JP2004103621A - Laminated piezoelectric element - Google Patents

Laminated piezoelectric element Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004103621A
JP2004103621A JP2002259390A JP2002259390A JP2004103621A JP 2004103621 A JP2004103621 A JP 2004103621A JP 2002259390 A JP2002259390 A JP 2002259390A JP 2002259390 A JP2002259390 A JP 2002259390A JP 2004103621 A JP2004103621 A JP 2004103621A
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external electrode
glass
conductive terminal
electrode
protruding
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JP2002259390A
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JP3929858B2 (en
Inventor
Takami Sakamoto
坂元 隆己
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Kyocera Corp
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Kyocera Corp
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a laminated piezoelectric element which is capable of preventing external electrodes from being disconnected from the internal electrodes and superior in durability even when it operates continuously under a high pressure in a high electric field for a long term, and to provide an injection device. <P>SOLUTION: The laminated piezoelectric element is equipped with a pillar-shaped laminate 1a composed of piezoelectric materials 1 and internal electrodes 2 which are alternately laminated, and a pair of external electrodes 4 which are each provided on the sides of the laminate 1a and where the internal electrodes 2 are alternately connected. A projecting conductive terminal 5 protruding from the side of the pillar-shaped laminate 1a is provided to every other end of the internal electrodes 2, the projecting conductive terminals 5 are embedded in the external electrodes 4 containing conductive material and glass, and the external electrode 4 has a void of 30 to 70%. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、積層型圧電素子及び噴射装置に関し、例えば、自動車用燃料噴射装置、光学装置等の精密位置決め装置や振動防止用の駆動素子等に用いられる積層型圧電素子に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来より、積層型圧電素子としては、圧電体と内部電極を交互に積層した積層型圧電アクチュエータが知られている。積層型圧電アクチュエータには、同時焼成タイプと、圧電磁器と内部電極板を交互に積層したスタックタイプとの2種類に分類されており、低電圧化、製造コスト低減の面から考慮すると、同時焼成タイプの積層型圧電アクチュエータが薄層化に対して有利であるために、その優位性を示しつつある。
【0003】
図4は、従来の積層型圧電アクチュエータを示すもので、このアクチュエータでは、圧電体51と内部電極52が交互に積層されて柱状積層体53が形成され、その積層方向における両端面には不活性層55が積層されている。内部電極52は、その一方の端部が左右交互に絶縁体61で被覆され、その上から帯状外部電極70が内部電極52と左右各々一層おきに導通するように形成されている。帯状外部電極70上には、さらにリード線76が半田77により固定されている。
【0004】
ところで、近年においては、小型の圧電アクチュエータで大きな圧力下において大きな変位量を確保するため、より高い電界を印加し、長期間連続駆動させることが行われている。
【0005】
【特許文献1】
特許第3250918号
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上記した圧電アクチュエータでは、高電界、高圧力下で長期間連続駆動させた場合、圧電体51間に形成された内部電極52と、正極、負極用の外部電極70との間で剥離が発生し、一部の圧電体51に電圧供給されなくなり、駆動中に変位特性が変化するという問題があった。また、外部電極も長期間連続駆動させた場合、その繰り返し応力により断線し、電圧が供給されなくなると言う問題があった。
【0007】
本発明は、高電界、高圧力下で長期間連続駆動させた場合でも、外部電極と内部電極とが断線することがなく、耐久性に優れた積層型圧電素子を提供することを目的とする。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明の積層型圧電素子は、圧電体と内部電極とを交互に積層してなる柱状積層体と、該柱状積層体の側面に設けられ、前記内部電極が一層おきに交互に接続された一対の外部電極とを具備してなる積層型圧電素子であって、前記内部電極の端部に一層おきに前記柱状積層体の側面から突出する突起状導電性端子が設けられ、該突起状導電性端子が、導電材とガラスを含有する外部電極中に埋設され、その外部電極の空隙率が30〜70%であることを特徴とする。
【0009】
本発明の積層型圧電素子では、内部電極の端部には突起状導電性端子が設けられ、この突起状導電性端子が外部電極中に埋設されているため、突起状導電性端子のアンカー効果により外部電極が内部電極に強固に接合しており、高電界、高圧力下で長期間連続運転させた場合でも、外部電極と内部電極との断線を抑制することができ、耐久性を大幅に向上できる。
【0010】
また、従来は、内部電極の端部に外部電極を接合しており、外部電極との接合面積が小さく、導電性が低く、接続信頼性も低いものであったが、本発明では、突起状導電性端子を外部電極中に埋設しているため、突起状導電性端子と外部電極との接合面積が大きく、外部電極と内部電極間の導電性を向上でき、しかも外部電極と内部電極との接続信頼性も向上できる。
【0011】
また、本発明では突起状導電性端子が、導電材とガラスを含有する外部電極中に埋設され、その外部電極の空隙率が30〜70%であるため、熱膨張の差によるクラックの発生や、駆動による繰り返し応力に起因する外部電極の破壊を抑え、信頼性を向上することができる。
【0012】
また、本発明の積層型圧電素子は、突起状導電性端子が、内部電極の端部に拡散接合していることを特徴とする。このような積層型圧電素子では、内部電極の端部に突起状導電性端子をより強固に接合できる。
【0013】
さらに、本発明の積層型圧電素子は、突起状導電性端子及び外部電極の導電材が、銀を主成分とすることを特徴とする。銀は比較的低温で拡散移動しやすいため、後述する製法により、内部電極の端部に突起状導電性端子を容易に形成できるとともに、この突起状導電性端子を外部電極中に容易に埋設できる。また、銀は耐酸化性を有し、ヤング率が低いため、外部電極として最適となる。
【0014】
【発明の実施の形態】
図1は本発明の積層型圧電アクチュエータからなる積層型圧電素子の一形態を示すもので、(a)は斜視図、(b)は(a)のA−A’線に沿った縦断面図、(c)、(d)は内部電極と外部電極の接合部近傍の拡大図である。
【0015】
積層型圧電アクチュエータは、図1に示すように、圧電体1と内部電極2とを交互に複数積層してなる四角柱状の柱状積層体1aの側面において、内部電極2の端部を一層おきに絶縁体3で被覆し、絶縁体3で被覆していない内部電極2の端部に突起状導電性端子5を設け、該突起状導電性端子5を、銀を主成分とする導電材とガラスからなる外部電極4中に埋設して接合し、各外部電極4にリード線6を接続固定して構成されている。
【0016】
圧電体1は、例えば、チタン酸ジルコン酸鉛Pb(Zr,Ti)O(以下PZTと略す)、或いはチタン酸バリウムBaTiOを主成分とする圧電セラミックス材料等で形成されている。この圧電セラミックスは、その圧電特性を示す圧電歪み定数d33が高いものが望ましい。
【0017】
また、圧電体1の厚み、つまり内部電極2間の距離は50〜250μmが望ましい。これは、積層型圧電アクチュエータは電圧を印加してより大きな変位量を得るために、積層数を増加させる方法がとられるが、上記のような圧電体1の厚みを採用することにより、アクチュエータの小型化、低背化を達成できるとともに、圧電体1の絶縁破壊を防止できるからである。
【0018】
圧電体1の間には内部電極2が配されているが、この内部電極2は銀−パラジウム等の金属材料で形成されており、各圧電体1に所定の電圧を印加し、圧電体1に逆圧電効果による変位を起こさせる作用をなす。
【0019】
また、突起状導電性端子5が形成された柱状積層体1aの側面に一層おきに深さ30〜500μm、積層方向の幅30〜200μmの溝が形成されており、この溝内にガラスが充填されて絶縁体3が形成されている。溝内のガラスはヤング率が小さいものが望ましい。
【0020】
突起状導電性端子5と絶縁体3は、外部電極4が形成された柱状積層体1aの一側面に露出した内部電極2の端部に、交互に形成されている。
【0021】
即ち、溝内に充填された絶縁体3により内部電極2の端部が互い違いに一層おきに絶縁され、内部電極2の絶縁されていない他方の端部は、突起状導電性端子5を介して銀を主成分とする導電材とガラスからなる外部電極4と接合されている。
【0022】
突起状導電性端子5は、内部電極2の端部に拡散接合している。即ち、内部電極2が銀を主成分とし、パラジウムを含有し、突起状導電性端子5が銀を主成分としている場合、内部電極2と突起状導電性端子5の銀が相互に拡散するとともに、内部電極2のパラジウムが突起状導電性端子5に拡散し、これにより突起状導電性端子5が内部電極2の端部に拡散接合している。
【0023】
柱状積層体1aの対向する側面には、導電性ペーストを塗布して形成され、銀を主成分とする導電材と、ガラスとからなる外部電極4が接合しており、この外部電極4中には、突起状導電性端子5が埋設され、これにより外部電極4に内部電極2が一層おきに電気的に接続されている。この銀を主成分とする導電材とガラスからなる外部電極4は、接続されている各内部電極2に圧電体1を逆圧電効果により変位させるに必要な電圧を共通に供給する作用をなす。
【0024】
外部電極4、突起状導電性端子5の導電材は銀を主成分とするもので、これ以外に、ニッケル、銅、金、アルミニウム等の導電性を備えた金属及びそれらの合金から構成されていても良いが、外部電極4の導電材、突起状導電性端子5は、同一金属又は同一合金を主成分とする。
【0025】
外部電極4の導電材、突起状導電性端子5は、耐酸化性を有し、比較的低温で拡散移動しやすく、ヤング率が低いという点から、銀、若しくは銀主成分の合金が望ましい。
【0026】
また、本発明では、外部電極4の圧電体側表層部には、他の部分4aよりもガラス成分が多いガラスリッチ層4bが形成されており、このガラスリッチ層4bが圧電体1表面に接合している。このように、圧電体1に接する外部電極4のガラスリッチ層4bが、外部電極4の他の部分4aよりもガラス成分を多く含むようにすることにより、外部電極4と柱状積層体1aとの接合強度を強固なものとすることができる。ガラスリッチ層4bには、ガラスが外部電極4の他の部分4aよりも1.1倍以上の割合で存在する。
【0027】
突起状導電性端子5の周囲に該当する部分にも外部電極4のガラスリッチ層4bが形成され易いが、突起状導電性端子5は外部電極4の導電材と接続しており、さらなる導電性向上のためにはガラスリッチ層4b中の導電材量が多い方が望ましい。
【0028】
尚、突起状導電性端子5の形状、突起状導電性端子5に接するガラスリッチ層4b及び圧電体1に接するガラスリッチ層4bの形状、厚み等は、図1(c)、(d)に示すように、均一である必要はない。
【0029】
また、外部電極4中の導電材は50〜95体積%、残部のガラス成分は5〜50体積%とされている。これにより、適度なガラス成分量を確保できるため、外部電極4と柱状積層体1a及び突起状導電性端子5との接合強度を効果的に高めることができ、また、外部電極4の抵抗値を低くでき、外部電極4の局所発熱を抑制し、外部電極4の断線を防止できる。
【0030】
また、外部電極4の空隙率は30〜70%が望ましい。外部電極中の空隙率が30%未満の場合、外部電極4は緻密化してしまい、ヤング率が高くなり、長期間駆動した場合にその繰り返し応力により、クラックが発生し断線してしまう。空隙率が70%を超える場合、外部電極としての強度が低くなり、断線や局所発熱により素子が破壊してしまう。
【0031】
外部電極4の空隙率を調整するためには、銀ガラス導電性ペースト中のバインダー添加量を変化させたり、また焼き付け時の熱処理温度を変化させたり、熱処理時間を長くしたり、ガラスの軟化点を変化させることにより達成できる。
【0032】
例えば、ガラスの軟化点より高い温度で熱処理すると、空隙率は少なくなり、逆に低い温度で熱処理すると空隙率は高くなる。軟化点に対し90%から120%の範囲で熱処理することにより、空隙率を30〜70%に調整できる。
【0033】
また、導電性ペースト中のバインダー量を増やすことによりペーストの密度を低下させたり、電極の焼き付け処理中に分解して飛散する有機物からなるポア材を添加したりすることも有効である。
【0034】
また、外部電極4を構成するガラスとしては、外部電極4を形成する際の作業温度が400〜930℃であるシリカガラス、ソーダ石灰ガラス、鉛アルカリけい酸塩ガラス、アルミノほうけい酸塩ガラス、ほうけい酸塩ガラス、アルミノけい酸塩ガラス、ほう酸塩ガラス、りん酸塩ガラス等を用いることが好ましい。
【0035】
例えば、ほうけい酸塩ガラスとしては、SiO40〜70重量%、B2〜30重量%、Al0〜20重量%、MgO、CaO、SrO、BaOのようなアルカリ土類金属酸化物を総量で0〜20重量%、NaO、KO、LiOのようなアルカリ金属酸化物を総量で0〜10重量%含有するものを使用することができる。また、上記のほうけい酸塩ガラスに、5〜30重量%のZnOを含むようなガラスとしても構わない。ZnOは、ほうけい酸塩ガラスの軟化点の温度を低下させる効果がある。
【0036】
また、りん酸塩ガラスとしては、P40〜80重量%、Al0〜30重量%、B0〜30重量%、ZnO0〜30重量%、アルカリ土類金属酸化物0〜30重量%、アルカリ金属酸化物0〜10重量%を含むようなガラスを使用することができる。
【0037】
また、鉛ガラスとしては、PbO30〜80重量%、SiO0〜40重量%、Bi0〜30重量%、Al0〜20重量%、ZnO0〜30重量%、アルカリ土類金属酸化物0〜30重量%、アルカリ金属酸化物0〜10重量%を含むようなガラスを使用することができる。
【0038】
外部電極4にはリード線6が半田により接続固定されている。このリード線6は外部電極4を外部の電圧供給部に接続する作用をなす。
【0039】
本発明の積層型圧電素子の製法について説明する。まず、柱状積層体1aを作製する。PZT等の圧電セラミックスの仮焼粉末と、アクリル系、ブチラール系等の有機高分子から成るバインダーと、DBP(フタル酸ジオチル)、DOP(フタル酸ジブチル)等の可塑剤とを混合してスラリーを作製し、該スラリーを周知のドクターブレード法やカレンダーロール法等のテープ成型法により圧電体1となるセラミックグリーンシートを作製する。
【0040】
次に、銀−パラジウム粉末にバインダー、可塑剤等を添加混合して導電性ペーストを作製し、これを前記各グリーンシートの上面にスクリーン印刷等によって1〜40μmの厚みに印刷する。
【0041】
そして、上面に導電性ペーストが印刷されたグリーンシートを複数積層するとともに、この積層体の上下面に、導電性ペーストが印刷されていないグリーンシートを複数積層し、この積層体を所定の温度で脱バインダーを行った後、900〜1200℃で焼成することによって作製される。
【0042】
その後、図2(a)に示すように、ダイシング装置等により柱状積層体1aの側面に一層おきに溝を形成する。そして、図2(b)に示すように該溝部にガラス粉末を分散させたペーストを充填し、700〜1000℃で焼き付けを行い、ガラスを溝に充填し、柱状積層体1aを形成する。
【0043】
その後、柱状積層体1aの溝を形成した側面に、図2(c)に示すように、平均粒径0.1〜10μmの銀粉末(融点:960℃)を50〜95体積%と、残部が平均粒径0.1〜10μmでケイ素を主成分とする軟化点が400〜930℃のガラス粉末5〜50体積%からなる混合物に、バインダーを加えて作製した銀ガラス導電性ペースト21を塗布し、ガラスの軟化点よりも高い温度、且つ銀の融点以下の温度で焼き付けを行うことにより、銀ガラス導電性ペースト21中の銀が内部電極2端部に集合し、図2(d)に示すように、突起状導電性端子5が形成されるとともに、外部電極4を形成することができる。
【0044】
即ち、銀ガラス導電性ペースト21中にガラス成分を分散させ、ガラスの軟化点よりも高い温度で、且つ銀の融点以下で熱処理することにより、ガラスが軟化し、この状態において圧電体1には拡散しにくい銀が内部電極2の端部に集合して突起状導電性端子5を形成し、同時に該突起状導電性端子5及び圧電体1近傍にはガラス成分が集まる。このようにして、突起状導電性端子5及び外部電極4が形成することができる。
【0045】
また、同時に内部電極2を構成する銀とパラジウムが突起状導電性端子5に拡散し、突起状導電性端子5と内部電極2との接合が強固なものとなる。突起状導電性端子5の柱状積層体1aからの突出高さは、1μm以上、特には3μm以上が好ましい。このように、突出高さを高くするためには、焼き付け時の熱処理温度を高くしたり、熱処理時間を長くしたり、ガラスの軟化点を低下させることにより達成できる。該銀ガラス導電性ペーストの焼き付け温度は、溝部に充填したガラスの焼き付け温度以下の温度が好ましい。
【0046】
上述のように、突起状導電性端子5及び外部電極4を形成した後、リード線6を接続することにより本発明の積層型圧電素子が完成する。
【0047】
そして、リード線6を介して一対の外部電極4に0.1〜3kV/mmの直流電圧を印加し、柱状積層体1aを分極処理することによって、製品としての積層型圧電アクチュエータが完成し、リード線6を外部の電圧供給部に接続し、リード線6及び外部電極4を介して内部電極2に電圧を印加させれば、各圧電体1は逆圧電効果によって大きく変位する。
【0048】
以上のように構成された積層型圧電素子は、内部電極2の端部には突起状導電性端子5が設けられ、この突起状導電性端子5が外部電極4中に埋設されているため、突起状導電性端子5のアンカー効果により外部電極4が内部電極2に強固に接合しており、高電界、高圧力下で長期間連続運転させた場合でも、外部電極4と内部電極2との断線を抑制することができ、耐久性を大幅に向上できる。
【0049】
また、突起状導電性端子5を外部電極4中に埋設しているため、突起状導電性端子5と外部電極4との接合面積が大きく、外部電極4と内部電極2間の導電性を向上でき、しかも外部電極4と内部電極2との接続信頼性も向上できる。
【0050】
また、突起状導電性端子が、導電材とガラスを含有する外部電極中に埋設され、その外部電極の空隙率を30〜70%にすることにより、熱膨張の差によるクラックの発生や、駆動による繰り返し応力に起因する外部電極の破壊を抑え、信頼性を向上することができる。
【0051】
尚、本発明では、図3に示すように、外部電極4の外側に導電性補助部材7を形成しても良い。この場合には、外部電極4の外面に導電性補助部材7を設けることによりアクチュエータに大電流を投入し、高速で駆動させる場合においても、大電流を導電性補助部材7に流すことができ、外部電極4に流れる電流を低減でき、外部電極4が局所発熱を起こし断線することを防ぐことができ、耐久性を大幅に向上させることができる。
【0052】
なお、導電性補助部材7は、板状導電部材、導電性接着剤、導電性コイル、導電性波板、導電性繊維集合体(ウール状)の一つ若しくは複合体からなる。
【0053】
本発明の積層型圧電素子はこれらに限定されるものではなく、本発明の要旨を逸脱しない範囲であれば種々の変更は可能である。
【0054】
また、上記例では、柱状積層体1aの対向する側面に外部電極4を形成した例について説明したが、本発明では、例えば隣設する側面に一対の外部電極を形成してもよい。
【0055】
【実施例】
実施例1
まず、柱状積層体を作製した。圧電体は厚み150μmのPZTで形成し、内部電極は厚み3μmの銀−パラジウム合金によって形成し、圧電体及び内部電極の各々の積層数は300層とした。
【0056】
その後、図2(a)に示すように、ダイシング装置により柱状積層体側面の内部電極の端部に一層おきに深さ50μm、幅50μmの溝を形成した。そして、図2(b)に示すように該溝部にガラス粉末を分散させたペーストを充填し、900℃で焼き付けを行い、ガラスを溝に充填した。
【0057】
次に、平均粒径5μmの銀粉末を90体積%と、残部が平均粒径5μmのケイ素を主成分とする軟化点が600℃の非晶質のほうけい酸塩ガラス(Si、Al、Bを含有)粉末10体積%との混合物にバインダーを加え、十分に混合して銀ガラス導電性ペーストを作製し、図2(c)に示すように、前記柱状積層体の溝を形成した側面に塗布し、700℃で焼き付けを行い、図2(d)に示すように、突起状導電性端子を形成するとともに、外部電極を形成した。突起状導電性端子の積層方向厚みは平均で3μm、柱状積層体の側面からの突出高さは平均で5μmであった。
【0058】
この時、該突起状導電性端子の主成分は銀で、該突起状導電性端子には、内部電極からパラジウムが拡散していることを確認した。また、外部電極の突起状導電性端子及び圧電体に接する部分には、他の外部電極の部分よりもガラス成分が多いガラスリッチ層が形成されており、そのガラスリッチ層の平均的な厚みは約2μmであった。
【0059】
その後、外部電極にリード線を接続し、正極及び負極の外部電極にリード線を介して3kV/mmの直流電界を15分間印加して分極処理を行い、図1に示すような積層型圧電アクチュエータを作製した。
【0060】
得られた積層型圧電アクチュエータに150Vの直流電圧を印加した結果、積層方向に40μmの変位量が得られた。さらに、このアクチュエータに室温で0〜+150Vの交流電圧を150Hzの周波数にて印加し駆動試験を行った結果、1×10サイクルまで駆動したところ40μmの変位量が得られ、外部電極の異常は見られなかった。表1のサンプルNo.1に記載する。
実施例2
次に、銀ガラス導電性ペースト中の銀含有率とガラス軟化点を変化させ、外部電極4の焼き付けの熱処理温度を変化させて、空隙率を変化させた以外は、実施例1と同様の構成の積層型圧電アクチュエータ(No.2〜8)を作製したところ、No.1〜7のサンプルにおいて、銀を主成分とする突起状導電性端子が柱状積層体の内部電極端部に形成されていた。空隙率の測定は、外部電極4の断面を鏡面加工し、画像解析にて測定した。なお、No.6〜8のサンプルは比較例であり、No.6のサンプルにおいては、突起状導電性端子は形成されていたが、外部電極4の空隙率が15%と本発明の範囲外であり、No.7〜8のサンプルにおいては突起状導電性端子は形成されていなかった。
【0061】
得られた積層型圧電アクチュエータに室温で0〜150Vの交流電圧を150Hzの周波数にて印加し、駆動試験を行った。初期に得られた変位量はすべてのサンプル(No.1〜8)において40μmであった。併せて、室温で0〜200Vの交流電圧を150Hzの周波数においても駆動試験を行った。得られた結果を表1に示す。
【0062】
【表1】

Figure 2004103621
【0063】
サンプルNo.8の突起状導電性端子が形成されていないサンプル以外の全てのサンプルにおいて、150Vで1×10サイクルまで駆動したところ40μmの変位が得られ、外部電極の異常は見られなかった。また、突起状導電性端子が形成されていたサンプルNo.1〜6においては、外部電極と内部電極とが突起状導電性端子を介して電気的に強固に接合されているため、1×10サイクルまで外部電極と内部電極との間でスパークが生じることはなかった。
【0064】
一方、突起状導電性端子が形成されなかったNo.7〜8のサンプルの場合、外部電極と内部電極との接続が弱く、外部電極と内部電極の接点においてスパークが生じてしまった。
【0065】
さらに、駆動条件が厳しい200Vでの駆動の結果、本発明の範囲内であるNo.1、2、3、4、5のサンプルにおいては、200Vの駆動においても、1×10サイクルまで駆動しても外部電極の断線、スパークといった異常は見られなかった。一方、No.6のサンプルは外部電極4の空隙率が低いために、外部電極が断線してしまった。
【0066】
即ち、外部電極中の銀の含有率を50〜95体積%、ガラス成分の軟化点を銀の融点以下、外部電極の空隙率を30〜70%にすることにより、高電界で高速に連続駆動した場合においても、突起状導電性端子が内部電極と外部電極を強固に電気的に接合し、また外部電極が強固に柱状積層体と接合されているため、外部電極の断線、外部電極と内部電極の接点でのスパークといった問題が生じることはなかった。
【0067】
【発明の効果】
本発明の積層型圧電素子によれば、内部電極の端部には突起状導電性端子が設けられ、この突起状導電性端子が外部電極中に埋設されているため、突起状導電性端子のアンカー効果により外部電極が内部電極に強固に接合しており、高電界、高圧力下で長期間連続運転させた場合でも、外部電極と内部電極との断線を抑制することができ、耐久性を大幅に向上できる。また、本発明では、突起状導電性端子を外部電極中に埋設しているため、突起状導電性端子と外部電極との接合面積が大きく、外部電極と内部電極間の導電性を向上でき、しかも外部電極と内部電極との接続信頼性も向上できる。また、突起状導電性端子が、導電材とガラスを含有する外部電極中に埋設され、その外部電極の空隙率が30%から70%であるため、熱膨張の差によるクラックの発生や、駆動による繰り返し応力に起因する外部電極の破壊を抑え、信頼性を向上することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の積層型圧電素子を示すもので、(a)は斜視図、(b)は(a)のA−A’線に沿った縦断面図、(c)及び(d)は(b)の一部を拡大して示す断面図である。
【図2】(a)〜(d)は本発明の積層型圧電素子の製法を説明するための工程図である。
【図3】本発明の積層型圧電素子の他の実施形態を示すもので、(a)は斜視図、(b)は(a)のA−A’線断面図である。
【図4】従来の積層型圧電アクチュエータの縦断面図である。
【符号の説明】
1・・・圧電体
1a・・・柱状積層体
2・・・内部電極
4・・・外部電極
4b・・・ガラスリッチ層
5・・・突起状導電性端子[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a laminated piezoelectric element and an injection device, and more particularly, to a laminated piezoelectric element used for a precision positioning device such as a fuel injection device for an automobile, an optical device, or a driving element for preventing vibration.
[0002]
[Prior art]
2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, as a laminated piezoelectric element, a laminated piezoelectric actuator in which piezoelectric bodies and internal electrodes are alternately laminated is known. Multi-layer piezoelectric actuators are classified into two types: a co-firing type and a stack type in which piezoelectric ceramics and internal electrode plates are alternately laminated. Considering lower voltage and lower manufacturing cost, co-firing The advantage of the multilayer piezoelectric actuator of the type is that it is advantageous for thinning, and is showing its superiority.
[0003]
FIG. 4 shows a conventional laminated piezoelectric actuator. In this actuator, a piezoelectric body 51 and an internal electrode 52 are alternately laminated to form a columnar laminated body 53, and both ends in the laminating direction are inactive. The layer 55 is laminated. One end of the internal electrode 52 is alternately covered with an insulator 61 on the left and right sides, and the band-shaped external electrode 70 is formed so as to be electrically connected to the internal electrode 52 from every other layer on the left and right sides. A lead wire 76 is further fixed on the belt-shaped external electrode 70 by solder 77.
[0004]
By the way, in recent years, in order to secure a large displacement amount under a large pressure with a small piezoelectric actuator, a higher electric field is applied, and the piezoelectric actuator is driven continuously for a long period of time.
[0005]
[Patent Document 1]
Patent No. 3250918 [0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the above-described piezoelectric actuator, when the piezoelectric actuator is continuously driven under a high electric field and a high pressure for a long period of time, peeling occurs between the internal electrode 52 formed between the piezoelectric bodies 51 and the external electrodes 70 for the positive electrode and the negative electrode. As a result, there is a problem that the voltage is not supplied to some of the piezoelectric bodies 51 and the displacement characteristics change during driving. Further, when the external electrode is also driven continuously for a long period of time, there is a problem that the wire is disconnected due to the repetitive stress and no voltage is supplied.
[0007]
An object of the present invention is to provide a laminated piezoelectric element having excellent durability without disconnection between an external electrode and an internal electrode even when driven continuously for a long time under a high electric field and high pressure. .
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The laminated piezoelectric element of the present invention includes a columnar laminated body obtained by alternately laminating a piezoelectric body and an internal electrode, and a pair of the laminated bodies provided on the side surface of the columnar laminated body, and the internal electrodes are alternately connected every other layer. And a protruding conductive terminal protruding from a side surface of the columnar laminate at every other end of the internal electrode, the protruding conductive terminal being provided at an end of the internal electrode. The terminal is embedded in an external electrode containing a conductive material and glass, and the porosity of the external electrode is 30 to 70%.
[0009]
In the multilayer piezoelectric element of the present invention, the protruding conductive terminal is provided at the end of the internal electrode, and the protruding conductive terminal is embedded in the external electrode. The external electrode is firmly bonded to the internal electrode, which can prevent disconnection between the external electrode and the internal electrode even when operated continuously for a long period of time under a high electric field and high pressure. Can be improved.
[0010]
Conventionally, an external electrode is joined to the end of the internal electrode, the joint area with the external electrode is small, the conductivity is low, and the connection reliability is low. Since the conductive terminal is embedded in the external electrode, the junction area between the protruding conductive terminal and the external electrode is large, the conductivity between the external electrode and the internal electrode can be improved, and the connection between the external electrode and the internal electrode can be improved. Connection reliability can also be improved.
[0011]
Further, in the present invention, the protruding conductive terminal is embedded in an external electrode containing a conductive material and glass, and the porosity of the external electrode is 30 to 70%. In addition, it is possible to suppress the destruction of the external electrode caused by the repetitive stress caused by driving, and to improve the reliability.
[0012]
Further, the multilayer piezoelectric element of the present invention is characterized in that the protruding conductive terminals are diffusion-bonded to the ends of the internal electrodes. In such a laminated piezoelectric element, the protruding conductive terminal can be more firmly joined to the end of the internal electrode.
[0013]
Further, the laminated piezoelectric element of the present invention is characterized in that the conductive material of the protruding conductive terminal and the external electrode contains silver as a main component. Since silver easily diffuses and moves at a relatively low temperature, a protruding conductive terminal can be easily formed at the end of the internal electrode by the manufacturing method described later, and the protruding conductive terminal can be easily embedded in the external electrode. . Further, silver has oxidation resistance and has a low Young's modulus, and thus is optimal as an external electrode.
[0014]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
1A and 1B show an embodiment of a multilayer piezoelectric element comprising a multilayer piezoelectric actuator of the present invention, wherein FIG. 1A is a perspective view, and FIG. 1B is a longitudinal sectional view taken along line AA ′ of FIG. (C) and (d) are enlarged views of the vicinity of the joint between the internal electrode and the external electrode.
[0015]
As shown in FIG. 1, the laminated piezoelectric actuator has, on the side surface of a square pillar-shaped laminated body 1 a formed by alternately laminating a plurality of piezoelectric bodies 1 and internal electrodes 2, with the end portions of the internal electrodes 2 placed every other layer. A protruding conductive terminal 5 is provided at an end of the internal electrode 2 covered with the insulator 3 and not covered with the insulator 3, and the protruding conductive terminal 5 is formed of a conductive material containing silver as a main component and glass. The external electrodes 4 are embedded in and bonded to each other, and a lead wire 6 is connected and fixed to each external electrode 4.
[0016]
The piezoelectric body 1 is formed of, for example, a piezoelectric ceramic material mainly containing lead zirconate titanate Pb (Zr, Ti) O 3 (hereinafter abbreviated as PZT) or barium titanate BaTiO 3 . The piezoelectric ceramics are those piezoelectric strain constant d 33 indicating the piezoelectric characteristic is high is preferable.
[0017]
The thickness of the piezoelectric body 1, that is, the distance between the internal electrodes 2 is desirably 50 to 250 μm. This is because, in order to obtain a larger displacement amount by applying a voltage, a method of increasing the number of layers is adopted for the laminated piezoelectric actuator, but by adopting the thickness of the piezoelectric body 1 as described above, the This is because downsizing and reduction in height can be achieved, and dielectric breakdown of the piezoelectric body 1 can be prevented.
[0018]
An internal electrode 2 is disposed between the piezoelectric bodies 1. The internal electrode 2 is formed of a metal material such as silver-palladium, and applies a predetermined voltage to each of the piezoelectric bodies 1. The effect of causing a displacement due to the inverse piezoelectric effect is produced.
[0019]
Further, a groove having a depth of 30 to 500 μm and a width of 30 to 200 μm in the stacking direction is formed every other layer on the side surface of the columnar laminate 1 a on which the protruding conductive terminals 5 are formed, and glass is filled in this groove. Thus, the insulator 3 is formed. The glass in the groove preferably has a small Young's modulus.
[0020]
The protruding conductive terminals 5 and the insulators 3 are alternately formed at the ends of the internal electrodes 2 exposed on one side surface of the columnar laminate 1a on which the external electrodes 4 are formed.
[0021]
That is, the ends of the internal electrodes 2 are alternately insulated by the insulator 3 filled in the groove, and the other end of the internal electrode 2 that is not insulated is connected via the protruding conductive terminal 5. It is joined to an external electrode 4 made of a conductive material mainly composed of silver and glass.
[0022]
The protruding conductive terminal 5 is diffusion-bonded to the end of the internal electrode 2. That is, when the internal electrode 2 contains silver as a main component and contains palladium and the protruding conductive terminal 5 contains silver as a main component, the silver of the internal electrode 2 and the protruding conductive terminal 5 are diffused with each other. The palladium of the internal electrode 2 diffuses into the protruding conductive terminal 5, whereby the protruding conductive terminal 5 is diffusion-bonded to the end of the internal electrode 2.
[0023]
An external electrode 4 made of a conductive material containing silver as a main component and glass is joined to the opposing side surfaces of the columnar laminated body 1a by applying a conductive paste. The protruding conductive terminals 5 are buried, so that the internal electrodes 2 are electrically connected to the external electrodes 4 every other layer. The external electrode 4 made of a conductive material mainly composed of silver and glass serves to commonly supply a voltage necessary for displacing the piezoelectric body 1 to the connected internal electrodes 2 by an inverse piezoelectric effect.
[0024]
The conductive material of the external electrode 4 and the protruding conductive terminal 5 is mainly composed of silver, and in addition to this, is made of conductive metal such as nickel, copper, gold, and aluminum, and alloys thereof. However, the conductive material of the external electrode 4 and the protruding conductive terminal 5 are mainly made of the same metal or the same alloy.
[0025]
The conductive material of the external electrode 4 and the protruding conductive terminal 5 are desirably silver or an alloy containing silver as a main component because they have oxidation resistance, easily diffuse and move at a relatively low temperature, and have a low Young's modulus.
[0026]
Further, in the present invention, a glass-rich layer 4b having a larger glass component than other portions 4a is formed in the surface layer portion of the external electrode 4 on the piezoelectric body side, and this glass-rich layer 4b is bonded to the surface of the piezoelectric body 1. ing. As described above, by making the glass-rich layer 4b of the external electrode 4 in contact with the piezoelectric body 1 contain a glass component more than the other part 4a of the external electrode 4, the external electrode 4 and the columnar laminate 1a The bonding strength can be increased. Glass is present in the glass-rich layer 4b at a ratio of 1.1 times or more that of the other portion 4a of the external electrode 4.
[0027]
Although the glass-rich layer 4b of the external electrode 4 is easily formed also in a portion corresponding to the periphery of the protruding conductive terminal 5, the protruding conductive terminal 5 is connected to the conductive material of the external electrode 4 and further conductive. For improvement, it is desirable that the amount of conductive material in the glass-rich layer 4b is large.
[0028]
The shape and thickness of the protruding conductive terminal 5 and the shape and thickness of the glass-rich layer 4b in contact with the protruding conductive terminal 5 and the glass-rich layer 4b in contact with the piezoelectric body 1 are shown in FIGS. 1 (c) and 1 (d). As shown, it need not be uniform.
[0029]
The conductive material in the external electrode 4 is 50 to 95% by volume, and the remaining glass component is 5 to 50% by volume. As a result, an appropriate amount of glass component can be secured, so that the bonding strength between the external electrode 4 and the columnar laminate 1a and the protruding conductive terminal 5 can be effectively increased, and the resistance value of the external electrode 4 can be reduced. Therefore, the local heat generation of the external electrode 4 can be suppressed, and disconnection of the external electrode 4 can be prevented.
[0030]
The porosity of the external electrode 4 is desirably 30 to 70%. If the porosity in the external electrode is less than 30%, the external electrode 4 is densified, the Young's modulus increases, and when driven for a long period of time, cracks occur due to the repetitive stress and the wire breaks. When the porosity exceeds 70%, the strength as an external electrode is reduced, and the element is broken due to disconnection or local heat generation.
[0031]
In order to adjust the porosity of the external electrode 4, the amount of binder added to the silver glass conductive paste is changed, the heat treatment temperature during baking is changed, the heat treatment time is lengthened, and the softening point of the glass is reduced. Can be achieved by changing
[0032]
For example, when heat treatment is performed at a temperature higher than the softening point of glass, the porosity decreases, and when heat treatment is performed at a lower temperature, the porosity increases. The porosity can be adjusted to 30 to 70% by performing the heat treatment in the range of 90% to 120% with respect to the softening point.
[0033]
It is also effective to decrease the density of the paste by increasing the amount of binder in the conductive paste, or to add a pore material made of an organic substance that decomposes and flies during the baking process of the electrode.
[0034]
Further, as the glass constituting the external electrode 4, silica glass, soda lime glass, lead alkali silicate glass, alumino borosilicate glass having a working temperature of 400 to 930 ° C. when forming the external electrode 4, It is preferable to use borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, borate glass, phosphate glass, or the like.
[0035]
For example, borosilicate glass, SiO 2 40 to 70 wt%, B 2 O 3 2~30 wt%, Al 2 O 3 0~20 wt%, MgO, CaO, SrO, alkaline-earth, such as BaO 0-20 wt% of the metalloid oxides in total, Na 2 O, K 2 O , it may be used those containing 0-10% by weight of alkali metal oxides such as Li 2 O in a total amount. Further, the above borosilicate glass may be a glass containing 5 to 30% by weight of ZnO. ZnO has the effect of lowering the softening point temperature of the borosilicate glass.
[0036]
Further, as the phosphate glass, 40 to 80% by weight of P 2 O 5, 0 to 30% by weight of Al 2 O 3, 0 to 30% by weight of B 2 O 3, 0 to 30% by weight of ZnO, and alkaline earth metal oxide A glass containing 0 to 30% by weight of a substance and 0 to 10% by weight of an alkali metal oxide can be used.
[0037]
As the lead glass, PbO30~80 wt%, SiO 2 0 to 40 wt%, Bi 2 O 3 0 to 30 wt%, Al 2 O 3 0 to 20 wt%, ZnO0~30 wt%, an alkaline earth A glass containing 0 to 30% by weight of a metal oxide and 0 to 10% by weight of an alkali metal oxide can be used.
[0038]
A lead wire 6 is connected and fixed to the external electrode 4 by soldering. The lead wire 6 serves to connect the external electrode 4 to an external voltage supply.
[0039]
A method for manufacturing the laminated piezoelectric element of the present invention will be described. First, the columnar laminate 1a is manufactured. A calcined powder of piezoelectric ceramics such as PZT, a binder made of an organic polymer such as an acrylic or butyral system, and a plasticizer such as DBP (dityl phthalate) and DOP (dibutyl phthalate) are mixed to form a slurry. Then, the slurry is formed into a ceramic green sheet to be the piezoelectric body 1 by a tape forming method such as a well-known doctor blade method or calender roll method.
[0040]
Next, a conductive paste is prepared by adding and mixing a binder, a plasticizer, and the like to the silver-palladium powder, and this is printed on the upper surface of each green sheet to a thickness of 1 to 40 μm by screen printing or the like.
[0041]
Then, a plurality of green sheets on which the conductive paste is printed are laminated on the upper surface, and a plurality of green sheets on which the conductive paste is not printed are laminated on the upper and lower surfaces of the laminate, and the laminate is heated at a predetermined temperature. It is produced by firing at 900 to 1200 ° C. after removing the binder.
[0042]
Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 2A, grooves are formed on the side surfaces of the columnar laminated body 1a by using a dicing device or the like. Then, as shown in FIG. 2B, the grooves are filled with a paste in which glass powder is dispersed, and baked at 700 to 1000 ° C., and the grooves are filled with glass to form the columnar laminate 1a.
[0043]
Then, as shown in FIG. 2C, 50 to 95% by volume of silver powder (melting point: 960 ° C.) having an average particle size of 0.1 to 10 μm is provided on the side surface of the columnar laminate 1 a where the groove is formed, Is coated with a silver glass conductive paste 21 prepared by adding a binder to a mixture of 5 to 50% by volume of glass powder having an average particle diameter of 0.1 to 10 μm and a silicon-based component having a softening point of 400 to 930 ° C. Then, by baking at a temperature higher than the softening point of the glass and at a temperature equal to or lower than the melting point of silver, silver in the silver glass conductive paste 21 aggregates at the end of the internal electrode 2, and as shown in FIG. As shown, the protruding conductive terminals 5 are formed, and the external electrodes 4 can be formed.
[0044]
That is, by dispersing a glass component in the silver glass conductive paste 21 and performing a heat treatment at a temperature higher than the softening point of the glass and at a temperature equal to or lower than the melting point of silver, the glass is softened. Silver, which is difficult to diffuse, gathers at the end of the internal electrode 2 to form the protruding conductive terminal 5, and at the same time, glass components gather near the protruding conductive terminal 5 and the piezoelectric body 1. Thus, the protruding conductive terminals 5 and the external electrodes 4 can be formed.
[0045]
At the same time, silver and palladium constituting the internal electrode 2 diffuse into the protruding conductive terminal 5, and the bonding between the protruding conductive terminal 5 and the internal electrode 2 becomes strong. The protruding height of the protruding conductive terminals 5 from the columnar laminate 1a is preferably 1 μm or more, particularly preferably 3 μm or more. As described above, the protrusion height can be increased by increasing the heat treatment temperature during baking, increasing the heat treatment time, or lowering the softening point of the glass. The baking temperature of the silver glass conductive paste is preferably equal to or lower than the baking temperature of the glass filled in the groove.
[0046]
As described above, after the protruding conductive terminals 5 and the external electrodes 4 are formed, the lead wires 6 are connected to complete the multilayer piezoelectric element of the present invention.
[0047]
Then, a DC voltage of 0.1 to 3 kV / mm is applied to the pair of external electrodes 4 via the lead wires 6 to polarize the columnar laminate 1a, thereby completing a laminated piezoelectric actuator as a product. When the lead wire 6 is connected to an external voltage supply unit and a voltage is applied to the internal electrode 2 via the lead wire 6 and the external electrode 4, each piezoelectric body 1 is greatly displaced by the inverse piezoelectric effect.
[0048]
In the multilayer piezoelectric element configured as described above, the protruding conductive terminal 5 is provided at the end of the internal electrode 2, and the protruding conductive terminal 5 is embedded in the external electrode 4. The external electrode 4 is firmly joined to the internal electrode 2 by the anchor effect of the protruding conductive terminal 5, and even when the external electrode 4 and the internal electrode 2 are continuously operated under a high electric field and high pressure for a long period of time, the external electrode 4 and the internal electrode 2 are not connected. Disconnection can be suppressed, and durability can be greatly improved.
[0049]
Further, since the protruding conductive terminal 5 is embedded in the external electrode 4, the bonding area between the protruding conductive terminal 5 and the external electrode 4 is large, and the conductivity between the external electrode 4 and the internal electrode 2 is improved. In addition, the connection reliability between the external electrode 4 and the internal electrode 2 can be improved.
[0050]
Further, the protruding conductive terminal is embedded in an external electrode containing a conductive material and glass, and by setting the porosity of the external electrode to 30 to 70%, a crack due to a difference in thermal expansion or a drive is generated. This can suppress the destruction of the external electrode due to the repeated stress caused by the above, and improve the reliability.
[0051]
In the present invention, as shown in FIG. 3, a conductive auxiliary member 7 may be formed outside the external electrode 4. In this case, a large current is supplied to the actuator by providing the conductive auxiliary member 7 on the outer surface of the external electrode 4, and even when the actuator is driven at a high speed, a large current can flow through the conductive auxiliary member 7. The current flowing through the external electrode 4 can be reduced, the external electrode 4 can be prevented from causing local heat generation and disconnection, and the durability can be greatly improved.
[0052]
The conductive auxiliary member 7 is formed of one or a composite of a plate-shaped conductive member, a conductive adhesive, a conductive coil, a conductive corrugated sheet, and a conductive fiber assembly (wool shape).
[0053]
The multilayer piezoelectric element of the present invention is not limited to these, and various changes can be made without departing from the gist of the present invention.
[0054]
Further, in the above example, the example in which the external electrodes 4 are formed on the opposing side surfaces of the columnar laminate 1a has been described. However, in the present invention, for example, a pair of external electrodes may be formed on the adjacent side surface.
[0055]
【Example】
Example 1
First, a columnar laminate was prepared. The piezoelectric body was formed of PZT having a thickness of 150 μm, the internal electrode was formed of a silver-palladium alloy having a thickness of 3 μm, and the number of layers of the piezoelectric body and the internal electrode was 300.
[0056]
Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 2A, a groove having a depth of 50 μm and a width of 50 μm was formed every other layer at the end of the internal electrode on the side surface of the columnar laminate by a dicing apparatus. Then, as shown in FIG. 2B, the grooves were filled with a paste in which glass powder was dispersed, and baked at 900 ° C. to fill the grooves with glass.
[0057]
Next, an amorphous borosilicate glass (Si, Al, B) containing 90% by volume of silver powder having an average particle size of 5 μm and a balance of silicon having an average particle size of 5 μm and having a softening point of 600 ° C. A binder was added to a mixture with 10% by volume of powder and mixed well to prepare a silver glass conductive paste, and as shown in FIG. The resultant was applied and baked at 700 ° C. to form a protruding conductive terminal and an external electrode as shown in FIG. 2D. The thickness of the protruding conductive terminal in the stacking direction was 3 μm on average, and the height of the protrusion from the side surface of the columnar laminate was 5 μm on average.
[0058]
At this time, it was confirmed that the main component of the protruding conductive terminal was silver, and that palladium was diffused from the internal electrode into the protruding conductive terminal. In addition, a glass-rich layer having a larger glass component than other external electrode portions is formed in a portion of the external electrode in contact with the protruding conductive terminal and the piezoelectric body, and the average thickness of the glass-rich layer is It was about 2 μm.
[0059]
Thereafter, a lead wire is connected to the external electrodes, and a DC electric field of 3 kV / mm is applied to the positive and negative external electrodes via the lead wires for 15 minutes to perform a polarization treatment. As shown in FIG. Was prepared.
[0060]
As a result of applying a DC voltage of 150 V to the obtained laminated piezoelectric actuator, a displacement of 40 μm was obtained in the laminating direction. Furthermore, an AC voltage of 0 to +150 V was applied to the actuator at room temperature at a frequency of 150 Hz. As a result, when the actuator was driven up to 1 × 10 8 cycles, a displacement of 40 μm was obtained. I couldn't see it. In Table 1, the sample No. Described in 1.
Example 2
Next, the same configuration as in Example 1 except that the porosity was changed by changing the silver content and the glass softening point in the silver glass conductive paste, and changing the heat treatment temperature for baking the external electrode 4. No. 2 to No. 8 were manufactured. In the samples 1 to 7, the protruding conductive terminals containing silver as a main component were formed at the ends of the internal electrodes of the columnar laminate. The porosity was measured by mirror-processing the cross section of the external electrode 4 and performing image analysis. In addition, No. Samples Nos. 6 to 8 are comparative examples. In the sample of No. 6, the protruding conductive terminals were formed, but the porosity of the external electrode 4 was 15%, which is out of the range of the present invention. In the samples of Nos. 7 and 8, the protruding conductive terminals were not formed.
[0061]
A driving test was performed by applying an alternating voltage of 0 to 150 V at a frequency of 150 Hz to the obtained laminated piezoelectric actuator at room temperature. The displacement amount obtained in the initial stage was 40 μm in all samples (Nos. 1 to 8). In addition, a driving test was performed at room temperature at an AC voltage of 0 to 200 V and a frequency of 150 Hz. Table 1 shows the obtained results.
[0062]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004103621
[0063]
Sample No. In all the samples except for the sample in which No. 8 protruding conductive terminals were formed, when driven at 150 V up to 1 × 10 8 cycles, a displacement of 40 μm was obtained, and no abnormality of the external electrodes was observed. Also, in Sample No. in which the protruding conductive terminal was formed, In Nos. 1 to 6, a spark is generated between the external electrode and the internal electrode until 1 × 10 8 cycles because the external electrode and the internal electrode are electrically and strongly bonded via the protruding conductive terminals. I never did.
[0064]
On the other hand, No. 1 in which the protruding conductive terminal was not formed. In the case of the samples Nos. 7 and 8, the connection between the external electrode and the internal electrode was weak, and a spark occurred at the contact point between the external electrode and the internal electrode.
[0065]
Further, as a result of driving at 200 V under severe driving conditions, No. In the samples 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, abnormalities such as disconnection of the external electrodes and sparks were not observed even when driven at 200 V and up to 1 × 10 8 cycles. On the other hand, No. In the sample No. 6, the external electrode was broken because the porosity of the external electrode 4 was low.
[0066]
That is, by setting the content of silver in the external electrode to 50 to 95% by volume, the softening point of the glass component to the melting point of silver or less, and the porosity of the external electrode to 30 to 70%, high-speed continuous driving at a high electric field. In this case, the protruding conductive terminal firmly electrically connects the internal electrode and the external electrode, and the external electrode is strongly bonded to the columnar laminate. There was no problem such as sparks at the electrode contacts.
[0067]
【The invention's effect】
According to the multilayer piezoelectric element of the present invention, the protruding conductive terminal is provided at the end of the internal electrode, and the protruding conductive terminal is embedded in the external electrode. Due to the anchor effect, the external electrode is firmly joined to the internal electrode, and even if the device is operated continuously for a long period of time under a high electric field and high pressure, disconnection between the external electrode and the internal electrode can be suppressed, and durability can be improved. Can be greatly improved. Further, in the present invention, since the protruding conductive terminal is embedded in the external electrode, the bonding area between the protruding conductive terminal and the external electrode is large, and the conductivity between the external electrode and the internal electrode can be improved, Moreover, the connection reliability between the external electrode and the internal electrode can be improved. In addition, since the protruding conductive terminal is embedded in an external electrode containing a conductive material and glass, and the porosity of the external electrode is 30% to 70%, cracks due to a difference in thermal expansion and driving are caused. This can suppress the destruction of the external electrode caused by the repeated stress caused by the above, and can improve the reliability.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIGS. 1A and 1B show a multilayer piezoelectric element of the present invention, wherein FIG. 1A is a perspective view, FIG. 1B is a longitudinal sectional view taken along line AA ′ of FIG. 1A, and FIGS. FIG. 4 is an enlarged sectional view showing a part of FIG.
FIGS. 2A to 2D are process diagrams for explaining a method of manufacturing a multilayer piezoelectric element of the present invention.
3A and 3B show another embodiment of the multilayer piezoelectric element of the present invention, in which FIG. 3A is a perspective view, and FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA ′ of FIG.
FIG. 4 is a longitudinal sectional view of a conventional laminated piezoelectric actuator.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Piezoelectric body 1a ... Columnar laminated body 2 ... Internal electrode 4 ... External electrode 4b ... Glass rich layer 5 ... Projection-like conductive terminal

Claims (3)

圧電体と内部電極とを交互に積層してなる柱状積層体と、該柱状積層体の側面に設けられ、前記内部電極が一層おきに交互に接続された一対の外部電極とを具備してなる積層型圧電素子であって、前記内部電極の端部に一層おきに前記柱状積層体の側面から突出する突起状導電性端子が設けられ、該突起状導電性端子が、導電材とガラスを含有する外部電極中に埋設され、その外部電極の空隙率が30〜70%であることを特徴とする積層型圧電素子。A columnar laminate formed by alternately laminating piezoelectric bodies and internal electrodes; and a pair of external electrodes provided on side surfaces of the columnar laminate, wherein the internal electrodes are alternately connected every other layer. In the laminated piezoelectric element, a protruding conductive terminal protruding from a side surface of the columnar laminate is provided at every other end of the internal electrode, and the protruding conductive terminal contains a conductive material and glass. And a porosity of the external electrode is 30 to 70%. 突起状導電性端子が、内部電極の端部に拡散接合していることを特徴とする請求項1記載の積層型圧電素子。The multilayer piezoelectric element according to claim 1, wherein the protruding conductive terminal is diffusion-bonded to an end of the internal electrode. 突起状導電性端子及び外部電極の導電材が、銀を主成分とすることを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載の積層型圧電素子。3. The multilayer piezoelectric element according to claim 1, wherein the conductive material of the protruding conductive terminal and the external electrode contains silver as a main component.
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