WO2025070781A1 - 方向性電磁鋼板、及び方向性電磁鋼板の製造方法 - Google Patents

方向性電磁鋼板、及び方向性電磁鋼板の製造方法 Download PDF

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WO2025070781A1
WO2025070781A1 PCT/JP2024/034800 JP2024034800W WO2025070781A1 WO 2025070781 A1 WO2025070781 A1 WO 2025070781A1 JP 2024034800 W JP2024034800 W JP 2024034800W WO 2025070781 A1 WO2025070781 A1 WO 2025070781A1
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Prior art keywords
magnetic domain
domain control
grain
steel sheet
electrical steel
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English (en)
French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
稜 松原
悠祐 川村
励 本間
俊之 鈴間
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Nippon Steel Corp
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Nippon Steel Corp
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Priority to JP2025534763A priority Critical patent/JPWO2025070781A1/ja
Priority to CN202480061154.3A priority patent/CN121925486A/zh
Publication of WO2025070781A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025070781A1/ja
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/12—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/46—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing lead, selenium, tellurium, or antimony, or more than 0.04% by weight of sulfur
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/12—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials
    • H01F1/14—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys
    • H01F1/147—Alloys characterised by their composition
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/24—Magnetic cores
    • H01F27/245—Magnetic cores made from sheets, e.g. grain-oriented
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
    • H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet and a method for manufacturing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet.
  • This application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-166060, filed on September 27, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Grain-oriented electrical steel sheet is a steel sheet that contains 7 mass% or less Si and has a secondary recrystallized texture in which secondary recrystallized grains are concentrated in the ⁇ 110 ⁇ 001> orientation (Goss orientation) with the easy axis of magnetization ⁇ 001> oriented in the rolling direction.
  • Grain-oriented electrical steel sheet is mainly used as the iron core of power transformers. Reduction of energy loss (iron loss) is required for grain-oriented electrical steel sheet.
  • the magnetic domain width can be narrowed by irradiating the surface of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet with a laser or electron beam in a direction intersecting the rolling direction to introduce thermal distortion.
  • the magnetic domain width can also be narrowed by forming grooves on the surface of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet in a direction intersecting the rolling direction. Methods for forming grooves include a method of irradiating with a laser or electron beam, a method using mechanical processing such as gears, and a method using chemical processing such as etching.
  • Patent Documents 1 to 3 various improved techniques for magnetic domain refinement have been proposed to provide grain-oriented electrical steel sheets with good iron loss characteristics.
  • the noise characteristics refer to the level of noise generated by electrical products (e.g., transformers, motors, etc.) manufactured using grain-oriented magnetic steel sheet as a material.
  • Magnetostriction is a phenomenon in which the outer shape of a ferromagnetic material is slightly deformed when it is magnetized.
  • grain-oriented magnetic steel sheet is excited with an alternating current, the magnitude of magnetostriction changes with the change in the strength of the magnetization, causing vibration.
  • the magnitude of this magnetostriction is very small, on the order of 10 ⁇ 6 , but the magnetostriction generates vibration in the iron core, which propagates to external structures such as the tank of a transformer and becomes noise.
  • the purpose of this disclosure is to provide a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet that can achieve both low iron loss and low noise, and a manufacturing method thereof.
  • the gist of this disclosure is as follows:
  • a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet is a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having a magnetic domain control processing line on a surface thereof, and satisfies
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to the above item (1) satisfies
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to the above (1) satisfies
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to the above (1) satisfies
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to any one of (1) to (4) above satisfies
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to any one of (1) to (5) above satisfies ⁇ Dr ⁇ ⁇ All , where ⁇ All is the standard deviation of the absolute values of the ⁇ angles over the entire surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, and ⁇ Dr is the standard deviation of the absolute values of the ⁇ angles at the magnetic domain control points.
  • the magnetic domain control treatment lines are preferably thermally strained.
  • the magnetic domain control treatment lines are preferably grooves.
  • the maximum value of the tensile strength introduced into the thermal strain in the magnetic domain control treatment wire is non-uniform for each measurement point of the tensile strength.
  • ⁇ 2 ( TSm ) > 5.0 is satisfied, TSm being the tensile strength in unit MPa introduced into the thermal strain measured at each of the multiple magnetic domain control points, and ⁇ 2 ( TSm ) being the variance of TSm .
  • TSm ( ⁇ Dr) >TSm ( ⁇ Dr) is satisfied
  • TSm ( ⁇ Dr) is the arithmetic mean value of the maximum values of the tensile strength in unit MPa introduced by the thermal strain, measured at each of the magnetic domain treatment points where the ⁇ angle is less than ⁇ Dr
  • TSm ( ⁇ Dr) is the arithmetic mean value of the maximum values of the tensile strength in unit MPa introduced by the thermal strain, measured at each of the magnetic domain treatment points where the ⁇ angle is ⁇ Dr or more.
  • the maximum value of the depth of the groove in the magnetic domain control treatment line is non-uniform for each measurement point of the groove.
  • ⁇ 2 ( Dm ) > 3.0 is satisfied, Dm is the maximum value of the groove depth in units of ⁇ m at the magnetic domain control point, and ⁇ 2 ( Dm ) is the variance of Dm .
  • Dm ( ⁇ Dr) > Dm ( ⁇ Dr) is satisfied, where Dm( ⁇ Dr) is the arithmetic average value of the maximum groove depth in unit ⁇ m measured at each of the magnetic domain control points having a ⁇ angle less than ⁇ Dr among the magnetic domain control points, and Dm ( ⁇ Dr) is the arithmetic average value of the maximum groove depth in unit ⁇ m measured at each of the magnetic domain control points having a ⁇ angle equal to or greater than ⁇ Dr.
  • a manufacturing method of grain-oriented electrical steel sheet includes the steps of acquiring a magnetic domain image of an original sheet of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, determining a magnetic domain control treatment area based on a distribution of magnetic domain widths in the magnetic domain image, and applying a magnetic domain control treatment to the magnetic domain control treatment area determined based on the distribution of magnetic domain widths, wherein in the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet to which the magnetic domain control treatment has been applied,
  • is the average value of the absolute values of the ⁇ angles over the entire surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet to which the magnetic domain control treatment has been applied, and
  • a region in which the magnetic domain width is equal to or greater than a predetermined value is defined as the magnetic domain control treatment region.
  • the distribution of the magnetic domain width is derived from the magnetic domain image using a two-dimensional Fourier transform.
  • the magnetic domain control treatment is applied by irradiation with a laser or an electron beam.
  • This disclosure provides a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet that can achieve both low iron loss and low noise, and a method for manufacturing the same.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of a typical grain-oriented electrical steel sheet.
  • 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the ⁇ angle and the magnetic domain width.
  • 1 is a graph showing an example of the distribution of magnetic domain widths of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet before magnetic domain control treatment.
  • 1 is a graph showing an example of a distribution of magnetic domain widths of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after magnetic domain control treatment.
  • 4C is a graph showing the difference between FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B.
  • 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the magnetic domain width before and after a magnetic domain control process.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an example of a hardware configuration of the image acquisition device.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an example of a hardware configuration of an analysis device.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the configuration of a laser irradiation device.
  • 1 is a flowchart showing a method for manufacturing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method for extracting a plurality of partial regions from a magnetic domain image of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet. 13 is an example of a plurality of partial Fourier images obtained by performing a two-dimensional Fourier transform on each of a plurality of partial regions cut out from a magnetic domain image of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet.
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view of an original sheet of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet.
  • FIG. 11 is an explanatory diagram of a virtual line VL1 and a virtual line VL2 that are set when calculating
  • FIG. FIG. 1 is a plan view of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 1 is a graph showing a schematic relationship between the magnetic domain width and the magnetic domain control saturation strength. 1 is a graph showing a schematic relationship between the magnitude of the ⁇ angle and the magnetic domain control saturation strength.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet in which the magnetic domain control treatment lines are thermally strained.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet in which the magnetic domain control treatment lines are grooves.
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic plan view illustrating a method for measuring the magnetic domain control strength at the intersection of a magnetic domain control processing line and a virtual line when the magnetic domain control processing line is thermally distorted.
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic plan view illustrating a method for measuring the magnetic domain control strength at the intersection of a magnetic domain control processing line and a virtual line when the magnetic domain control processing line is a groove.
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 has a magnetic domain control processing line 11 on its surface, and satisfies
  • is the average value of the absolute value of the ⁇ angle over the entire surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1.
  • is the average value of the absolute value of the ⁇ angle at a magnetic domain control point VP2, which is the intersection of the magnetic domain control processing line 11 and a plurality of virtual lines VL3 set in parallel at intervals of 2 mm along the rolling direction RD of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1.
  • the multiple magnetic domain control processing lines 11 provided on the surface of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 have the function of subdividing the 180° magnetic domains. Subdividing the magnetic domains can reduce the iron loss of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1.
  • a magnetic domain is a collection of magnetic dipoles present inside a ferromagnetic material, and is a small region in which the magnetic moment is aligned in one direction.
  • a 180° magnetic domain is a magnetic domain whose magnetization direction is the ⁇ 100> orientation of the crystal and is sandwiched between two 180° magnetic domain walls that are approximately parallel to the rolling direction RD.
  • the distance between adjacent magnetic domain walls of the 180° magnetic domain is referred to as the width of the 180° magnetic domain.
  • the width of the 180° magnetic domain will be simply referred to as the "magnetic domain width".
  • Suitable examples of the magnetic domain control processing line 11 are thermal distortion and/or grooves. By subdividing the magnetic domains, it is possible to suppress the iron loss of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1. However, the magnetic domain control processing line 11 changes the magnetostrictive characteristics of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 due to the return magnetic domains. This deteriorates the noise characteristics of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1.
  • the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 are formed in a direction intersecting the rolling direction RD of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1.
  • the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 are formed across the entire width of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1.
  • At least some of the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 are interrupted in the large ⁇ angle region 12B described below.
  • the magnetic domain control processing line 11 is straight.
  • the magnetic domain control processing line 11 may be curved.
  • the magnetic domain control processing line 11 may have a shape having straight portions and curved portions.
  • the magnetic domain control processing line 11 may be on one or both sides of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1.
  • the various aspects of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 according to this embodiment are applied to at least one side of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1.
  • the ⁇ angle is the deviation angle of the crystal grains from the Goss orientation around the axis of the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction TD. It is known that controlling the ⁇ angle is effective in controlling the magnetic properties of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1.
  • the deviation angle of the crystal grains from the Goss orientation around the axis of the normal direction ND of the rolling surface is called the ⁇ angle
  • the deviation angle of the crystal grains from the Goss orientation around the axis of the rolling direction RD is called the ⁇ angle.
  • Figure 3 is a graph showing an example of the relationship between the ⁇ angle and the average magnetic domain width of grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 before magnetic domain control processing.
  • the smaller the ⁇ angle the larger the magnetic domain width.
  • the relationship shown in Figure 3 does not hold for grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 after magnetic domain control processing. This is because the magnetic domain control processing reduces the magnetic domain width in areas where the magnetic domain width was wide before magnetic domain control, but does not change the orientation of the crystal grains ( ⁇ angle, ⁇ angle, ⁇ angle).
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 satisfies
  • is the average value of the absolute value of the ⁇ angle over the entire surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1.
  • is an index of the ⁇ angle at the magnetic domain control processing line 11. Specifically,
  • is obtained by averaging the absolute values of the ⁇ angles measured at each of the plurality of magnetic domain control points VP2. Details of the measurement method of
  • will be described later.
  • the magnetic domain control processing line 11 is preferentially provided in the region 12A where the ⁇ angle is small.
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 has the region 12A where the ⁇ angle is small and the region 12B where the ⁇ angle is large.
  • the magnetic domain control processing line 11 is preferentially arranged in the region 12A where the ⁇ angle is small. Therefore,
  • the magnetic domain control processing line 11 is arranged without taking into consideration the distribution of the ⁇ angle. Therefore,
  • Figure 4A shows an example of the distribution of magnetic domain widths of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 before the magnetic domain control treatment.
  • Figure 4B shows the distribution of magnetic domain widths after the magnetic domain control treatment was applied to the surface of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 in Figure 4A.
  • the magnetic domain control treatment here was performed by irradiating a continuous wave laser along a direction approximately perpendicular to the rolling direction RD.
  • the distribution of magnetic domain widths shown in Figures 4A and 4B was derived from the magnetic domain image of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 using the two-dimensional Fourier transform described below.
  • Fig. 4C shows the difference between Fig. 4A and Fig. 4B.
  • Fig. 4C shows the area where the magnetic domain width has been subdivided by 50 ⁇ m or more before and after the magnetic domain control process shown in Fig. 4A and Fig. 4B.
  • Fig. 4C makes visible the area where the magnetic domain width has been subdivided by the magnetic domain control process.
  • the areas where domain refinement of 50 ⁇ m or more has occurred as a result of the domain control process are the dark areas in Figure 4A, i.e., areas where the domain width was wide prior to the domain control process.
  • the effect of domain refinement is evident in areas where the original domain width was approximately 500 ⁇ m or more.
  • the light areas in Figure 4A i.e., areas where the domain width was narrow prior to the domain control process, the effect of the domain control process is barely noticeable.
  • the effect of the domain control process differs depending on the domain width prior to the domain control process.
  • the present inventors further investigated the relationship between the amount of reduction in the magnetic domain width caused by the magnetic domain control process and the magnetic domain width before the magnetic domain control process.
  • Fig. 5 shows the relationship between the magnetic domain width before the magnetic domain control process and the magnetic domain width before the magnetic domain control process at the same position.
  • the magnetic domain refinement effect of the magnetic domain control process is less likely to be observed.
  • the magnetic domain width was approximately the same before and after the magnetic domain control process. Therefore, it is believed that the iron loss reduction effect of the magnetic domain control process is large in areas where the magnetic domain width before the magnetic domain control is wide, but is not sufficiently achieved in areas where the magnetic domain width before the magnetic domain control is narrower than a predetermined value. It is believed that the magnetic domain control process line 11 formed in an area where the magnetic domain width is narrower than a predetermined value will cause deterioration of noise characteristics due to the return domains.
  • ⁇ 0.1° is a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 in which the magnetic domain control process has been preferentially performed in the region with a wide magnetic domain width.
  • ⁇ 0.1° is satisfied can achieve both low iron loss and low noise by preferentially performing the magnetic domain control process on the region with a wide magnetic domain width.
  • is, the more preferable. It is more preferable that
  • ⁇ 1.0° is satisfied. This achieves a further improvement in the noise characteristics.
  • is not particularly limited, but may be , for example, 5.0° or less, 4.0° or less, or 3.0° or less.
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 preferably satisfies
  • ⁇ All is the standard deviation of the absolute value of the ⁇ angle over the entire surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1.
  • the ⁇ angles measured on the surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 vary.
  • ⁇ All is an index of the variation in the ⁇ angle. When
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 preferably satisfies ⁇ Dr ⁇ ⁇ All .
  • ⁇ All is the standard deviation of the absolute values of the ⁇ angles over the entire surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1
  • ⁇ Dr is the standard deviation of the absolute values of the ⁇ angles at the domain control points VP2 which are the intersections of the domain control processing lines 11 and a plurality of virtual lines VL3 set in parallel at intervals of 2 mm along the rolling direction RD of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1.
  • the variation in the ⁇ angles at the domain control points VP2 is smaller than the overall variation in the ⁇ angles of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1. That is, in this case, the magnetic domain control processing is concentrated in the region where the magnetic domain width before the magnetic domain control is wide and where the iron loss reduction effect is large, so that a further improvement in the noise characteristics is achieved.
  • the type of the magnetic domain control processing line 11 is not particularly limited, but suitable examples are thermal distortion and grooves.
  • Thermal distortion can be formed by means of, for example, laser irradiation, electron beam irradiation, ion implantation, etc.
  • Grooves can be formed by means of, for example, laser irradiation, electron beam irradiation, machining, etc.
  • Thermal distortion disappears by stress relief annealing or a heat treatment equivalent thereto. Therefore, when the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 is heat treated, it is preferable to make the magnetic domain control processing line 11 a groove. On the other hand, since thermal distortion can be easily formed, when simplification of the manufacturing process is required, it is preferable to make the magnetic domain control processing line 11 a thermal distortion.
  • the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 may have both thermal distortion and grooves.
  • the magnetic domain control strength is determined according to the magnetic domain width of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet before magnetic domain control processing.
  • the magnetic domain control strength is the amount of thermal distortion when the magnetic domain control method is thermal distortion, and is the depth of the groove when the magnetic domain control method is a groove.
  • the magnetic domain control saturation strength is not uniform in grain-oriented electrical steel sheets.
  • the magnetic domain control saturation strength is the magnetic domain control strength at which the effect of subdividing magnetic domains is substantially saturated.
  • the magnetic domain control strength is equal to or less than the magnetic domain control saturation strength, the greater the magnetic domain control strength, the greater the reduction in iron loss.
  • the magnetic domain control strength exceeds the magnetic domain control saturation strength, increasing the magnetic domain control strength does not have much effect on reducing iron loss.
  • the magnetic domain control strength exceeds the magnetic domain control saturation strength, the greater the magnetic domain control strength, the greater the hysteresis loss and the worse the noise characteristics become. Therefore, it is highly preferable to set the magnetic domain control strength within a range that does not exceed the magnetic domain control saturation strength.
  • the inventors also discovered that the magnetic domain control saturation strength has a strong correlation with the ⁇ angle. Where the ⁇ angle is small, the magnetic domain control saturation strength is large. There is also a correlation between the ⁇ angle and the magnetic domain width in grain-oriented magnetic steel sheets before the magnetic domain control process. In grain-oriented magnetic steel sheets before the magnetic domain control process, the larger the ⁇ angle, the narrower the magnetic domain width. However, in grain-oriented magnetic steel sheets after the magnetic domain control process, the correlation between the magnetic domain width and the ⁇ angle becomes smaller. This is because the magnetic domain control process changes the magnetic domain width but does not change the ⁇ angle.
  • an optimal magnetic domain control strength depending on the magnetic domain width or the magnitude of the ⁇ angle. Specifically, it is preferable to perform magnetic domain control processing with a high magnetic domain control strength in areas where the magnetic domain width is large and the ⁇ angle is small, and to perform magnetic domain control processing with a low magnetic domain control strength in areas where the magnetic domain width is small and the ⁇ angle is large. Also, as described above, magnetic domain control processing is not performed in areas where the original magnetic domain width is narrower than a predetermined value. This results in a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet with non-uniform magnetic domain control strength. In such grain-oriented electrical steel sheets, the iron loss of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after magnetic domain control is further reduced. On the other hand, the increase in hysteresis loss and the deterioration of noise characteristics of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after magnetic domain control are further suppressed.
  • FIG. 15 shows a graph that illustrates a method for determining the magnetic domain control strength based on the magnetic domain width.
  • the vertical axis of FIG. 15 is the magnetic domain control strength
  • the horizontal axis is the size of the magnetic domain width.
  • the solid line graph in FIG. 15 is the magnetic domain control saturation strength.
  • the magnetic domain control saturation strength is 0.
  • the magnetic domain control saturation strength increases as the magnetic domain width increases.
  • the magnetic domain control saturation strength becomes approximately constant.
  • the region where the effect of magnetic domain control is obtained is not limited to regions exceeding 500 ⁇ m.
  • the region where the magnetic domain control saturation strength becomes approximately constant is not limited to regions exceeding approximately 1200 ⁇ m. These regions change depending on various conditions.
  • FIG. 16 shows a graph that illustrates a method for determining the magnetic domain control strength based on the ⁇ angle.
  • the vertical axis of FIG. 16 is the magnetic domain control strength, and the horizontal axis is the magnitude of the ⁇ angle.
  • the solid line graph in FIG. 16 is the magnetic domain control saturation strength. In regions where the ⁇ angle is large, the effect of magnetic domain control is not obtained, so the magnetic domain control saturation strength is 0. In regions where the ⁇ angle is below a predetermined value, the effect of magnetic domain control is obtained. For example, when the ⁇ angle is 2.0° or less, it is estimated that the effect of magnetic domain control is obtained. And in regions where the ⁇ angle is below a predetermined value, the larger the ⁇ angle, the greater the magnetic domain control saturation strength becomes. And in regions where the ⁇ angle is even smaller, the magnetic domain control saturation strength is approximately constant.
  • the relationship between the magnetic domain width at the location where magnetic domain control is performed and the magnetic domain control strength is on the solid line graph in FIG. 11. Or, it is most preferable that the relationship between the ⁇ angle at the location where magnetic domain control is performed and the magnetic domain control strength is on the solid line graph in FIG. 16.
  • the magnetic domain control saturation strength can be used as a target value for the magnetic domain control strength.
  • the magnetic domain control strength is the minimum strength at which the magnetic domain control effect is manifested.
  • the magnetic domain control strength is equal to or greater than the minimum magnetic domain control strength.
  • the magnetic domain control strength may vary slightly from the target value of the magnetic domain control saturation strength.
  • the region that is equal to or greater than the magnetic domain control minimum strength and that is within a certain range of the graph of the magnetic domain control saturation strength is referred to as the target range of the magnetic domain control strength. It is preferable that the magnetic domain control strength and the magnetic domain width of the magnetic domain control target portion are within the shaded region surrounded by dashed lines in Figs. 15 and 16.
  • the multiple magnetic domain control processing lines 11 provided on the surface of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 may be straight as shown in FIG. 1, or may be curved as shown in FIG. 14. If the multiple magnetic domain control processing lines 11 provided on the surface of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 are curved, the degree of freedom of the magnetic domain control processing is improved, making it easier to selectively perform magnetic domain control processing only on areas with small ⁇ angles, and thus improving the performance of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1, which is preferable.
  • FIG. 6 shows an example of the hardware configuration of an image acquisition device 30 that acquires magnetic domain images of the original sheet 2, i.e., the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 before the magnetic domain control process.
  • the image acquisition device 30 includes a light source unit 31, a magneto-optical sensor (MO sensor 33), an image sensor 35, and a signal processing unit 37.
  • the light source unit 31 has a light source consisting of a light emitting diode (LED) and irradiates the MO sensor 33 with light with a uniform polarization plane.
  • LED light emitting diode
  • the MO sensor 33 is a device that measures the magnetic domain structure of a magnetic material.
  • the MO sensor 33 has an observation surface on which the magnetic material sample to be measured is placed. Light irradiated from the light source unit 31 passes through the inside of the MO sensor 33 and is reflected by the reflective layer. The reflected light passes through the inside of the MO sensor 33 again and is output to the outside of the MO sensor 33.
  • a leakage magnetic field corresponding to the direction of spontaneous magnetization of the original plate 2 is generated inside the MO sensor 33. This leakage magnetic field rotates the polarization plane of the reflected light.
  • the image sensor 35 is a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor.
  • CMOS complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
  • the image sensor 35 forms an image of the reflected light from the MO sensor 33 on its light receiving surface, photoelectrically converts it, and outputs the analog signal after photoelectric conversion to the signal processing unit 37.
  • the distribution of the leakage magnetic field can be obtained, and the magnetic domain structure of the original plate 2 becomes clear.
  • the signal processing unit 37 has an amplifier, an AD converter, a digital signal processor (DSP), etc.
  • the analog signal output from the image sensor 35 is amplified by the amplifier.
  • the analog signal is then converted into a digital signal by the AD converter.
  • An image signal is generated by performing a predetermined digital processing on this digital signal using the DSP.
  • the image signal generated by the signal processing unit 37 is output to the analysis device 40 (see Figure 7) via a cable or wireless communication.
  • FIG. 7 shows the hardware configuration of an analysis device 40 that analyzes the magnetic domain structure of the original plate 2.
  • the analysis device 40 is a computer device such as a personal computer (PC).
  • the analysis device 40 includes a calculation unit 41, a memory 43, a display unit 45, an input unit 47, and a communication I/F 49.
  • the calculation unit 41 has a Central Processing Unit (CPU).
  • the calculation unit 41 analyzes the magnetic domain structure from the magnetic domain image of the original plate 2 according to a program stored in the memory 43.
  • the calculation unit 41 determines the magnetic domain control processing area 21, which is the location where the magnetic domain control processing is applied. The processing executed by the calculation unit 41 will be described in detail later.
  • Memory 43 has a Read Only Memory (ROM) and a Random Access Memory (RAM).
  • the ROM stores programs executed by the CPU of the calculation unit 41, and data required for the execution of these programs.
  • the programs and data stored in the ROM are loaded into the RAM and executed.
  • the memory 43 may have a magnetic memory such as a hard disk drive (HDD) or an optical memory such as an optical disk.
  • the memory 43 may be detachable from the analysis device 40 and store the programs and data in a computer-readable recording medium.
  • the memory 43 may receive the programs executed by the calculation unit 41 from a network via the communication I/F 49.
  • the display unit 45 has a display such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, or an organic electroluminescence (EL) display.
  • the display unit 45 displays an image based on the image signal output from the image acquisition device 30.
  • the display unit 45 also displays the analysis results of the magnetic domain structure by the calculation unit 41.
  • the input unit 47 has input devices such as a mouse and a keyboard.
  • the communication I/F 49 is an interface for transmitting and receiving data to and from external devices via a network such as a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), or the Internet.
  • LAN Local Area Network
  • WAN Wide Area Network
  • Internet the Internet
  • the calculation unit 41 may be dedicated hardware such as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or a field programmable gate array (FPGA) specialized for analyzing magnetic domain structures.
  • ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
  • FPGA field programmable gate array
  • Figures 6 and 7 show a case where the image acquisition device 30 and the analysis device 40 are separate devices, a system in which the image acquisition device 30 and the analysis device 40 are integrated may also be adopted.
  • known means such as laser irradiation, electron beam irradiation, ion injection, etc. can be used.
  • a means for forming grooves in the surface of the original plate known means such as laser irradiation, electron beam irradiation, mechanical processing, etc. can be used.
  • laser irradiation device 500 that introduces thermal strain by laser irradiation is described.
  • FIG. 8 shows the configuration of the laser irradiation device 500.
  • the laser irradiation device 500 includes a polygon mirror 501, a light source device 503, a collimator 505, a condenser lens 507, a motor 509, a sensor 511, a control unit 513, and a plate threading device 515.
  • the plate threading device 515 threads the original plate 2 in the rolling direction RD.
  • Polygon mirror 501 is, for example, in the shape of a regular polygonal prism.
  • a number of plane mirrors are provided on each of the multiple side surfaces that make up polygon mirror 501 in the shape of a regular polygonal prism.
  • a laser beam LB is incident on the plane mirror of polygon mirror 501 in one direction (horizontal direction) from light source device 503 via collimator 505 and is reflected by the plane mirror.
  • the polygon mirror 501 can be rotated around the rotation axis O1 by being driven by a motor 509.
  • the angle of incidence of the laser beam LB with respect to the plane mirror changes sequentially according to the rotation angle of the polygon mirror 501. This sequentially changes the reflection direction of the laser beam LB, making it possible to scan the surface of the original plate 2.
  • the symbol P in FIG. 8 represents the distance between adjacent magnetic domain control processing lines 11, i.e., the irradiation pitch of the laser beam LB.
  • the light source device 503 outputs a laser beam LB in a predetermined irradiation method (e.g., continuous irradiation method or pulse irradiation method) under the control of the control unit 513.
  • a predetermined irradiation method e.g., continuous irradiation method or pulse irradiation method
  • the condenser lens 507 is provided in the optical path of the laser beam LB reflected from the polygon mirror 501.
  • the condenser lens 507 constitutes a focusing optical system with a predetermined focal length.
  • the laser beam LB reflected from the polygon mirror 501 is focused on the surface of the original plate 2 via the condenser lens 507, thereby introducing thermal distortion into the surface of the original plate 2.
  • the motor 509 is connected to the polygon mirror 501.
  • the motor 509 drives and rotates the polygon mirror 501 under the control of the control unit 513.
  • the sensor 511 is connected to the drive shaft of the motor 509.
  • the sensor 511 detects the rotation angle of the polygon mirror 501 rotated by the motor 509. Furthermore, the sensor 511 outputs a signal indicating the detected rotation angle (hereinafter referred to as the rotation angle signal) to the control unit 513.
  • the control unit 513 is composed of a processor.
  • the control unit 513 is connected to the light source device 503, the motor 509, the sensor 511, and the plate threading device 515.
  • the control unit 513 receives a speed signal from the plate threading device 515. Furthermore, the control unit 513 outputs a signal to the motor 509 to instruct the motor 509 to rotate the polygon mirror 501.
  • the control unit 513 also controls the power of the laser beam LB output by the light source device 503 to be turned on and off based on the stress introduction signal representing the magnetic domain control processing region 21 and the rotation angle signal output from the sensor 511.
  • the stress introduction signal is input from the analysis device 40 to the laser irradiation device 500.
  • the stress introduction signal may also be input to the laser irradiation device 500 by an operator.
  • the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 according to the present embodiment can be suitably manufactured.
  • the manufacturing method described below is merely one example of a suitable method for manufacturing the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1, and does not limit the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1.
  • a manufacturing apparatus will be referred to as appropriate in the explanation of the manufacturing method.
  • the manufacturing apparatus referred to below is merely a suitable example for carrying out the method for manufacturing the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 according to the present embodiment.
  • the manufacturing method of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 includes a process S62 of acquiring a magnetic domain image of the original sheet 2 of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1, a process S64 of determining a magnetic domain control processing area 21 based on the distribution of magnetic domain widths in the magnetic domain image, and a process S66 of applying magnetic domain control processing to the magnetic domain control processing area 21 determined based on the distribution of magnetic domain widths.
  • a magnetic domain image of the original sheet 2 is obtained (see S62 in FIG. 9).
  • the original sheet 2 refers to the directional electromagnetic steel sheet 1 before the application of the magnetic domain control process.
  • the magnetic domain image can be obtained, for example, by the image acquisition device 30.
  • the distribution of the widths of the 180° magnetic domains is derived from the magnetic domain image.
  • the distribution of the magnetic domain widths in the original sheet 2 can be derived, for example, by using the calculation unit 41 of the analysis device 40.
  • the regions where the magnetic domain width is equal to or greater than a predetermined value are determined as magnetic domain control processing regions 21 (see S64 in FIG. 9). Note that the regions in the original sheet 2 where the magnetic domain width is equal to or greater than a predetermined value correspond to the regions 12A in the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 where the ⁇ angle is small.
  • the magnetic domain control processing area 21 may be determined by the operator visually observing the magnetic domain image displayed on the display unit 45, and a stress introduction signal representing the magnetic domain control processing area 21 may be input to the laser irradiation device 500.
  • the magnetic domain control processing is preferentially performed on the magnetic domain control processing area 21 (see S66 in FIG. 9).
  • the magnetic domain control processing is performed only on the magnetic domain control processing area 21.
  • the magnetic domain control processing line 11 is a thermal distortion
  • the magnetic domain control processing may be performed by irradiation with a laser beam LB by a laser irradiation device 500, or other means such as ion injection or irradiation with an electron beam may be used.
  • the magnetic domain control processing line 11 is a groove, the magnetic domain control processing may be performed using a tool for machining.
  • the process for identifying the magnetic domain control processing area 21 is executed by, for example, the calculation unit 41 of the analysis device 40.
  • the calculation unit 41 derives the distribution of the magnetic domain width of the original plate 2, for example, using a line segment method or a Fourier transform. The calculation unit 41 then determines the areas where the magnetic domain width is equal to or greater than a predetermined value (for example, equal to or greater than about 500 ⁇ m) as the areas where the magnetic domain control process should be applied preferentially.
  • a predetermined value for example, equal to or greater than about 500 ⁇ m
  • evaluation is performed by drawing lines perpendicular to the magnetic domains.
  • the lines are spaced so that there are three lines per cm in the direction parallel to the magnetic domains.
  • the magnetic domain width is calculated based on the distance between the intersections of the 180° domain walls and the lines.
  • the Fourier transform is particularly effective as a means of analyzing the magnetic domain structure of magnetic materials with periodic magnetic domain structures, such as the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 and the original sheet 2.
  • ST2DFT short-term two-dimensional Fourier transform
  • the image (magnetic domain image) represented by the image signal acquired by the image acquisition device 30 is expressed as a data string of two-dimensional coordinates (k-l coordinates) as x(k, l).
  • the magnetic domain image to be analyzed in this embodiment is an image binarized with two types of colors, such as grayscale, or an image expressed in three or more gradations (multiple gradations).
  • the calculation unit 41 executes the following processes (A-1), (A-2) and (A-3).
  • A-1) A process of extracting a plurality of partial regions from a magnetic domain image;
  • A-2) Processing for performing ST2DFT;
  • A-3) Processing for deriving distribution of magnetic domain width.
  • the processes A-1 to A-3 will be described in detail below.
  • (A-1) Processing for Cutting out Multiple Partial Regions from a Magnetic Domain Image In order to cut out multiple partial regions from a magnetic domain image and analyze the frequency structure of each partial region, a rectangular window function Wa(k,l) is used in which the range in the k direction is 0 ⁇ k ⁇ N k -1 and the range in the l direction is 0 ⁇ l ⁇ N l-1 (N k and N l are natural numbers).
  • the window function Wa(k,l) a Hamming window, a Hanning window, a Blackman window, etc. can be used.
  • N k and N l that define the range of the window function Wa(k, l) are parameters that correspond to the number of pixels in the k direction and the number of pixels in the l direction, respectively, in the partial region.
  • ⁇ f k When the resolution of spatial frequency f k is denoted as ⁇ f k and the resolution of spatial frequency f 1 is denoted as ⁇ f 1 , ⁇ f k and ⁇ f 1 are defined as shown in Equation (3).
  • ⁇ k and ⁇ l are the spatial resolutions in the k and l directions, respectively, of the magnetic domain image.
  • FIG. 12 shows a plan view of an example of the original sheet 2.
  • FIG. 12 shows a magnetic domain control processing region 21 and a non-magnetic domain control processing region 22 of the original sheet 2 identified based on the magnetic domain image.
  • the magnetic domain control processing region 21 of the original sheet 2 roughly corresponds to the region 12A in the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 where the ⁇ angle is small.
  • the non-magnetic domain control processing region 22 of the original sheet 2 roughly corresponds to the region 12B in the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 where the ⁇ angle is large.
  • the magnetic domain control processing is applied to the dashed lines shown in FIG. 12.
  • the calculation unit 41 determines the area where the magnetic domain width is equal to or greater than a predetermined value as the magnetic domain control processing area 21 (i.e., the area to which the magnetic domain control processing is applied).
  • the control unit 513 of the laser irradiation device 500 turns on the power of the laser beam LB for the magnetic domain control processing area 21, and preferably controls the power of the laser beam LB to be turned off for the non-magnetic domain control processing area 22 (i.e., the area other than the magnetic domain control processing area 21).
  • This introduces the magnetic domain control processing line 11 into the magnetic domain control processing area 21 of the original plate 2. Furthermore, in the non-magnetic domain control processing area 22 of the original plate 2, the introduction of the magnetic domain control processing line 11 is suppressed to a minimum.
  • the above-mentioned procedure can also be used to obtain a magnetic domain image of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 after the magnetic domain control process.
  • the magnetic domain control process lines 11 may be unclear.
  • the observation conditions may be adjusted so that the magnetic domain control process lines 11 can be clearly seen.
  • the magnetic domain control process lines 11 can be made clear by applying a DC magnetic field along the direction perpendicular to the sheet surface (thickness direction) of the grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1.
  • the present disclosure is not limited thereto and can be appropriately modified within the scope of the technical idea thereof.
  • a more preferred example of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 according to the present embodiment and the manufacturing method thereof will be described below. Unless otherwise specified, the preferred embodiment described below is applicable to both the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 and the manufacturing method thereof.
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to the present embodiment may have a forsterite coating and/or an insulating coating on the surface of the base steel sheet, as described below. Each of these will be described below.
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet has a base steel sheet and a forsterite coating and/or an insulating coating
  • the following provisions regarding the chemical composition, magnetic domain control processing line, magnetic domain control region, and non-magnetic domain control processing line are provisions regarding the base steel sheet.
  • the provisions regarding the sheet thickness are provisions regarding the entire grain-oriented electrical steel sheet including the base steel sheet and the forsterite coating and/or the insulating coating.
  • the chemical composition of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 and the original sheet 2 is not limited, and may be the same as that of the known grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1.
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 and the original sheet 2 have a chemical composition, in mass %, of Si: 2.500 to 7.000%, Mn: 0.00 to 1.000%, C: 0 to 0.085%, acid-soluble Al: 0 to 0.065%, N: 0 to 0.012%, Cr: 0 to 0.300%, Cu: 0 to 0.400%, P: 0 to 0.500%, Sn: 0 to 0.300%, Sb: 0 to 0.500%, and Mn: 0 to 0.500%.
  • the balance of the chemical composition includes Fe and impurities.
  • the thickness of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 and the original sheet 2 is not limited, but is preferably, for example, 0.15 to 0.30 mm. By making the thickness 0.30 mm or less, classical eddy current loss can be suppressed and iron loss can be further improved. On the other hand, by making the thickness 0.15 mm or more, rolling efficiency can be improved, and productivity can be improved.
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 and the original sheet 2 may have a forsterite coating. Furthermore, the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 and the original sheet 2 may have an insulating coating. The forsterite coating and the insulating coating may be formed on one side or both sides of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1.
  • the forsterite coating is, for example, an inorganic coating mainly composed of magnesium silicate.
  • the forsterite coating is formed, for example, in the final annealing, by a reaction between an annealing separator containing magnesia (MgO) applied to the surface of the base steel sheet and the components of the surface of the base steel sheet.
  • MgO magnesia
  • the forsterite coating has, for example, a composition derived from the components of the annealing separator and the base steel sheet (more specifically, a composition mainly composed of Mg 2 SiO 4 ).
  • an annealing separator mainly composed of Al 2 O 3 is used in the final annealing, the forsterite coating may not be formed.
  • the insulating coating has the function of imparting electrical insulation and tension to the oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1. By imparting tension to the oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 and facilitating magnetic domain wall movement in the oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1, the iron loss of the oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 can be reduced. Furthermore, the insulating coating can provide the oriented electromagnetic steel sheet 1 with various properties such as corrosion resistance, heat resistance, and slipperiness.
  • the insulating coating may be a known coating formed, for example, by applying a coating solution mainly composed of phosphate and colloidal silica to the surface of the forsterite coating and baking it.
  • the insulating coating is preferably formed after the final annealing and after the magnetic domain control treatment.
  • the insulating coating may be formed after the final annealing step and before the magnetic domain control treatment. If the insulating coating is formed before the magnetic domain control treatment, the insulating coating may peel off from the magnetic domain control treatment wire 11. Therefore, it is preferable to form the insulating coating again on the magnetic domain control treatment wire 11 after the magnetic domain control treatment.
  • the angle between the magnetic domain control processing line 11 and the rolling-perpendicular direction TD is not particularly limited.
  • the magnetic domain control processing line 11 and the rolling-perpendicular direction TD may be substantially parallel. That is, the angle between the magnetic domain control processing line 11 and the rolling-perpendicular direction TD may be substantially 0°.
  • the angle between the magnetic domain control processing line 11 and the rolling-perpendicular direction TD may be more than 0°.
  • the angle between the magnetic domain control processing line 11 and the rolling-perpendicular direction TD may be any value within the range of 0° to 45°.
  • the angle between the magnetic domain control processing line 11 and the rolling-perpendicular direction TD may be 1° or more, 3° or more, or 5° or more.
  • the angle between the magnetic domain control processing line 11 and the rolling-perpendicular direction TD may be 40° or less, 35° or less, or 30° or less.
  • the angles formed by all the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 and the direction perpendicular to the rolling TD may be the same. That is, all the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 may extend parallel to one another.
  • the angles formed by the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 and the direction perpendicular to the rolling TD may vary. That is, some or all of the multiple magnetic domain control processing lines 11 may extend non-parallel to one another.
  • the average value of the angles formed by the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 and the direction perpendicular to the rolling TD may be 1° or more, 3° or more, or 5° or more.
  • the average value of the angles formed by the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 and the direction perpendicular to the rolling TD may be 40° or less, 35° or less, or 30° or less.
  • the average angle can be calculated by measuring the angle that one magnetic domain control processing line makes with the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction TD at multiple positions, or by measuring the angles that multiple magnetic domain control processing lines make with the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction TD at one point or multiple positions, and then calculating the average value.
  • the interval P along the rolling direction RD between the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 adjacent to each other along the rolling direction RD is not particularly limited.
  • the smaller the interval P the greater the effect of improving iron loss.
  • the larger the interval P the more the noise characteristics are improved.
  • the interval can be appropriately selected according to the characteristics required for the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1.
  • the interval P along the rolling direction RD between the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 adjacent to each other along the rolling direction RD may be 1.0 mm or more, 2.0 mm or more, 3.0 mm or more, or 5.0 mm or more.
  • the interval P along the rolling direction RD between the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 adjacent to each other along the rolling direction RD may be 10.0 mm or less, 9.0 mm or less, 8.0 mm or less, or 7.0 mm or less.
  • the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 are provided at regular intervals.
  • the interval P along the rolling direction RD of adjacent magnetic domain control processing lines 11 along the rolling direction RD may vary.
  • the average value of the interval P along the rolling direction RD of adjacent magnetic domain control processing lines 11 along the rolling direction RD may be 1.0 mm or more, 2.0 mm or more, 3.0 mm or more, or 5.0 mm or more.
  • the average value of the interval P along the rolling direction RD of adjacent magnetic domain control processing lines 11 along the rolling direction RD may be 10.0 mm or less, 9.0 mm or less, 8.0 mm or less, or 7.0 mm or less.
  • the magnetic domain control processing line 11 may be thermally strained. In the thermal strain, a tensile stress is introduced. The larger the tensile stress, the greater the effect of improving iron loss. On the other hand, the smaller the tensile stress, the more the noise characteristics are improved.
  • the tensile stress can be appropriately selected according to the characteristics required for the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1.
  • the magnitude of the tensile stress is not particularly limited, but for example, in at least a portion of the magnetic domain control processing line 11, the tensile stress in any direction is preferably 40 MPa or more, 60 MPa or more, or 80 MPa or more. When the tensile stress in at least one direction is 40 MPa or more, the requirement that "tensile stress in any direction is 40 MPa or more" is deemed to be satisfied. Also, for example, in at least a portion of the magnetic domain control processing line 11, the tensile stress in any direction is preferably 300 MPa or less, 200 MPa or less, 180 MPa or less, or 150 MPa or less. The tensile stress in any direction in the magnetic domain control processing line 11 may be uniform or may vary.
  • the magnetic domain control processing line 11 may be a groove.
  • the greater the depth and width of the groove the greater the effect of improving iron loss.
  • the smaller the depth and width of the groove the greater the improvement in noise characteristics.
  • the shape of the groove can be appropriately selected according to the characteristics required for the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1.
  • the depth of the groove is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, for example.
  • the depth of the groove may be 6 ⁇ m or more, 7 ⁇ m or more, or 10 ⁇ m or more.
  • the depth of the groove may be 48 ⁇ m or less, 45 ⁇ m or less, or 40 ⁇ m or less.
  • the groove width is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m, for example.
  • the groove width may be specified as 20 ⁇ m or more, 30 ⁇ m or more, or 50 ⁇ m or more.
  • the groove width may be specified as 280 ⁇ m or less, 250 ⁇ m or less, or 200 ⁇ m or less.
  • the groove depth and width may be uniform or may vary. If they vary, it is preferable that the average depth and width of multiple grooves is within the above range.
  • the number of magnetic domain control points in the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 is 10 or more, 50 or more, or 100 or more per 10,000 mm2 .
  • a method for measuring various parameters of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 according to this embodiment will be described below. Note that all of the parameters are measured on a sample taken from the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1. For example, a rectangular sample with both sides of 100 mm (or 100 mm or more) can be cut out from the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 and used for measurement.
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 is a coil
  • the sample may be taken from any part of the coil.
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 is a component incorporated in an electrical product such as a transformer or a motor
  • the sample may be taken from any part of the component.
  • the size of the component is small, the length of one side of the sample may be less than 100 mm. In this case, the total area of the sample is set to 10,000 mm2 or more. At that time, it is desirable to take the sample by a method such as wire cutting processing in order to minimize the influence of mechanical distortion on the sample.
  • the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 When the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 are grooves, the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 can be identified visually. When the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 has an insulating coating, the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 can be visually observed by removing the insulating coating using a known stripping agent.
  • the magnetic domain control processing line 11 is thermally distorted, it may not be possible to visually identify the magnetic domain control processing line 11.
  • a magnetic domain image is taken using an image acquisition device 30 as illustrated in FIG. 6, for example. If necessary, the magnetic domain image is taken while applying a DC magnetic field along the normal direction ND of the rolled surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1. By observing the magnetic domain image, the position of the thermal distortion can be identified.
  • the rolling direction RD and the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction TD of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 are specified by the following means. (1) In the case where the sample is cut out from a coil-shaped grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1, the width direction of the coil is regarded as the direction transverse to rolling TD. In addition, the direction perpendicular to the direction transverse to rolling TD and the normal direction ND of the rolling surface is regarded as the rolling direction RD. (2) When the sample is cut out from a part of an electrical product, the rolling direction RD and the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction TD are identified from the rolling scratches on the surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1.
  • the direction in which the rolling scratches extend is regarded as the rolling direction RD.
  • the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction RD and the normal direction ND to the rolling surface is regarded as the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction RD and the normal direction ND to the rolling surface is regarded as the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction TD.
  • the rolling direction RD and the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction TD are identified from the crystal orientation of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1. Specifically, the crystal orientation of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 to be evaluated is measured at multiple points.
  • the direction in which the angle between the crystal orientation at the measurement point and the rolling surface normal direction ND (sheet thickness direction) is closest to a right angle and which has the smallest deviation angle from the magnetization easy axis ⁇ 001> is regarded as the rolling direction RD
  • the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction RD and the rolling surface normal direction ND is regarded as the rolling direction perpendicular to the rolling direction RD.
  • the ⁇ angle is measured by the side reflection Laue method.
  • the side reflection Laue method is widely known as a method for measuring crystal orientation.
  • the ⁇ angle is the value obtained by rounding off the measured value to one decimal place. In other words, the significant figures of the ⁇ angle are rounded to one decimal place.
  • a virtual line VL1 parallel to the direction perpendicular to the rolling TD and a virtual line VL2 parallel to the rolling direction RD are set.
  • the spacing between the virtual lines VL1 is 2 mm.
  • the spacing between the virtual lines VL2 is 2 mm.
  • the virtual lines VL1 and VL2 are positioned over the entire surface of the sample. The absolute value of the ⁇ angle at the intersection VP1 between the virtual lines VL1 and VL2 is measured.
  • is as follows. First, on the surface of a sample (a rectangular region surrounded by a dashed line in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2) with one side of 100 mm or more, a plurality of virtual lines VL3 are set at regular intervals parallel to the rolling direction RD of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1. Note that VL3 may be the same as or different from the virtual line VL2 parallel to the rolling direction RD when calculating
  • the magnetic domain control points VP2 i.e., the intersections of the virtual lines VL3 and the magnetic domain control processing lines 11
  • the absolute values of the ⁇ angles at each of the magnetic domain control points VP2 are measured, and the average value of these is calculated. This average value is regarded as
  • the method of identifying the rolling direction RD and the magnetic domain control processing lines 11, and the method of measuring the ⁇ angles are as described above.
  • the sample is immersed in 10% sulfuric acid at 80°C for 3 minutes. Then, the surface of the sample is washed with water using a rag or the like to remove sludge adhering to the surface. Then, the sample is dried. Furthermore, the sample is immersed in 10% nitric acid at room temperature for about 5 seconds while stirring.
  • the insulating coating can be removed, for example, by immersing the sample in a sodium hydroxide solution, followed by dilute sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
  • the conditions such as the temperature and concentration of the sodium hydroxide, dilute sulfuric acid, and nitric acid solutions, and the immersion time, are appropriately adjusted so that the base iron of the sample does not dissolve excessively.
  • An example of the conditions for removing the insulating coating is as follows. First, the sample is immersed in a 20% sodium hydroxide solution at 80°C for 15 minutes. The sample is then dried. Then, the sample is immersed in a 10% dilute sulfuric acid solution at 80°C for 4 minutes. Then, sludge attached to the surface of the sample is removed with a rag or the like. Furthermore, the sample is immersed in a 10% nitric acid solution at room temperature for about 10 seconds while stirring.
  • the angle between the magnetic domain control process line 11 and the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction TD can be measured using a known angle measuring means after the magnetic domain control process line 11 and the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction TD are specified by the above-mentioned procedure.
  • the interval of the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 along the rolling direction RD can be measured using a known length measuring means after the magnetic domain control processing lines 11 and the rolling direction RD are specified by the above-mentioned procedure.
  • the magnetic domain control processing line 11 is identified using the procedure described above.
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 is cut through the magnetic domain control processing line 11 and perpendicular to the magnetic domain control processing line 11. This cut surface is used as the measurement surface.
  • the cross section of the magnetic domain control processing line 11 included in the measurement surface is analyzed using the EBSD Wilkinson method and BLG Vantage's Cross Court to extract the tensile stress components in any direction and measure their magnitude.
  • the tensile stress components can be extracted in the normal direction ND of the rolling surface, in a direction parallel to the magnetic domain control processing line 11, and in a direction perpendicular to the normal direction ND of the rolling surface and the magnetic domain control processing line 11.
  • the number of measurement points is, for example, 10.
  • the maximum value of the tensile stress in any direction in the magnetic domain control processing line of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 is determined to be 40 MPa or more. Therefore, if the purpose is to determine whether the maximum value of the tensile stress is 40 MPa or more, the measurement of the tensile stress may be stopped when a measurement point where the tensile stress in any direction is 40 MPa or more is found. However, when ⁇ (TS m ) 2 , TS m ( ⁇ 2) , or TS m ( ⁇ 2) described later is to be obtained, the measurement is not stopped and the tensile stress at each measurement point is obtained.
  • the depth and width of the groove can be measured by identifying the surface shape of the sample using a known three-dimensional measuring machine. If the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet 1 has a tensile insulating coating, the insulating coating is removed using the above-mentioned procedure before three-dimensional measurement of the sample surface is performed.
  • the magnetic domain control strength in the magnetic domain control treatment region is made non-uniform.
  • the magnetic domain control strength is the maximum value of the tensile strength introduced into the thermal distortion 541 when the magnetic domain control means is the thermal distortion 541, and is the maximum value of the depth of the groove 542 when the magnetic domain control means is the groove 542.
  • the "maximum value of tensile strength introduced into thermal strain 541" is the maximum value of tensile strength measured at any one measurement cross section. It should be noted here that the magnitude and direction of the tensile strength vary in one measurement cross section, and therefore one "maximum value of tensile strength introduced into thermal strain 541" is specified for one measurement cross section. As shown diagrammatically in FIG. 17, thermal strain 541 has a certain degree of spread in the cross section. The tensile strength is greatest at the site directly irradiated with the laser, and is small at sites away from that site. In other words, the measured value of tensile strength differs for each measurement site and measurement direction in the cross section. According to the tensile strength measurement method described below, the distribution and maximum value of tensile strength in the cross section can be derived.
  • the maximum value of the tensile strength introduced into the thermal strain 541 is a constant value throughout the entire magnetic domain refinement processing line 54.
  • the maximum value of the tensile strength introduced into the thermal strain in the magnetic domain refinement processing line is non-uniform for each tensile strength measurement point.
  • the maximum value of the tensile strength introduced into the thermal strain may be simply referred to as "tensile strength.”
  • the “maximum depth of groove 542" is the maximum depth of groove 542 at one arbitrary measurement point, measured by the method described below. As shown diagrammatically in FIG. 18, the depth of groove 542 is also not uniform at one measurement point. In general, the closer to the edge of the groove, the smaller the depth of the groove. Therefore, one "maximum depth of groove 542" is identified for one measurement cross section.
  • the maximum depth of the groove 542 is a constant value throughout the magnetic domain refinement processing line 54.
  • the maximum depth of the groove 542 on the magnetic domain refinement processing line is non-uniform for each measurement point of the groove depth.
  • the maximum depth of the groove 542 may be simply referred to as the "groove depth.”
  • the magnetic domain control saturation strength is high in areas where the ⁇ angle is small. It is preferable to perform magnetic domain control processing with high magnetic domain control strength in areas where the ⁇ angle is small, and to perform magnetic domain control processing with low magnetic domain control strength in areas where the ⁇ angle is large. In this way, in a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet that has been subjected to magnetic domain control processing in which the optimal magnetic domain control strength is selected according to the size of the ⁇ angle, the magnetic domain control strength in the magnetic domain control processing area becomes non-uniform. In a magnetic domain control processing line provided in an area where the ⁇ angle is large, the groove is shallow or the tensile strength introduced into the thermal distortion is small.
  • the groove is deep or the tensile strength introduced into the thermal distortion is large.
  • the iron loss of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after magnetic domain control is further reduced.
  • the increase in hysteresis loss and the deterioration of noise characteristics of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after magnetic domain control are further suppressed.
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet satisfies ⁇ 2 ( TSm )>5.0, where TSm is the tensile strength in units of MPa introduced into the thermal strain, measured at each of a plurality of magnetic domain control points, which are the intersections of a plurality of virtual lines VL3 and the magnetic domain control treatment line.
  • ⁇ 2 ( TSm ) is the variance of TSm .
  • the magnetic domain control strength is changed based on the magnetic domain width or the ⁇ angle, and the increase in hysteresis loss and the deterioration of noise characteristics of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after magnetic domain control are further suppressed.
  • FIG. 19 An example of a method for measuring TS m and ⁇ 2 (TS m ) is shown in FIG. 19 .
  • the dashed line in FIG. 19 is the virtual line VL3.
  • the X and O marks in FIG. 19 are the intersections of the virtual line VL3 and the thermal strain 541, which is the magnetic domain control processing line. Note that the ⁇ angle at the point marked with the X is equal to or larger than ⁇ Dr , and the ⁇ angle at the point marked with the O is less than ⁇ Dr. However, when calculating ⁇ 2 (TS m ), it is not necessary to take into account the ⁇ angle at the intersection.
  • the shape of the measurement area is preferably a rectangle whose size along the rolling direction RD is 100 mm or more and whose size along the rolling perpendicular direction TD is 100 ⁇ m or more. One side of the rectangle is preferably parallel to the rolling direction RD.
  • ⁇ m is measured at all the intersections in the measurement area, and the variance ⁇ 2 (TS m ) of ⁇ m is calculated.
  • the variance ⁇ 2 (TS M ) of the maximum tensile strength values TS M determined at each of the multiple measurement points is derived in accordance with the method for deriving population variance described in paragraph 2.36 of JIS Z 8101-1:2015 “Statistics - Terms and symbols - Part 1: General statistical terms and terms used in probability.”
  • TS m ( ⁇ Dr) is the arithmetic mean value of the maximum tensile strength in unit MPa introduced by thermal strain, measured at each of the magnetic domain processing points having a ⁇ angle less than ⁇ Dr among the multiple magnetic domain processing points that are the intersections of the multiple virtual lines VL3 set in parallel along the rolling direction of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet at intervals of 2 mm with the magnetic domain control processing line.
  • TS m ( ⁇ Dr) is the arithmetic mean value of the maximum tensile strength in unit MPa introduced by thermal strain, measured at each of the magnetic domain processing points having a ⁇ angle equal to or greater than ⁇ Dr.
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet preferably satisfies ⁇ 2 ( Dm )>3.0.
  • Dm is the depth of the grooves 542 in ⁇ m at the magnetic domain control points, which are the intersections of the multiple virtual lines VL3 and the magnetic domain control processing lines.
  • ⁇ 2 ( Dm ) is the variance of Dm .
  • the magnetic domain control strength is changed based on the magnetic domain width or the ⁇ angle, and the increase in hysteresis loss and the deterioration of noise characteristics of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after magnetic domain control are further suppressed.
  • FIG. 20 An example of a method for measuring Dm and ⁇ 2 ( Dm ) is shown in Figure 20.
  • the dashed lines in Figure 20 are multiple imaginary lines VL3 set in parallel at 2 mm intervals along the rolling direction RD of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet.
  • the X and O marks in Figure 20 are intersections between the imaginary lines VL3 and the grooves 542, which are magnetic domain control processing lines. Note that the ⁇ angle at the location marked with the X mark is equal to or larger than ⁇ Dr , and the ⁇ angle at the location marked with the O mark is less than ⁇ Dr . However, the ⁇ angle at the intersection does not need to be taken into consideration when calculating ⁇ 2 ( Dm ).
  • the shape of the measurement area is preferably a rectangle whose size along the rolling direction RD is 100 mm or more and whose size along the rolling perpendicular direction TD is 100 mm or more. One side of the rectangle is preferably parallel to the rolling direction RD.
  • the method for measuring the maximum depth Dm of the groove is as follows. The measurement is performed using a white interference microscope Control GT-I manufactured by Bruker. The lens used is an objective 5x (numerical aperture 0.12, optical resolution 2.2 ⁇ m) with an internal 1x, a white LED as the light source, and a monochrome CCD (1200 ⁇ 1000 pixels) as the camera.
  • the pixel size is 1.37 ⁇ m, and after performing tilt correction by fitting to a least squares plane using analysis software Vision64 Map Premium 9.2, a Gaussian filter with a cutoff value of 2.5 mm is used to remove the waviness of long wavelengths and perform analysis. Note that the pixel size may be resampled to 10 ⁇ m as necessary during analysis. Also, any part that is clearly determined to be an abnormal point may be excluded from the analysis, and the type of lens, filter value, and correction method may be changed depending on the properties of the sample. If grooves are formed in the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet but the unevenness cannot be measured from the surface due to an insulating coating or the like, the insulating coating or the like is removed using a known method and the above measurement is performed.
  • the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet satisfies Dm ( ⁇ Dr) > Dm ( ⁇ Dr) .
  • Dm( ⁇ Dr) is the arithmetic mean value of the maximum groove depth in ⁇ m measured at each of the magnetic domain control points having a ⁇ angle less than ⁇ Dr among multiple magnetic domain control points that are intersections between multiple virtual lines VL3 set in parallel along the rolling direction of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet at intervals of 2 mm and the magnetic domain control process line.
  • Dm( ⁇ Dr) is the arithmetic mean value of the maximum groove depth in ⁇ m measured at each of the magnetic domain control points having a ⁇ angle equal to or greater than ⁇ Dr .
  • the magnetic domain control strength is high where the ⁇ angle is small, and low where the ⁇ angle is large. Therefore, the iron loss of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after magnetic domain control is further reduced. At the same time, the increase in hysteresis loss and the deterioration of noise characteristics of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after magnetic domain control are further suppressed.
  • Fig. 20 An example of a method for measuring TS m ( ⁇ 2) and TS m ( ⁇ 2) is shown in Fig. 20.
  • the marks X and O in Fig. 20 are the intersections of the imaginary line VL3 and the groove 542, which is the magnetic domain control processing line.
  • the ⁇ angle at the point marked with the mark X is equal to or larger than ⁇ Dr
  • the ⁇ angle at the point marked with the mark O is less than ⁇ Dr.
  • the ⁇ angle at the intersection is measured to identify the intersections whose ⁇ angle is equal to or greater than ⁇ Dr and the intersections whose ⁇ angle is less than ⁇ Dr.
  • the arithmetic average value of Dm at all intersections whose ⁇ angle is equal to or greater than ⁇ Dr is calculated, and this is regarded as Dm ( ⁇ Dr) .
  • the arithmetic average value of Dm at all intersections whose ⁇ angle is less than ⁇ Dr is calculated, and this is regarded as Dm ( ⁇ Dr) .
  • the method for measuring the maximum groove depth Dm at the intersection is as described above.
  • the conditions in the example are merely one example of conditions adopted to confirm the feasibility and effects of the present disclosure.
  • the present disclosure is not limited to this one example of conditions.
  • Various conditions may be adopted in the present disclosure as long as they do not deviate from the gist of the present disclosure and the purpose of the present disclosure is achieved.
  • transformer iron loss W16/50 were evaluated as follows.
  • transformer iron loss W16/50 will simply be referred to as iron loss.
  • a three-phase transformer core was made by laminating 180 grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheets with a thickness of 0.23 mm.
  • the widths of the legs and yoke of the three-phase transformer core were both 150 mm.
  • the external height and width of the three-phase transformer core were both 750 mm.
  • the noise and iron loss of these three-phase transformer cores were measured.
  • the measurement conditions were a frequency of 60 Hz and an excitation magnetic flux density of 1.5 T.
  • noise evaluation results (unit: dBA) for the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet. Examples with a noise evaluation result of 30.50 dBA or less were determined to be examples in which low noise had been achieved. Noise evaluation results that were determined to be unsatisfactory are underlined.
  • iron loss was determined by using a power analyzer to measure the voltage and current on the primary and secondary sides when excitation was performed at a frequency of 60 Hz and an excitation magnetic flux density of 1.5 T.
  • the determined iron loss is shown in Table 2 as the iron loss evaluation results (units: W/kg) for the three-phase transformer. Examples where the iron loss evaluation result was 0.850 W/kg or less were determined to be examples where low iron loss had been achieved. Noise evaluation results that were determined to be unsatisfactory are underlined.
  • Example No. 10 all of the magnetic domain control treatment lines were formed across the entire width of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet. As a result, Example No. 10 did not satisfy
  • Example No. 11 the magnetic domain control processing lines were formed in a dashed line shape. That is, in Example No. 11, similar to Example Nos. 1 to 9, an area in which magnetic domain control processing was not performed was provided. However, in Example No. 11, the size of the gap between the magnetic domain control processing lines included in the dashed line was randomly varied. The areas in which magnetic domain control processing was not performed were randomly provided without considering the distribution of magnetic domain widths in the magnetic domain image at all. As a result, Example No. 11 did not satisfy
  • Example No. 12 the magnetic domain control processing lines were formed in a regular dashed line shape. That is, in Example No. 12, similar to Example Nos. 1 to 9, an area was provided where magnetic domain control processing was not performed. However, in Example No. 12, the size of the gap between the magnetic domain control processing lines included in the dashed line was set to a constant value. The areas where magnetic domain control processing was not performed were provided in a regular pattern without any consideration of the distribution of magnetic domain widths in the magnetic domain image. As a result, Example No. 12 did not satisfy
  • Example Nos. 13 and 14 the magnetic domain control treatment was applied to the area with a large ⁇ angle. These examples also did not satisfy
  • Example Nos. 1 to 9 the magnetic domain control treatment was applied to a magnetic domain control treatment region (region with a small ⁇ angle) limited based on the distribution of the magnetic domain width.
  • Example Nos. 1 to 9 the larger
  • the original sheet was subjected to magnetic domain control treatment under various conditions.
  • the noise and iron loss of the resulting magnetic domain control treated grain-oriented electrical steel sheet were evaluated and are listed in Tables 3 and 4 along with the conditions.
  • the original sheet used was grain-oriented electrical steel sheet from the same lot with a thickness of 0.23 mm, classified as 23P085 in Table 2 of JIS C 2553:2019 "Grain-oriented electrical steel strip.”
  • noise and iron loss measurement and evaluation methods were the same as in the first example.
  • Example No. A2 in addition to satisfying
  • the evaluation results of iron loss and noise of Example No. A2 were even better than those of Example No. A1.
  • Example No. A4 At least one of the evaluation results of iron loss and noise of Example No. A4 was even better than those of Example Nos. A1 and A2.
  • Example No. A7 in addition to satisfying
  • the evaluation results of iron loss and noise of Example No. A7 were even better than those of Example Nos. A1 to A3 and A6.
  • the maximum value of the tensile strength introduced into the amount of thermal strain in the magnetic domain control treatment wire was non-uniform for each measurement point of the tensile strength, and in addition to satisfying TS m( ⁇ Dr) > TS m( ⁇ Dr) , the sample number A8 also satisfied
  • Example No. A10 were even better than those of Example Nos. A1 and A2.
  • Example No. A11 in addition to satisfying
  • Example No. A12 satisfied ⁇ Dr ⁇ All . At least one of the evaluation results of iron loss and noise of Example No. A12 was even better than Example Nos. A1 to A4 and A10.
  • Example No. A13 in addition to satisfying
  • Sample No. B1 satisfied
  • Example No. B2 in addition to satisfying
  • the evaluation results of iron loss and noise of Example No. B2 were even better than those of Example No. B1.
  • Example No. B3 were even better than those of Example Nos. B1 and B2.
  • Example No. B4 In addition to satisfying
  • the evaluation results of iron loss and noise of Example No. B4 were even better than those of Example Nos. B1 and B2.
  • Example No. B5 had the maximum groove depth in the magnetic domain control processing line nonuniform for each measurement point of the groove, and further satisfied ⁇ 2 (D m )>3.0 and D m( ⁇ Dr) >D m( ⁇ Dr) .
  • the evaluation results of iron loss and noise of Example No. B5 were the best among Example Nos. B1 to B5.
  • Example No. B6 In addition to satisfying
  • the evaluation results of iron loss and noise of Example No. B6 were even better than those of Example Nos. B1 and B2.
  • Example No. B7 In addition to satisfying
  • Example No. B9 in addition to satisfying
  • Example No. B10 In addition to satisfying
  • the evaluation results of iron loss and noise of Example No. B10 were even better than those of Example Nos. B1 and B2.
  • Example No. B11 in addition to satisfying
  • Example No. B13 in addition to satisfying
  • Example No. B14 had the maximum depth of the groove in the magnetic domain control processing line being nonuniform for each measurement point of the groove, and in addition to satisfying ⁇ 2 (D m )>3.0 and D m( ⁇ Dr) >D m( ⁇ Dr) , it also satisfied
  • the evaluation results of iron loss and noise for Example No. B14 were the best among B1 to B14.

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