DE102013202353B4 - Sole for a shoe - Google Patents

Abstract

Sole for a shoe (1400; 1500), in particular a sports shoe, comprising: a. a damping element (110; 1410; 1510; 1630; 1730) which has randomly arranged particles (1635; 1735) made of an expanded material, b. a control element (130; 1450; 1540; 1620; 1720; 1800a-d) that has no expanded material, c. wherein the control element (130; 1450; 1540; 1620; 1720; 1800a-d) shear movements in a first region of the damping element (110; 1410; 1510; 1630; 1730) compared to shear movements in a second region of the damping element (110; 1410 ; 1510; 1630; 1730) decreased.

Description

Technical field

The present invention relates to a sole for a shoe, in particular for a sports shoe.

State of the art

With the help of soles, shoes are provided with an abundance of different properties, which can vary depending on the specific type of shoe. Primarily, shoe soles typically have a protective function. They protect the foot of the respective wearer from their injuries, for example through pointed objects on which the shoe wearer treads, due to their increased stiffness compared to the shoe upper. Furthermore, the sole of the shoe usually protects the shoe from excessive wear through increased abrasion resistance. In addition, shoe soles can improve the adhesion of a shoe to the respective surface and thus facilitate faster movements. Another function of a shoe sole can be to provide a certain degree of stability. In addition, a shoe sole can have a dampening effect, e.g. cushion the forces that occur when the shoe comes into contact with the ground. Finally, a shoe sole can protect the foot from dirt or splash water or provide a variety of other functionalities.

In order to do justice to this abundance of functionalities, various materials are known in the prior art from which shoe soles can be made. Examples include shoe soles made from ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), rubber, polypropylene (PP) or polystyrene (PS). Each of these different materials provides a special combination of different properties that are more or less well suited for the soles of certain types of shoes, depending on the specific requirements of the respective type of shoe. For example, TPU is very resistant to abrasion and tear. Furthermore, EVA is characterized by high stability and relatively good damping properties. The use of expanded materials, particularly expanded thermoplastic urethane (eTPU), to make a shoe sole has also been considered. For example, the WO 2005/066 250 A1 Process for the production of shoes in which the upper is adhesively connected to a sole based on foamed thermoplastic urethane. Expanded thermoplastic urethane is characterized by its low weight and particularly good elasticity and damping properties.

In addition to cushioning and absorbing shock energy when the foot hits the floor, i.e. damping in the vertical direction, it is also known from the prior art that shearing forces also occur in the horizontal direction during running, in particular on surfaces on which a shoe has good grip and the shoe and foot are thus abruptly stopped when they occur. If these shear forces cannot be absorbed at least partially by the ground and / or the sole of the shoe, the shear forces are passed on to the musculoskeletal system, in particular the knee, unabated. This easily leads to an overload of the musculoskeletal system and favors injuries. On the other hand, an excessive shear ability of the shoe sole would result in a loss of stability, especially when running faster, which would increase the risk of injury. Increased shear ability may also be undesirable in certain areas of the sole, since these areas serve to stabilize the foot. Furthermore, increased shear ability, for example in the area of the toes or midfoot, can cause the wearer to feel the shoe slip while running, which reduces comfort.

To solve this problem, are from the prior art, for example DE 102 44 433 B4 and the DE 102 44 435 B4 , Sole constructions known that can absorb a part of the shear forces occurring while running gently. A disadvantage of these designs, however, is that such soles consist of several independent individual parts, are quite heavy, and are complex to manufacture.

document US 2005/0 150 132 A1 relates to footwear (eg shoes, sandals, boots, etc.) with small pearls which are stuffed into the footbed in such a way that they can shift due to the pressure on the footbed by the user's foot during normal use. The beads are preferably made of expanded polystyrene and have an average diameter of between approximately two thirds and approximately one millimeter.

document DE 10 2011 108 744 A1 relates to a method for producing a sole or a sole part of a shoe, in particular a sports shoe.

document US 7 673 397 B2 relates to footwear with an upper and a sole assembly attached to the upper. The sole unit includes an upper plate and a lower plate spaced from the upper plate. A central element is between the top and the lower plate positioned and includes a plurality of elastomeric support columns.

document US 8 082 684 B2 relates to a sole unit for a shoe, which has at least one decoupling section between areas of the sole unit, which allows a decoupling of the areas in response to forces in contact with the ground.

document US 2011/0 047 720 A1 relates to a molding tool for a sole arrangement and a manufacturing method and in particular to a molding tool for manufacturing a midsole which is constructed from two materials.

The later published older application EP 2 649 896 A2 discloses a sole for a shoe with at least a first and a second surface area. The first surface area has an expanded thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The second surface area is free of expanded TPU.

Starting from the prior art, it is therefore an object of the present invention to provide better soles for shoes, in particular for sports shoes. Another object of the present invention is to provide improved possibilities with which the shear ability of shoe soles can be selectively influenced in certain sole areas.

Summary of the invention

According to a first aspect of the present invention, this problem is solved by a sole for a shoe, in particular a sports shoe, which has a damping element which has randomly arranged particles of an expanded material. The sole also has a control element that has no expanded material, the control element reducing shear movements in a first region of the damping element compared to shear movements in a second region of the damping element.

The use of a damping element, which has expanded material, is particularly advantageous for the construction of a shoe sole, since this material is very light but at the same time can absorb the shock energy when it occurs on the ground, especially when running fast, and return it to the runner. This increases the efficiency of running and reduces the (vertical) impact load on the musculoskeletal system.

Another advantage is the use of randomly arranged particles of the expanded material. These make the manufacture of such a sole considerably easier, since the particles are particularly easy to handle and, because of their random arrangement, no alignment is required during production.

The use of a control element, which allows the shear ability of the damping element to be selectively influenced, moreover makes it possible to construct soles which can also absorb and / or dampen horizontal shear forces which would otherwise act directly on the musculoskeletal system, in particular the joints , This further increases the comfort of the shoe and the efficiency of the runner and at the same time prevents injuries and joint wear. Since this control element preferably does not have an expanded material, it has sufficient strength to fulfill its control function.

In a preferred embodiment, the particles of expanded material have one or more of the following materials: expanded ethylene vinyl acetate (eEVA), expanded thermoplastic urethane (eTPU), expanded polypropylene (ePP), expanded polyamide (ePA), expanded polyether block amide ( ePEBA), expanded polyoxymethylene (ePOM), expanded polystyrene (ePS), expanded polyethylene (ePE), expanded polyoxyethylene (ePOE), expanded ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (eEPDM). Depending on the requirement profile for the sole, one or more of these materials can advantageously be used for the production of the sole due to their substance-specific properties.

In a further preferred embodiment, the control element has one or more of the following materials: rubber, unexpanded thermoplastic urethane, textile materials, PEBA and foils and foil materials.

In a further preferred embodiment, the first region of the damping element has a greater intrinsic shear resistance than the second region of the damping element. The use of such a damping element with areas of different intrinsic shear resistance in combination with a control element, which locally influences the shear ability of the damping element, offers great freedom and many possibilities of adaptation when designing a shoe sole.

In one embodiment, the control element has a greater thickness and / or fewer holes in a first control region which influences the shear movement of the first region of the damping element than in a second control region which influences the shear movement of the second region of the damping element. By the thickness and the number and size of the holes etc. can be determined, for example, the bending and torsional strength of the control element. These properties of the control element can in turn influence the shear and bending ability of the different areas of the damping element.

In a preferred embodiment, the damping element is designed as part of a midsole. In a further preferred embodiment, the control element is designed as a component of an outsole.

By designing the cushioning element as part of a midsole and / or the control element as part of an outsole, the number of different functional components of the sole and the shoe can be minimized and, at the same time, the possibilities of adapting and controlling the sole properties can be increased. For example, this simplifies the construction of the shoe and can significantly reduce its weight. Additional composites, such as adhesives for connecting the various elements of the sole and the shoe, can also be saved. In the end, the shoe can be manufactured more cheaply with improved functionality and also offers improved possibilities for recycling, since materials of the same material classes are preferably used.

In a further embodiment, the outsole has a decoupling area which is not directly connected to the second area of the damping element of the midsole. As explained in detail below, this allows the shear ability of the sole to be influenced and / or increased further. For example, a control element formed as part of an outsole can be replaced by a gel or the like. be connected to a damping element formed as part of a midsole. The gel allows a further shear effect between the control and the damping element and thus allows greater shear forces to be absorbed.

According to a further aspect of the invention, the control element and the damping element can be produced from materials of the same material class, in particular from thermoplastic urethane. This allows a simplified production of the sole and the shoe. In particular, materials of the same material class can often be connected and processed together much more easily than materials of different classes.

According to a further aspect of the invention, the first area is in the medial area of the midfoot and the second area is in the lateral area of the heel. The shear forces during walking primarily occur when the foot is placed on the floor. This typically happens with the lateral area of the heel. Therefore a good shear ability of the sole for absorbing the shear forces is desirable there. In the medial area of the foot, on the other hand, support and increased stability are often desired. This allows the foot to be better pushed off the floor and can also prevent overpronation of the foot, which can lead to irritation and injuries.

According to a further aspect of the invention, the control element further increases the bending strength of the damping element in the first region compared to the second region. In particular, a control element designed as part of an outsole can provide this functionality. This can make another torsion element superfluous, for example. This again saves weight and costs.

According to a further aspect of the present invention, the sole has a frame made of unexpanded material, in particular of ethylene vinyl acetate, which surrounds at least part of the damping element. Such a frame allows, for example, further control of the shear ability and can also be used to increase the stability of the sole.

In a preferred embodiment, the damping element enables a shear movement of a lower sole surface relative to an upper sole surface in the longitudinal direction of more than 1 mm, preferably more than 1.5 mm and particularly preferably more than 2 mm. These values offer a good middle ground between sufficient stability of the shoe sole and a high absorption capacity for horizontal shear forces.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a shoe, in particular a sports shoe, with a sole according to one or more of the preceding exemplary embodiments of the invention. Here, individual aspects of the exemplary embodiments of the invention can be combined with one another in an advantageous manner, depending on the requirement profile for the sole and the shoe. It is also possible to leave out individual aspects if they are not important for the particular purpose of the shoe.

list of figures

• 1 Ausführungsform einer Schuhsohle mit einer Mittelsohle und einer Außensohle, welche die Scher- und Biegefähigkeit der Mittelsohle selektiv beeinflusst. Die Sohle weist ferner ein teilweise in die Mittelsohle eingelassenes Verstärkungselement sowie eine Fersenkappe auf.
• 2 Schuhe mit verschiedenen Sohlen, welche für die Messungen der 3a - 9 verwendet wurden.
• 3a-b Vergleich der vertikalen Kompression einer Mittelsohle aus eTPU und einer Mittelsohle aus EVA beim Auftreten des Fußes auf der Ferse.
• 4 Messungen der vertikalen Kompression einer Mittelsohle aus eTPU und einer Mittelsohle aus EVA während eines kompletten Schrittzyklus.
• 5a-b Vergleich der lokalen Materialdehnung in der lateralen Seitenwand einer Mittelsohle aus eTPU und einer Sohle aus EVA während des Abrollens vom Fersenbereich auf den Vorderfußbereich während eines Schrittes.
• 6a-c Messungen des relativen Versatzes zweier Messpunkte an den gegenüberliegenden Enden der in den 7a-c dargestellten Messstrecken während eines kompletten Schrittzyklus für drei verschiedene Sohlen.
• 7a-c Die für die Messungen der 6a-c verwendeten Messpunkte befinden sich jeweils an den Enden der in den 7a-c eingezeichneten Messstrecken.
• 8a-c Vergleich der horizontalen Scherwirkung auf das Sohlenmaterial dreier verschiedener Mittelsohlen beim Auftreten mit dem lateralen Bereich der Ferse.
• 9 Messungen der Scherwirkungen im Fersenbereich des Sohlenmaterials verschiedener Mittelsohlen in longitudinaler Richtung (AP Richtung) während eines komplette Schrittzyklus.
• 10a-d Weitere Messungen der Scherwirkungen im Fersenbereich des Sohlenmaterials verschiedener Mittelsohlen in longitudinaler Richtung (AP Richtung) und in medial-lateraler Richtung (ML Richtung) während eines kompletten Schrittzyklusses.
• 11 Durchschnittswerte mehrerer Messungen der Scherwirkungen im Fersenbereich des Sohlenmaterials jeweils verschiedener Mittelsohlen in longitudinaler Richtung (AP Richtung) während eines kompletten Schrittzyklusses.
• 12 Durchschnittswerte mehrerer Messungen der Scherwirkungen im Fersenbereich des Sohlenmaterials jeweils verschiedener Mittelsohlen in medial-lateraler Richtung (ML Richtung) während eines kompletten Schrittzyklusses.
• 13a-e Darstellung der plantaren Scherwirkung auf das Sohlenmaterial verschiedener Mittelsohlen beim Abtreten auf dem Vorfußbereich gegen Ende eines Schrittes (vgl. 13e).
• 14a-c Bevorzugtes Ausführungsbeispiel eines Schuhs mit einer Sohle gemäß einem Aspekt der vorliegenden Erfindung.
• 15a-c Weiteres bevorzugtes Ausführungsbeispiel eines Schuhs mit einer Sohle gemäß einem Aspekt der vorliegenden Erfindung.
• 16a-b Bevorzugte Ausführungsformen einer Schuhsohle mit einer Mittelsohle und einer Außensohle, welche die Scher- und Biegefähigkeit der Mittelsohle selektiv beeinflusst.
• 17 Besonders bevorzugte Ausführungsformen einer Schuhsohle mit einer Mittelsohle und einer Außensohle, welche die Scher- und Biegefähigkeit der Mittelsohle selektiv beeinflusst.
• 18 Schematische Darstellung möglicher Ausgestaltungsbeispiele für Außensohlen, welche die Scher- und Biegefähigkeit einer Mittelsohle selektiv beeinflussen.
• 19, 20 Schematischer Querschnitt in ML Richtung durch zwei Ausführungsbeispiele einer Mittelsohle, welche ein erstes und eine zweites Plattenelement aufweist, die relativ zueinander eine Gleitbewegung ausführen können.

In the following detailed description, currently preferred embodiments and embodiments of the sole according to the invention are described with reference to the following figures:

• 1 Embodiment of a shoe sole with a midsole and an outsole, which selectively influences the shear and bending ability of the midsole. The sole also has a reinforcement element partially embedded in the midsole and a heel cap.
• 2 Shoes with different soles, which are used for the measurements of the 3a - 9 were used.
• 3a-b Comparison of the vertical compression of an eTPU midsole and an EVA midsole when the foot appears on the heel.
• 4 Vertical compression measurements of an eTPU midsole and an EVA midsole during a complete stride cycle.
• 5a-b Comparison of the local material expansion in the lateral side wall of a midsole made of eTPU and a sole made of EVA while rolling from the heel area to the forefoot area during a step.
• 6a-c Measurements of the relative offset of two measuring points at the opposite ends of the in the 7a-c shown measuring distances during a complete step cycle for three different soles.
• 7a-c The for the measurements of the 6a-c The measuring points used are located at the ends of the in the 7a-c shown measurement sections.
• 8a-c Comparison of the horizontal shear effect on the sole material of three different midsoles when they occur with the lateral area of the heel.
• 9 Measurements of the shear effects in the heel area of the sole material of various midsoles in the longitudinal direction (AP direction) during a complete step cycle.
• 10a-d Further measurements of the shear effects in the heel area of the sole material of various midsoles in the longitudinal direction (AP direction) and in the medial-lateral direction (ML direction) during a complete step cycle.
• 11 Average values of several measurements of the shear effects in the heel area of the sole material of different midsoles in the longitudinal direction (AP direction) during a complete step cycle.
• 12 Average values of several measurements of the shear effects in the heel area of the sole material of different midsoles in the medial-lateral direction (ML direction) during a complete step cycle.
• 13a-e Representation of the plantar shear effect on the sole material of various midsoles when stepping on the forefoot area towards the end of a step (cf. 13e) ,
• 14a-c Preferred embodiment of a shoe with a sole according to an aspect of the present invention.
• 15a-c Another preferred embodiment of a shoe with a sole according to an aspect of the present invention.
• 16a-b Preferred embodiments of a shoe sole with a midsole and an outsole, which selectively influences the shear and bending ability of the midsole.
• 17 Particularly preferred embodiments of a shoe sole with a midsole and an outsole which selectively influence the shear and bending ability of the midsole.
• 18 Schematic representation of possible design examples for outsoles that selectively influence the shear and bending ability of a midsole.
• 19 . 20 Schematic cross section in the ML direction through two embodiments of a midsole, which has a first and a second plate element, which can perform a sliding movement relative to one another.

Detailed description of preferred embodiments

In the detailed description below, currently preferred embodiments of the invention are described with reference to sports shoes. However, it is emphasized that the present invention is not limited to these embodiments. For example, the present invention can also be applied to work shoes, casual shoes, trekking shoes, golf shoes, winter shoes or other shoes, as well as for protective clothing and padding in sports clothing and sports articles.

1 shows a sole 100 according to one aspect of the present invention. The sole 100 has a damping element 110 which has randomly arranged particles of an expanded material, and a control element 130 , which selectively influences the shear ability of the damping element.

In a preferred embodiment, the damping element 110 as in 1 shown as a midsole or formed as part of the midsole. The damping element 110 has randomly arranged particles of an expanded material. In one embodiment, the entire damping element 110 made of expanded material. However, different expanded materials, or mixtures of several different expanded materials, can be used in different partial areas of the damping element 110 are used. In a further embodiment, there are only one or more subregions of the damping element 110 made of expanded material during the rest of the damping element 110 consists of unexpanded material. For example, a damping element 110 have a central area made of particles of one or more expanded materials, which is surrounded by a frame made of non-expanded material in order to increase the dimensional stability of the sole. A damping element can be created by a suitable combination of different expanded and / or unexpanded materials 110 with the desired damping and stability properties.

The particles of the expanded material can in particular have one or more of the following materials: expanded ethylene vinyl acetate (eEVA), expanded thermoplastic urethane (eTPU), expanded polypropylene (ePP), expanded polyamide (ePA), expanded polyether block amide (ePEBA) , expanded polyoxymethylene (ePOM), expanded polystyrene (ePS), expanded polyethylene (ePE), expanded polyoxyethylene (ePOE), expanded ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (eEPDM). Each of these materials has certain characteristic properties which, depending on the requirement profile for the sole, can advantageously be used to produce the shoe sole. In particular, eTPU has excellent damping properties that remain even at lower or higher temperatures. Furthermore, eTPU is very elastic and almost completely returns the energy stored during compression, for example when it occurs on the floor, during subsequent expansion to the foot. In contrast, EVA, for example, is characterized by great strength and is therefore suitable, for example, for the construction of a frame, which areas are made of expanded material or the entire damping element 110 surrounds the damping element 110 to give great dimensional stability.

The use of different materials or mixtures of different materials to manufacture the damping element 110 it also allows damping elements 110 to provide areas with different intrinsic shear resistances. In connection with a control element 130 as described herein, this significantly increases the design latitude in the construction of shoe soles 100 and thus the possibilities of selectively influencing the shear behavior of the shoe sole 100 ,

In a preferred embodiment, the control element 130 as in 1 shown as an outsole or as part of an outsole. The control element 130 preferably has one or more of the following materials: rubber, unexpanded thermoplastic urethane, textile materials, PEBA and foils and foil materials. An embodiment in which the damping element is particularly advantageous 110 and the control element 130 can be produced from materials of the same material class, in particular expanded and / or unexpanded thermoplastic urethane. This greatly facilitates the manufacturing process, since there is, for example, a damping element 110 and control element 130 can be produced in one piece in a single mold without the additional use of adhesives.

For selectively influencing the shear behavior of the damping element 110 the control element has a series of protrusions 132 different size, hardness and expansion, webs or beads 135 of various lengths, thicknesses and structures, as well as openings and recesses 138 with different diameters. The influence of the control element can be influenced by varying these design options 130 on the shear behavior of the damping element 110 selectively control.

For example, the 16a-b an embodiment 1600 a sole according to the invention 1610 for a shoe, which has a damping element designed as a midsole 1630 which has randomly arranged particles 1635 of an expanded material. 16a shows the unloaded condition and 16b the stressed state after occurrence 1650 on the ground. The sole 1610 also has a control element designed as an outsole 1620 on which is a series of tabs 1622 and a series of recesses / recesses 1628 having. The material of the control element 1620 prefers a higher strength / stiffness than the material of the midsole 1630 , For example, the control element 1620 be designed as a film on which the projections 1622 be applied selectively. For example, the control element 1620 act on a sheet of TPU on the protrusions 1622 can also be applied from TPU. Such a preferred embodiment has the advantage that the film and the projections can, for example, form a chemical bond without the use of additional composites, which is extremely stable and resistant. In other embodiments the control element has other / additional materials.

As in 16b shown express themselves after the appearance 1650 the ledges 1622 in the material of the midsole 1630 because the material of the control element 1620 , as already mentioned, preferably has a higher rigidity / strength than the material of the midsole 1630 , This creates areas 1660 and 1670 in which the material of the midsole 1630 is compressed to different degrees.

In particular, the midsole material in the areas 1670 in which the protrusions 1622 under load in the midsole 1630 push in, more compressed than in the areas 1660 in which the control element has recesses / depressions 1628 having. The resulting different compressions of the midsole material selectively influence the stretch and / or shear ability of the midsole material in the corresponding areas 1660 and 1670 , For example, the stretchability of the midsole material decreases in the more compressed areas 1670 compared to the less compressed areas 1660 from. This also leads to anchoring of the midsole 1630 on the outsole 1620 and thus to increased grip.

This allows various types of control element configurations 1620 with different protrusions 1622 and recesses / recesses 1628 the stretch and / or shear ability of the midsole 1630 selectively activate or suppress individual sections.

The tabs 1622 can be designed differently. For example, the projections 1622 the projections are pointed, conical or pyramid-shaped 1622 can be cylindrical, they can be in the form of a hemisphere, the control element 1620 can be wave-shaped and the like. The tabs 1622 serve as a kind of anchor points that make it possible to compress the midsole material locally in a targeted manner. Projections far apart 1622 allow, for example, greater stretching movements of the midsole material than protrusions closer together 1622 , Also the shearability of the midsole 1630 can be selectively influenced in this way.

17 shows a particularly preferred embodiment 1700 a sole according to the invention 1710 for a shoe, which has a damping element designed as a midsole 1730 which has randomly arranged particles 1735 of an expanded material, in the unloaded state. The sole 1710 also has a control element designed as an outsole 1720 on which is a series of tabs 1722 and a series of recesses / recesses 1728 having. The material of the control element 1720 prefers a higher strength / stiffness than the material of the midsole 1730 , In the 17 shown symmetrical, wave-shaped design of the control element enables a particularly good anchoring of the midsole 1730 on the outsole 1720 under load, as described above, and therefore particularly good grip. Furthermore, there is a control element designed in this way 1720 can be easily introduced into a mold used for the production during the manufacturing process.

18 schematically shows further embodiments of control elements according to the invention 1800a . 1800b . 1800c and 1800d , The preferred embodiments formed as an outsole or parts thereof 1800a . 1800b . 1800c and 1800d have a number of protrusions 1810 , as well as recesses and / or reinforcement bars 1820 which, for example, two tabs 1810 can connect with each other. The tabs 1810 can have a number of different shapes, sizes, heights, etc., as already discussed above. The same applies to the recesses and / or reinforcement bars 1820 , For example, their width / thickness and / or depth / height, as well as their position and orientation on the control elements 1800a . 1800b . 1800c and 1800d be adapted to the respective requirements of the sole in order to selectively influence the properties of the sole. It is also expressly pointed out here that the depressions and / or reinforcing bars 1820 not necessarily between two protrusions 1810 must be arranged, but serve as independent options for designing control elements according to the invention. In particular, such a reinforcement bar can be used advantageously in the medial metatarsus area (cf. 1455 ) in order to increase the stability of the sole there and to reduce the shear and elasticity of the midsole material in this area.

In addition, a control element according to a further aspect of the invention can contain additional functional elements, such as, for example, a torsion and / or reinforcing element or the like, as a component and be produced in one piece therewith.

Furthermore, a control element can be designed as a complete outsole. In another embodiment, however, an outsole has a number of individual, independent or interconnected control elements.

In a preferred embodiment, the first area, with a reduced shear ability compared to the second area, is in the medial area of the midfoot, while the second area is in the lateral area of the heel. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the control element 130 especially a stabilizing bead 135 on the medial edge of the midfoot area, as well as a number of openings with increasing diameter towards the heel and toe. The set shear behavior of the damping element 110 Supports the natural physiological processes in a runner's musculoskeletal system and thus increases the comfort and performance of the runner while minimizing the risk of injury.

In addition to influencing the shear behavior of the damping element 110 , the control element can also influence the bending strength of the damping element. Is the control element 130 for example in a fixed area with the damping element 110 connected, influences the bending strength of the control element 130 also the bending strength of the damping element 110 , The flexural strength of the control element 130 in turn depends, for example, on the above-mentioned design options for the control element 130 from. So in that 1 shown preferred embodiment, the bending strength of the control element 130 smaller in the heel and toe area than in the area with the reinforcement bead 135 stabilized midfoot area.

In a further preferred embodiment, the sole 100 also a decoupling area 160 on. In this area are the damping element 110 and the control element 130 not directly connected. In one embodiment there is no connection at all between the damping element 110 and the control element 130 in this area. In a preferred embodiment, the damping element 110 and the control element 130 connected in this area by a shearable material. In a particularly preferred embodiment, this shearable material has, for example, one or more of the following materials: eTPU, foam or a gel. This enables a further shearing movement of the damping element 110 opposite the control element 130 and thus an additional possibility of influencing the shear behavior of the sole 100 , Such a decoupling area is preferably located 160 in the lateral heel area, since here the greatest shear forces occur during walking as shown in more detail below.

19 shows a cross section in the medial-lateral direction through an embodiment of a midsole 1900 according to the present invention, which randomly arranged particles 1910 of an expanded material and which can be advantageously combined with the other aspects of the present invention described herein. In the in 19 shown embodiment consists of the whole midsole 1900 made of expanded material. However, it is clear to the person skilled in the art that this is merely a specific example of a midsole according to the invention 1900 represents and that in other embodiments only one or more sub-areas of the midsole 1900 particle 1910 of an expanded material. The midsole also has a first plate element 1920 and a second plate member 1930 on which can slide relative to each other. An embodiment in which the plate elements are particularly preferred 1920 and 1930 can slide in several directions. In a preferred embodiment, the two plate elements 1920 and 1930 completely from the material of the midsole 1900 , particularly preferred from the expanded material 1910 the midsole 1900 , surround. In other embodiments, the plate elements 1920 and 1930 however only partially from the material of the midsole 1900 surround.

The two plate elements are preferred 1920 and 1930 doing so in the heel area of the midsole 1900 as in 19 shown so that they face each other directly. In a further exemplary embodiment, there is between the two plate elements 1920 and 1930 a lubricating liquid or a gel or the like, causing wear of the plate members 1920 . 1930 counteracts by the sliding movement and facilitates the sliding.

Due to the sliding movement of the two plate elements 1920 and 1930 Such an arrangement can absorb or mitigate, for example, the horizontal shear forces acting on the movement apparatus of the wearer when the foot appears on the floor. This prevents wear on the joints and injuries to the wearer, especially when running / walking quickly. In other embodiments, however, the arrangement shown can also be in a different area of the midsole 1900 , for example to further support the rolling of the foot during a step.

In a further embodiment (not shown), the two plate elements have 1920 and 1930 also each have a curved sliding surface. In a preferred embodiment, the curvature of the two sliding surfaces is chosen so that the two sliding surfaces fit each other in a form-fitting manner. A suitable choice of the strength and orientation of the curvature can influence the direction in which the first slide moves panel member 1920 opposite the second plate element 1930 For example, when it occurs on the floor, it is preferred. This in turn influences the shear forces which are absorbed by the midsole or passed on to the wearer.

Further preferred exemplary embodiments of such plate elements which can slide relative to one another and which can advantageously be combined with one or more of the embodiments belonging to the invention described herein can be found in DE 102 44 433 B4 and DE 102 44 435 B4 ,

For the functionality just described, it is further advantageous if the material of the midsole 1900 the sliding movement of the two plate elements 1920 and 1930 opposes a restoring force. This restoring force preferably arises from the fact that the two plate elements 1920 and 1930 from the material of the midsole 1900 , especially the expanded material 1910 the midsole 1900 , are surrounded and that the material of the midsole 1900 in the areas in the direction of the sliding movement on the two plate elements 1920 and 1930 adjoin by the movement of the first or second plate element 1920 . 1930 is compressed. Due to the elastic properties of the material, especially the expanded material 1910 the midsole 1900 , this creates a restoring force that corresponds to the sliding movement of the first or second plate element 1920 . 1930 counteracts, without the need for complicated mechanics.

20 shows a cross section in the medial-lateral direction through a modification of the embodiment just discussed with a midsole 2000 which randomly arranged particles 2010 of an expanded material. The midsole has a plate element 2020 and a second, sled-shaped element 2030 on. The two elements 2020 . 2030 can perform a sliding movement relative to each other. Due to the sled-like design of the second element 2030 a preferred direction is predefined for such a sliding movement. In a preferred embodiment are between the first element 2020 and the second, sled-shaped element 2030 however, gaps 2040 present, which also have small sliding movements of the two elements 2030 and 2040 allow relative to each other, which are not in the preferred direction mentioned above. By adjusting the size of the gaps 2040 the extent of such non-preferred sliding movements can be individually adapted to the needs and requirements of the sole. This enables very small gaps 2040 Sliding movements of the two elements 2020 and 2030 almost exclusively in the preferred direction, which can lead to increased stability of the sole. Larger spaces 2040 however, allow noticeable sliding movements even in the non-preferred direction. This allows, for example, a better absorption of the horizontal shear forces acting on the ground when the sole occurs.

In the in 1 shown preferred embodiment surrounds the damping element 110 further at least partially an element 120 , for example a torsion or reinforcement element. In a preferred embodiment, the element 120 a higher torsional stiffness than the expanded material of the damping element 110 , The element 120 can thus influence the elasticity and shear properties of the sole 100 serve. In other embodiments, the element 120 For example, it can also be an element for optical design and / or an element for receiving an electronic component and / or an electronic component or any other functional element. Serves the element 120 the inclusion of another element, such as an electronic component, it is preferably hollow in one area and this area is accessible from the outside. In the in 1 illustrated embodiment could be such a recording, for example, in the area of the recess 140 are located. The element 120 is not cohesive in a preferred embodiment, for example by an adhesive connection, with the damping element 110 connected. In particular, in a preferred embodiment, the element has no integral connection to the expanded material of the damping element 110 on. Because the damping element 110 partially surrounds the element is such a material connection for fixing the element 120 not necessary. Therefore, non-adhesive materials can also be used to manufacture the sole. In a further embodiment, the element 120 also with the control element 130 be connectable / connected in individual areas, for example by a material connection such as an adhesive connection, or be integrally formed therewith.

In the in 1 shown embodiment has the sole 100 also a heel counter 150 on. The heel cap preferably comprises 150 a lateral finger and a medial finger, each of which independently encompasses the lateral and medial side of the heel. This enables a good fixation of the foot on the sole 100 without at the same time restricting the foot's freedom of movement excessively. In a further preferred embodiment, the heel cap has 150 also a recess in the area of the Achilles tendon. This prevents rubbing or chafing, especially of the upper edge of the heel counter 150 on the Achilles tendon in the area above the heel. In a preferred embodiment, the heel counter can 150 further, for example cohesively, with the control element 130 and / or the element 120 be connected or be integrally formed therewith.

2 shows four different shoes 200 . 220 . 240 and 260 , which were used to measure the elasticity and shear properties of soles made of different materials. The main results of these measurements are in the following 3a - 9 summarized.

With shoe 200 it is a shoe with a shoe upper 205 , as well as a shoe sole 210 and a sliding element 212 such as in the DE 102 44 433 B4 and the DE 102 44 435 B4 described.

The shoe 220 has a shoe upper 225 as well as a midsole 230 made of eTPU, which is surrounded by a frame made of EVA. The EVA can be compression molded, for example 020 Trade 55C CMEVA, which has a density of 0.2 g / cm ^ 3 and a hardness of 55asker C.
shoe 240 has a shoe upper 245 as well as a midsole 250 made of EVA.

Furthermore, the shoe 260 a shoe upper 265 as well as a midsole 270 from eTPU.

The 3a . 3b and 4 show the vertical (ie in the direction from foot to floor) compression of the soles from eTPU (shoe 260 ) and EVA (shoe 240 ).

A large number (> 100) of images, so-called "stages", were recorded for each measurement in the course of a step cycle in order to measure these and the properties of the different materials and sole configurations discussed further. These are numbered consecutively from 1. For each measurement there is therefore a one-to-one correspondence between the number or "stage" of a recording and the time of this recording within the respective step. However, it should be noted that there can be a certain time offset between the individual stages between different measurements. That Stages with the same number from different measurements do not necessarily correspond to the same point in time during the step measured in the respective measurement.

The recordings 300a and 300b the 3a and 3b were made with the heel while performing. The 3a and 3b show the compression in percent of the respective midsole areas compared to the unloaded condition of the sole. As expected, no compression occurs in the forefoot area during the heel strike (cf. 320a . 320b ). In the heel area, on the other hand, significant compressions are visible on the sole made of eTPU (cf. 310a). The measurements therefore show that eTPU yields significantly more under vertical load than EVA. Furthermore, the energy stored during the compression of the eTPU sole is essentially returned to the runner in the course of the step. This significantly increases the efficiency of running.

This is also through 4 approved. The number of the respective stage, ie the time, is plotted on the horizontal axis and the vertical compression of the midsole is plotted on the vertical axis. The measured values are shown 410 for a sole 270 from eTPU and the measured values 420 for a sole 250 made of EVA. At the time of the maximum vertical load, the EVA midsole 250 just push in about 1.3mm while the eTPU midsole 270 can be pushed in by about 4.3 mm. In general, the vertical compression values for eTPU compared to EVA are in the range of 2: 1 to 3: 1 , even above in some embodiments.

The 5a and 5b show the local material expansion of the midsole material compared to the unloaded state of the sole within the lateral side wall of the eTPU midsole 270 (Measurement 500a) and the EVA midsole 250 (Measurement 500b) , also at a time during the heel strike. In addition to a percentage of the material stretch compared to the unloaded condition of the sole, the photos of the 5a and 5b but also the direction of material expansion in the form of strain vectors. The pictures show that in the eTPU midsole 270 significantly larger material strains occur than in the EVA midsole 250 , This is due to the better shear ability of the eTPU compared to the EVA. Therefore, eTPU is particularly suitable for the production of a damping element to absorb shear forces while running. In the example discussed here, the material expansion is with eTPU 2-3 times higher than EVA. More specifically, the material stretch for eTPU is on average 6-7% stretch; the maximum stretch is 8-9%; the material elongation for EVA is on average 2% elongation; the maximum stretch at 3-4%.

The measurements also show that the material strains in the lateral side wall of the eTPU midsole 270 and the EVA midsole 250 while walking, follow the natural shape of the midfoot arch while rolling the foot, ie the shoe follows the rolling movement of the Foot. This is advantageous for the comfort and fit of the foot.

The 6a - 6c shows the measurements 610a . 610b and 6ioc of the relative offset of two measuring points in millimeters, each at the opposite ends of the in the 7a - 7c shown measuring distances 710a . 710b and 710c lie. The measurements 610a . 610b and 610c each comprise a complete step cycle. In the 7a - 7c the shoes used for the respective measurements are shown in a starting position.

The 6a . 7a show the measurement results and the measurement points for a shoe 200 with a shoe sole 210 and a sliding element 212 like in the DE 102 44 433 B4 and the DE 102 44 435 B4 describe.

6b . 7b show the measurement results and the measurement points for a shoe 220 with a midsole 230 made of eTPU with EVA edge.

6c . 7c show the measurement results and the measurement points for a shoe 240 with an EVA sole 250 ,

The sliding element allows it to be clearly recognized 212 of the shoe 200 and the eTPU midsole with EVA edge 230 significantly larger offsets between the two measuring points than the EVA midsole 250 , This means a better shear ability of the lower than the upper midsole surface and thus a better absorption capacity of the shear forces that occur during running. It is noteworthy that the structurally simpler shoe 220 Even offset values of up to approx.2.5 mm are permitted (cf. 6b) while the shoe 200 with sliding element 212 only offset values up to approx. 2 mm allowed (cf. 6a) , The shoe 240 with EVA midsole 250 on the other hand, only allows offset values up to approx. 0.5 mm (cf. 6c ).

The 8a - 8c show further measurements of the shear behavior of the shoe 200 with sliding element 212 (Measurement 800a) , the shoe 220 with eTPU midsole with EVA edge 230 (Measurement 800b) and the shoe 240 with EVA midsole 250 (Measurement 800c) , The local offset of the sole material compared to the unloaded state at a point in time during the occurrence with the heel is shown.

The shoe is clearly visible 200 with sliding element 212 and the shoe 220 with eTPU midsole with EVA edge 230 a much higher shear ability in the heel than the shoe 240 with EVA midsole 250 ,

9 shows measurement results of measurements of the shear in the midsole material in the longitudinal direction (AP direction) during a complete step cycle for four different shoes.

The curve 910 shows the measurement results again 6a for the shoe 200 with sliding element 212 , with a maximum shear of approx. 2 mm during the occurrence with the heel. The curve 930 shows the measurement results again 6b for the shoe 220 with eTPU midsole with EVA edge 230 , with a maximum shear of approx. 2.5 mm during the occurrence with the heel. The curve 940 shows the measurement results again 6c for the shoe 240 with EVA midsole 250 , with a maximum shear of approx. 0.5 mm during the occurrence with the heel. The curve 920 finally shows the measurement results of a measurement carried out in the same way for the shoe 260 with eTPU midsole 270 , with a maximum shear of approx. 1.8 mm during the occurrence with the heel.

You can see that the shoe 260 with eTPU midsole 270 and especially the shoe 220 with eTPU midsole with EVA edge 230 have a very good shear ability and are therefore generally well suited for the construction of midsoles.

The 10a - 13d show further measurements of the shear ability of differently designed soles.

The 10a - 10d show measurements of the changes in length in each case one in the longitudinal direction (AP direction) and one in the medial-lateral direction (ML direction) arranged measuring section on the heel area of the sole during a step cycle. These changes in length provide information about the plantar shear ability of the respective sole.

10a shows the change in length 1010a the measuring section lying in the AP direction 1015a and the change in length 1020a the measuring section lying in the ML direction 1025a for a shoe with an EVA midsole without an outsole, such as a shoe 240 , The measurements show a maximum change in length in the AP direction of approximately 1.2 mm and in the ML direction of approximately 0.3 mm.

10b shows the change in length 1010b the measuring section lying in the AP direction 1015b and the change in length 1020b the measuring section lying in the ML direction 1025b for a shoe with an eTPU midsole without an outsole, such as a shoe 260 , The measurements show a maximum change in length in the AP direction of approx. 3.5 mm and in the ML direction of approx. 1.5 mm.

10C shows the change in length 1010c the measuring section lying in the AP direction 1015C and the change in length 1020c the measuring section lying in the ML direction 1025C for a shoe with a sliding element, such as a shoe 200 , The measurements show a maximum change in length in the AP direction of approx. 3.2 mm and in the ML direction of approx. 0.7 mm.

10d shows the change in length 1010d the measuring section lying in the AP direction 1015D and the change in length 1020d the measuring section lying in the ML direction 1025d for the preferred embodiment of a shoe 1400 according to the 1 and 14a - 14c , which has a midsole, which has eTPU, and a control element designed as an outsole 1450 has (see below).

The measurements show a maximum change in length in the AP direction of approx. 3.4 mm and in the ML direction a negative change in length of approx. 0.5 mm. In particular, the negative change in length in the ML direction means very good stability of the shoe in the midfoot area, which influences the medial reinforcement 1455 of the control element 1450 reflects.

11 and 12 show the mean values of a series of measurements which are analogous to those in 10a - 10d shown measurements were carried out.

11 shows the average change in length of the measuring path lying in the AP direction during a complete step cycle for a shoe with a sliding element, such as a shoe 200 (see curve 1110 ), for a shoe with an eTPU midsole, such as a shoe 260 (see curve 1120 ), for a shoe with an EVA midsole, such as a shoe 240 (see curve 1130 ) and for the shoe 1400 according to the 14a - 14c (see curve 1140 ).

12 shows the average change in length of the measuring section lying in the ML direction during a complete step cycle for a shoe with a sliding element, such as a shoe 200 (see curve 1210 ), for a shoe with an eTPU midsole, such as a shoe 260 (see curve 1220 ), for a shoe with an EVA midsole, such as a shoe 240 (see curve 1230 ) and for the shoe 1400 according to the 14a - 14c (see curve 1240 ).

Like that 11 and 12 can be seen from the shoe 1400 According to a particularly preferred embodiment of all four tested shoe types with a maximum length change in the AP direction of over 3 mm, the best longitudinal shear ability. At the same time, the shoe points 1400 adequate stability in the ML direction, such as 12 can be seen. Since shearing forces mainly occur in the AP direction during walking and kinking / slipping of the foot in the ML direction should be avoided as far as possible, this combination of properties of the shoe is 1400 particularly advantageous.

In further preferred embodiments, the damping element enables a shearing movement in the AP direction from a lower sole surface relative to an upper sole surface of more than 1 mm, preferably more than 1.5 mm and particularly preferably more than 2 mm. A choice between different values of the shear ability of the damping element allows the shoe sole to be individually adapted to the needs and physiological conditions of a runner. However, the values discussed here serve the person skilled in the art only as a guideline in order to obtain an impression of typical preferred values of the shear ability of a damping element. In individual cases, these values should ideally be specifically adapted to the wishes and needs of the wearer.

The 13a - 13d show the percentage plantar material expansion in the sole of various shoes compared to the unloaded state of the shoe at the time the foot is pushed off the ground over the forefoot, as in 13e shown schematically. The 13a - 13d also show the strain vectors which locally indicate the direction of the material stretch. 13a shows a measurement 1300a for a shoe 240 with an EVA midsole, 13b shows a measurement 1300b for a shoe 260 with an eTPU midsole, 130 shows a measurement 1300c for a shoe with a sliding element, such as a shoe 200 , and 13d shows a measurement 1300d for the preferred embodiment of a shoe 1400 according to the 1 and 14a - 14c , which has a midsole, which has eTPU, and a control element designed as an outsole 1450 has (see below).

As can be clearly seen from the figures, in this position of the foot / shoe (ie when stepping over the forefoot area, cf. 13e) the main load and deformation of the material in the shoes 240 and 260 selectively in the middle of the forefoot area (cf. 13a and 13b) (In other positions of the foot, the main load and deformation can also be observed in the heel area). The shoe with the sliding element and the shoe 1400 however, the material stretches follow the shape of the outsole. Particularly stands out in 13d clearly the structure of the outsole 1450 with their openings 1452 , Bridges 1458 and ledges 1459 from. Furthermore shows 13d that the stretch vectors in the area of the forefoot all run parallel in the AP direction, ie the material stretches almost exclusively in the AP direction, while it has good stability in the ML direction. This is desirable for a dynamic footprint without losing stability. If the sole is insufficiently stable in the ML direction, there is otherwise a risk of the foot slipping or twisting, especially at higher speeds and, for example, in bends or on uneven terrain.

The control element 1450 eg in the form of an outsole helps to form predefined zones in which a certain shear and / or stretch behavior or a certain stability is required. The design of the control element 1450 can be adapted to specific sports. Linear sports have different requirements for shear behavior and sole stability than, for example, lateral sports. Hence control elements 1450 and sole concepts for special sports can be individually designed. For example, for (indoor) football, basketball or running sports, the best / most important shear and stability zones can be determined and individually adjusted. For example, such preferred shear and / or stretch zones are in many areas of application below the big toe and in the heel area. Furthermore, with the help of the aspects belonging to the invention described herein, soles can be produced which ideally mimic the rolling of the foot as in barefoot walking.

The 14a - 14c show a preferred embodiment of a shoe 1400 with a damping element designed as part of a midsole or as a midsole 1410 , which has randomly arranged particles of an expanded material, in particular particles of eTPU, and a control element designed as part of an outsole or as an outsole 1450 , which affects the shear ability of the midsole 1410 reduced in the medial area of the midfoot compared to the lateral area of the heel. Furthermore, the in 14a - 14c shown shoe an upper 1420 on. In a preferred embodiment, the shoe 1400 also a heel counter 1430 as well as an additional torsion or stiffening element 1440 on, as already related to 1 and the corresponding exemplary embodiments have been discussed above.

The control element designed as an outsole 1450 in a preferred embodiment has no expanded material. The control element is particularly preferably produced from rubber, thermoplastic urethane, textile materials, PEBA or foils and foil materials or a combination of such materials. It is also advantageous if the control element 1450 and the damping element 1410 are made from materials of the same material class, as already mentioned above. Furthermore, the control element points 1450 preferably a series of openings 1452 different sizes, a bead 1455 in the medial area of the midfoot, as well as a number of webs 1458 and ledges 1459 on. As already discussed, these elements serve to influence the flexibility and rigidity properties of the control element 1450 , which in turn influences the shear ability and the bending stiffness of the sole and in particular the midsole 1410 to have. The tabs 1459 and bridges 1458 can also increase the grip of the shoe, especially since the control element 1450 is formed as part of an outsole in the present preferred embodiment.

The in the 14a - 14c shown preferred embodiment with a bead 1455 in the medial area of the midfoot, as well as a number of openings 1452 varying diameter allows a particularly good shear ability in the area of the heel, especially in the lateral area of the heel, and good stability in the medial metatarsal area. As already mentioned several times, this combination of properties is particularly advantageous for use in running shoes. However, other combinations of properties are also conceivable and the design options and embodiments presented here enable the person skilled in the art to produce a shoe with the desired properties.

The 15a - 15c show a further preferred embodiment of a shoe 1500 according to an aspect of the present invention. The shoe 1500 has a damping element designed as part of a midsole or as a midsole 1510 which has randomly arranged particles of an expanded material, for example eTPU. Furthermore, the shoe 1500 a control element configured as part of an outsole or as an outsole 1540 on which, in the manner already repeatedly discussed, the shear ability and flexural strength of the damping element 1510 can selectively influence. The shoe also has an upper 1520 as well as a heel counter 1530 on.

Claims (14)

Sole for a shoe (1400; 1500), in particular a sports shoe, comprising: a. a damping element (110; 1410; 1510; 1630; 1730) which has randomly arranged particles (1635; 1735) made of an expanded material, b. a control element (130; 1450; 1540; 1620; 1720; 1800a-d), which has no expanded material, c. wherein the control element (130; 1450; 1540; 1620; 1720; 1800a-d) shear movements in a first area of the damping element (110; 1410; 1510; 1630; 1730) compared to shear movements in a second area of the damping element (110; 1410 ; 1510; 1630; 1730) decreased. Sole after Claim 1 wherein the expanded material particles (1635; 1735) include one or more of the following: expanded ethylene vinyl acetate, expanded thermoplastic urethane, expanded polypropylene, expanded polyamide; expanded polyether block amide, expanded polyoxymethylene, expanded polystyrene; expanded polyethylene, expanded polyoxyethylene, expanded ethylene-propylene-diene monomer. Sole according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the control element (130; 1450; 1540; 1620; 1720; 1800a-d) comprises one or more of the following materials: rubber, thermoplastic urethane, textile materials, polyether block amide, foils or foil-like materials. Sole according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first region of the damping element (110; 1410; 1510; 1630; 1730) has a greater intrinsic shear resistance than the second region of the damping element (110; 1410; 1510; 1630; 1730). Sole according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the control element (130; 1450; 1540; 1620; 1720; 1800a-d) in a first control area which influences the shear movements of the first area of the damping element (110; 1410; 1510; 1630; 1730) , has a greater thickness and / or fewer holes (138; 1452) than in a second control area which influences the shear movements of the second area of the damping element (110; 1410; 1510; 1630; 1730). Sole according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the damping element (110; 1410; 1510; 1630; 1730) is formed as a component of a midsole. Sole after Claim 6 , wherein the control element (130; 1450; 1540; 1620; 1720; 1800a-d) is formed as part of an outsole. Sole after Claim 7 , wherein the outsole has a decoupling area (160) which is not directly connected to the second area of the damping element (110; 1410; 1510; 1630; 1730) of the midsole. Sole according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the control element (130; 1450; 1540; 1620; 1720; 1800a-d) and the damping element (110; 1410; 1510; 1630; 1730) can be produced from materials of the same material class, in particular from thermoplastic urethane , Sole according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first area is in the medial area of the midfoot and the second area is in the lateral area of the heel. Sole according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the control element (130; 1450; 1540; 1620; 1720; 1800a-d) further increases the bending stiffness of the damping element (110; 1410; 1510; 1630; 1730) in the first region compared to the second region. Sole according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the sole has a frame made of non-expanded material, in particular of ethylene vinyl acetate, which surrounds at least part of the damping element (110; 1410; 1510; 1630; 1730). Sole according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the damping element (110; 1410; 1510; 1630; 1730) shear movements in the longitudinal direction from a lower sole surface relative to an upper sole surface of more than 1 mm, preferably more than 1.5 mm and particularly preferably allows more than 2 mm. Shoe (1400; 1500), in particular a sports shoe, with a sole according to one of the preceding claims.

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