WO2024239653A1 - 转子结构和电机 - Google Patents

转子结构和电机 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024239653A1
WO2024239653A1 PCT/CN2023/143012 CN2023143012W WO2024239653A1 WO 2024239653 A1 WO2024239653 A1 WO 2024239653A1 CN 2023143012 W CN2023143012 W CN 2023143012W WO 2024239653 A1 WO2024239653 A1 WO 2024239653A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
permanent magnet
rotor
rotor structure
groove
grooves
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/CN2023/143012
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
杨恒宇
黄嘉辉
杨文德
刘娜
陈应翔
闫可歆
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Gree Electric Appliances Inc of Zhuhai
Zhuhai Kaibang Motor Manufacture Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Gree Electric Appliances Inc of Zhuhai
Zhuhai Kaibang Motor Manufacture Co Ltd
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Gree Electric Appliances Inc of Zhuhai, Zhuhai Kaibang Motor Manufacture Co Ltd filed Critical Gree Electric Appliances Inc of Zhuhai
Publication of WO2024239653A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024239653A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/22—Rotating parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/27—Rotor cores with permanent magnets
    • H02K1/2706—Inner rotors
    • H02K1/272—Inner rotors the magnetisation axis of the magnets being perpendicular to the rotor axis
    • H02K1/274—Inner rotors the magnetisation axis of the magnets being perpendicular to the rotor axis the rotor consisting of two or more circumferentially positioned magnets
    • H02K1/2753—Inner rotors the magnetisation axis of the magnets being perpendicular to the rotor axis the rotor consisting of two or more circumferentially positioned magnets the rotor consisting of magnets or groups of magnets arranged with alternating polarity
    • H02K1/278—Surface mounted magnets; Inset magnets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K21/00—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets
    • H02K21/02—Details
    • H02K21/021—Means for mechanical adjustment of the excitation flux
    • H02K21/028—Means for mechanical adjustment of the excitation flux by modifying the magnetic circuit within the field or the armature, e.g. by using shunts, by adjusting the magnets position, by vectorial combination of field or armature sections
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K2201/00—Specific aspects not provided for in the other groups of this subclass relating to the magnetic circuits
    • H02K2201/03—Machines characterised by aspects of the air-gap between rotor and stator
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K2213/00—Specific aspects, not otherwise provided for and not covered by codes H02K2201/00 - H02K2211/00
    • H02K2213/03—Machines characterised by numerical values, ranges, mathematical expressions or similar information
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/64—Electric machine technologies in electromobility

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the technical field of motors, and in particular to a rotor structure and a motor.
  • the rotor of the surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor has two permanent magnets for each pole to provide magnetic flux. Compared with other forms of rotor motors, its power density can reach a higher level.
  • the motor will experience tooth slot torque and permanent magnet eddy current loss during operation, which causes the torque of the motor to fluctuate and the temperature of the permanent magnet to rise, thereby affecting the distribution of the air gap magnetic flux density (air gap magnetic field) of the motor, and ultimately leading to vibration, noise and reduced motor efficiency. Therefore, how to solve the problem of high power density permanent magnet synchronous motor tooth slot torque and permanent magnet eddy current loss is a problem that motor developers strive to solve.
  • the main purpose of the present application is to provide a rotor structure and a motor, which can effectively reduce the cogging torque and eddy current loss of the motor and improve the efficiency of the motor.
  • a rotor structure including a rotor core and a permanent magnet attached to the outer circumference of the rotor core, wherein the number of the permanent magnets is multiple and the multiple permanent magnets are evenly distributed along the circumference of the rotor core, and the outer surface of each permanent magnet is provided with at least two grooves symmetrical about the center line of the magnetic pole of each permanent magnet.
  • the radial thickness of the permanent magnet is h1
  • the radial height of the groove is h2, wherein 0 ⁇ h2/h1 ⁇ 0.7.
  • the number of the grooves is two, and the opening width of the groove is b2, 0 ⁇ b2 ⁇ 1mm.
  • the opening width of the groove is b2, 0 ⁇ b2 ⁇ 0.2mm.
  • 1mm ⁇ b1 ⁇ 6mm, 15mm ⁇ 2a ⁇ 17mm Preferably, 2mm ⁇ b1 ⁇ 4mm, 15mm ⁇ 2a ⁇ 17mm.
  • 2.5 mm ⁇ b1 ⁇ 3.5 mm, 2a 16 mm.
  • the number of the grooves is two, the opening width of the grooves is b2, the distance between the two grooves on the same permanent magnet and the magnetic pole center line of the permanent magnet is b1, and the relationship between b1 and b2 satisfies 0.1 ⁇ b2/b1 ⁇ 1.5.
  • the shape of the groove in a cross section perpendicular to the rotation axis of the rotor core, is rectangular, U-shaped, arc-shaped or parallelogram-shaped.
  • the shape of the groove in a cross section perpendicular to the rotation axis of the rotor core, is a parallelogram, the parallelogram includes side edges located on both sides along the circumferential direction, and an angle formed by a line between an outer end point of one of the side edges and the center point of the rotor core and the side edge is ⁇ 3, wherein ⁇ 3 satisfies 15° ⁇ 3 ⁇ 75°.
  • the groove extends axially along the rotation axis of the rotor core.
  • the groove passes through both ends of the rotor core axially along the rotating shaft; or, the groove passes through one end of the rotor core axially; or, the groove has a preset distance from both end surfaces of the rotor core.
  • a motor comprising a rotor structure, which is the above-mentioned rotor structure.
  • the motor further includes a stator structure, the rotor structure is sleeved in the stator structure, the stator structure includes a stator winding, and the stator winding is a concentrated winding.
  • the rotor structure includes a rotor core and a permanent magnet attached to the outer periphery of the rotor core.
  • the permanent magnets are multiple and evenly distributed along the circumference of the rotor core.
  • the outer surface of each permanent magnet is provided with at least two grooves symmetrical about the magnetic pole center line of the permanent magnet.
  • the grooves can be used to optimize and adjust the magnetic circuit on the surface of the permanent magnet, thereby improving the magnetic field of the permanent magnet.
  • Improve the magnetic field distribution between the stator and rotor reduce the cogging torque, reduce the skin effect on the surface of the permanent magnet, and effectively reduce the eddy current density on the surface of the permanent magnet, thereby improving the motor efficiency.
  • FIG1 shows a schematic structural diagram of a motor according to an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG2 shows a structural dimension diagram of a rotor structure of an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG3 shows a structural dimension diagram of a rotor structure of an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG4 shows a schematic structural diagram of a motor according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG5 shows a partial enlarged view of point A in FIG4 ;
  • FIG6 shows an equivalent impedance diagram of a non-slotted permanent magnet in the related art
  • FIG7 shows an equivalent impedance diagram of a slotted permanent magnet according to an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG8 shows an eddy current distribution diagram of an unslotted permanent magnet in the related art
  • FIG9 shows an eddy current distribution diagram of a slotted permanent magnet according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG10 shows a cogging torque curve of an unslotted permanent magnet in the related art
  • FIG. 11 shows a graph b1 and b2 of the cogging torque of the rotor structure of an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 12 shows an h1 curve diagram of the cogging torque of the rotor structure according to the embodiment of the present application.
  • the rotor structure includes a rotor core 1 and a permanent magnet 2 attached to the outer periphery of the rotor core 1, there are multiple permanent magnets 2, and the multiple permanent magnets 2 are evenly distributed along the circumference of the rotor core 1, and the outer surface of the permanent magnet 2 is provided with at least two grooves 3 symmetrical about the center line of the magnetic pole of the permanent magnet 2.
  • the grooves 3 can be used to optimize and adjust the magnetic circuit located on the surface of the permanent magnet 2, improve the magnetic field distribution between the stator and the rotor, reduce the cogging torque, reduce the skin effect on the surface of the permanent magnet 2, and effectively reduce the eddy current density on the surface of the permanent magnet 2, thereby reducing the temperature rise of the permanent magnet and improving the efficiency of the motor.
  • the outer periphery of the rotor core 1 is a full-circle structure, and the permanent magnet 2 is fixedly bonded to the surface of the rotor core 1 by glue, and then magnetized. In this embodiment, the permanent magnet 2 is completely located outside the rotor core 1.
  • a mounting groove is provided on the outer peripheral wall of the rotor core 1, and the permanent magnet 2 is embedded in the mounting groove and then fixed by glue.
  • the permanent magnet 2 can be completely embedded in the mounting groove or partially embedded in the mounting groove.
  • the permanent magnets 2 are tangentially magnetized, and the facing surfaces of two adjacent permanent magnets 2 have the same polarity, thereby jointly providing the magnetomotive force of the pole, greatly improving the power density of the motor and enabling the motor to be miniaturized.
  • the number of permanent magnets 2 is ten.
  • the permanent magnet 2 is of tile type.
  • the radial thickness of the permanent magnet 2 is h1
  • the radial height of the groove 3 is h2, wherein 0 ⁇ h2/h1 ⁇ 0.7.
  • the value of h2 can be associated with h1, so that h2 can be limited by h1, so that the radial height of the groove 3 can be adaptively adjusted according to the change of the radial thickness of the permanent magnet 2, and a better matching relationship can be obtained, so that the obtained permanent magnet 2 can effectively destroy the skin effect on the surface of the permanent magnet, reduce the eddy current on the surface of the permanent magnet 2, thereby reducing the temperature rise of the permanent magnet 2 and improving the working performance of the permanent magnet 2.
  • h2 represents the slot depth of the permanent magnet 2, so the value of h2 should not be too large, and needs to be able to ensure the mechanical strength of the permanent magnet 2. To achieve this goal, the slot depth h2 of the permanent magnet 2 should not exceed 70% of the radial thickness h1 of the permanent magnet 2, that is, 0 ⁇ h2/h1 ⁇ 0.7.
  • 0.1 ⁇ h2/h1 ⁇ 0.7 which can ensure that the groove 3 on the permanent magnet 2 has sufficient depth, optimize the surface structure of the permanent magnet 2, effectively destroy the skin effect on the surface of the permanent magnet 2, and reduce eddy current loss; and avoid that the depth of the groove 3 on the permanent magnet 2 is too large and the mechanical strength of the permanent magnet 2 is greatly reduced, thereby ensuring that the permanent magnet 2 can operate stably and reliably.
  • the number of grooves 3 formed on each permanent magnet 2 is two, and the opening width of the groove 3 is b2, 0 ⁇ b2 ⁇ 1mm.
  • the opening width of the groove 3 is b2, 0 ⁇ b2 ⁇ 0.2mm, which can more effectively reduce the cogging torque of the motor while avoiding the reduction of the mechanical strength of the permanent magnet and the motor performance due to the excessive slot width.
  • the trough range of the cogging torque can be determined according to this feature, and then the relationship between the spacing 2b1 between the two grooves 3 and the circumferential width 2a of the permanent magnet 2 can be determined, so that the cogging torque generated by the motor can be controlled within a better range. It is found that when the relationship between b1 and a satisfies 0.1 ⁇ b1/a ⁇ 0.7, the cogging torque of the motor is reduced. Preferably, when the relationship between b1 and a satisfies 0.25 ⁇ b1/a ⁇ 0.5, the slotting of the permanent magnet 2 can better reduce the cogging torque of the motor.
  • the interval between the two grooves 3 is affected by the circumferential width 2a of the permanent magnet 2, and the matching relationship between the two has a great influence on the cogging torque of the motor.
  • the grooves on the surface of the permanent magnet 2 can form a good structural design, and the cogging torque of the motor can be controlled within a lower range, thereby improving the working performance of the motor and reducing the temperature rise of the permanent magnet.
  • 2.5 mm ⁇ b1 ⁇ 3.5 mm, 2a 16 mm.
  • the number of grooves 3 opened on each permanent magnet 2 is two, the opening width of the groove 3 is b2, the distance between the two grooves 3 on the same permanent magnet 2 and the center line of the magnetic pole of the permanent magnet 2 is b1, and the relationship between b1 and b2 satisfies 0.1 ⁇ b2/b1 ⁇ 1.5, which can reduce the cogging torque of the motor.
  • 0.1 ⁇ b2/b1 ⁇ 0.3 the structural design of the groove 3 is better, so that the opening width of the groove 3 and the distance between the two grooves 3 are better matched, which can more effectively reduce the cogging torque of the motor.
  • the width of the groove 3 is the largest at the opening.
  • the parameters of the motor are as follows:
  • Air gap length Q 1 mm
  • the permanent magnet thickness h1 2 mm.
  • Formula 1 is a calculation formula for the motor cogging torque, where l represents the axial length of the motor.
  • h2 is less than or equal to 1.4mm, and b2 ⁇ 1mm.
  • the angle between two grooves 3 on the same permanent magnet 2 is ⁇ 1, 6° ⁇ 1 ⁇ 15°.
  • ⁇ 1 can define the angle between the two grooves 3, and can determine the spacing distance between the two grooves 3 in conjunction with the diameter of the rotor core 1.
  • the angle between the radially outer end points of the two side edges of each groove 3 and the center line of the rotor core 1 is ⁇ 2, and 0.5° ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2°.
  • the groove 3 may have various shapes. In one embodiment, in a cross section perpendicular to the central axis of the rotor core 1 , the groove 3 has a rectangular, U-shaped, arc-shaped or parallelogram-shaped shape.
  • the shape of the groove 3 is a parallelogram, and the parallelogram includes side edges on both sides along the circumferential direction, and the angle formed with the side edges is ⁇ 3, wherein ⁇ 3 satisfies 15° ⁇ 3 ⁇ 75°.
  • the shape of the groove 3 is a parallelogram, so that the groove 3 forms an inclined structure, which can more effectively reduce the eddy current loss of the permanent magnet 2 and improve the working performance of the permanent magnet.
  • the groove 3 extends axially along the rotation axis of the rotor core 1 .
  • the groove 3 passes through both ends of the rotor core 1 along the axial direction of the rotating shaft. This structure is simple to process and can more effectively isolate the surface structure of the permanent magnet 2 and more effectively destroy the skin effect on the surface of the permanent magnet 2.
  • the groove 3 axially penetrates one end of the rotor core 1 along the rotation axis.
  • the groove 3 has a preset distance from both end surfaces of the rotor core 1 .
  • the axial extension length of the groove 3 can be designed and arranged as required, so the structural design is more flexible and the required structure can be obtained more conveniently.
  • Figures 6 and 7 The simplified equivalent impedance model of the permanent magnet 2 is shown in Figures 6 and 7, wherein Figure 6 is an equivalent impedance model diagram of a non-slotted permanent magnet in the related art, and Figure 7 is an equivalent impedance model diagram of a slotted permanent magnet 2 in an embodiment of the present application, wherein the width of the permanent magnet 2 is 2a and the axial length of the permanent magnet is 2b.
  • the permanent magnet segmentation effect can be understood as an increase in the equivalent resistance of the permanent magnet.
  • the motor includes a rotor structure, which is the above-mentioned rotor structure.
  • the motor further includes a stator structure 4 , the rotor structure is sleeved in the stator structure 4 , the stator structure 4 includes a stator winding, and the stator winding is a concentrated winding.
  • An air gap is formed between the stator core of the stator structure 4 and the permanent magnet 2 of the rotor structure, and the air gap length is Q.
  • the stator core and the rotor core are formed by stacking electro-permanent magnet plates, and most of the rotor structure is the main magnetic circuit, which together with the stator core provides a magnetic circuit for magnetomotive force.
  • the motor is a permanent magnet synchronous motor.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Permanent Field Magnets Of Synchronous Machinery (AREA)

Abstract

一种转子结构和电机。所述转子结构包括转子铁芯(1)和表贴在所述转子铁芯(1)的外周的永磁体(2)，所述永磁体(2)为多个，所述多个永磁体(2)沿所述转子铁芯(1)的周向均匀分布，每一永磁体(2)的外表面设置有关于每一所述永磁体(2)的磁极中心线对称的至少两个凹槽(3)。

Description

转子结构和电机
相关申请
本申请要求2023年5月23日申请的，申请号为202310589544.5，名称为“转子结构和电机”的中国专利申请的优先权，在此将其全文引入作为参考。
技术领域
本申请涉及电机技术领域，具体而言，涉及一种转子结构和电机。
背景技术
表贴型永磁同步电动机的转子每极由两块永磁体共同提供磁通，相比其他形式的转子电机，其功率密度可以达到更高。但是由于齿槽物理结构的特点以及钕铁硼永磁材料的广泛应用，电动机在运行过程中出现齿槽转矩和永磁体涡流损耗现象，这使得电机的转矩出现波动，永磁体温度上升，进而影响电机气隙磁密(气隙磁场)的分布，最终导致振动、噪声以及电机效率下降。所以如何解决高功率密度永磁同步电机的齿槽转矩及永磁体涡流损耗大的问题是电机开发者力求解决的问题。
发明内容
本申请的主要目的在于提供一种转子结构和电机，能够有效降低电机的齿槽转矩和涡流损耗，提高电机效率。
为了实现上述目的，根据本申请的一方面，提供了一种转子结构，包括转子铁芯和表贴在转子铁芯的外周的永磁体，永磁体为多个，多个永磁体沿转子铁芯的周向均匀分布，每一永磁体的外表面设置有关于每一永磁体的磁极中心线对称的至少两个凹槽。
在其中一实施例中，永磁体的径向厚度为h1，凹槽的径向高度为h2，其中0＜h2/h1≤0.7。
在其中一实施例中，凹槽的数量为两个，凹槽的开口宽度为b2，0＜b2≤1mm。
在其中一实施例中，凹槽的开口宽度为b2，0＜b2≤0.2mm。
在其中一实施例中，凹槽的数量为两个，同一永磁体上的两个凹槽距离该永磁体的磁极中心线的间距为b1，永磁体的周向宽度为2a，0.1≤2b1/2a＝b1/a≤0.7，优选地0.25≤2b1/2a＝b1/a≤0.5。
在其中一实施例中，1mm≤b1≤6mm，15mm≤2a≤17mm。优选地，2mm≤b1≤4mm，15mm≤2a≤17mm。
在其中一实施例中，2.5mm≤b1≤3.5mm，2a＝16mm。
在其中一实施例中，凹槽的数量为两个，凹槽的开口宽度为b2，同一永磁体上的两个凹槽距离该永磁体的磁极中心线的间距为b1，b1与b2之间的关系满足0.1≤b2/b1≤1.5。
在其中一实施例中，0.1≤b2/b1≤0.3。
在其中一实施例中，在垂直于转子铁芯的旋转轴的截面上，凹槽的形状为矩形、U形、弧形或平行四边形。
在其中一实施例中，在垂直于转子铁芯的旋转轴的截面上，凹槽的形状为平行四边形，平行四边形包括沿周向位于两侧的侧边，其中一个侧边的外端端点与转子铁芯的圆心之间的连线与侧边所形成的夹角为θ3，其中θ3满足15°≤θ3≤75°。
在其中一实施例中，凹槽沿转子铁芯的旋转轴轴向延伸。
在其中一实施例中，凹槽沿旋转轴轴向贯穿转子铁芯的两端；或，凹槽沿轴向贯穿转子铁芯的一端；或，凹槽距离转子铁芯的两个端面均具有预设间距。
根据本申请的另一方面，提供了一种电机，包括转子结构，该转子结构为上述的转子结构。
在其中一实施例中，电机还包括定子结构，转子结构套设在定子结构内，定子结构包括定子绕组，定子绕组为集中绕组。
应用本申请的技术方案，转子结构包括转子铁芯和表贴在转子铁芯的外周的永磁体，永磁体为多个，多个永磁体沿转子铁芯的周向均匀分布，每一永磁体的外表面设置有关于该永磁体的磁极中心线对称的至少两个凹槽。通过在转子结构上开设关于每一永磁体的磁极中心线对称的至少两个凹槽，能够利用凹槽对位于永磁体表面的磁路进行优化调整，改 善定转子之间的磁场分布状况，降低齿槽转矩，降低永磁体表面的集肤效应，有效地减小永磁体表面的电涡流密度，从而提高了电机效率。
附图说明
构成本申请的一部分的说明书附图用来提供对本申请的进一步理解，本申请的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本申请，并不构成对本申请的不当限定。在附图中：
图1示出了本申请的实施例的电机的结构示意图；
图2示出了本申请的实施例的转子结构的结构尺寸图；
图3示出了本申请的实施例的转子结构的结构尺寸图；
图4示出了本申请的实施例的电机的结构示意图；
图5示出了图4的A处的局部放大图；
图6示出了相关技术中未开槽永磁体的等效阻抗图；
图7示出了本申请的实施例的开槽永磁体的等效阻抗图；
图8示出了相关技术中未开槽永磁体的涡流分布图；
图9示出了本申请的实施例的开槽永磁体的涡流分布图；
图10示出了相关技术中未开槽永磁体的齿槽转矩曲线图；
图11示出了本申请的实施例的转子结构的齿槽转矩的b1、b2曲线图；以及
图12示出了本申请的实施例的转子结构的齿槽转矩的h1曲线图。
其中，上述附图包括以下附图标记：
1、转子铁芯；2、永磁体；3、凹槽；4、定子结构。
具体实施方式
需要说明的是，在不冲突的情况下，本申请中的实施例及实施例中的特征可以相互组合。下面将参考附图并结合实施例来详细说明本申请。
结合参见图1至图5所示，根据本申请的实施例，转子结构包括转子铁芯1和表贴在转子铁芯1的外周的永磁体2，永磁体2为多个，多个永磁体2沿转子铁芯1的周向均匀分布，永磁体2的外表面设置有关于该永磁体2的磁极中心线对称的至少两个凹槽3。
通过在转子结构上开设关于永磁体2的磁极中心线对称的至少两个凹槽3，能够利用凹槽3对位于永磁体2表面的磁路进行优化调整，改善定转子之间的磁场分布状况，降低齿槽转矩，降低永磁体2表面的集肤效应，有效地减小永磁体2表面的电涡流密度，从而降低永磁体温升，提高电机效率。
在一个实施例中，转子铁芯1的外周为整圆结构，永磁体2通过胶水固定粘接在转子铁芯1的表面，然后再进行充磁。在本实施例中，永磁体2完全位于转子铁芯1外侧。
在一个实施例中，在转子铁芯1的外周壁上开设有安装槽，永磁体2嵌入安装槽内，然后通过胶水进行粘接固定。在本实施例中，永磁体2可以完全嵌入安装槽内，也可以部分嵌入安装槽内。
在一个实施例中，永磁体2为切向充磁，相邻两块永磁体2互相面对的面极性相同，从而共同提供该极的磁动势，大大提高了电机的功率密度，使得电机可以实现小型化。
在一个实施例中，永磁体2的数量为10个。
在一个实施例中，永磁体2为瓦片型。
在一个实施例中，永磁体2的径向厚度为h1，凹槽3的径向高度为h2，其中0＜h2/h1≤0.7。
在本实施例中，通过限定永磁体2的径向厚度h1与凹槽3的径向高度h2之间的比例关系，能够使得h2的取值与h1相关联，从而能够通过h1对h2进行限定，使得凹槽3的径向高度能够根据永磁体2的径向厚度的变化适应性调节，可以获得一个较好的配合关系，使得获取到的永磁体2既能够有效破坏永磁体表面的集肤效应，降低永磁体2表面的涡流，从而降低永磁体2的温升，提高永磁体2的工作性能。
h2表示永磁体2的开槽深度，因此h2的取值不应过大，需要能够保证永磁体2的机械强度。为了达到该目的，永磁体2的开槽深度h2应该不超过永磁体2的径向厚度h1的70％，也即0＜h2/h1≤0.7。
在一个实施例中，0.1≤h2/h1≤0.7，既可以保证永磁体2上的凹槽3有足够的深度，能够对永磁体2的表面结构进行优化，有效破坏永磁体2表面的集肤效应，降低涡流损耗，又可以避免永磁体2上的凹槽3的深度过大而大幅降低永磁体2的机械强度，保证永磁体2能够稳定可靠运行。
在一个实施例中，每一永磁体2上开设的凹槽3的数量为两个，凹槽3的开口宽度为b2，0＜b2≤1mm。
通过对凹槽3的开口宽度进行限定，使其不超过1mm，能够避免开槽宽度过大而降低永磁体的机械强度和电机性能。
在一个实施例中，凹槽3的开口宽度为b2，0＜b2≤0.2mm，可以在避免开槽宽度过大而降低永磁体的机械强度和电机性能的基础上，更加有效地降低电机的齿槽转矩。
在一个实施例中，每一永磁体2上开设的凹槽3的数量为两个，同一永磁体2上的两个凹槽3距离该永磁体2的磁极中心线的间距均为b1，永磁体2的周向宽度为2a，0.25≤2b1/2a＝b1/a≤0.5。
结合参见图11和图12所示，当b1＝0.5、1、3和4mm时，齿槽转矩随着b2的增大而逐渐增大，当b1＝2和5.5mm时，齿槽转矩随着b2的增大而逐渐减小。因此，可以根据该特点确定齿槽转矩的波谷范围，进而确定两个凹槽3之间的间距2b1与永磁体2的周向宽度2a之间的关系，使得电机所产生的齿槽转矩能够控制在一个较优范围内。经研究发现，当b1和a之间的关系满足0.1≤b1/a≤0.7时，电机的齿槽转矩降低，优选地，当b1和a之间的关系满足0.25≤b1/a≤0.5时，永磁体2的开槽能够较好地降低电机的齿槽转矩。
结合参见图10和图11所示，对相关技术中永磁体未开槽电机的齿槽转矩和本申请实施例的永磁体开槽电机的齿槽转矩进行比较，可以看出，当b2＝0.2mm，b1＝0.5、3、3.5、4和6mm时，永磁体开槽的电机的齿槽转矩小于未开槽时的电机的齿槽转矩。
当选取图11中效果较好的两个点b1＝0.5、b2＝0.2mm和b1＝0.35、b2＝0.4mm，使用这两点的参数然后改变h1数值，从图12中可以看出齿槽转矩随着h2的增大而逐渐降低，但是当h2在0.9-1mm以后，降低趋势变得很缓慢。因此，可以根据该特点确定0.4≤h2/h1≤0.5时，是降低齿槽转矩的优解。
从图11和图12可以看出，通过对比b1、b2参数和h2参数对齿槽转矩的影响情况，得出b1、b2参数对电机的齿槽转矩影响较大，而开槽深度h2在达到一定值以后对电机齿槽转矩的影响较小，所以在对永磁体进行开槽处理时，可以首先根据h1的大小预设开槽深度h2，然后着重关注参数b1和b2，也即同一永磁体2上开设的两个凹槽3的间距和凹槽3的开口宽度设计。
在一个实施例中，1mm≤b1≤6mm，15mm≤2a≤17mm，优选地2mm≤b1≤4mm，15mm≤2a≤17mm。两个凹槽3之间的间隔受永磁体2的周向宽度2a影响，两者之间的匹配关系对电机的齿槽转矩存在较大影响，通过合理限定两者的数值匹配关系，能够使得永磁体2表面的凹槽形成良好的结构设计，可以将电机的齿槽转矩控制在一个较低的范围内，提高电机的工作性能，降低永磁体温升。
在一个实施例中，2.5mm≤b1≤3.5mm，2a＝16mm。
在一个实施例中，每一永磁体2上开设的凹槽3的数量为两个，凹槽3的开口宽度为b2，同一永磁体2上的两个凹槽3距离该永磁体2的磁极中心线的间距为b1，b1与b2之间的关系满足0.1≤b2/b1≤1.5，能够使电机的齿槽转矩较小。
在一个实施例中，0.1≤b2/b1≤0.3，在该取值范围内凹槽3的结构设计较优，使得凹槽3的开口宽度与两个凹槽3之间的间距的匹配关系更好，可以更加有效地减小电机的齿槽转矩。
在一个实施例中，如图3所示，凹槽3在开口处的宽度最大。
在一个实施例中，电机的参数如下：
转子外径＝63mm；
气隙长度Q＝1mm；
定子外径＝124mm；
永磁体厚度h1＝2mm。
公式1是电机齿槽转矩的计算公式，式1中l表示电机轴向长度。
如图10所示，对相关技术中永磁体未开槽电机的齿槽转矩进行仿真，可以计算出齿槽转矩＝58.0315mN.m。
其中h2的取值为小于或等于1.4mm，b2≤1mm。
在一个实施例中，如图3所示，同一永磁体2上的两个凹槽3之间的夹角为θ1，6°≤θ1≤15°。θ1能够限定两个凹槽3之间的夹角，与转子铁芯1的直径配合，能够确定两个凹槽3之间的间隔距离。
在一个实施例中，如图3所示，每一凹槽3的两个侧边的径向外端点与转子铁芯1的中心连线之间的夹角为θ2，0.5°≤θ1≤2°。
凹槽3的形状可以为多种，在一个实施例中，在垂直于转子铁芯1的中心轴线的截面上，凹槽3的形状为矩形、U形、弧形或平行四边形。
在一个实施例中，如图3所示，在垂直于转子铁芯1的旋转轴的截面上，凹槽3的形状为平行四边形，平行四边形包括沿周向位于两侧的侧边，与侧边所形成的夹角为θ3，其中θ3满足15°≤θ3≤75°。
在本实施例中，凹槽3的形状为平行四边形，使得凹槽3形成倾斜结构，可以更加有效地降低永磁体2的涡流损耗，提高永磁体的工作性能。
在一个实施例中，凹槽3沿转子铁芯1的旋转轴轴向延伸。
在一个实施例中，凹槽3沿旋转轴轴向贯穿转子铁芯1的两端，该种结构加工简单，且能够更加有效地隔断永磁体2的表面结构，更加有效地破坏永磁体2表面的集肤效应。
在一个实施例中，凹槽3沿旋转轴轴向贯穿转子铁芯1的一端。
在一个实施例中，凹槽3距离转子铁芯1的两个端面均具有预设间距。
凹槽3的轴向延伸长度可以根据需要进行设计和布置，因此结构设计更加灵活，可以更加方便地获得所需的结构。
永磁体2的等效阻抗简化模型如图6和图7所示，其中图6为相关技术中未开槽永磁体的等效阻抗模型图，图7为本申请实施例的开槽永磁体2的等效阻抗模型图，其中永磁体2宽度为2a，永磁体轴向长度为2b。永磁体分块效应可以理解为永磁体等效电阻的增加。
当永磁体2上设置两个凹槽3之后，相当于永磁体2的表面被分割成三段，切割面多了2个等效电阻Rb。当永磁体分割成N段之后，将会多出N-1个等效电阻Rb。
根据涡流的集肤效应可知，涡流分布在永磁体表面。永磁体开槽前后涡流分布如图8和图9所示，其中图8为相关技术中的未开槽永磁体的涡流分布图，图9为本申请实施例的开槽永磁体2的涡流分布图，从图8和图9的对比可以看出，永磁体2开槽后可以有效地减小永磁体2表面的电涡流密度。
通过公式2可以计算得到永磁体2开槽前后涡流损耗，其中N表示永磁体分段数；计算得到采用未开槽永磁体的电机涡流损耗W未开槽＝45W，采用开槽永磁体的电机W开槽＝18W。
采用开槽永磁体的电机涡流损耗与采用未开槽永磁体的电机的涡流损耗的差值为45-18＝27W，涡流损耗降低比例为27W/45W＝60％，也即采用本申请实施例的转子结构的电机，涡流损耗比相关技术中的电机降低了60％，涡流损耗大幅度降低，因此永磁体温升得到有效控制，电机性能得到有效提升。
根据计算结果可以看出，永磁体开槽可以很好地减小永磁体涡流损耗。
综合以上分析，当固定气隙长度Q＝1mm，转子外径＝63mm且永磁体厚度＝2mm时，通过在永磁体中心线两侧对称位置开设凹槽3，改变凹槽3的槽宽b2、两个槽间距2b1和凹槽3的径向高度h2，可以很好的降低电机的齿槽转矩；通过对永磁体进行周向开槽，可以有效地降低永磁体的涡流损耗，进而改善永磁体发热情况。
根据本申请的实施例，电机包括转子结构，该转子结构为上述的转子结构。
在一个实施例中，如图1所示，电机还包括定子结构4，转子结构套设在定子结构4内，定子结构4包括定子绕组，定子绕组为集中绕组。
定子结构4的定子铁芯与转子结构的永磁体2之间形成空气隙，气隙长度为Q。定子铁芯和转子铁芯由电永磁体板充制叠压而成，转子大部分结构为主磁路，和定子铁芯共同为磁动势提供磁路。
在一个实施例中，电机为永磁同步电机。
需要注意的是，这里所使用的术语仅是为了描述具体实施方式，而非意图限制根据本申请的示例性实施方式。如在这里所使用的，除非上下文另外明确指出，否则单数形式也意图包括复数形式，此外，还应当理解的是，当在本说明书中使用术语“包含”和/或“包括”时，其指明存在特征、步骤、操作、器件、组件和/或它们的组合。
需要说明的是，本申请的说明书和权利要求书及上述附图中的术语“第一”、“第二”等是用于区别类似的对象，而不必用于描述特定的顺序或先后次序。应该理解这样使用的数据在适当情况下可以互换，以便这里描述的本申请的实施方式能够以除了在这里图示或描述的那些以外的顺序实施。
以上所述仅为本申请的优选实施例而已，并不用于限制本申请，对于本领域的技术人员来说，本申请可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本申请的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本申请的保护范围之内。

Claims (15)

  1. 一种转子结构，其特征在于，包括转子铁芯(1)和表贴在所述转子铁芯(1)的外周的永磁体(2)，所述永磁体(2)为多个，所述多个永磁体(2)沿所述转子铁芯(1)的周向均匀分布，每一永磁体(2)的外表面设置有关于每一所述永磁体(2)的磁极中心线对称的至少两个凹槽(3)。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的转子结构，其特征在于，所述永磁体(2)的径向厚度为h1，所述凹槽(3)的径向高度为h2，其中0＜h2/h1≤0.7。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的转子结构，其特征在于，所述凹槽(3)的数量为两个，所述凹槽(3)的开口宽度为b2，0＜b2≤1mm。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的转子结构，其特征在于，所述凹槽(3)的开口宽度为b2，0＜b2≤0.2mm。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的转子结构，其特征在于，所述凹槽(3)的数量为两个，同一所述永磁体(2)上的两个所述凹槽(3)距离该永磁体(2)的磁极中心线的间距为b1，所述永磁体(2)的周向宽度为2a，0.1≤2b1/2a＝b1/a≤0.7。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的转子结构，其特征在于，1mm≤b1≤6mm，15mm≤2a≤17mm。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的转子结构，其特征在于，2.5mm≤b1≤3.5mm，2a＝16mm。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的转子结构，其特征在于，所述凹槽(3)的数量为两个，所述凹槽(3)的开口宽度为b2，同一所述永磁体(2)上的两个所述凹槽(3)距离该永磁体(2)的磁极中心线的间距为b1，b1与b2之间的关系满足0.1≤b2/b1≤1.5。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的转子结构，其特征在于，0.1≤b2/b1≤0.3。
  10. 根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的转子结构，其特征在于，在垂直于所述转子铁芯(1)的旋转轴的截面上，所述凹槽(3)的形状为矩形、U形、弧形或平行四边形。
  11. 根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的转子结构，其特征在于，在垂直于所述转子铁芯(1)的旋转轴的截面上，所述凹槽(3)的形状为平行四边形，所述平行四边形包括沿周向位于两侧的侧边，其中一个所述侧边的外端端点与所述转子铁芯的圆心之间的连线与所述侧边所形成的夹角为θ3，其中θ3满足15°≤θ3≤75°。
  12. 根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的转子结构，其特征在于，所述凹槽(3)沿所述转子铁芯(1)的旋转轴轴向延伸。
  13. 根据权利要求12所述的转子结构，其特征在于，所述凹槽(3)沿所述旋转轴轴向贯穿所述转子铁芯(1)的两端；或，所述凹槽(3)沿所述轴向贯穿所述转子铁芯(1)的一端；或，所述凹槽(3)距离所述转子铁芯(1)的两个端面均具有预设间距。
  14. 一种电机，包括转子结构，其特征在于，所述转子结构为权利要求1至13中任一项所述的转子结构。
  15. 根据权利要求14所述的电机，其特征在于，所述电机还包括定子结构(4)，所述转子结构套设在所述定子结构(4)内，所述定子结构(4)包括定子绕组，所述定子绕组为集中绕组。
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