WO2025200872A1 - 一种二次电池和电子装置 - Google Patents

一种二次电池和电子装置

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Publication number
WO2025200872A1
WO2025200872A1 PCT/CN2025/078100 CN2025078100W WO2025200872A1 WO 2025200872 A1 WO2025200872 A1 WO 2025200872A1 CN 2025078100 W CN2025078100 W CN 2025078100W WO 2025200872 A1 WO2025200872 A1 WO 2025200872A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
negative electrode
silicon
secondary battery
separator
carbon composite
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Pending
Application number
PCT/CN2025/078100
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
任文臣
张丽娟
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Ningde Amperex Technology Ltd
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Ningde Amperex Technology Ltd
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Publication of WO2025200872A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025200872A1/zh
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/05Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B33/00Silicon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B33/02Silicon
    • C01B33/021Preparation
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/058Construction or manufacture
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362Composites
    • H01M4/364Composites as mixtures
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362Composites
    • H01M4/366Composites as layered products
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/386Silicon or alloys based on silicon
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/01Particle morphology depicted by an image
    • C01P2004/03Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/027Negative electrodes
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the field of electrochemical technology, and in particular to a secondary battery and an electronic device.
  • Secondary batteries such as lithium-ion batteries, offer outstanding characteristics such as high energy density, long cycle life, low pollution, and no memory effect.
  • their application has gradually expanded from electronic products to large-scale devices such as electric vehicles, aligning with sustainable environmental and energy development strategies. Consequently, higher requirements are being placed on the energy density of secondary batteries.
  • graphite is still the primary negative electrode active material for commercial secondary batteries.
  • graphite has a lithium insertion capacity of approximately 372 mAh/g
  • silicon when used as the negative electrode active material, can achieve a lithium insertion capacity of 3579 mAh/g.
  • Using silicon can achieve a higher energy density in secondary batteries, meaning more energy can be stored within the same volume and weight.
  • silicon when used as the negative electrode active material, undergoes greater volume expansion and contraction during charge and discharge, exerting greater mechanical stress on the separator, increasing the risk of rupture or deformation of the separator, and thus reducing the safety performance of the secondary battery.
  • lithium-ion batteries are used as an example of secondary batteries to explain this application, but the secondary batteries of this application are not limited to lithium-ion batteries.
  • the first aspect of the present application provides a secondary battery, which includes a positive electrode sheet, a negative electrode sheet, a separator and an electrolyte.
  • the negative electrode sheet includes a negative electrode collector and a negative electrode material layer located on at least one surface of the negative electrode collector.
  • the negative electrode material layer includes a negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode active material includes a silicon-carbon composite material.
  • the minimum value of the inner angle of the outer contour of particles with a longest diameter greater than 10 ⁇ m in the silicon-carbon composite material is A°
  • the thickness of the separator is B ⁇ m, 488 ⁇ A ⁇ B ⁇ 3600, and 4 ⁇ B ⁇ 25.
  • the relative relationship between the minimum value of the inner angle of the outer contour of particles with a longest diameter greater than 10 ⁇ m in the silicon-carbon composite material and the thickness of the isolation membrane is regulated, and the synergistic effect between the inner angle of the outer contour of the silicon-carbon composite material particles and the thickness of the isolation membrane is fully utilized.
  • the isolation membrane has good mechanical strength, which can effectively reduce the risk of the isolation membrane being punctured by particles of the silicon-carbon composite material, thereby reducing the risk of self-discharge and thermal runaway caused by the puncture of the isolation membrane by particles of the silicon-carbon composite material.
  • the transmission distance of lithium ions in the secondary battery cycle process is moderate, thereby improving the self-discharge performance, charge rate performance and cycle performance of the secondary battery.
  • 89 ⁇ A ⁇ 180 By regulating the value of A within the above range, the risk of the separator being punctured by particles of the silicon-carbon composite material is reduced, thereby reducing the risk of self-discharge and thermal runaway caused by the separator being punctured by particles of the silicon-carbon composite material, thereby improving the self-discharge performance, charge rate performance, and cycle performance of the secondary battery.
  • the separator includes a base film having a thickness of 4 to 10 ⁇ m.
  • the separator has good mechanical strength, which helps reduce the risk of the separator being punctured by particles of the silicon-carbon composite material. This, in turn, reduces the risk of self-discharge and thermal runaway caused by puncture of the separator by particles of the silicon-carbon composite material.
  • the transmission distance of lithium ions during the secondary battery cycle is moderate, thereby improving the self-discharge performance, charge rate performance, and cycle performance of the secondary battery.
  • the separator further includes a bonding layer, with B being 4.5 ⁇ B ⁇ 15. Selecting the above separator and regulating the value of B within the above range can help increase the bonding force between the separator and the positive electrode sheet and/or between the separator and the negative electrode sheet, shortening the transmission distance of lithium ions, thereby improving the cycle performance and charge rate performance of the secondary battery, while also helping to reduce the risk of the separator being punctured by particles of the silicon-carbon composite material. As a result, the secondary battery has good self-discharge performance, charge rate performance, and cycle performance.
  • the separator further includes a ceramic coating, with 4.5 ⁇ B ⁇ 14.
  • the separator exhibits good mechanical strength, which helps reduce the risk of the separator being punctured by particles of the silicon-carbon composite material.
  • the separator exhibits good wettability, allowing for a moderate lithium ion transmission distance, thereby improving the secondary battery's cycle performance and charge rate performance. Consequently, the secondary battery exhibits excellent self-discharge performance, charge rate performance, and cycle performance.
  • the separator further includes an adhesive layer and a ceramic coating, and 6 ⁇ B ⁇ 25. Selecting such a separator and regulating the B value within the above range helps reduce the risk of the separator being punctured by silicon-carbon composite material particles. Furthermore, the separator exhibits good wettability, shortening the transmission distance of lithium ions. Consequently, the secondary battery exhibits excellent self-discharge performance, charge rate performance, and cycling performance.
  • the separator further comprises an adhesive layer, the adhesive layer comprising a binder, and the binder comprises at least one of polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, or polyvinylidene fluoride.
  • the negative electrode active material further comprises at least one of artificial graphite, natural graphite, mesocarbon microbeads, soft carbon, or hard carbon.
  • the inert atmosphere includes at least one of nitrogen, argon or helium
  • the silane gas includes at least one of monosilane, disilane, trisilane, phenylsilane or tolylsilane
  • the reducing atmosphere includes at least one of acetylene, propylene or toluene.
  • the silicon-carbon composite material prepared using the preparation method of this application has a large inner angle value of the outer contour of the particles.
  • the prepared silicon-carbon composite material can effectively reduce the risk of the separator being punctured by the silicon-carbon composite material particles, improving the self-discharge performance of the secondary battery.
  • the obtained silicon-carbon composite material also has a high gram capacity and first coulombic efficiency.
  • the secondary batteries have good self-discharge performance, charge rate performance, and cycle performance.
  • the third aspect of the present application provides an electronic device comprising the secondary battery of any of the aforementioned embodiments.
  • the secondary battery of the present application has good self-discharge performance, charge rate performance, and cycle performance, and therefore, the electronic device of the present application has a long service life.
  • the risk of self-discharge and thermal runaway caused by the separator being punctured by the silicon-carbon composite particles can be reduced, thereby improving the self-discharge performance, charge rate performance, and cycle performance of the secondary battery.
  • FIG1 is a schematic diagram of a test of the minimum inner angle of the outer contour of silicon-carbon composite material particles
  • FIG2 is a scanning electron micrograph of the negative electrode sheet of Example 1-1 in the present application.
  • Reference numeral silicon-carbon composite material 11 .
  • lithium-ion batteries are used as an example of secondary batteries to explain the present application, but the secondary batteries of the present application are not limited to lithium-ion batteries.
  • the first aspect of the present application provides a secondary battery, which includes a positive electrode sheet, a negative electrode sheet, a separator and an electrolyte.
  • the negative electrode sheet includes a negative electrode collector and a negative electrode material layer located on at least one surface of the negative electrode collector.
  • the negative electrode material layer includes a negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode active material includes a silicon-carbon composite material.
  • the minimum value of the inner angle of the outer contour of particles with a longest diameter greater than 10 ⁇ m in the silicon-carbon composite material is A°
  • the thickness of the separator is B ⁇ m, 488 ⁇ A ⁇ B ⁇ 3600, and 4 ⁇ B ⁇ 25.
  • the value of A ⁇ B can be 488, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100, 3200, 3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, or a range consisting of any two of the values
  • the value of B can be 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, or a range consisting of any two of the values.
  • the value of A ⁇ B is too small, that is, below the lower limit of this application, during the processing or use of the secondary battery, the sharp corners of the particles of the silicon-carbon composite material can easily puncture the isolation membrane, which may cause micro-short circuits and self-discharge of the secondary battery, increasing the risk of thermal runaway and fire and explosion of the secondary battery.
  • the value of A ⁇ B is too large, that is, above the upper limit of this application, the value of B is correspondingly too large, that is, the thickness of the isolation membrane is too large, and the energy density of the resulting secondary battery is low, resulting in a weakening of the high energy density advantage brought by the silicon-carbon composite material as the negative electrode active material.
  • an isolation membrane that is too thick can easily hinder the transmission of lithium ions, affecting the charge rate performance of the secondary battery.
  • the separator has good mechanical strength, which can effectively reduce the risk of the separator being punctured by particles of the silicon-carbon composite material, thereby reducing the risk of self-discharge and thermal runaway caused by the puncture of the separator by particles of the silicon-carbon composite material, and improving the self-discharge performance of the secondary battery.
  • the transmission distance of lithium ions during the cycle of the secondary battery is moderate, thereby improving the self-discharge performance, charge rate performance, and cycle performance of the secondary battery.
  • the longest diameter greater than 10 ⁇ m means that the maximum circumscribed circle diameter of the outer contour of the silicon-carbon composite material particles is greater than 10 ⁇ m.
  • 89 ⁇ A ⁇ 180 the value of A can be 89, 90, 93, 95, 98, 100, 102, 105, 107, 110, 112, 115, 117, 120, 122, 125, 127, 130, 132, 135, 137, 140, 142, 145, 147, 150, 152, 155, 157, 160, 162, 165, 167, 170, 172, 175, 178, 180, or a range consisting of any two values therein.
  • the minimum inner angle of the outer contour of particles with the longest diameter greater than 10 ⁇ m in the silicon-carbon composite material is in a moderate range, which is beneficial to reducing the risk of the isolation membrane being punctured by particles of the silicon-carbon composite material, and further reducing the risk of self-discharge and thermal runaway caused by the isolation membrane being punctured by particles of the silicon-carbon composite material, thereby improving the self-discharge performance, charge rate performance and cycle performance of the secondary battery.
  • the separator includes a base film, and the base film has a thickness T of 4 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
  • the base film thickness T can be 4 ⁇ m, 5 ⁇ m, 6 ⁇ m, 7 ⁇ m, 8 ⁇ m, 9 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, or a range consisting of any two of these values.
  • the transmission distance of lithium ions during the secondary battery cycle is moderate, thereby improving the self-discharge performance, charge rate performance, and cycle performance of the secondary battery.
  • the present application does not specifically limit the method for regulating the base film thickness, as long as it can achieve the objectives of the present application.
  • commercially available base films of different thicknesses can be selected and combined with the test method of "Testing the Thickness B of the Separator Film and the Thickness T of the Base Film" in this application to determine the base film thickness, and then select a base film of the desired thickness.
  • the isolation membrane further includes an adhesive layer, 4.5 ⁇ B ⁇ 15.
  • the value of B can be 4.5, 4.8, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or a range consisting of any two of these values.
  • the isolation membrane further includes a ceramic coating, and 4.5 ⁇ B ⁇ 14.
  • the value of B can be 4.5, 4.8, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or a range consisting of any two of these values.
  • the separator further includes an adhesive layer and a ceramic coating, and 6 ⁇ B ⁇ 25.
  • the value of B can be 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, or a range consisting of any two of these values.
  • the separator has good wettability, and the gap between the separator and the positive electrode sheet and/or between the separator and the negative electrode sheet is small, which shortens the transmission distance of lithium ions and improves the cycle performance and charge rate performance of the secondary battery. Therefore, the secondary battery has good self-discharge performance, charge rate performance and cycle performance.
  • the separator further includes a bonding layer, the bonding layer includes a binder, and the binder includes at least one of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
  • PAN polyacrylonitrile
  • PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • the isolation membrane further includes a ceramic coating, which includes inorganic particles, and the inorganic particles include at least one of aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, silicon oxide, or magnesium oxide.
  • the mass percentage of silicon is 44% to 57% based on the mass of the silicon-carbon composite material.
  • the mass percentage of silicon can be 44%, 15%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57% or a range consisting of any two of these values.
  • the impurity elements in the silicon-carbon composite material are excluded and calculated, wherein the content of the impurity elements is generally less than 0.5%.
  • the present application does not limit the types of the above-mentioned impurity elements.
  • the impurity elements may include but are not limited to at least one of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, iron, nickel or aluminum.
  • the isolation membrane includes a base membrane, and the material of the base membrane includes at least one of polyethylene or polypropylene.
  • the isolation membrane has good mechanical strength and chemical stability, which is conducive to reducing the risk of the isolation membrane being punctured by particles of the silicon-carbon composite material, thereby reducing the risk of self-discharge and thermal runaway caused by the isolation membrane being punctured by particles of the silicon-carbon composite material, and improving the self-discharge performance of the secondary battery. Therefore, the secondary battery has good self-discharge performance, charge rate performance and cycle performance.
  • the present application has no special restrictions on the method of regulating the material of the base membrane, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved. For example, commercially available base membranes of different materials can be selected, and the base membrane of the required material can be selected. The present application has no special restrictions, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the above-mentioned "negative electrode material layer located on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector” means that the negative electrode material layer can be located on one surface of the negative electrode current collector along its thickness direction, or on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector along its thickness direction. It should be noted that the "surface” here can be the entire area of the surface of the negative electrode current collector, or it can be a partial area of the surface of the negative electrode current collector. This application has no special restrictions, as long as the purpose of this application can be achieved. This application has no special restrictions on the negative electrode current collector, as long as the purpose of this application can be achieved.
  • the negative electrode binder may include, but is not limited to, at least one of polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diacetyl cellulose, polyvinyl chloride, carboxylated polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, a polymer containing ethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylated styrene-butadiene rubber, epoxy resin, or nylon.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the type of conductive agent in the negative electrode material layer, as long as the objectives of the present application can be achieved.
  • the conductive agent may include, but is not limited to, at least one of conductive carbon black (Super P), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon fibers, flake graphite, Ketjen black, graphene, a metal material, or a conductive polymer.
  • the carbon nanotubes may include, but is not limited to, single-walled carbon nanotubes and/or multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
  • the carbon fibers may include, but are not limited to, vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCF) and/or nanocarbon fibers.
  • the aforementioned metal material may include, but is not limited to, metal powder and/or metal fiber.
  • the electrolyte includes a lithium salt and a non-aqueous solvent.
  • the lithium salt may include at least one of LiPF6 , LiPO2F2 , LiNO3 , LiBF4 , LiClO4, LiB( C6H5 ) 4 , LiCH3SO3, LiCF3SO3, LiN(SO2CF3)2, LiC(SO2CF3)3 , Li2SiF6 , lithium bis ( oxalatoborate ) (LiBOB), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl imide ) (LiTFSI), or lithium difluoroborate.
  • the heat treatment time can be 0.5h, 0.6h, 0.7h, 0.8h, 0.9h, 1h, 1.1h, 1.2h, 1.3h, 1.4h, 1.5h, 1.6h, 1.7h, 1.8h, 1.9h, 2h or a range consisting of any two values therein.
  • the temperature is raised to 650°C to 950°C and kept warm for 0.5h to 3h.
  • the temperature can be raised to 650°C, 670°C, 700°C, 720°C, 750°C, 780°C, 800°C, 820°C, 850°C, 880°C, 900°C, 920°C, 950°C or a range consisting of any two of the values therein.
  • the holding time can be 0.5h, 0.8h, 1h, 1.2h, 1.5h, 1.8h, 2h, 2.2h, 2.5h, 2.8h, 3h or a range consisting of any two of the values therein to obtain a
  • the present application has no special restrictions on the heating rate when preparing the silicon-carbon composite material from the precursor, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the heating rate when preparing the silicon-carbon composite material from the precursor can be 5°C/min to 15°C/min.
  • the present application has no special restrictions on the flow rate of the inert atmosphere, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the flow rate of the inert atmosphere can be 5L/min to 15L/min.
  • the flow rate of the silane gas is not particularly limited in this application, as long as the purpose of this application can be achieved.
  • the flow rate of the silane gas can be 1 L/min to 5 L/min.
  • the flow rate of the reducing atmosphere is not particularly limited in this application, as long as the purpose of this application can be achieved.
  • the flow rate of the reducing atmosphere can be 2 L/min to 10 L/min.
  • the inventors have discovered that when the inner angle of the outer contour of silicon-carbon composite particles is too small, there is a risk of the particles puncturing the separator during the preparation or use of a secondary battery, potentially causing self-discharge and thermal runaway.
  • the silicon-carbon composite material prepared using the above method by controlling the alkali-carbon ratio, performing heat treatment at different temperatures, and regulating the conditions for gaseous silicon deposition, results in a silicon-carbon composite material with particles having a maximum diameter greater than 10 ⁇ m having a larger inner angle.
  • the negative electrode sheet was sliced using an argon ion cross-section polisher (JEOL, model: IB-09010CP) to obtain a cross section of the negative electrode sheet along the thickness direction.
  • a field emission scanning electron microscope (Zeiss, model: sigma-02-33) was used to capture a microscopic image of the cross section of the silicon-carbon composite material in the cross section of the negative electrode sheet obtained above.
  • the cross-sectional profiles of 50 particles of the silicon-carbon composite material with the longest diameter greater than 10 ⁇ m were randomly selected for analysis. As shown in FIG1 , the particle profile of a single silicon-carbon composite material 11 was outlined, tangents were made along the edges on both sides of the sharp corner, and the angle between the two tangents was measured.
  • angle 1 is 115°
  • angle 2 is 105°
  • angle 3 is 142°
  • angle 4 is 140°
  • angle 2 is recorded as the minimum value of the inner angle of the outer contour of the silicon-carbon composite material particle.
  • the minimum value of the inner angle of the outer contour of 50 particles with the longest diameter greater than 10 ⁇ m in the silicon-carbon composite material is obtained, and the average value is obtained to obtain A.
  • the isolation membrane was subjected to argon ion polishing to obtain a cross-section of the isolation membrane.
  • the cross-sectional morphology of the isolation membrane along the thickness direction was observed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (Philips, XL-30 model) and scanning electron microscope photos were taken.
  • the thickness B of the isolation membrane and the thickness T of the base membrane were measured using the scanning electron microscope.
  • the button cell After the button cell was allowed to stand for 6 hours in a 25°C environment, it was discharged at a constant current of 0.05C to 5 mV, then discharged at a constant current of 50 ⁇ A to 5 mV. After standing for 5 minutes, it was discharged at a constant current of 10 ⁇ A to 5 mV. The initial discharge specific capacity G 0 of the button cell was recorded. After standing for 5 minutes, it was then charged at a rate of 0.05C to 0.8 V, and the initial charge specific capacity G 1 of the button cell was recorded. The mass of the silicon-carbon composite material in the negative electrode sheet was calculated based on the coating weight and area of the negative electrode slurry in the above negative electrode sheet preparation process.
  • Silicon deposition and carbon coating The above precursor was added to a fluidized bed reactor and heated to 480°C for 3 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere at 10 L/min. Then, monosilane gas was introduced at 2.5 L/min for 300 minutes. After the introduction of monosilane gas was stopped, the fluidized bed was heated to 520°C and kept at this temperature for 2 hours. Then, acetylene atmosphere was introduced at 5 L/min for 4 hours. After the reaction was completed, a silicon-carbon composite material with an A value of 122° was obtained. The mass percentage of silicon based on the mass of the silicon-carbon composite material was 47.5%.
  • a silicon-carbon composite material and artificial graphite were mixed in a mass ratio of 1:9 to form the negative electrode active material.
  • the negative electrode active material, carbon nanotubes, lithium carboxymethyl cellulose, and lithium polyacrylate were mixed in a mass ratio of 97.4:0.2:0.4:2.
  • Deionized water was added as a solvent and stirred in a vacuum mixer to produce a negative electrode slurry with a solid content of 45 wt% and a viscosity of 6000 mPa ⁇ s.
  • the negative electrode slurry was evenly coated on one surface of a 6 ⁇ m-thick negative electrode current collector copper foil and dried at 80°C to produce a negative electrode sheet coated on one side with a negative electrode material layer and a coating weight of 100.1 mg/1540.25 mm2 .
  • the above steps were repeated on the other surface of the negative electrode current collector copper foil to produce a negative electrode sheet coated on both sides with a negative electrode material layer.
  • the resulting negative electrode sheet measured 661 mm x 78 mm.
  • the gram capacity of the artificial graphite was 360 mAh/g.
  • the positive electrode active material, lithium cobalt oxide ( LiCoO2 ), the conductive agent, conductive carbon black, and the binder, polyvinylidene fluoride, were mixed in a mass ratio of 96.7:1.7:1.6.
  • N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) was added as a solvent, and a positive electrode slurry with a solid content of 76 wt% was prepared using a vacuum mixer.
  • the positive electrode slurry was evenly coated on one surface of a 9 ⁇ m thick positive electrode current collector aluminum foil and dried at 120°C to produce a single-sided positive electrode material-coated positive electrode sheet with a coating weight of 260 mg/1540.25 mm2 .
  • the above steps were repeated on the other surface of the positive electrode current collector aluminum foil to obtain a double-sided positive electrode sheet. After cold pressing, cutting, and slitting, the resulting positive electrode sheet measured 661 mm x 76.5 mm.
  • fluoroethylene carbonate FEC
  • ethylene carbonate EC
  • propylene carbonate PC
  • ethyl methyl carbonate EMC
  • diethyl carbonate DEC
  • FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
  • EC ethylene carbonate
  • PC propylene carbonate
  • EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
  • DEC diethyl carbonate
  • the separator, positive electrode sheet, separator, and negative electrode sheet prepared above are stacked in order, with the separator positioned between the positive and negative electrode sheets to provide insulation, and then wound to form an electrode assembly.
  • the electrode assembly is then placed in an aluminum-plastic film packaging bag, dried, and then injected with electrolyte.
  • the lithium-ion battery is then produced through vacuum packaging, resting, formation, degassing, and trimming.
  • Example 1-1 Except for adjusting the relevant preparation parameters according to Table 1 and Table 2, the rest is the same as Example 1-1.
  • a porous polypropylene film with a thickness of 10 ⁇ m was used as the base film.
  • Deionized water was added as a solvent and stirred evenly to form a bonding layer slurry with a solid content of 75 wt%.
  • a ceramic coating slurry is applied to one surface of a base film and dried at 60°C to form a ceramic coating on one surface of the base film.
  • a bonding layer slurry is applied to the surface of the ceramic coating facing away from the base film and dried at 60°C to form a separator film coated with both a ceramic coating and a bonding layer on one side. The above steps are then repeated on the other surface of the base film to form a separator film.
  • the thickness of the single bonding layer is 0.5 ⁇ m
  • the thickness of the single ceramic coating layer is 0.5 ⁇ m
  • the thickness B of the separator film is 12 ⁇ m.
  • Example 1-4 to Example 1-6
  • the preparation parameters were the same as in Examples 1-3, except that they were adjusted according to Tables 1 and 2.
  • the thickness B of the isolation film changed, the thickness T of the base film remained unchanged, and the thickness of the single-layer adhesive layer and the thickness of the single-layer ceramic coating changed accordingly.
  • the change in thickness of the single-layer adhesive layer was equal to the change in thickness of the single-layer ceramic coating.
  • Example 1-9 Except that a porous polypropylene film (PP, provided by Celgard Company) with a thickness T of 4 ⁇ m was used as the separator, the rest was the same as that of Example 1-9.
  • PP porous polypropylene film
  • Example 1-1 Except for adjusting the relevant preparation parameters according to Table 1 and Table 3, the rest is the same as Example 1-1.
  • An adhesive layer slurry was applied to one surface of a base film and dried at 60°C to produce a separator film coated with an adhesive layer on one side. The above steps were then repeated on the other surface of the base film to produce a separator film.
  • the thickness of the single adhesive layer was 0.25 ⁇ m, and the thickness B of the separator film was 4.5 ⁇ m.

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Abstract

提供了一种二次电池和电子装置,二次电池包括正极极片、负极极片、隔离膜和电解液,负极极片包括负极集流体和位于负极集流体至少一个表面上的负极材料层,负极材料层包括负极活性材料,负极活性材料包括硅碳复合材料,在负极极片的长度方向和自身厚度方向形成的平面上,硅碳复合材料中最长径大于10μm的颗粒的外轮廓内角最小值为A°,隔离膜的厚度为Bμm,488≤A×B≤3600,4≤B≤25。二次电池具有良好的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。

Description

一种二次电池和电子装置
本申请要求于2024年3月25日提交中国专利局、申请号为202410346301.3发明名称为“一种二次电池和电子装置”的中国专利申请的优先权,其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本申请涉及电化学技术领域,特别是涉及一种二次电池和电子装置。
背景技术
以锂离子电池为代表的二次电池具有能量密度高、循环寿命长,以及污染小、无记忆效应等突出特点。作为清洁能源,二次电池的应用已由电子产品逐渐普及到电动汽车等大型装置领域,以适应环境和能源的可持续发展战略。由此,对二次电池的能量密度也提出了更高的要求。
目前,商业化的二次电池负极活性材料仍以石墨为主,但是,石墨的嵌锂容量约为372mAh/g,而硅作为负极活性材料时的嵌锂容量可达到3579mAh/g,利用硅可以实现二次电池更高的能量密度,即在相同体积和重量下存储更多的能量。然而,相对于石墨,硅作为负极活性材料时,在充放电过程中会发生更大的体积膨胀和收缩,会对隔离膜施加更大的机械应力,提高了隔离膜发生破裂或变形的风险,继而降低了二次电池的安全性能。
发明内容
本申请的目的在于提供一种二次电池和电子装置,以降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破所产生的自放电和热失控的风险,改善二次电池的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。具体技术方案如下:
需要说明的是,本申请的发明内容中,以锂离子电池作为二次电池的例子来解释本申请,但是本申请的二次电池并不仅限于锂离子电池。
本申请的第一方面提供了一种二次电池,二次电池包括正极极片、负极极片、隔离膜和电解液,负极极片包括负极集流体和位于负极集流体至少一个表面上的负极材料层,负极材料层包括负极活性材料,负极活性材料包括硅碳复合材料,在负极极片的长度方向和自身厚度方向形成的平面上,硅碳复合材料中最长径大于10μm的颗粒的外轮廓内角最小值为A°,隔离膜的厚度为Bμm,488≤A×B≤3600,4≤B≤25。通过限定A×B的值以及B的值在本申请范围内,调控硅碳复合材料中最长径大于10μm的颗粒的外轮廓内角最小值与隔离膜厚度之间的相对关系,充分发挥了硅碳复合材料颗粒的外轮廓内角与隔离膜厚度之间的协同作用,隔离膜具有较好的机械强度,能够有效降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破的风险,进而降低了隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破而产生的自放电及热失控的风险,同时锂离子在二次电池循环过程的传输距离适中,从而改善了二次电池的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,89≤A≤180。通过调控A的值在上述范围内,有利于降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破的风险,进而降低了隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破而产生的自放电及热失控的风险,从而改善了二次电池的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,隔离膜包括基膜,基膜的厚度为4μm至10μm。通过调控基膜的厚度在上述范围内,隔离膜具有较好的机械强度,有利于降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破的风险,进而降低了隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破而产生的自放电及热失控的风险,同时锂离子在二次电池循环过程中的传输距离适中,从而改善了二次电池的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,隔离膜还包括粘结层,4.5≤B≤15。通过选用上述隔离膜并调控B的值在上述范围内,有利于增大隔离膜与正极极片之间和/或隔离膜与负极极片之间的粘结力,缩短了锂离子的传输距离,进而提高了二次电池的循环性能和充电倍率性能,同时有利于降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破的风险。因此,二次电池具有良好的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,隔离膜还包括陶瓷涂层,4.5≤B≤14。通过选用上述隔离膜并调控B的值在上述范围内,隔离膜具有较好的机械强度,有利于降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破的风险。同时隔离膜具有良好的浸润性能,锂离子的传输距离适中,提高了二次电池的循环性能和充电倍率性能。因此,二次电池具有良好的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,隔离膜还包括粘结层和陶瓷涂层,6≤B≤25。通过选用上述隔离膜并调控B的值在上述范围内,有利于降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破的风险。同时隔离膜具有较好的浸润性能,缩短了锂离子的传输距离。因此,二次电池具有良好的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,隔离膜还包括粘结层,粘结层包括粘结剂,粘结剂包括聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯或聚偏氟乙烯中的至少一种。通过选用上述种类的粘结剂,二次电池具有良好的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,隔离膜还包括陶瓷涂层,陶瓷涂层包括无机颗粒,无机颗粒包括氧化铝、氧化钛、氧化硅或氧化镁中的至少一种。通过选用上述种类的无机颗粒,有利于提高隔离膜的机械强度,同时隔离膜具有良好的浸润性能,二次电池具有良好的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,基于硅碳复合材料的质量,硅的质量百分含量为44%至57%。通过调控硅的质量百分含量在上述范围内,有利于减少硅碳复合材料的体积膨胀。将硅碳复合材料作为负极活性材料时,二次电池具有较高的能量密度,同时有利于改善二次电池的循环性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,负极活性材料还包括人造石墨、天然石墨、中间相碳微球、软碳或硬碳中的至少一种。通过将硅碳复合材料与其他负极活性材料进行混用,负极活性材料的混合克容量较大,从而提高二次电池的能量密度。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,隔离膜包括基膜,基膜的材料包括聚乙烯或聚丙烯中的至少一种。通过选用上述种类的基膜,隔离膜具有较好的机械强度和化学稳定性,二次电池具有良好的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
本申请的第二方面提供了一种二次电池的制备方法,其包括以下步骤:制备正极极片、负极极片、隔离膜和电解液,组装得到二次电池。其中,负极极片中的硅碳复合材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将碳源与碱源混合均匀后,在420℃至600℃下热处理0.5h至2h,之后升温至650℃至950℃后保温0.5h至3h,得到前驱体;
其中,碳源包括酚醛树脂、脲醛树脂、三聚氰胺甲醛树脂、聚氯乙烯或聚丙烯腈中的至少一种,碱源包括氢氧化钾、氢氧化钠、氢氧化锂或氨水中的至少一种,碳源与碱源的质量比为1:1至1:5;
(2)在惰性气氛下将前驱体加热至400℃至510℃处理0.2h至4h,之后通入硅烷气220min至420min,接着升温至520℃至560℃后保温0.5h至2h,再通入还原气氛1.5h至4h,得到硅碳复合材料;
其中,惰性气氛包括氮气、氩气或氦气中的至少一种,硅烷气包括甲硅烷、乙硅烷、丙硅烷、苯基硅烷或甲苯基硅烷中的至少一种,还原气氛包括乙炔、丙烯或甲苯中的至少一种。
采用本申请的制备方法制备得到硅碳复合材料的颗粒外轮廓内角值较大,将制备得到的硅碳复合材料应用到二次电池中,能够有效降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破的风险,改善二次电池的自放电性能;同时得到的硅碳复合材料具有较高的克容量和首次库伦效率。将上述制备得到的硅碳复合材料应用到二次电池中,二次电池具有良好的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
本申请的第三方面提供了一种电子装置,其包括前述任一实施方案中的二次电池。本申请的二次电池具有良好的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能,因此,本申请的电子装置具有较长的使用寿命。
本申请的有益效果:
本申请提供了一种二次电池和电子装置,二次电池包括正极极片、负极极片、隔离膜和电解液,负极极片包括负极集流体和位于负极集流体至少一个表面上的负极材料层,负极材料层包括负极活性材料,负极活性材料包括硅碳复合材料,在负极极片的长度方向和自身厚度方向形成的平面上,硅碳复合材料中最长径大于10μm的颗粒的外轮廓内角最小值为A°,隔离膜的厚度为Bμm,488≤A×B≤3600,4≤B≤25。通过调控隔离膜厚度以及其与硅碳复合材料的颗粒的外轮廓的内角之间的协同作用,能够降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破所产生的自放电和热失控的风险,改善二次电池的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
当然,实施本申请的任一产品或方法并不一定需要同时达到以上所述的所有优点。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本申请的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的实施例。
图1为硅碳复合材料颗粒的外轮廓内角最小值测试示意图;
图2为本申请中实施例1-1的负极极片的扫描电子显微图像。
附图标记:硅碳复合材料11。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本申请实施例中的附图,对本申请实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本申请一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。本领域技术人员基于本申请所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本申请保护的范围。
需要说明的是,本申请的具体实施方式中,以锂离子电池作为二次电池的例子来解释本申请,但是本申请的二次电池并不仅限于锂离子电池。
为了解决硅材料易导致隔离膜破裂的问题,目前通常采用高机械强度的隔离膜、添加隔离膜涂层、优化硅材料颗粒的粒径分布等方法,然而,由于常规的硅材料颗粒为不规则形状,颗粒表面的尖角较多,上述方法无法有效降低硅材料颗粒刺破隔离膜的风险。基于此,本申请提供了一种二次电池,能够降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破所产生的自放电和热失控的风险。
本申请的第一方面提供了一种二次电池,二次电池包括正极极片、负极极片、隔离膜和电解液,负极极片包括负极集流体和位于负极集流体至少一个表面上的负极材料层,负极材料层包括负极活性材料,负极活性材料包括硅碳复合材料,在负极极片的长度方向和自身厚度方向形成的平面上,硅碳复合材料中最长径大于10μm的颗粒的外轮廓内角最小值为A°,隔离膜的厚度为Bμm,488≤A×B≤3600,4≤B≤25。例如,A×B的值可以为488、500、600、700、800、900、1000、1100、1200、1300、1400、1500、1600、1700、1800、1900、2000、2100、2200、2300、2400、2500、2600、2700、2800、2900、3000、3100、3200、3300、3400、3500、3600或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围,B的值可以为4、5、6、8、10、12、14、15、16、18、20、22、24、25或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围。
当A×B的值过小,即低于本申请的下限值时,在二次电池加工或使用过程中,硅碳复合材料的颗粒的尖角易将隔离膜刺破,可能导致二次电池微短路和自放电,增大了二次电池发生热失控和起火爆炸的风险。当A×B的值过大,即高于本申请的上限值时,B的值相应过大,即隔离膜的厚度过大,得到的二次电池能量密度较低,导致硅碳复合材料作为负极活性材料时所带来的高能量密度的优势所削弱,且厚度过大的隔离膜易导致锂离子的传输受阻,影响二次电池的充电倍率性能。通过限定A×B的值以及B的值在本申请范围内,调控硅碳复合材料中最长径大于10μm的颗粒的外轮廓内角最小值与隔离膜厚度之间的相对关系,充分发挥了硅碳复合材料颗粒的外轮廓内角与隔离膜厚度之间的协同作用,隔离膜具有较好的机械强度,能够有效降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破的风险,进而降低了隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破而产生的自放电及热失控的风险,改善了二次电池的自放电性能;同时锂离子在二次电池循环过程的传输距离适中,从而改善了二次电池的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。在本申请中,最长径大于10μm是指硅碳复合材料颗粒的外轮廓的最大外接圆直径大于10μm。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,89≤A≤180。例如,A的值可以为89、90、93、95、98、100、102、105、107、110、112、115、117、120、122、125、127、130、132、135、137、140、142、145、147、150、152、155、157、160、162、165、167、170、172、175、178、180或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围。通过调控A的值在上述范围内,硅碳复合材料中最长径大于10μm的颗粒的外轮廓内角最小值范围适中,有利于降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破的风险,进而降低了隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破而产生的自放电及热失控的风险,从而改善了二次电池的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,隔离膜包括基膜,基膜的厚度T为4μm至10μm。例如,基膜的厚度T可以为4μm、5μm、6μm、7μm、8μm、9μm、10μm或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围。通过调控基膜的厚度在上述范围内,隔离膜具有较好的机械强度,有利于降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破的风险,进而降低了隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破而产生的自放电及热失控的风险,同时锂离子在二次电池循环过程中的传输距离适中,从而改善了二次电池的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。本申请对基膜的厚度的调控方式没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。例如,可以选择厚度不同的市售基膜,并结合本申请中“隔离膜的厚度B和基膜的厚度T测试”的测试方法来确定基膜的厚度,选择所需厚度的基膜。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,隔离膜还包括粘结层,4.5≤B≤15。例如,B的值可以为4.5、4.8、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围。通过选用上述隔离膜并调控B的值在上述范围内,有利于增大隔离膜与正极极片之间和/或隔离膜与负极极片之间的粘结力,减小了隔离膜与正极极片之间和/或隔离膜与负极极片之间的间隙,缩短了锂离子的传输距离,进而提高了二次电池的循环性能和充电倍率性能,同时有利于降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破的风险,进而降低了隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破而产生的自放电及热失控的风险,改善了二次电池的自放电性能。因此,二次电池具有良好的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,隔离膜还包括陶瓷涂层,4.5≤B≤14。例如,B的值可以为4.5、4.8、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围。通过选用上述隔离膜并调控B的值在上述范围内,隔离膜具有较好的机械强度,有利于降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破的风险,进而降低了隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破而产生的自放电及热失控的风险,改善了二次电池的自放电性能。同时隔离膜具有良好的浸润性能,锂离子的传输距离适中,提高了二次电池的循环性能和充电倍率性能。因此,二次电池具有良好的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,隔离膜还包括粘结层和陶瓷涂层,6≤B≤25。例如,B的值可以为6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围。通过选用上述隔离膜并调控B的值在上述范围内,隔离膜具有较好的机械强度,有利于降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破的风险,进而降低了隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破而产生的自放电及热失控的风险,改善了二次电池的自放电性能。同时隔离膜具有较好的浸润性能,隔离膜与正极极片之间和/或隔离膜与负极极片之间的间隙较小,缩短了锂离子的传输距离,提高了二次电池的循环性能和充电倍率性能。因此,二次电池具有良好的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,隔离膜还包括粘结层,粘结层包括粘结剂,粘结剂包括聚丙烯腈(PAN)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)或聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)中的至少一种。通过选用上述种类的粘结剂,有利于增大隔离膜与正极极片之间和/或隔离膜与负极极片之间的粘结力,减小了隔离膜与正极极片之间和/或隔离膜与负极极片之间的间隙,缩短了锂离子的传输距离,进而提高了二次电池的循环性能和充电倍率性能。因此,二次电池具有良好的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,隔离膜还包括陶瓷涂层,陶瓷涂层包括无机颗粒,无机颗粒包括氧化铝、氧化钛、氧化硅或氧化镁中的至少一种。通过选用上述种类的无机颗粒,有利于提高隔离膜的机械强度,降低了隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破的风险,进而降低了隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破而产生的自放电及热失控的风险,改善了二次电池的自放电性能。同时隔离膜具有良好的浸润性能,提高了二次电池的循环性能。因此,二次电池具有良好的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,基于硅碳复合材料的质量,硅的质量百分含量为44%至57%。例如,硅的质量百分含量可以为44%、15%、46%、47%、48%、49%、50%、51%、52%、53%、54%、55%、56%、57%或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围。通过调控硅的质量百分含量在上述范围内,有利于减少硅碳复合材料的体积膨胀。将硅碳复合材料作为负极活性材料时,二次电池具有较高的能量密度,同时有利于改善二次电池的循环性能。在本申请中,在计算基于硅碳复合材料的质量硅的质量百分含量时,是将硅碳复合材料中的杂质元素排除后计算得到,其中,杂质元素的含量通常小于0.5%。本申请对上述杂质元素的种类不做限定,示例性地,杂质元素可以包括但不限于氧、氮、硫、铁、镍或铝中的至少一种。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,负极活性材料还包括人造石墨、天然石墨、中间相碳微球、软碳或硬碳中的至少一种。通过将硅碳复合材料与其他负极活性材料进行混用,负极活性材料的混合克容量较大,从而提高二次电池的能量密度。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,隔离膜包括基膜,基膜的材料包括聚乙烯或聚丙烯中的至少一种。通过选用上述种类的基膜,隔离膜具有较好的机械强度和化学稳定性,有利于降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破的风险,进而降低了隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破而产生的自放电及热失控的风险,改善了二次电池的自放电性能。因此,二次电池具有良好的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。本申请对基膜的材料的调控方式没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。例如,可以选择材料不同的市售基膜,选择所需材料的基膜。本申请没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。
在本申请中,上述“位于负极集流体至少一个表面上的负极材料层”是指,负极材料层可以位于负极集流体沿自身厚度方向上的一个表面上,也可以位于负极集流体沿自身厚度方向上的两个表面上。需要说明,这里的“表面”可以是负极集流体表面的全部区域,也可以是负极集流体表面的部分区域,本申请没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请目的即可。本申请对负极集流体没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。例如,负极集流体可以包含铜箔、铜合金箔、镍箔、不锈钢箔、钛箔、泡沫镍、泡沫铜或复合集流体(例如锂铜复合集流体、碳铜复合集流体、镍铜复合集流体、钛铜复合集流体等)等。在本申请中,对负极集流体的厚度没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。例如,负极集流体的厚度为4μm至20μm。任选地,负极材料层还可以包括负极粘结剂和导电剂。本申请对负极材料层中的负极粘结剂的种类没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可,例如,负极粘结剂可以包括但不限于聚乙烯醇、羟丙基纤维素、二乙酰基纤维素、聚氯乙烯、羧化的聚氯乙烯、聚氟乙烯、含亚乙基氧的聚合物、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚氨酯、聚四氟乙烯、聚偏1,1-二氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、丁苯橡胶、丙烯酸(酯)化的丁苯橡胶、环氧树脂或尼龙等的至少一种。本申请对负极材料层中的导电剂的种类没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可,例如,导电剂可以包括但不限于导电炭黑(Super P)、碳纳米管(CNTs)、碳纤维、鳞片石墨、科琴黑、石墨烯、金属材料或导电聚合物中的至少一种。上述碳纳米管可以包括但不限于单壁碳纳米管和/或多壁碳纳米管。上述碳纤维可以包括但不限于气相生长碳纤维(VGCF)和/或纳米碳纤维。上述金属材料可以包括但不限于金属粉和/或金属纤维,具体地,金属可以包括但不限于铜、镍、铝或银中的至少一种。上述导电聚合物可以包括但不限于聚亚苯基衍生物、聚苯胺、聚噻吩、聚乙炔或聚吡咯中的至少一种。本申请对负极材料层中负极活性材料、导电剂和负极粘结剂的质量比没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。
本申请对正极极片没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。例如,正极极片包含正极集流体和位于正极集流体至少一个表面上的正极材料层。上述“位于正极集流体至少一个表面上的正极材料层”是指,正极材料层可以位于正极集流体沿自身厚度方向上的一个表面上,也可以位于正极集流体沿自身厚度方向上的两个表面上。需要说明,这里的“表面”可以是正极集流体表面的全部区域,也可以是正极集流体表面的部分区域,本申请没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请目的即可。本申请对正极集流体没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。例如,正极集流体可以包含铝箔、铝合金箔或复合集流体(例如铝碳复合集流体)等。本申请的正极材料层包含正极活性材料,本申请对正极活性材料的种类没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。例如,正极活性材料可以包含镍钴锰酸锂(LiNi0.90Co0.05Mn0.05O2(NCM955)、NCM811、NCM622、NCM523、NCM111)、镍钴铝酸锂、磷酸铁锂、富锂锰基材料、钴酸锂(LiCoO2)、锰酸锂、磷酸锰铁锂或钛酸锂等中的至少一种。在本申请中,正极活性材料还可以包含非金属元素,例如非金属元素包括氟、磷、硼、氯、硅或硫中的至少一种。在本申请中,对正极集流体和正极材料层的厚度没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。例如,正极集流体的厚度为5μm至20μm,单面正极材料层的厚度为30μm至120μm。在本申请中,正极材料层还可以包括正极粘结剂和导电剂。本申请对正极材料层中的正极粘结剂的种类没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可,例如,正极粘结剂可以包括但不限于聚偏氟乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、聚烯烃类、羧甲基纤维素钠、羧甲基纤维素锂、改性聚偏氟乙烯、改性丁苯橡胶(SBR)或聚氨酯中的至少一种。本申请对正极材料层中的导电剂的种类没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可,例如,导电剂可以与上述负极材料层中的导电剂种类相同。本申请对正极材料层中正极活性材料、导电剂、正极粘结剂的质量比没有特别限制,本领域技术人员可以根据实际需要选择,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。
在本申请中,电解液包括锂盐和非水溶剂。锂盐可以包括LiPF6、LiPO2F2、LiNO3、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiB(C6H5)4、LiCH3SO3、LiCF3SO3、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiC(SO2CF3)3、Li2SiF6、双草酸硼酸锂(LiBOB)、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI)或二氟硼酸锂中的至少一种。本申请对锂盐在电解液中的含量不做限定,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。本申请对非水溶剂没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。例如,非水溶剂可以包括但不限于碳酸酯化合物、羧酸酯化合物、醚化合物或其它有机溶剂中的至少一种。上述碳酸酯化合物可以包括但不限于链状碳酸酯化合物、环状碳酸酯化合物或氟代碳酸酯化合物中的至少一种。上述链状碳酸酯化合物可以包括但不限于碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸二丙酯、碳酸甲丙酯、碳酸乙丙酯或碳酸甲乙酯中的至少一种。上述环状碳酸酯可以包括但不限于碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯(PC)、碳酸亚丁酯或碳酸乙烯基亚乙酯中的至少一种。氟代碳酸酯化合物可以包括但不限于氟代碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸-1,2-二氟亚乙酯、碳酸-1,1-二氟亚乙酯、碳酸-1,1,2-三氟亚乙酯、碳酸-1,1,2,2-四氟亚乙酯、碳酸-1-氟-2-甲基亚乙酯、碳酸-1-氟-1-甲基亚乙酯、碳酸-1,2-二氟-1-甲基亚乙酯、碳酸-1,1,2-三氟-2-甲基亚乙酯或碳酸三氟甲基亚乙酯中的至少一种。上述羧酸酯化合物可以包括但不限于甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸正丙酯、乙酸叔丁酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丙酯、γ-丁内酯、癸内酯、戊内酯或己内酯中的至少一种。上述醚化合物可以包括但不限于二丁醚、四甘醇二甲醚、二甘醇二甲醚、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、1-乙氧基-1-甲氧基乙烷、2-甲基四氢呋喃或四氢呋喃中的至少一种。上述其它有机溶剂可以包括但不限于二甲亚砜、1,2-二氧戊环、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、二甲基甲酰胺、乙腈、磷酸三甲酯、磷酸三乙酯或磷酸三辛酯中的至少一种。
本申请的二次电池还包括包装袋,用于容纳正极极片、负极极片、隔膜和电解液,以及二次电池中本领域已知的其它部件,本申请对上述其它部件不做限定。本申请对包装袋没有特别限制,可以为本领域公知的包装袋,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。
本申请的二次电池没有特别限制,其可以包括发生电化学反应的任何装置。在本申请的一种实施方案中,二次电池可以包括但不限于:锂离子二次电池(锂离子电池)、钠离子电池、锂聚合物二次电池或锂离子聚合物二次电池等。
本申请的第二方面提供了一种二次电池的制备方法,其包括以下步骤:制备正极极片、负极极片、隔离膜和电解液,组装得到二次电池。其中,负极极片中的硅碳复合材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将碳源与碱源混合均匀后,在420℃至600℃下热处理0.5h至2h,例如,将碳源与碱源混合均匀后可以在420℃、430℃、440℃、450℃、460℃、470℃、480℃、490℃、500℃、510℃、520℃、530℃、540℃、550℃、560℃、570℃、580℃、590℃、600℃或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围内进行热处理,热处理时间可以为0.5h、0.6h、0.7h、0.8h、0.9h、1h、1.1h、1.2h、1.3h、1.4h、1.5h、1.6h、1.7h、1.8h、1.9h、2h或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围。之后升温至650℃至950℃后保温0.5h至3h,例如,可以升温至650℃、670℃、700℃、720℃、750℃、780℃、800℃、820℃、850℃、880℃、900℃、920℃、950℃或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围,保温时间可以为0.5h、0.8h、1h、1.2h、1.5h、1.8h、2h、2.2h、2.5h、2.8h、3h或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围,得到前驱体。
其中,碳源包括酚醛树脂、脲醛树脂、三聚氰胺甲醛树脂、聚氯乙烯或聚丙烯腈中的至少一种,碱源包括氢氧化钾、氢氧化钠、氢氧化锂或氨水中的至少一种,碳源与碱源的质量比为1:1至1:5,例如,碳源与碱源的质量比可以为1:1、1:2、1:3、1:4、1:5或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围。
(2)在惰性气氛下将前驱体加热至400℃至510℃处理0.2h至4h,例如,可以将前驱体加热至400℃、410℃、420℃、430℃、440℃、450℃、460℃、470℃、480℃、490℃、500℃、510℃或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围,处理时间可以为0.2h、0.5h、0.8h、1h、1.2h、1.5h、1.8h、2h、2.2h、2.5h、2.8h、3h、3.2h、3.5h、3.8h、4h或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围。之后通入硅烷气220min至420min,例如,通入硅烷气的时间可以为220min、240min、250min、260min、280min、300min、320min、340min、350min、360min、380min、400min、420min或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围。接着升温至520℃至560℃后保温0.5h至2h,例如,可以升温至520℃、522℃、525℃、528℃、530℃、532℃、535℃、538℃、540℃、542℃、545℃、548℃、550℃、552℃、555℃、558℃、560℃或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围,保温时间可以为0.5h、0.6h、0.7h、0.8h、0.9h、1h、1.1h、1.2h、1.3h、1.4h、1.5h、1.6h、1.7h、1.8h、1.9h、2h或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围。再通入还原气氛1.5h至4h,例如,可以再通入还原气氛1.5h、1.8h、2h、2.2h、2.5h、2.8h、3h、3.2h、3.5h、3.8h、4h或为其中任意两个数值组成的范围,得到硅碳复合材料。
其中,惰性气氛包括氮气、氩气或氦气中的至少一种,硅烷气包括甲硅烷、乙硅烷、丙硅烷、苯基硅烷或甲苯基硅烷中的至少一种,还原气氛包括乙炔、丙烯或甲苯中的至少一种。
本申请对制备前驱体时的热处理方式没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可,例如,可以在回转炉中进行热处理。本申请对制备前驱体时的升温速率没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可,例如,制备前驱体时的升温速率可以为2℃/min至10℃/min。本申请对由前驱体制备硅碳复合材料的加热处理的方式没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可,例如,可以将前驱体放入流化床中进行加热处理。本申请对由前驱体制备硅碳复合材料时的升温速率没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可,例如,由前驱体制备硅碳复合材料时的升温速率可以为5℃/min至15℃/min。本申请对惰性气氛的流速没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可,例如,惰性气氛的流速可以为5L/min至15L/min。本申请对硅烷气的流速没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可,例如,硅烷气的流速可以为1L/min至5L/min。本申请对还原气氛的流速没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可,例如,还原气氛的流速可以为2L/min至10L/min。
发明人研究发现,当硅碳复合材料的颗粒外轮廓的内角过小时,在制备或使用二次电池过程中,存在硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破隔离膜的风险,进而造成二次电池自放电和热失控。采用上述方法制备硅碳复合材料,通过控制碱碳比、进行不同温度下的热处理并调控气态硅沉积的条件,得到的硅碳复合材料中最长径大于10μm的颗粒的外轮廓内角值较大。将制备得到的硅碳复合材料应用到二次电池中,能够有效降低隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破的风险,进而降低了隔离膜被硅碳复合材料的颗粒刺破而产生的自放电及热失控的风险,改善了二次电池的自放电性能。通入硅烷气,使得硅材料在前驱体的内部均匀分布,调控通入硅烷气的时间,使得硅碳复合材料中硅的质量百分含量在合适范围内,在提高硅碳复合材料能量密度的同时,减少了硅碳复合材料的体积膨胀,进而得到的硅碳复合材料具有较高的克容量和首次库伦效率。将上述制备得到的硅碳复合材料应用到二次电池中,二次电池具有良好的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能。
本申请的第三方面提供了一种电子装置,其包括前述任一实施方案中的二次电池。本申请的二次电池具有良好的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能,因此,本申请的电子装置具有较长的使用寿命。
本申请的电子装置没有特别限定,其可以是用于现有技术中已知的任何电子装置。例如,电子装置可以包括但不限于笔记本电脑、笔输入型计算机、移动电脑、电子书播放器、便携式电话、便携式传真机、便携式复印机、便携式打印机、头戴式立体声耳机、录像机、液晶电视、手提式清洁器、便携CD机、迷你光盘、收发机、电子记事本、计算器、存储卡、便携式录音机、收音机、备用电源、电机、汽车、摩托车、助力自行车、自行车、照明器具、玩具、游戏机、钟表、电动工具、闪光灯、照相机、家庭用大型蓄电池和锂离子电容器。
实施例
以下,举出实施例及对比例来对本申请的实施方式进行更具体地说明。各种的试验及评价按照下述的方法进行。另外,只要无特别说明,“份”、“%”为质量基准。
测试方法和设备:
最长径大于10μm的颗粒的外轮廓内角最小值A测试:
用氩离子截面抛光仪(日本电子,型号:IB-09010CP)对负极极片进行切片处理,得到负极极片沿厚度方向的截面。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(蔡司,型号:sigma-02-33)拍摄上述得到的负极极片截面中硅碳复合材料的切面显微图像。任意选取50个硅碳复合材料中最长径大于10μm的颗粒切面轮廓进行分析,如图1所示,对单个硅碳复合材料11的颗粒轮廓进行描边,沿尖角两侧边缘做切线,并测量两个切线夹角的角度。对比所测量角度的值大小,并取最小值作为该硅碳复合材料11颗粒的外轮廓内角最小值(如图1,角1为115°、角2为105°、角3为142°、角4为140°,则记角2为该硅碳复合材料颗粒的外轮廓内角最小值)。得到50个硅碳复合材料中最长径大于10μm的颗粒的外轮廓内角最小值,求取平均值即得到A。
隔离膜的厚度B和基膜的厚度T测试:
对隔离膜进行氩离子抛光获得隔离膜截面,通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(飞利浦公司,XL-30型)观察隔离膜沿厚度方向的截面的形貌并拍摄扫描电镜照片,通过扫描电镜测得隔离膜的厚度B和基膜的厚度T。
硅碳复合材料中硅的质量百分含量测试:
用氩离子截面抛光仪(日本电子,型号:IB-09010CP)对负极极片进行切片处理,得到负极极片沿厚度方向的截面。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(蔡司,型号:sigma-02-33)对上述得到的负极极片截面中硅碳复合材料进行观察;利用能谱仪(EDS)测试硅碳复合材料颗粒的硅含量,统计50个颗粒的硅含量并求平均值。
克容量和首次库伦效率测试:
将硅碳复合材料、导电剂导电碳黑(SP)、负极粘结剂锂化后的聚丙烯酸(PAA-Li)、碳纳米管(CNTs)、分散剂羧甲基纤维素(CMC)按照质量比84:10:5:0.4:0.6进行混合,加入去离子水混合均匀,得到固含量为48wt%的负极浆料。将负极浆料均匀涂敷到厚度为10μm的铜箔的一个表面上,85℃条件下烘干,经过冷压、冲片后得到负极极片。
在水氧含量均小于10ppm的手套箱中,将碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、碳酸乙烯酯(EC)与碳酸二乙酯(DEC)按照1:1:1的体积比进行混合得到混合溶剂,然后加入占上述混合溶剂体积分数为10%的氟代碳酸乙烯酯(FEC),最后加入锂盐LiPF6,得到电解液。其中,锂盐LiPF6浓度为1mol/L。
在水氧含量均小于10ppm的手套箱中,将上述负极极片裁切成直径为14mm的圆片后作为工作电极,以金属锂片作为对电极,以厚度为7μm的聚丙烯(PP)膜作为隔离膜,注入上述电解液组装成纽扣电池。
在25℃环境中将上述纽扣电池静置6h后,以0.05C的电流恒流放电至5mV,接着以50μA的电流恒流放电至5mV,静置5min后再以10μA的电流恒流放电至5mV,记录纽扣电池的首次放电比容量G0,静置5min,然后以0.05C的倍率充电至0.8V,记录纽扣电池的首次充电比容量G1。根据上述负极极片制备过程中负极浆料的涂覆重量和面积计算出负极极片中的硅碳复合材料的质量。
硅碳复合材料的克容量(mAh/g)=G1/硅碳复合材料的质量;
首次库伦效率(%)=G1/G0×100%。
单位时间内锂离子电池的电压降(K值)测试:
将初始电压为3.85V的锂离子电池在45℃环境下静置24h,之后在25℃环境下静置24h,测试此时锂离子电池的电压OCV1。然后将电池在25℃环境下继续静置48h,测试此时电池的电压OCV2
K值(mV/h)=(OCV1-OCV2)/48。
采用K值衡量锂离子电池的自放电率,当K值<0.09mV/h时,表示锂离子电池的自放电率较小,锂离子电池的自放电性能较好。
循环性能测试:
将锂离子电池置于25℃恒温测试箱中,静置30min,使锂离子电池达到25℃恒温状态。以1C恒流充电至4.53V,以4.53V恒压充电至电流为0.025C,静置5min,以0.5C恒流放电至3.0V,此时为首圈循环,记录初始放电容量为C0。按照上述过程对锂离子电池进行充放电循环,循环至400圈(cls)时,停止测试,记录循环400圈(cls)后的放电容量为C1。计算400cls后容量保持率,作为评价锂离子电池循环性能的指标。
400cls后容量保持率(%)=C1/C0×100%。
400cls后容量保持率越高,表示锂离子电池的循环性能越好。
充电倍率性能测试:
在25℃的常压环境下,将锂离子电池以0.2C倍率恒流放电至3.0V,静置5min;以0.5C倍率恒流充电至4.53V,并以4.53V恒压充电至0.05C,静置5min;再以0.2C倍率恒流放电至3.0V,静置5min,记录该步的放电容量为C10。以2C倍率恒流充电至4.53V,并以4.53V恒压充电至0.05C,静置5min,记录该步的充电容量为C20
充电效率(%)=C20/C10×100%。
充电效率越高,表示锂离子电池的充电倍率性能越好。
实施例1-1
<硅碳复合材料的制备>
(1)交联反应:将1000g线性酚醛树脂及120g六亚甲基四胺加入5L水中并搅拌5h,将上述溶液放入高压反应釜,在100℃下反应48h。产物经水洗、干燥后得到酚醛树脂微球。
(2)活化与碳化:将1000g上述酚醛树脂微球与氢氧化钾按照质量比1:3进行混合,混合均匀后在回转炉中460℃下热处理0.5h,然后将回转炉升温至750℃并保温0.75h,取出产物,用2mol/L的稀盐酸溶液进行酸洗,再水洗,接着80℃下烘干得到前驱体;
(3)硅沉积与碳包覆:取上述前驱体加入流化床反应器中,在10L/min的氮气气氛下加热至480℃处理3h,之后通入2.5L/min的甲硅烷气体300min,停止甲硅烷气体通入后,接着将流化床升温至520℃后保温2h,再通入5L/min的乙炔气氛4h,反应结束后得到A值为122°的硅碳复合材料。其中,基于硅碳复合材料的质量,硅的质量百分含量为47.5%。
<负极极片的制备>
将硅碳复合材料和人造石墨按照质量比1:9进行混合后作为负极活性材料,将负极活性材料、碳纳米管、羧甲基纤维素锂、聚丙烯酸锂按照质量比97.4:0.2:0.4:2进行混合,加入去离子水作为溶剂,在真空搅拌机作用下得到固含量为45wt%负极浆料,其中,负极浆料的粘度为6000mPa·s。将负极浆料均匀涂覆在厚度为6μm的负极集流体铜箔的一个表面上,80℃下烘干,得到涂层重量为100.1mg/1540.25mm2的单面涂覆有负极材料层的负极极片。然后在负极集流体铜箔的另一个表面上重复以上步骤,即得到双面涂覆负极材料层的负极极片。然后经过冷压、裁片、分切后,得到规格为661mm×78mm的负极极片。其中,人造石墨的克容量为360mAh/g。
<隔离膜的制备>
采用厚度T为4μm的多孔聚丙烯薄膜(PP,Celgard公司提供)作为隔离膜。
<正极极片的制备>
将正极活性材料钴酸锂(LiCoO2)、导电剂导电炭黑、粘结剂聚偏二氟乙烯按照质量比为96.7:1.7:1.6进行混合,加入N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)作为溶剂,在真空搅拌机作用下得到固含量为76wt%的正极浆料。将正极浆料均匀涂覆于厚度为9μm的正极集流体铝箔的一个表面上,120℃下烘干,得到涂层重量为260mg/1540.25mm2的单面涂覆有正极材料层的正极极片。然后在正极集流体铝箔的另一个表面上重复以上步骤,即得到双面涂覆正极材料层的正极极片。然后经过冷压、裁片、分切后,得到规格为661mm×76.5mm的正极极片。
<电解液的制备>
在含水量小于10ppm的氩气气氛手套箱中,将氟代碳酸乙烯酯(FEC)、碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸丙烯酯(PC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)和碳酸二乙酯(DEC)按照质量比为5:10:15:20:50混合得到有机溶剂,然后向有机溶剂中加入锂盐六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6),得到电解液。其中,锂盐LiPF6的质量百分含量为12.5%,余量为有机溶剂。
<锂离子电池的制备>
将上述制备得到的隔离膜、正极极片、隔离膜、负极极片按顺序叠好,使隔离膜处于正极极片和负极极片中间起到隔离的作用,卷绕得到电极组件。将电极组件置于铝塑膜包装袋中,干燥后注入电解液,经过真空封装、静置、化成、脱气、切边等工序得到锂离子电池。
实施例1-2
除了按照表1和表2调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例1-1相同。
实施例1-3
除了采用下述步骤制备隔离膜以外,其余与实施例1-1相同。
<隔离膜的制备>
采用厚度T为10μm的多孔聚丙烯薄膜作为基膜。将粘结剂聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF,Mw=5×106)和增稠剂羧甲基纤维素钠(Mw=8×105)按照质量比98.5:1.5混合,加入去离子水作为溶剂,搅拌均匀后形成固含量为75wt%的粘结层浆料。将无机颗粒氧化铝和陶瓷涂层粘结剂丁苯橡胶(Mw=7×106)、溶剂去离子水按照质量比35:10:55混合,得到陶瓷涂层浆料。
在基膜的一个表面上涂布陶瓷涂层浆料,60℃下烘干后,在基膜的一个表面上形成陶瓷涂层,将粘结层浆料涂布于陶瓷涂层远离基膜的表面上,60℃下烘干后,得到单面涂布陶瓷涂层和粘结层的隔离膜;之后,在基膜的另一个表面上重复以上步骤,即得到隔离膜。其中,单层粘结层的厚度为0.5μm,单层陶瓷涂层的厚度为0.5μm,隔离膜的厚度B为12μm。
实施例1-4至实施例1-6
除了按照表1和表2调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例1-3相同。其中,当隔离膜的厚度B发生变化时,基膜的厚度T不变,单层粘结层的厚度和单层陶瓷涂层的厚度随之变化,且单层粘结层的厚度变化量与单层陶瓷涂层的厚度变化量相等。
实施例1-7至实施例1-9
除了按照表1和表2调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例1-5相同。
实施例1-10
除了按照表1和表2调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例1-3相同。
实施例1-11
除了采用厚度T为4μm的多孔聚丙烯薄膜(PP,Celgard公司提供)作为隔离膜以外,其余与实施例1-9相同。
实施例2-1
除了按照表1和表3调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例1-1相同。
实施例2-2
除了按照以下步骤制备隔离膜以外,其余与实施例1-1相同。
<隔离膜的制备>
采用厚度T为4μm的多孔聚丙烯薄膜作为基膜。将粘结剂聚丙烯腈(PAN,Mw=1.5×105)和增稠剂羧甲基纤维素钠(Mw=8×105)按照质量比98.5:1.5混合,加入去离子水作为溶剂,搅拌均匀后形成固含量为75wt%的粘结层浆料。
在基膜的一个表面上涂布粘结层浆料,60℃下烘干后,得到单面涂布粘结层的隔离膜;之后,在基膜的另一个表面上重复以上步骤,即得到隔离膜。其中,单层粘结层的厚度为0.25μm,隔离膜的厚度B为4.5μm。
实施例2-3至实施例2-6
除了按照表1和表3调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例2-2相同。
实施例2-7
除了按照表1和表3调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例1-1相同。
<隔离膜的制备>
采用厚度T为4μm的多孔聚丙烯薄膜作为基膜。将无机颗粒氧化硅和陶瓷涂层粘结剂丁苯橡胶(Mw=7×106)、溶剂去离子水按照质量比35:10:55混合,得到陶瓷涂层浆料。
在基膜的一个表面上涂布陶瓷涂层浆料,60℃下烘干后,得到单面涂布陶瓷涂层的隔离膜;之后,在基膜的另一个表面上重复以上步骤,即得到隔离膜。其中,单层陶瓷涂层的厚度为0.25μm,隔离膜的厚度B为4.5μm。
实施例2-8至实施例2-11
除了按照表1和表3调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例2-7相同。
实施例2-12至实施例2-13
除了按照表1和表3调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例1-3相同。
实施例3-1至实施例3-2
除了按照表1调整相关制备参数使得硅的质量百分含量如表4所示以外,其余与实施例1-1相同。
实施例3-3至实施例3-4
除了按照表1和表4调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例1-1相同。
对比例1
除了按照表1和表2调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例1-1相同。
对比例2
除了采用厚度T为4μm的多孔聚乙烯薄膜(PP,Celgard公司提供)作为隔离膜以外,其余与实施例1-10相同。
对比例3
除了采用厚度T为4μm的多孔聚乙烯薄膜(PP,Celgard公司提供)作为隔离膜以外,其余与实施例1-8相同。
对比例4
除了按照表1和表2调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例1-2相同。
对比例5
除了按照表1和表2调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例1-3相同。
对比例6
除了采用实施例1-6中制得的隔离膜以外,其余与实施例1-9相同。
对比例7
除了按照表1和表2调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例1-3相同。其中,当隔离膜的厚度B发生变化时,基膜的厚度T不变,单层粘结层的厚度和单层陶瓷涂层的厚度随之变化,且单层粘结层的厚度变化量与单层陶瓷涂层的厚度变化量相等。
各实施例和对比例的制备参数和性能参数如表1至表4所示。
表1

表2

从实施例1-1至实施例1-11、对比例1至对比例7可以看出,通过限定A×B的值以及B的值在本申请范围内,硅碳复合材料的克容量和首次库伦效率较高,表明锂离子电池的能量密度较高;得到的锂离子电池的K值较小,表明锂离子电池的自放电性能得到改善;锂离子电池的400cls后容量保持率和充电效率较高,说明本申请的锂离子电池具有良好的自放电性能、循环性能和充电倍率性能。对比例1至对比例6中A×B的值不在本申请范围内,其中,对比例1至对比例5中锂离子电池的K值较大,表明锂离子电池的自放电性能较差;锂离子电池的400cls后容量保持率和充电效率较低,说明锂离子电池的循环性能和充电倍率性能较差。对比例6中虽然锂离子电池的K值较小且400cls后容量保持率较高,但锂离子电池的充电效率更低,虽然具有较好自放电性能和循环性能,但无法兼顾锂离子电池的充电倍率性能。对比例7中虽然锂离子电池的K值较小且400cls后容量保持率较高,但锂离子电池的充电效率更低,虽然具有较好自放电性能和循环性能,但无法兼顾锂离子电池的充电倍率性能。从实施例1-1至实施例1-11可以看出,本申请的锂离子电池中硅碳复合材料的克容量和首次库伦效率较高,表明锂离子电池的能量密度较高;得到的锂离子电池的K值较小,且锂离子电池的400cls后容量保持率和充电效率较高,表明本申请的锂离子电池具有良好的自放电性能和循环性能的同时,兼顾较好的充电倍率性能。
从图2可以看出,实施例1-1中的硅碳复合材料中最长径大于10μm的颗粒的外轮廓内角最小值较大,对照表2,A的值为122°,将实施例1-1中的硅碳复合材料应用到锂离子电池中,K的值较小,表明得到的锂离子电池的自放电性能较好。
硅碳复合材料中最长径大于10μm的颗粒的外轮廓内角最小值A通常会影响锂离子电池的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能,从实施例1-3、实施例1-5、实施例1-7至实施例1-10可以看出,当A的值在本申请范围内时,硅碳复合材料的克容量和首次库伦效率较高,表明锂离子电池的能量密度较高;得到的锂离子电池的K值较小,且锂离子电池的400cls后容量保持率和充电效率较高,表明本申请的锂离子电池具有良好的自放电性能、循环性能和充电倍率性能。
基膜的厚度T通常会影响锂离子电池的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能,从实施例1-1至实施例1-3可以看出,当基膜的厚度T在本申请范围内时,硅碳复合材料的克容量和首次库伦效率较高,表明锂离子电池的能量密度较高;得到的锂离子电池的K值较小,且锂离子电池的400cls后容量保持率和充电效率较高,表明本申请的锂离子电池具有良好的自放电性能、循环性能和充电倍率性能。
表3

注:表3中的“/”表示无相关参数。
基膜的材料通常会影响锂离子电池的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能,从实施例1-1和实施例2-1可以看出,当基膜的材料在本申请范围内时,硅碳复合材料的克容量和首次库伦效率较高,表明锂离子电池的能量密度较高;得到的锂离子电池的K值较小,且锂离子电池的400cls后容量保持率和充电效率较高,表明本申请的锂离子电池具有良好的自放电性能、循环性能和充电倍率性能。
不同组成的隔离膜通常会影响锂离子电池的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能,从实施例1-1、实施例1-3、实施例2-3至实施例2-6、实施例2-8至实施例2-13可以看出,当不同组成的隔离膜在本申请范围内时,硅碳复合材料的克容量和首次库伦效率较高,表明锂离子电池的能量密度较高;得到的锂离子电池的K值较小,且锂离子电池的400cls后容量保持率和充电效率较高,表明本申请的锂离子电池具有良好的自放电性能、循环性能和充电倍率性能。
粘结剂的种类通常会影响锂离子电池的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能,从实施例2-2和实施例2-3可以看出,当粘结剂的种类在本申请范围内时,硅碳复合材料的克容量和首次库伦效率较高,表明锂离子电池的能量密度较高;得到的锂离子电池的K值较小,且锂离子电池的400cls后容量保持率和充电效率较高,表明本申请的锂离子电池具有良好的自放电性能、循环性能和充电倍率性能。
无机颗粒的种类通常会影响锂离子电池的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能,从实施例2-7和实施例2-8可以看出,当无机颗粒的种类在本申请范围内时,硅碳复合材料的克容量和首次库伦效率较高,表明锂离子电池的能量密度较高;得到的锂离子电池的K值较小,且锂离子电池的400cls后容量保持率和充电效率较高,表明本申请的锂离子电池具有良好的自放电性能、循环性能和充电倍率性能。
表4
硅的质量百分含量通常会影响锂离子电池的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能,从实施例1-1、实施例3-1至实施例3-2可以看出,当硅的质量百分含量在本申请范围内时,硅碳复合材料的克容量和首次库伦效率较高,表明锂离子电池的能量密度较高;得到的锂离子电池的K值较小,且锂离子电池的400cls后容量保持率和充电效率较高,表明本申请的锂离子电池具有良好的自放电性能、循环性能和充电倍率性能。
其他负极活性材料的种类通常会影响锂离子电池的自放电性能、充电倍率性能和循环性能,从实施例1-1、实施例3-3至实施例3-4可以看出,当其他负极活性材料的种类在本申请范围内时,硅碳复合材料的克容量和首次库伦效率较高,表明锂离子电池的能量密度较高;得到的锂离子电池的K值较小,且锂离子电池的400cls后容量保持率和充电效率较高,表明本申请的锂离子电池具有良好的自放电性能、循环性能和充电倍率性能。
术语“包括”、“包含”或者其任何其他变体意在涵盖非排他性的包含,从而使得包括一系列要素的过程、方法或物品不仅包括那些要素,而且还包括没有明确列出的其他要素,或者是还包括为这种过程、方法或物品所固有的要素。
本说明书中的各个实施例均采用相关的方式描述,各个实施例之间相同相似的部分互相参见即可,每个实施例重点说明的都是与其他实施例的不同之处。
以上所述仅为本申请的较佳实施例,并不用以限制本申请,凡在本申请的精神和原则之内,所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本申请保护的范围之内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种二次电池,其包括正极极片、负极极片、隔离膜和电解液,所述负极极片包括负极集流体和位于所述负极集流体至少一个表面上的负极材料层,所述负极材料层包括负极活性材料,所述负极活性材料包括硅碳复合材料,在所述负极极片的长度方向和自身厚度方向形成的平面上,所述硅碳复合材料中最长径大于10μm的颗粒的外轮廓内角最小值为A°,所述隔离膜的厚度为Bμm,488≤A×B≤3600,4≤B≤25。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的二次电池,其中,89≤A≤180。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的二次电池,其中,所述隔离膜包括基膜,所述基膜的厚度为4μm至10μm。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的二次电池,其满足以下特征中的至少一者:
    (1)所述隔离膜包括粘结层,4.5≤B≤15;
    (2)所述隔离膜包括陶瓷涂层,4.5≤B≤14;
    (3)所述隔离膜包括粘结层和陶瓷涂层,6≤B≤25。
  5. 根据权利要求3或4所述的二次电池,其满足以下特征中的至少一者:
    (1)所述隔离膜包括粘结层,所述粘结层包括粘结剂,所述粘结剂包括聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯或聚偏氟乙烯中的至少一种;
    (2)所述隔离膜包括陶瓷涂层,所述陶瓷涂层包括无机颗粒,所述无机颗粒包括氧化铝、氧化钛、氧化硅或氧化镁中的至少一种。
  6. 根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的二次电池,其中,基于所述硅碳复合材料的质量,硅的质量百分含量为44%至57%。
  7. 根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的二次电池,其中,所述负极活性材料包括人造石墨、天然石墨、中间相碳微球、软碳或硬碳中的至少一种。
  8. 根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的二次电池,其中,所述隔离膜包括基膜,所述基膜的材料包括聚乙烯或聚丙烯中的至少一种。
  9. 一种权利要求1至8中任一项所述的二次电池的制备方法,其包括以下步骤:制备所述正极极片、所述负极极片、所述隔离膜和所述电解液,组装得到所述二次电池;
    其中,所述负极极片中的所述硅碳复合材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:
    (1)将碳源与碱源混合均匀后,在420℃至600℃下热处理0.5h至2h,之后升温至650℃至950℃后保温0.5h至3h,得到前驱体;
    其中,所述碳源包括酚醛树脂、脲醛树脂、三聚氰胺甲醛树脂、聚氯乙烯或聚丙烯腈中的至少一种,所述碱源包括氢氧化钾、氢氧化钠、氢氧化锂或氨水中的至少一种,所述碳源与所述碱源的质量比为1:1至1:5;
    (2)在惰性气氛下将所述前驱体加热至400℃至510℃处理0.2h至4h,之后通入硅烷气220min至420min,接着升温至520℃至560℃后保温0.5h至2h,再通入还原气氛1.5h至4h,得到所述硅碳复合材料;
    其中,所述惰性气氛包括氮气、氩气或氦气中的至少一种,所述硅烷气包括甲硅烷、乙硅烷、丙硅烷、苯基硅烷或甲苯基硅烷中的至少一种,所述还原气氛包括乙炔、丙烯或甲苯中的至少一种。
  10. 一种电子装置,其包括权利要求1至8中任一项所述的二次电池或者权利要求9中所述的制备方法制得的二次电池。
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