WO2025014337A1 - 전극 촉매, 캐소드 및 전기화학 셀 - Google Patents
전극 촉매, 캐소드 및 전기화학 셀 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2025014337A1 WO2025014337A1 PCT/KR2024/010124 KR2024010124W WO2025014337A1 WO 2025014337 A1 WO2025014337 A1 WO 2025014337A1 KR 2024010124 W KR2024010124 W KR 2024010124W WO 2025014337 A1 WO2025014337 A1 WO 2025014337A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode catalyst, a cathode comprising the same, and an electrochemical cell.
- Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that causes global warming and must be reduced.
- Methods for reducing carbon dioxide include capture, chemical conversion, and electrochemical conversion.
- the electrochemical conversion method can precisely control the components so that other synthetic gases can be manufactured, so it can obtain economic benefits compared to simply removing carbon dioxide.
- carbon dioxide can be electrolyzed with water to obtain carbon monoxide, ethylene, methane, formic acid, formic acid salts, various hydrocarbons, and organic substances such as aldehydes or alcohols.
- the process of electrochemically decomposing and converting carbon dioxide using an electrochemical cell is as follows.
- the water When current is applied while supplying water to the anode, the water is decomposed into hydrogen ions and electrons along with the generation of oxygen gas.
- the electrons move to the cathode through an external conductor, and the hydrogen ions move to the cathode through an ion-selective membrane.
- the carbon dioxide and water vapor supplied to the cathode react with the transferred electrons to decompose into carbon monoxide and hydroxide ions (OH - ), and the generated hydroxide ions react with the hydrogen ions (H + ) of the anode to generate water, thereby becoming electrically neutral.
- the electrochemical decomposition reaction of carbon dioxide is completed through the above process.
- a high current in order to commercialize the electrochemical conversion technology of carbon dioxide, a high current must be applied to the target product, and accordingly, the voltage applied to the electrode also increases.
- a high voltage when a high voltage is applied to the cathode, a strong reducing atmosphere is formed at the cathode due to the overvoltage, which may intensify the electrowetting effect, and the hydrophobicity of the cathode may decrease, causing the cathode to be flooded by water.
- the flooding phenomenon which hinders gas diffusion to the electrode due to the flooding of the cathode and reduces the performance of the electrode, is called a flooding phenomenon.
- this flooding phenomenon not only significantly reduces the faradaic efficiency for carbon monoxide production by promoting the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but also lowers the long-term stability of the electrode catalyst. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an electrode catalyst that can maintain the performance of the electrochemical carbon dioxide conversion reaction for a long period of time.
- the present invention has been devised to solve the problems of the above-mentioned prior art, and aims to secure long-term stability in electrolyzing carbon dioxide at high current using an electrochemical cell.
- an electrode catalyst including carbon black by controlling the specific surface area and content of the carbon black, sufficient pores are formed within the electrode catalyst so that carbon dioxide can smoothly flow into the electrode catalyst layer including the electrode catalyst, and as a result, the overvoltage of the electrode can be reduced at high current.
- the hydrophobicity of the electrode catalyst is increased by the carbon black, a decrease in the efficiency of the electrode caused by the flooding phenomenon at high current can also be prevented.
- the present invention aims to provide a cathode and an electrochemical cell including the electrode catalyst.
- the present invention provides an electrode catalyst, a cathode including the same, and an electrochemical cell.
- the present invention provides an electrode catalyst comprising metal nanoparticles and carbon black, wherein the carbon black has a specific surface area of 100 m 2 /g or more and 750 m 2 /g or less, and the content of the carbon black is 35 parts by weight or more and 350 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the metal nanoparticles.
- the present invention provides an electrode catalyst according to (1), wherein the carbon black has a resistivity of 1.5 ⁇ cm or less.
- the present invention provides an electrode catalyst according to (1) or (2), wherein the metal nanoparticles have an average diameter of 100 nm or less.
- the present invention provides an electrode catalyst according to any one of the above (1) to (3), wherein the metal nanoparticles are metal nanoparticles containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ag, Au, Zn, In, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Ti, Fe, Ga, and Sn.
- the present invention provides an electrode catalyst according to any one of the above (1) to (4), wherein the electrode catalyst comprises a cationic ionomer or an anionic ionomer.
- the present invention provides an electrode catalyst in which the content of the cationic ionomer or the anionic ionomer in any one of the above (1) to (5) is 0.1 part by weight or more and 20 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the metal nanoparticles.
- the present invention provides a cathode comprising an electrode catalyst layer and a gas diffusion layer, wherein the electrode catalyst layer comprises one of the electrode catalysts among (1) to (6), and the electrode catalyst layer is laminated on at least one surface of the gas diffusion layer.
- the present invention provides a cathode according to (7) above, wherein the content per unit area of metal nanoparticles in the electrode catalyst layer is 0.5 mg/cm 2 or more and 1.5 mg/cm 2 or less.
- the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a cathode, comprising the steps of (S1) preparing an electrode catalyst composition by mixing metal nanoparticles, carbon black, and a solvent, and (S2) coating the electrode catalyst composition prepared in step (S1) on a gas diffusion layer, wherein in step (S1), the carbon black has a specific surface area of 100 m 2 /g or more and 750 m 2 /g or less, and the content of the carbon black in step (S1) is 35 parts by weight or more and 350 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the metal nanoparticles.
- the present invention provides an electrochemical cell including a cathode, an anode, and a separator disposed between the cathode and the anode of (7) or (8).
- the electrode catalyst of the present invention When the electrode catalyst of the present invention is applied to a cathode and an electrochemical cell, the overvoltage of the cathode at a high current is reduced and the flooding phenomenon is alleviated due to the sufficient pores and high hydrophobicity formed in the electrode catalyst, thereby providing an electrochemical cell capable of maintaining low overvoltage and high carbon monoxide Faradaic efficiency for a long period of time.
- the “content per unit area” is measured by dividing the weight difference between a substrate coated with an electrode catalyst on one surface and a substrate before coating with an electrode catalyst by the area of said one surface.
- the “average diameter” is measured by the light scattering method using a particle size analyzer.
- the "electrode catalyst” means an electrochemical reaction catalyst that functions as a catalyst for an oxidation reaction or a reduction reaction, and is applied to an electrochemical device such as carbon dioxide electrolysis, water electrolysis, or a fuel cell.
- the electrode catalyst may include an additive such as a binder in addition to metal nanoparticles, and may include both a solution form in which the metal nanoparticles are dispersed in a solvent and a powder form after the solvent has evaporated.
- electrochemical cell means a device including a cathode, an anode, and a separator disposed between the cathode and the anode.
- the electrochemical cell may be applied to an electrochemical conversion device capable of producing useful chemicals through electrochemical conversion, such as an electrochemical device such as carbon dioxide electrolysis, water electrolysis, or a fuel cell.
- the present invention provides an electrode catalyst.
- the electrode catalyst includes metal nanoparticles and carbon black, the carbon black having a specific surface area of 100 m 2 /g or more and 750 m 2 /g or less, and the content of the carbon black may be 35 parts by weight or more and 350 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the metal nanoparticles.
- the electrode catalyst of the present invention is characterized by including carbon black in order to overcome the problem of electrode performance degradation caused by the flooding phenomenon and the hydrogen production reaction due to the overvoltage when the electrochemical cell is driven at a high current.
- the electrode catalyst may include both a solution form in which the metal nanoparticles are dispersed in a solvent and a powder form after the solvent has evaporated, and the electrode catalyst in the solution form may be applied to a substrate such as a gas diffusion layer or a separator and then dried to form an electrode catalyst layer.
- the conventional electrode catalyst composed of metal nanoparticles and a binder, the metal particles existed in a state in which they were aggregated by the attractive force between the metal particles, and therefore, there were not enough pores between the aggregated metal particles through which carbon dioxide could move.
- the electrode catalyst layer including the conventional electrode catalyst had a problem in that carbon dioxide gas could not smoothly flow into the surface of the metal particles, resulting in an increase in the overvoltage at a high current.
- the conventional electrode catalyst also had a problem in that the dispersibility of the electrode catalyst was low due to the aggregation phenomenon caused by the attractive force between the metal nanoparticles in the electrode catalyst. Therefore, when the cathode is manufactured by coating the electrode catalyst on one side of the gas diffusion layer, the electrode catalyst layer is not uniformly laminated on one side of the gas diffusion layer, and the gas diffusion layer on which the electrode catalyst layer is not sufficiently coated is easily flooded at high current, which also causes a problem that the performance of the electrode deteriorates.
- the electrode catalyst of the present invention is characterized by containing carbon black having a specific surface area of 100 m 2 /g or more and 750 m 2 /g or less together with metal nanoparticles, in an amount of 35 parts by weight or more and 350 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the metal nanoparticles.
- the metal nanoparticles exist in a form mixed with the carbon black, and unlike the form of a supported catalyst in which metal nanoparticles are attached to the surface of a conventional carbon black support, the metal nanoparticles and carbon black are not attached to each other in the electrode catalyst of the present invention.
- the carbon black can form sufficient pores in the electrode catalyst, thereby facilitating the inflow of carbon dioxide into the electrode catalyst layer including the electrode catalyst, and as a result, can lower the overvoltage at high current.
- the carbon particles of the carbon black in the electrode catalyst can interact with metal nanoparticles to alleviate the aggregation phenomenon caused by the attractive force between the metal nanoparticles, and as a result, the dispersibility of the electrode catalyst can also be improved. Therefore, the electrode catalyst with improved dispersibility can be uniformly applied to one surface of the gas diffusion layer and then dried to be uniformly laminated in the form of an electrode catalyst layer on one surface of the gas diffusion layer, thereby preventing the gas diffusion layer from being submerged.
- the carbon particles of the carbon black are hydrophobic, so that the cathode including the electrode catalyst can alleviate the flooding phenomenon due to submergence.
- the carbon black may have a specific surface area of 100 m 2 /g or more and 750 m 2 /g or less, and specifically, the carbon black may have a specific surface area of 100 m 2 /g or more, 125 m 2 /g or more, 150 m 2 /g or more, 175 m 2 /g or more, 200 m 2 /g or more, 225 m 2 /g or more, or 250 m 2 /g or more, and also may have a specific surface area of 750 m 2 /g or less, 725 m 2 /g or less, 700 m 2 /g or less, 675 m 2 /g or less, 650 m 2 /g or less, 625 m 2 /g or less, 600 m 2 /g or less, 575 m 2 /g or less, 550 m 2 /g or less, 525 m 2 /g or less, 500 m 2 /g or less, 475 m 2
- the carbon particles of the carbon black can sufficiently interact with the metal nanoparticles in the electrode catalyst, so that the dispersibility of the electrode catalyst can be improved.
- the specific surface area of the carbon black is higher than the above range, the density of the electrode catalyst layer including the electrode catalyst may be lowered due to the high specific surface area of the carbon black, which may increase the resistance of the electrode, and as a result, a problem of a large increase in the overvoltage may occur when operating the electrochemical cell.
- the specific surface area increases, the agglomeration between carbon particles of carbon black may increase, which may also reduce the dispersibility of the electrode catalyst.
- the specific surface area is smaller than the above range, the density of the electrode catalyst layer including the electrode catalyst increases, which reduces the pores in the electrode catalyst layer, and as a result, the inflow of carbon dioxide is not smooth, which may cause a problem in that the overvoltage increases significantly when operating the electrochemical cell and the carbon dioxide conversion rate decreases.
- the content of the carbon black may be 35 parts by weight or more and 350 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the metal nanoparticles, and specifically, the content of the carbon black may be 35 parts by weight or more, 45 parts by weight or more, 50 parts by weight or more, 55 parts by weight or more, 65 parts by weight or more, 75 parts by weight or more, 85 parts by weight or more, or 95 parts by weight or more with respect to 100 parts by weight of the metal nanoparticles, and also 350 parts by weight or less, 340 parts by weight or less, 330 parts by weight or less, 320 parts by weight or less, 310 parts by weight or less, 300 parts by weight or less, 290 parts by weight or less, 280 parts by weight or less, 270 parts by weight or less, 260 parts by weight or less, 250 parts by weight or less, 240 parts by weight or less, 230 parts by weight or less, 220 parts by weight or less, 210 parts by weight or less, 200 parts by weight.
- the carbon particles of the carbon black in the electrode catalyst can sufficiently interact with the metal nanoparticles, the dispersibility of the electrode catalyst can be improved, and the hydrophobicity of the electrode catalyst can also be increased, thereby alleviating the deterioration of electrode performance due to the flooding phenomenon.
- the content of carbon black is higher than the above range, since the content per unit area of metal nanoparticles functioning as a catalyst for the carbon dioxide reduction reaction is relatively low, the reduction reaction of carbon dioxide at the cathode including the electrode catalyst decreases, and as a result, the conversion rate of carbon dioxide may decrease.
- the carbon black may have a resistivity of 1.5 ⁇ cm or less, and specifically, the carbon black may have a resistivity of 1.5 ⁇ cm or less, 1.4 ⁇ cm or less, 1.3 ⁇ cm or less, 1.2 ⁇ cm or less, 1.1 ⁇ cm or less, 1.0 ⁇ cm or less, or 0.9 ⁇ cm or less, and further may have a resistivity of 0.1 ⁇ cm or more, 0.2 ⁇ cm or more, 0.3 ⁇ cm or more, 0.4 ⁇ cm or more, or 0.5 ⁇ cm or more.
- the resistivity of the carbon black satisfies the above range, the resistance of the cathode including the electrode catalyst is reduced due to the low resistivity of the carbon black, thereby obtaining a cathode having excellent electrical conductivity and capable of maintaining a low overvoltage even at a high current.
- the metal nanoparticles may have an average diameter of 100 nm or less, specifically, the metal nanoparticles may have an average diameter of 100 nm or less, 90 nm or less, or 80 nm or less, and further may have an average diameter of 5 nm or more, 10 nm or more, 20 nm or more, or 30 nm or more.
- the average diameter of the metal nanoparticles satisfies the above range, the reduction reaction of carbon dioxide at the cathode including the electrode catalyst may be further promoted due to the high specific surface area of the metal nanoparticles, and as a result, the conversion rate of carbon dioxide may be increased.
- the metal nanoparticles may be metal nanoparticles including one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ag, Au, Zn, In, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Ti, Fe, Ga, and Sn.
- the metal nanoparticles may be silver nanoparticles including Ag element, and the silver nanoparticles may be included in the catalyst layer of the cathode and act as a catalyst for the reduction reaction to lower the activation energy of the reduction reaction of carbon dioxide.
- the above-listed metal elements may be included in the metal nanoparticles and, like the silver nanoparticles, may act as a catalyst for the carbon dioxide reduction reaction at the cathode.
- the electrode catalyst may include a cationic ionomer or an anionic ionomer.
- the cationic ionomer is an ion-conductive polymer including a cation, through which anions such as hydroxide ions (OH - ) can move
- the anionic ionomer is an ion-conductive polymer including anions, through which cations such as hydrogen ions (H + ) can move.
- Nafion of DuPont can be applied as the anionic ionomer.
- the above cationic ionomer or anionic ionomer can be added to and mixed with an electrode catalyst in the form of a solution containing a solvent, metal nanoparticles, and carbon black, and the cationic ionomer or anionic ionomer can more strongly bind the carbon particles of the metal nanoparticles and carbon black to the gas diffusion layer, thereby preventing the desorption phenomenon, and the ions moved to the electrode catalyst layer through the electrolyte can move more smoothly in the electrode catalyst layer, thereby reducing the interfacial resistance of the electrode catalyst, thereby further promoting the reduction reaction of carbon dioxide.
- the content of the cationic ionomer or the anionic ionomer may be 0.1 part by weight or more and 20 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the metal nanoparticles, and specifically, the content of the ionomer may be 0.1 part by weight or more, 1 part by weight or more, 2 parts by weight or more, 3 parts by weight or more, 4 parts by weight or more, 5 parts by weight or more, 6 parts by weight or more, 7 parts by weight or more, 8 parts by weight or more, 9 parts by weight or more, or 10 parts by weight or more, and further may be 20 parts by weight or less, 19 parts by weight or less, 18 parts by weight or less, 17 parts by weight or less, 16 parts by weight or less, 15 parts by weight or less, 14 parts by weight or less, 13 parts by weight or less, 12 parts by weight or less, 11 parts by weight or less, or 10 parts by weight or less.
- the adhesive force between the electrode catalyst and the gas diffusion layer increases, thereby reducing the interfacial resistance of the cathode caused by the detachment of the electrode catalyst layer.
- the ionomer may cover the metal nanoparticles in the electrode catalyst layer, thereby reducing the carbon dioxide conversion performance.
- the present invention provides a cathode comprising the above electrode catalyst.
- the cathode includes an electrode catalyst layer and a gas diffusion layer
- the electrode catalyst layer includes the electrode catalyst
- the electrode catalyst layer may be laminated on at least one surface of the gas diffusion layer.
- the cathode of the present invention is in a form in which an electrode catalyst layer is laminated on one surface of the gas diffusion layer, and in particular, the electrode catalyst layer may include the electrode catalyst of the present invention described above.
- the gas diffusion layer serves to diffuse carbon dioxide to the electrode catalyst layer.
- the gas diffusion layer may be a porous body using a carbon material such as carbon fiber cloth, carbon fiber felt, or carbon fiber paper, or a metal porous body formed of a thin metal plate having a mesh structure such as expanded metal or metal mesh.
- Sigracet 39BB from SGL Caron or JNT30-A6P from JNTG may be used as the gas diffusion layer to diffuse carbon dioxide supplied to the cathode to the electrode catalyst layer.
- the above cathode may be in the form of a solution-type electrode catalyst applied to one surface of the gas diffusion layer and then dried to form an electrode catalyst layer laminated on one surface of the gas diffusion layer, and a reduction reaction of carbon dioxide may be performed in the electrode catalyst layer.
- the thickness of the electrode catalyst layer may be 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the electrode catalyst layer may vary depending on the content of the metal nanoparticles and carbon black, the specific surface area of the carbon black, and the coating amount of the electrode catalyst, and when the thickness of the electrode catalyst layer is within the above range, the mechanical strength of the electrode catalyst layer may be high while the increase in resistance due to the catalyst layer may be low.
- the content per unit area of the metal nanoparticles in the electrode catalyst layer may be 0.5 mg/cm 2 or more and 1.5 mg/cm 2 or less, and specifically, the content per unit area of the metal nanoparticles may be 0.5 mg/cm 2 or more, 0.6 mg/cm 2 or more, 0.7 mg/cm 2 or more, 0.8 mg/cm 2 or more, 0.9 mg/cm 2 , or 1.0 mg/cm 2 or more, and further may be 1.5 mg/cm 2 or less, 1.4 mg/cm 2 or less, 1.3 mg/cm 2 or less, 1.2 mg/cm 2 or less, 1.1 mg/cm 2 or less, or 1.0 mg/cm 2 or less.
- the conversion rate of carbon dioxide of the cathode including the electrode catalyst layer is improved, and a low overvoltage can be maintained even at a high current.
- the degree of improvement in the conversion rate of carbon dioxide is high compared to the cost of the metal nanoparticles introduced in the above range, it can be economical.
- the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a cathode.
- the cathode manufacturing method includes a step (S1) of manufacturing an electrode catalyst composition by mixing metal nanoparticles, carbon black, and a solvent, and a step (S2) of coating the electrode catalyst composition manufactured in step (S1) on a gas diffusion layer, wherein the carbon black mixed in step (S1) has a specific surface area of 100 m 2 /g or more and 750 m 2 /g or less, and the content of the carbon black mixed in step (S1) may be 35 parts by weight or more and 350 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the metal nanoparticles.
- the step (S1) is a step of preparing an electrode catalyst composition by mixing metal nanoparticles, a solvent, and carbon black, and then stirring and dispersing the mixture.
- the electrode catalyst composition refers to the electrode catalyst in the form of a solution as described above.
- the step S1 may be performed by further adding the cationic ionomer or anionic ionomer as described above when preparing the electrode catalyst composition.
- the present invention is characterized by manufacturing an electrode catalyst composition by mixing carbon black with metal nanoparticles and a solvent. Therefore, in the electrode catalyst composition, the metal nanoparticles exist in a form of being mixed between the carbon black, and, unlike the conventional supported catalyst, an electrode catalyst composition in which the metal nanoparticles and the carbon black are not attached to each other can be manufactured.
- the step (S1) may be a step of preparing an electrode catalyst composition by mixing a solvent and metal nanoparticles, and then adding and mixing 35 to 350 parts by weight of carbon black having a specific surface area of 100 m 2 /g to 750 m 2 /g based on 100 parts by weight of the metal nanoparticles.
- carbon dioxide can be smoothly introduced into the electrode catalyst layer of the cathode coated with the electrode catalyst composition by the carbon black, and as a result, the cathode can have a low overvoltage at high current and a high carbon dioxide conversion rate.
- the dispersibility of the electrode catalyst composition is improved, so that the electrode catalyst composition can be uniformly coated on one surface of the gas diffusion layer, and the hydrophobicity of the electrode catalyst composition is also increased by the carbon black, so that the cathode coated with the electrode catalyst composition can alleviate the flooding phenomenon due to submersion.
- the step (S2) above is a step of coating the electrode catalyst composition on one side of the gas diffusion layer, and specifically, it may be a step of applying the electrode catalyst composition to one side of the gas diffusion layer, and then drying it to remove the solvent in the electrode catalyst composition, and so that an electrode catalyst layer is uniformly laminated on one side of the gas diffusion layer.
- the coating may be performed by any one method selected from the group consisting of doctor blade, die casting, comma coating, screen printing, spray coating, electrospinning, roll coating, and brushing, and specifically, it may be a step of spray-coating the catalyst composition on one side of the gas diffusion layer, and then drying it to remove the solvent in the catalyst composition, and so that an electrode catalyst layer is laminated on one side of the gas diffusion layer to a thickness of 0.1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- the step (S2) may be coating the electrode catalyst composition so that the content per unit area of the metal nanoparticles on one side of the gas diffusion layer satisfies 0.5 mg/cm 2 or more and 1.5 mg/cm 2 or less.
- the electrode catalyst composition is coated so that the content per unit area of the metal nanoparticles on one side of the gas diffusion layer satisfies the above range, a cathode having an excellent carbon dioxide conversion rate and maintaining a low overvoltage even when a high current is applied can be manufactured.
- the degree of improvement in the carbon dioxide conversion rate is high compared to the cost of the metal nanoparticles introduced in the above range, it can be economical.
- the present invention provides an electrochemical cell comprising the cathode.
- the electrochemical cell may include the cathode, the anode, and a separator disposed between the cathode and the anode.
- the electrochemical cell may be a cell that converts carbon dioxide and water vapor into carbon monoxide and hydroxide ions by electrolysis, and the electrochemical cell can be utilized in all electrochemical conversion devices that can produce useful chemical substances through electrochemical conversion, such as fuel cells and water electrolysis devices, in addition to a carbon dioxide electrolysis device.
- the electrolysis means decomposing a substance through a redox reaction by applying a direct current voltage to a decomposition reaction that does not occur spontaneously, and the electrolysis of carbon dioxide through the electrochemical cell of the present invention is performed through the following process.
- the anode of the electrochemical cell of the present invention is an oxidation electrode that oxidizes water to generate oxygen, and at this time, hydrogen ions are generated.
- the hydrogen ions generated at the anode are transferred to the cathode through the separator, and the cathode may be a reduction electrode in which carbon dioxide and water vapor introduced into the cathode react with electrons transferred from the anode to generate carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
- the anode and the cathode of the electrochemical cell of the present invention may each include an electrode catalyst layer.
- the electrode catalyst layer of the cathode may include an electrode catalyst active in a carbon dioxide reduction reaction, and in particular, since the carbon dioxide reduction reaction occurring at the cathode competes with the hydrogen evolution reaction, it may include an electrode catalyst active in the carbon dioxide reduction reaction and having a high voltage required for the hydrogen evolution reaction.
- the electrode catalyst may be the electrode catalyst of the present invention.
- the electrode catalyst layer of the anode may include an electrode catalyst active in the oxidation reaction of water
- the electrode catalyst of the anode may include at least one selected from the group consisting of Pt, Au, Pd, Ir, Ag, Rh, Ru, Ni, Al, Mo, Cr, Cu, Ti, W, Ta, alloys thereof, or mixed metal oxides, for example, Ta 2 0 5 , Ir0 2 , for the oxygen evolution reaction, and specifically, the anode may be a titanium mesh substrate coated with iridium oxide (IrO 2 ).
- the cathode may include a gas diffusion layer in order to uniformly supply humidified carbon dioxide to the electrode catalyst layer.
- the gas diffusion layer may be the gas diffusion layer described above, and an electrode catalyst layer may be laminated on one surface of the gas diffusion layer.
- the supplied carbon dioxide can be smoothly diffused, distributed, and supplied to the electrode catalyst layer of the cathode.
- the gas diffusion layer effectively prevents moisture condensation, thereby ensuring that carbon dioxide is continuously and uniformly supplied to the electrode catalyst layer and, at the same time, enabling the electrolysis reaction to proceed smoothly.
- the separator may be placed between the anode and the cathode.
- the separator may be composed of an inert material that does not participate in the electrochemical reaction itself, but may provide a path for ions to move between the anode and the cathode and may serve to separate physical contact between the anode and the cathode.
- a porous separator may be used as the separator.
- the electrochemical cell can be utilized in all electrochemical conversion devices, and the electrochemical cell can be utilized in a device that electrolyzes carbon dioxide to produce at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide, ethylene, methane, formic acid, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and alcohols. Specifically, the electrochemical cell can electrolyze carbon dioxide to produce carbon monoxide.
- the electrode catalyst layer of the cathode may include metal nanoparticles and carbon black having a specific surface area of 100 m 2 /g or more and 750 m 2 /g or less, and the content of the carbon black may be 35 parts by weight or more and 350 parts by weight or less based on 100 parts by weight of the metal nanoparticles. Therefore, as described above, since the electrochemical cell of the present invention has sufficient pores formed in the electrode catalyst layer of the cathode, carbon dioxide can be smoothly introduced, and as a result, the conversion rate of carbon dioxide can be high while the overvoltage can be low at a high current.
- 1,000 mg of silver nanoparticles (Ag NP) were mixed with 100 mL of a solvent consisting of isopropanol and water in a volume ratio of 9:1 to prepare a solution having a silver nanoparticle concentration of 10 mg/mL.
- 1,000 mg of Vulcan XC-72 having a surface area of 250 m 2 /g and a resistivity of 0.2 to 1.0 ⁇ cm was added, and 100 mg of Nafion (DuPont) was added. Thereafter, the mixture was stirred using a homogenizer and dispersed using an ultrasonicator to prepare an electrode catalyst.
- the Vulcan XC-72 content of the electrode catalyst is 100 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of silver nanoparticles.
- Example 1 the Vulcan XC-72 500 An electrode catalyst was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that mg was added.
- the Vulcan XC-72 content of the electrode catalyst was 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of silver nanoparticles.
- the Vulcan XC-72 was 3,000 An electrode catalyst was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that mg was added.
- the Vulcan XC-72 content of the electrode catalyst was 300 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of silver nanoparticles.
- the Vulcan XC-72 was 350 An electrode catalyst was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that mg was added.
- the Vulcan XC-72 content of the electrode catalyst was 35 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of silver nanoparticles.
- Example 1 an electrode catalyst was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that Vulcan XC-72 was not added.
- Example 1 instead of Vulcan XC-72, Ketjenblack EC600JD having a surface area of 1,270 m 2 /g and a resistivity of 0.005 to 0.01 ⁇ cm was used.
- An electrode catalyst was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that mg was added.
- the Ketjenblack EC600JD content of the electrode catalyst was 0.5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of silver nanoparticles.
- Ketjenblack EC600JD was used instead of Vulcan XC-72 at 1,000
- An electrode catalyst was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that mg was added.
- the Ketjenblack EC600JD content of the electrode catalyst was 100 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of silver nanoparticles.
- Ketjenblack EC300J having a surface area of 800 m 2 /g and a resistivity of 0.01 to 0.1 ⁇ cm was used at 1,000
- An electrode catalyst was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that mg was added.
- the Ketjenblack EC300J content of the electrode catalyst was 100 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of silver nanoparticles.
- the Vulcan XC-72 was 200 An electrode catalyst was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that mg was added.
- the Vulcan XC-72 content of the electrode catalyst was 20 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of silver nanoparticles.
- the Vulcan XC-72 was 4,000 An electrode catalyst was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that mg was added.
- the Vulcan XC-72 content of the electrode catalyst was 400 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of silver nanoparticles.
- a Ti mesh sprayed with IrO 2 was used as the anode, and the Ti mesh area was 25 cm 2 . 0.25 M Cs 2 CO 3 was used as the anode electrolyte.
- a porous separator was used as the separator, and the cathode and anode were laminated on both sides of the separator to complete the electrochemical cell.
- the reaction was carried out for 30 minutes, and current densities of 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mA/ cm2 were applied for 30 minutes each using a VSP Potentiostat (BioLogic), and a reaction voltage of 1 to 4 V was applied to measure the carbon dioxide conversion rate, the Faraday efficiency for the product, and the overvoltage.
- the electrolyte was supplied to the anode at a rate of 25 mL/min, and humidified carbon dioxide at 40°C was supplied to the cathode at a rate of 200 ccm.
- the carbon dioxide conversion rate was calculated as the ratio of carbon monoxide generated to the amount of carbon dioxide gas injected per hour, and the Faraday efficiency was measured by analyzing the gas composition in the exhaust line through GC (Gas Chromatography). In addition, the Faraday efficiency was calculated using the following equation.
- Q is the flow rate in the exhaust line
- F is the Faraday constant
- p is the pressure
- T is the measured temperature
- R is the ideal gas constant.
- the total current (i total ) is the value of the total current applied over time
- the current for the product (i product ) is the value calculated from the volume of gas (V product ) measured through GC analysis.
- the conversion rate of carbon dioxide and the Faraday efficiency of each product according to each current density are shown in Tables 1 to 3 below.
- the electrochemical cells using the electrode catalysts of Examples 1 to 4 showed lower overvoltage, especially at a high current density of 500 mA/cm 2 . From this, it can be confirmed that the electrode catalyst of the present invention formed sufficient pores in the electrode catalyst layer by including carbon black, and as a result, the movement of carbon dioxide occurred smoothly in the electrode catalyst layer, thereby lowering the overvoltage at high current.
- the flooding phenomenon occurring at high current was also alleviated due to the hydrophobicity of the carbon black, which suppressed the hydrogen production reaction, and as a result, the hydrogen Faradaic efficiency could also be lowered.
- Comparative Examples 2 to 4 where carbon black was added but the specific surface area of the carbon black exceeded 750 m 2 /g, the carbon dioxide conversion rate and carbon monoxide Faradaic efficiency were lower at most current densities compared to Examples 1 to 3, while the hydrogen Faradaic efficiency and overvoltage were higher.
- the carbon dioxide conversion rate and carbon monoxide Faradaic efficiency were lower, while the hydrogen Faradaic efficiency and overvoltage were higher, compared to Comparative Example 1 where carbon black was not added.
- the electrochemical cell using the electrode catalysts of Comparative Examples 3 and 4 exhibited performance degradation to the extent that the electrochemical cell could not be operated at the highest current density of 500 mA/cm 2 , and the overvoltage was so high that the carbon dioxide conversion rate and Faradaic efficiency could not be measured due to the limitations of the power supply. From this, it was confirmed that when carbon black with a large surface area is added, the density of the electrode catalyst layer decreases, the resistance increases, and as a result, the overvoltage increases significantly, and the hydrogen production reaction is excessively promoted, which may significantly deteriorate the electrode performance.
- the electrode catalyst of the present invention can improve the carbon dioxide conversion rate and carbon monoxide Faradaic efficiency in an electrochemical cell including the electrode catalyst, and can reduce the hydrogen Faradaic efficiency and overvoltage, as carbon dioxide gas can move smoothly through the pores formed by carbon black in the electrode catalyst layer and the flooding phenomenon is also alleviated due to the hydrophobicity of the carbon black.
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Abstract
Description
| 구분 | 성능 | 실시예 1 | 실시예 2 | 실시예 3 | 실시예 4 |
| 100 mA/cm2 | CO2 전환율(%) | 9.83 | 10.06 | 9.82 | 9.82 |
| CO 패러데이 효율(%) | 101.67 | 100.50 | 102.09 | 102.13 | |
| H2 패러데이 효율(%) | 0.33 | 0.28 | 0.07 | 0.67 | |
| 과전압(V) | -2.691 | -2.673 | -2.828 | -2.857 | |
| 200 mA/cm2 | CO2 전환율(%) | 18.95 | 18.93 | 18.24 | 18.71 |
| CO 패러데이 효율(%) | 97.94 | 94.57 | 94.80 | 97.25 | |
| H2 패러데이 효율(%) | 0.24 | 0.39 | 0.18 | 0.45 | |
| 과전압(V) | -2.965 | -2.935 | -3.033 | -3.070 | |
| 300 mA/cm2 | CO2 전환율(%) | 27.84 | 26.85 | 26.66 | 27.42 |
| CO 패러데이 효율(%) | 95.92 | 89.44 | 92.39 | 95.03 | |
| H2 패러데이 효율(%) | 0.20 | 1.56 | 0.16 | 0.43 | |
| 과전압(V) | -3.132 | -3.110 | -3.184 | -3.225 | |
| 400 mA/cm2 | CO2 전환율(%) | 35.99 | 32.55 | 33.99 | 35.67 |
| CO 패러데이 효율(%) | 93.03 | 81.32 | 88.33 | 92.69 | |
| H2 패러데이 효율(%) | 0.20 | 7.34 | 1.19 | 0.57 | |
| 과전압(V) | -3.249 | -3.279 | -3.310 | -3.365 | |
| 500 mA/cm2 | CO2 전환율(%) | 43.56 | 36.09 | 37.06 | 39.84 |
| CO 패러데이 효율(%) | 90.07 | 72.13 | 77.04 | 92.83 | |
| H2 패러데이 효율(%) | 1.47 | 12.85 | 5.50 | 3.28 | |
| 과전압(V) | -3.400 | -3.412 | -3.434 | -3.553 |
| 구분 | 성능 | 비교예 1 | 비교예 2 | 비교예 3 | 비교예 4 |
| 100 mA/cm2 | CO2 전환율(%) | 9.57 | 9.28 | 8.98 | 8.50 |
| CO 패러데이 효율(%) | 103.87 | 96.97 | 95.90 | 91.76 | |
| H2 패러데이 효율(%) | 0.22 | 10.31 | 2.83 | 10.59 | |
| 과전압(V) | -2.806 | -2.918 | -3.062 | -3.015 | |
| 200 mA/cm2 | CO2 전환율(%) | 18.36 | 18.07 | 11.01 | 14.46 |
| CO 패러데이 효율(%) | 99.64 | 94.42 | 58.79 | 78.05 | |
| H2 패러데이 효율(%) | 0.21 | 5.23 | 29.12 | 12.64 | |
| 과전압(V) | -3.016 | -3.205 | -3.406 | -3.420 | |
| 300 mA/cm2 | CO2 전환율(%) | 26.55 | 26.53 | 6.96 | 15.47 |
| CO 패러데이 효율(%) | 96.06 | 92.44 | 24.77 | 55.69 | |
| H2 패러데이 효율(%) | 0.24 | 2.89 | 59.27 | 33.11 | |
| 과전압(V) | -3.152 | -3.410 | -3.587 | -3.588 | |
| 400 mA/cm2 | CO2 전환율(%) | 34.15 | 34.43 | 3.44 | 13.52 |
| CO 패러데이 효율(%) | 92.67 | 89.97 | 9.18 | 36.49 | |
| H2 패러데이 효율(%) | 0.49 | 1.97 | 77.92 | 57.50 | |
| 과전압(V) | -3.286 | -3.583 | -3.720 | -3.651 | |
| 500 mA/cm2 | CO2 전환율(%) | 39.57 | 34.41 | - | - |
| CO 패러데이 효율(%) | 85.90 | 71.94 | - | - | |
| H2 패러데이 효율(%) | 5.04 | 13.75 | - | - | |
| 과전압(V) | -3.439 | -3.839 | - | - |
| 구분 | 성능 | 비교예 5 | 비교예 6 |
| 100 mA/cm2 | CO2 전환율(%) | 9.49 | 9.43 |
| CO 패러데이 효율(%) | 99.78 | 96.39 | |
| H2 패러데이 효율(%) | 0.58 | 2.60 | |
| 과전압(V) | -2.964 | -2.960 | |
| 200 mA/cm2 | CO2 전환율(%) | 18.10 | 18.28 |
| CO 패러데이 효율(%) | 95.12 | 93.45 | |
| H2 패러데이 효율(%) | 1.05 | 4.20 | |
| 과전압(V) | -3.165 | -3.291 | |
| 300 mA/cm2 | CO2 전환율(%) | 26.24 | 26.30 |
| CO 패러데이 효율(%) | 91.93 | 89.62 | |
| H2 패러데이 효율(%) | 1.39 | 4.99 | |
| 과전압(V) | -3.338 | -3.459 | |
| 400 mA/cm2 | CO2 전환율(%) | 32.96 | 34.62 |
| CO 패러데이 효율(%) | 86.61 | 88.47 | |
| H2 패러데이 효율(%) | 2.92 | 4.98 | |
| 과전압(V) | -3.507 | -3.594 | |
| 500 mA/cm2 | CO2 전환율(%) | 19.10 | 34.58 |
| CO 패러데이 효율(%) | 40.16 | 70.70 | |
| H2 패러데이 효율(%) | 39.43 | 14.79 | |
| 과전압(V) | -3.780 | -3.768 |
Claims (10)
- 금속 나노 입자 및 카본 블랙을 포함하고,상기 카본 블랙은 비표면적이 100 m2/g 이상 750 m2/g 이하인 것이며,상기 카본 블랙의 함량은 상기 금속 나노 입자 100 중량부에 대하여 35 중량부 이상 350 중량부 이하인 것인 전극 촉매.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 카본 블랙은 비저항이 1.5 Ω·cm 이하인 것인 전극 촉매.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 금속 나노 입자는 평균 직경이 100 nm 이하인 것인 전극 촉매.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 금속 나노 입자는 Ag, Au, Zn, In, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Ti, Fe, Ga 및 Sn으로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 하나 이상의 원소를 포함하는 금속 나노 입자인 것인 전극 촉매.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 전극 촉매는 양이온 이오노머 또는 음이온 이오노머를 포함하는 것인 전극 촉매.
- 제5항에 있어서,상기 양이온 이오노머 또는 음이온 이오노머의 함량은 상기 금속 나노 입자 100 중량부에 대하여 0.1 중량부 이상 20 중량부 이하인 것인 전극 촉매.
- 전극 촉매층 및 기체확산층을 포함하고,상기 전극 촉매층은 제1항의 전극 촉매를 포함하며,상기 전극 촉매층은 상기 기체확산층의 적어도 어느 일면에 적층된 것인 캐소드.
- 제7항에 있어서,상기 전극 촉매층 내 금속 나노 입자의 단위 면적 당 함량은 0.5 mg/cm2 이상 1.5 mg/cm2 이하인 것인 캐소드.
- 금속 나노 입자, 카본 블랙 및 용매를 혼합하여 전극 촉매 조성물을 제조하는 단계(S1) 및상기 (S1) 단계에서 제조된 전극 촉매 조성물을 기체확산층에 코팅하는 단계(S2)를 포함하고,상기 (S1) 단계에서 카본 블랙은 비표면적이 100 m2/g 이상 750 m2/g 이하인 것이며,상기 (S1) 단계에서 카본 블랙의 함량은 상기 금속 나노 입자 100 중량부에 대하여 35 중량부 이상 350 중량부 이하인 것인 캐소드 제조방법.
- 제7항의 캐소드; 애노드; 상기 캐소드 및 애노드 사이에 배치된 분리막을 포함하는 전기화학 셀.
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| KR20020092996A (ko) * | 2000-03-22 | 2002-12-12 | 슈페리어 마이크로파우더스 엘엘씨 | 전극촉매 파우더, 이의 제조 방법 및 이로부터 제조된 장치 |
| KR20100003780A (ko) * | 2008-07-02 | 2010-01-12 | 한화석유화학 주식회사 | 이오노머가 부착된 고분자 전해질 복합 촉매의 제조 방법 |
| KR101373092B1 (ko) * | 2010-04-05 | 2014-03-13 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 연료 전지용 전극 촉매, 이를 포함하는 연료 전지용 막-전극 어셈블리 및 연료 전지 시스템 |
| US20180001305A1 (en) * | 2015-09-18 | 2018-01-04 | N.E. Chemcat Corporation | Electrode catalyst, gas diffusion electrode-forming composition, gas diffusion electrode, membrane electrode assembly, and fuel cell stack |
| KR101992783B1 (ko) * | 2017-03-27 | 2019-06-26 | 한국과학기술원 | 백금 박막 증착된 팔면체 백금-전이금속 나노입자, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 막전극접합체 제조 방법 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| KR20020092996A (ko) * | 2000-03-22 | 2002-12-12 | 슈페리어 마이크로파우더스 엘엘씨 | 전극촉매 파우더, 이의 제조 방법 및 이로부터 제조된 장치 |
| KR20100003780A (ko) * | 2008-07-02 | 2010-01-12 | 한화석유화학 주식회사 | 이오노머가 부착된 고분자 전해질 복합 촉매의 제조 방법 |
| KR101373092B1 (ko) * | 2010-04-05 | 2014-03-13 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 연료 전지용 전극 촉매, 이를 포함하는 연료 전지용 막-전극 어셈블리 및 연료 전지 시스템 |
| US20180001305A1 (en) * | 2015-09-18 | 2018-01-04 | N.E. Chemcat Corporation | Electrode catalyst, gas diffusion electrode-forming composition, gas diffusion electrode, membrane electrode assembly, and fuel cell stack |
| KR101992783B1 (ko) * | 2017-03-27 | 2019-06-26 | 한국과학기술원 | 백금 박막 증착된 팔면체 백금-전이금속 나노입자, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 막전극접합체 제조 방법 |
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| EP4717353A1 (en) | 2026-04-01 |
| KR20250011885A (ko) | 2025-01-22 |
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