament selected from the group consisting of salmeterol, salbutamol,
15 fluticasone propionate, beclomethasone dipropionate and physiologically acceptable salts and solvates thereof and a fluorocarbon or hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbon propellant, which formulation is substantially free of surfactant and with the proviso that when said formulation consists essentially of salbutamol and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in a weight ratio of 0.05.Ί8, said salbutamol is
20 present in the form of a physiologically acceptable salt and when said formulation consists essentially of salbutamol, salbutamol sulphate or beclomethasone dipropionate isopropyl alcohol solvate and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane the weight to weight ratio of medicament to propellant is other than 69:7900 (0.866%).
25
3. A pharmaceutical aerosol formulation consisting essentially of one or more particulate medicament selected from the group consisting of salmeterol, salbutamol, fluticasone propionate, beclomethasone dipropionate and physiologically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, and one or more fluorocarbon or hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbon propellant with the proviso
30 that when said formulation consists essentially of salbutamol, salbutamol sulphate or beclomethasone dipropionate isopropyl alcohol solvate and 1,1,1,2-
AP Ο Ο Ο 4 Ο 2 tetrafluoroethane the weight to weight ratio of medicament to propellant is other than 69:7900 (0.866%).
4. A formulation as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the medicament 5 is salmeterol xinafoate.
5. A formulation as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the medicament is salbutamol sulphate.
10
5 fluticasone propionate, beclomethasone dipropionate and physiologically acceptable salts and solvates thereof and a fluorocarbon or hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbon propellant, which formulation is substantially free of surfactant and with the proviso that when said formulation consists essentially of salbutamol, salbutamol sulphate or beclomethasone dipropionate isopropyl alcohol solvate and
IO 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane the weight to weight ratio of medicament to propellant is other than 69:7900 (0.866%).
6. A formulation as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the medicament is fluticasone propionate.
7. A formulation as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the medicament is beclomethasone dipropionate or a physiologically acceptable solvate thereof.
8. A formulation as claimed in one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the propellant comprises 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-n-propane.
9. A formulation as claimed in one of claims 1 lo 8 wherein the propellant 20 comprises 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane.
10 22. A method of treating respiratory disorders which comprises administration by inhalation of an effective amount of a pharmaceutical aerosol formulation which comprises particulate medicament selected from the group consisting of salmeterol, salbutamol, fluticasone propionate, beclomethasone dipropionate and physiologically acceptable salts and solvates thereof and a fluorocarbon or
10 beclomethasone dipropionate.
16. A formulation as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 15 which has a respirable fraction of 20% or more by weight of the medicament.
15
17. A formulation as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 16 wherein said particulate medicament is surface-modified.
18. Surface-modified medicament prepared by admixture of particles of a medicament selected from the group consisting of salmeterol. salbutamol,
20 fluticasone propionate, beclomethasone dipropionate and physiologically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, with a substantially non-polar, non-solvent liquid, followed by removal of the liquid.
19. A canister suitable for delivering a pharmaceutical aerosol formulation which
25 comprises a container capable of withstanding the vapour pressure of the propellant used, which container is closed with a metering valve and contains a pharmaceutical aerosol formulation which comprises particulate medicament selected from the group consisting of salmeterol, salbutamol, fluticasone propionate, beclomethasone dipropionate and physiologically acceptable salts and
30 solvates thereof and a fluorocarbon or hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbon propellant, which formulation is substantially free of surfactant and with the proviso that when said formulation consists essentially of salbutamol, salbutamol sulphate
BAD ORIGINAL
AP Ο Ο Ο 4 Ο 2 or beclomethasone dipropionate isopropyl alcohol solvate and 1,1,1,2tetrafluoroethane the weight to weight ratio of medicament to propellant is other than 69:7900 (0.866%).
5
20. A canister as claimed in claim 19 wherein the container is a metal can.
21. A metered dose inhaler which comprises a canister as claimed in claim 19 or claim 20 fitted into a suitable channelling device.
10. A formulation as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9 wherein the medicament is present in an amount of 0.005 to 10% w/w based on the total weight of the formulation.
11. A formulation as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10 which contains two or more particulate medicaments.
12. A formulation as claimed in Claim 11 which contains salbutamol or salmeterol 30 or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof in combination with an antiinflammatory steroid or an antiallergic.
PAD ORIGINAL £
AP Ο Ο Ο 4 Ο 2
13. A formulation as claimed in Claim 12 which contains salmeterol or salbutamol or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof in combination with fluticasone propionate or beclomethasone dipropionate or a physiologically acceptable solvate thereof.
14. A formulation as claimed in Claim 13 which contains salmeterol xinafoate and fluticasone propionate.
15. A formulation as claimed in Claim 13 which contains salbutamol and
15 hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbon propellant, which formulation is substantially free of surfactant. *
APAP/P/1992/000461A 1991-12-12 1992-12-11 Aerosol formulations containing salmeterol, salbutamol or fluticasone. AP402A (en)

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GB919126378A GB9126378D0 (en) 1991-12-12 1991-12-12 Medicaments
GB919126405A GB9126405D0 (en) 1991-12-12 1991-12-12 Medicaments
GB929202522A GB9202522D0 (en) 1992-02-06 1992-02-06 Medicaments

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