WO2024150653A1 - 裏面照射型撮像素子、生体試料分析用流路ユニット、及び生体試料分析システム - Google Patents
裏面照射型撮像素子、生体試料分析用流路ユニット、及び生体試料分析システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024150653A1 WO2024150653A1 PCT/JP2023/046365 JP2023046365W WO2024150653A1 WO 2024150653 A1 WO2024150653 A1 WO 2024150653A1 JP 2023046365 W JP2023046365 W JP 2023046365W WO 2024150653 A1 WO2024150653 A1 WO 2024150653A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M1/00—Apparatus for enzymology or microbiology
- C12M1/42—Apparatus for the treatment of microorganisms or enzymes with electrical or wave energy, e.g. magnetism, sonic waves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
- G01N21/03—Cuvette constructions
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
- G01N21/03—Cuvette constructions
- G01N21/05—Flow-through cuvettes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F30/00—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors
- H10F30/20—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/10—Integrated devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/10—Integrated devices
- H10F39/12—Image sensors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/40—Optical elements or arrangements
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to a back-illuminated imaging element, a flow path unit for biological sample analysis, and a biological sample analysis system.
- Patent Document 1 discloses, regarding such devices, "a biological substance detection chip comprising a plurality of pixels, the pixels at least comprising a holding surface for holding biological substances, and a photoelectric conversion unit provided below the holding surface and on a semiconductor substrate, and a color mixing suppression unit is provided between the pixels.” (Claim 1).
- DNA is often the detection target.
- An example of a device that analyzes the base sequence of DNA is a DNA sequencer.
- a DNA sequencer uses fluorescence to determine the type of base that makes up DNA.
- a DNA sequencer is configured to be able to irradiate excitation light, and may further have a detection unit that includes, for example, transparent glass that transmits the excitation light, a flow path through which the sample flows, a nanowell, an optical filter, and a photodiode.
- the nanowell has a well-shaped shape that is large enough to hold, for example, fragmented DNA.
- the miniaturization of the unit pixel size reduces the distance between pixels, which causes optical crosstalk and generates noise, which bury the fluorescent signal derived from DNA, and this can result in a decrease in the accuracy of fluorescent detection.
- a thick filter for blocking excitation light can also lead to a decrease in the accuracy of fluorescence detection due to optical crosstalk. For example, if the filter is thick, the distance between the detection unit and the fluorescent material increases, which causes fluorescence diffusing in an oblique direction to enter adjacent pixels and become noise. Such optical crosstalk deteriorates the S/N ratio.
- excitation light for generating fluorescence can also reduce the accuracy of fluorescence detection. For example, when the main ray of the excitation light is directly incident on the sensor, the excitation light component becomes noise, which can also reduce the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- the present disclosure therefore aims to provide technology that improves the accuracy of fluorescence detection in biological sample analysis.
- the present disclosure relates to an analyte holder configured to hold an analyte; a fluorescence detection unit that detects fluorescence generated by irradiating the analyte with excitation light;
- the present invention provides a back-illuminated imaging element having a plurality of pixel units each including at least one of the above.
- the analyte holder has the shape of a well;
- the detection unit may be provided so as to cover the side surface of the well in addition to the bottom surface of the well.
- the back-illuminated imaging element may have trenches between pixel units.
- two or more wells may be connected to form a columnar structure.
- Each pixel unit may be provided with an electrode pair to which a voltage is applied to modulate the location of the analyte.
- Each pixel unit may be provided with an excitation light blocking section that prevents the excitation light from reaching the detection section.
- the excitation light blocking section may include a multilayer reflective filter.
- the multilayer reflective filter may be disposed between the analyte holder and the detector.
- Each pixel unit may further include an excitation light detector that detects the excitation light.
- the back-illuminated image sensor may be configured such that the signal acquired by the excitation light detection section is used to process the signal acquired by the fluorescence detection section.
- the excitation light blocking portion may include a polarizer, a plasmon filter, a metamaterial, or a multilayer film with a Fabry-Perot structure.
- the excitation light blocking portion may be configured to transmit the fluorescent light.
- the excitation light blocking unit may include a polarizer, The excitation light may be polarized light.
- the excitation light blocking unit includes a polarizer, One polarizer may be provided so as to cover two or more pixel-unit detection sections.
- the fluorescence detection unit may have two or more photodiodes. The two or more photodiodes may be arranged to form a vertical stack structure between the analyte holder and a wiring layer.
- the photodiode closer to the wiring layer may be configured to detect fluorescence with a longer wavelength.
- the two or more photodiodes may form a two-layer structure or a three-layer structure.
- the present disclosure also provides A back-illuminated imaging element having a plurality of pixel units, each pixel unit including at least an analyte holding unit configured to hold an analyte and a fluorescence detection unit that detects fluorescence generated by irradiating the analyte with excitation light; and a flow path for supplying a biological sample to the analyte holder; There is also provided a flow path unit for analyzing a biological sample, comprising:
- the present disclosure also provides A back-illuminated imaging element having a plurality of pixel units, each pixel unit including at least an analyte holding unit configured to hold an analyte and a fluorescence detection unit that detects fluorescence generated by irradiating the analyt
- FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining the size of a well and a pixel unit.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining the size of a well and a pixel unit.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of an electronic readout unit.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the configuration of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure having a multilayer reflective filter.
- 1A and 1B are schematic diagrams illustrating an example of the configuration of a multilayer reflection filter.
- 1A and 1B are schematic diagrams illustrating an example of the configuration of a multilayer reflection filter.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the configuration of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure having a multilayer reflective filter.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the configuration of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure having a multilayer reflective filter.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an example of a configuration of a trench.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an example of a polarizer pattern.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of a film having an FP structure.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the results of sensitivity verification.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the results of sensitivity verification.
- 1A to 1C are schematic diagrams for explaining a method for manufacturing a back-illuminated image sensor according to the present disclosure.
- 1A to 1C are schematic diagrams for explaining a method for manufacturing a back-illuminated image sensor according to the present disclosure.
- 1A to 1C are schematic diagrams for explaining a method for manufacturing a back-illuminated image sensor according to the present disclosure.
- 1A to 1C are schematic diagrams for explaining a method for manufacturing a back-illuminated image sensor according to the present disclosure.
- 1A to 1C are schematic diagrams for explaining a method for manufacturing a back-illuminated image sensor according to the present disclosure.
- 1A to 1C are schematic diagrams for explaining a method for manufacturing a back-illuminated image sensor according to the present disclosure.
- 1A to 1C are schematic diagrams for explaining a method for manufacturing a back-illuminated image sensor according to the present disclosure.
- 1A to 1C are schematic diagrams for explaining a method for manufacturing a back-illuminated image sensor according to the present disclosure.
- 1A to 1C are schematic diagrams for explaining a method for manufacturing a back-illuminated image sensor according to the present disclosure.
- 1A to 1C are schematic diagrams for explaining a method for manufacturing a back-illuminated image sensor according to the present disclosure.
- 1A to 1C are schematic diagrams for explaining a method for manufacturing a back-illuminated image sensor according to the present disclosure.
- 5A and 5B are schematic diagrams illustrating an example of the configuration of a flow path unit according to the present disclosure.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example configuration of a biological sample analysis system according to the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a state in which light passes through a multilayer reflective filter.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram for explaining a method of calculating transmittance T.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram for explaining a method of calculating transmittance T.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram for explaining a method of calculating transmittance T.
- First embodiment back-illuminated image sensor
- Second embodiment flow path unit for biological sample analysis
- Third embodiment biological sample analysis system
- the present inventors have found that an imaging element having a specific configuration is useful for improving the accuracy of fluorescence detection. That is, the present disclosure provides a specific type of imaging element having a plurality of pixel units having a specific configuration.
- the pixel unit at least includes an analyte holding unit configured to hold an analyte, and a fluorescence detection unit that detects fluorescence generated by irradiation of the analyte with excitation light, and the imaging element is a back-illuminated type.
- the fact that each pixel has the analyte holding unit and the fluorescence detection unit and that the imaging element is a back-illuminated type contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- each pixel has the analyte holding unit and the fluorescence detection unit, fluorescence derived from minute biomolecules can be detected with high accuracy.
- the wiring layer is located directly above the photodiode, so that the fluorescence is scattered by the wiring layer and does not enter the photodiode, which may result in a loss of signal.
- the image sensor of the present disclosure is configured as a back-illuminated image sensor, so that scattering of the fluorescence by the wiring layer can be prevented.
- configuration example described below in 1.1 may be combined with the configuration in 1.3 or 1.4 below.
- configuration example described below in 1.2 may be combined with the configuration in 1.3 or 1.4 below.
- Example 1-1 (basic configuration example)
- the analyte holding portion has a shape of a well
- the detection portion is provided so as to cover the side surface of the well in addition to the bottom surface of the well.
- Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- 1D on the left side of the figure shows a schematic diagram of a cross section of a pixel unit 101 of the image sensor. This cross section is taken along a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along the broken line A-A' in the figure (d).
- a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern.
- the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the imaging element.
- the right side of the figure (b) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along the broken line B-B' in the figure (d).
- a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern.
- the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the imaging element.
- the right side of the figure (c) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along the broken line CC' in the figure (d).
- a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern.
- the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the imaging element.
- the pixel unit 101 has a well 103.
- the well 103 may be covered with an insulating film 102 as shown in the figure.
- the shape of the opening of the well 103 (particularly the shape in a plane parallel to the light receiving surface) is rectangular in FIG. 1A, but may be another polygonal shape, or may be circular or elliptical.
- the wells 103 (and the insulating film 102 covering the wells) may be configured to hold an analyte, i.e., correspond to an analyte holding portion.
- the size D1 of the opening of the well 103 may be, for example, 50 nm or more, preferably 100 nm or more, 200 nm or more, or 300 nm or more.
- the size D1 may be, for example, 200 ⁇ m or less, preferably 150 ⁇ m or less, 120 ⁇ m or less, or 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the size D1 may be appropriately set by a person skilled in the art depending on, for example, the size of the analyte.
- the size D1 may be, for example, 1 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m, particularly 10 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m. In cases where the analyte is a cell component such as a nucleic acid or a protein, the size D1 may be, for example, 50 nm to 1000 nm, particularly 100 nm to 900 nm.
- Size D1 may mean, for example, the length of one side if the opening shape of the well is a square, the length of the long side if the opening shape is a rectangle, the length of the maximum side if the opening shape is another rectangle, the maximum diagonal distance if the opening shape is a polygon with 5 or more sides, the diameter if the opening shape is a circle, or the major axis if the opening shape is an ellipse.
- the size D2 of the bottom of the well 103 may be, for example, 50 nm or more, preferably 100 nm or more, 200 nm or more, or 300 nm or more.
- the size D2 may be, for example, 200 ⁇ m or less, preferably 150 ⁇ m or less, 120 ⁇ m or less, or 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the size D2 may be appropriately set by a person skilled in the art depending on, for example, the size of the analyte.
- the size D2 may be, for example, 1 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m, particularly 10 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- the size D2 may be, for example, 50 nm to 1000 nm, particularly 100 nm to 900 nm.
- the size D2 may mean, for example, the length of one side when the bottom shape of the well is a square, the length of the long side when the bottom shape is a rectangle, the length of the maximum side when the bottom shape is another rectangle, the maximum diagonal distance when the bottom shape is a polygon with 5 or more sides, the diameter when the bottom shape is a circle, and the major axis when the bottom shape is an ellipse.
- the size D2 may be different from the size D1 or may be the same. If they are different, preferably, the size D1 of the opening may be larger than the size D2 of the bottom as shown in the figure, but the size D1 may be smaller than the size D2.
- the size D3 of the depth of the well 103 may be, for example, 50 nm or more, preferably 100 nm or more, 200 nm or more, or 300 nm or more.
- the size D3 may be, for example, 200 ⁇ m or less, preferably 150 ⁇ m or less, 120 ⁇ m or less, or 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the size D3 may be appropriately set by a person skilled in the art depending on, for example, the size of the analyte. In cases where the analyte is a cell, the size D3 may be, for example, 1 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m, particularly 10 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- the size D3 may be, for example, 50 nm to 1000 nm, particularly 100 nm to 900 nm.
- the size D3 may refer to the distance between the opening and the bottom.
- the size D4 of the pixel unit 101 (also referred to as the cell size) may be larger than the size D1 of the well, for example, 100 nm or more, preferably 200 nm or more, 300 nm or more, or 400 nm or more.
- the size D4 may be, for example, 300 ⁇ m or less, preferably 200 ⁇ m or less, 150 ⁇ m or less, or 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the size D4 may be appropriately set by a person skilled in the art depending on, for example, the size of the analyte.
- the size D4 may be, for example, 2 ⁇ m to 400 ⁇ m, particularly 10 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m.
- the size D4 may be, for example, 100 nm to 5000 nm, particularly 200 nm to 3000 nm.
- Size D4 may mean the length of one side if the shape of the pixel unit is a square, the length of the long side if the shape of the pixel unit is a rectangle, the length of the longest side if the shape of the pixel unit is any other rectangle, or the maximum diagonal distance if the shape of a polygonal pixel unit is 5 or more sides.
- the well 103 may be configured to hold an analyte.
- a compound that holds the analyte may be immobilized on the surface (particularly the bottom surface) of the well 103.
- the compound may be appropriately selected by a person skilled in the art depending on the type of analyte.
- the compound may be, for example, a nucleic acid, but is not limited to this, and may be other compounds such as proteins, peptides, sugars, or lipids.
- the analyte is a nucleic acid such as DNA or RNA
- the compound may also be a nucleic acid such as, but not limited to, DNA or RNA, and may be, for example, a protein, a peptide, a sugar, or a lipid.
- the analyte may be a compound or a biological particle other than a nucleic acid, such as a cell or an endoplasmic reticulum, etc.
- the compound may be, but is not limited to, a nucleic acid, a protein, a peptide, a sugar, or a lipid.
- the compound to be immobilized may be, for example, a compound for capturing a bioreceptor within the well (particularly on the bottom surface of the well), and may be, for example, a SAM reagent, a bifunctional reagent, an activated reagent (e.g., a carboxylic acid activated reagent), or a biotinylated reagent.
- the pixel unit 101 has a photodiode 104.
- the photodiode may be a photodiode for detecting fluorescence.
- the photodiode may be, for example, a Si photodiode, and may have, for example, an N region 104N and a P region 104P of Si. As shown in the figure, the N region 104N may be surrounded by the P region 104P.
- the photodiode may be configured to cover the bottom and side surfaces of the well, i.e., the photodiode also has a well shape. This allows the fluorescence generated by irradiating the sample S1 with the excitation light L1 to be detected not only in the direction toward the bottom surface of the well, but also in the direction toward the side surface of the well. This improves the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- the pixel unit 101 has a gate electrode portion 105 (also referred to as TG).
- the gate electrode portion may have, for example, polysilicon (Poly-Si).
- the gate electrode portion may be configured as a vertical transfer gate (VG) to be described later.
- the pixel unit 101 further has a floating diffusion FD to which electrons accumulated in the photodiode are transferred, and a contact CS connected to the floating diffusion.
- the photodiode 104 may have a buried photodiode structure.
- a gate electrode portion 105 may be connected to the photodiode 104 having this structure.
- Electrons stored in the photodiode 104 are transferred from the gate electrode portion 105 to a floating diffusion FD, and then read out from a contact CS.
- a component provided for reading out electrons from a photodiode is also referred to as an electron readout unit.
- the electron readout unit may include a gate electrode unit 105 (TG), a floating diffusion FD, and a contact CS.
- the floating diffusion is provided for each pixel unit, and the electron readout unit has a so-called FD non-shared structure.
- the electronic readout unit may have a structure in which a floating diffusion is shared by a plurality of pixel units, or may have a so-called FD sharing structure.
- FIG. 2C shows a configuration example of an electron readout unit in a non-FD sharing system and a configuration example of an electron readout unit in a FD sharing system.
- FIG. 2A shows a schematic configuration example of an example of an FD sharing type electron readout unit 251 (part surrounded by a dashed line). This configuration example is the same as that of FIG. 2A.
- FIG. 2C shows a configuration example of an FD non-shared type electron readout unit (part surrounded by a dashed line).
- FIG. 2B has a gate electrode unit TG, a floating diffusion FD, and a contact CS, similar to the electron readout unit 250 shown in FIG. 2A, but is provided at a position where the FD and CS are shared with the adjacent pixel unit.
- the FD and CS may be shared by, for example, four pixel units.
- a Poly-Si contact may be used in the FD sharing type electron readout unit.
- the shapes, dimensions, and arrangements of the photodiode and electronic readout unit may be appropriately changed by those skilled in the art, and are not limited to those shown in these drawings.
- the pixel unit 101 is separated from other unit pixels by a partition portion 106.
- the partition portion 106 may be called a trench.
- the back-illuminated imaging element of the present disclosure may have a trench provided between the pixel units.
- the partition 106 is provided between a certain unit pixel and another unit pixel.
- the partition 106 may be made of an insulator or a metal.
- the partition 106 prevents the excitation light L1 that has entered the pixel unit 101 and the fluorescence generated from the analyte S1 in the pixel unit 101 from entering other unit pixels.
- the partition 106 also prevents electrons in the photodiode 104 from entering the photodiode of another unit pixel.
- the image sensor 100 is of a back-illuminated type, that is, a wiring layer is provided on the side opposite to the fluorescent light incident side of the photodiode.
- a well 103 is provided on one side of the photodiode 104, and a wiring layer is provided on the opposite side of the photodiode 104. That is, the pixel unit 101 has a layered structure in which the wiring layer, the detection section (photodiode), and the analyte holding section (well) are arranged in this order.
- the imaging element of the present disclosure is configured in this way, so that it can acquire a larger fluorescent signal, which contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescent detection.
- the imaging element 100 may have a configuration in which a plurality of pixel units 101 are arranged in a lattice pattern, as shown in FIG. 1.
- the number of pixel units 101 (i.e., the number of pixels) of one imaging element 100 may be appropriately selected by a person skilled in the art depending on factors such as the size of the imaging element or the imaging target.
- the number of pixels may be, for example, 500 pixels or more, and may be, in particular, 1,000 pixels or more, 5,000 pixels or more, 10,000 pixels or more, 50,000 pixels or more, or 100,000 pixels or more.
- the upper limit of the number of pixels of the imaging element does not need to be specified, but may be, for example, 10,000,000 pixels or less, and in particular, 8,000,000 pixels or less, 6,000,000 pixels or less, 4,000,000 pixels or less, or 2,000,000 pixels or less.
- the size of the imaging element 100 may be, for example, 3 mm or more, particularly 5 mm or more, 7 mm or more, or 10 mm or more, with respect to its lower limit.
- the size may be, for example, 80 mm or less, particularly 70 mm or less or 60 mm or less, with respect to its upper limit.
- the imaging element may have a size of, for example, 3 mm to 80 mm (size of one side of the rectangle) x 3 mm to 80 mm (size of the other side of the rectangle), particularly 10 mm to 60 mm x 10 mm to 60 mm.
- the size of the imaging element may refer to the size of the light receiving surface on which pixel units are arranged.
- the shape of the imaging element may be, for example, rectangular, and more specifically, rectangular or square. When the shape of the light receiving surface of the imaging element is rectangular, the size of the imaging element may refer to the long side of the light receiving surface (the short side may be shorter than the size). When the shape of the light receiving surface of the imaging element is square, the size of the imaging element may refer to one side of the light receiving surface.
- the imaging element When the imaging element is incorporated into a biological sample analysis system, only one imaging element may be incorporated, or two or more imaging elements may be incorporated. For example, when two or more imaging elements are used, these imaging elements may be arranged, for example, in a tiled form.
- the biological sample analysis system may have a plurality of imaging elements according to the present disclosure, and the plurality of imaging elements may be connected together by tiling.
- the connected plurality of imaging elements may be used as one sensor, and in particular may form one imaging surface.
- the plurality of imaging elements may be composed of one type of imaging element, or may be composed of two or more types of imaging elements.
- a space may be formed to allow an analyte to reach and be held in the well.
- the space may be a flow path through which the analyte flows.
- a liquid sample containing an analyte flows through the space, and the analyte may be captured at the bottom surface of the well.
- At least a part of the space may be formed by the well shape.
- Another part of the space may be formed by the transparent substrate 108 as shown in FIG. 1.
- the transparent substrate 108 is transparent, so that the excitation light can reach the inside of the well.
- the material of the transparent substrate 108 may be, for example, glass, but may also be resin (e.g., acrylic resin or polycarbonate resin).
- the imaging device 100 may have a space for allowing the analyte to reach the well, and may further have a transparent substrate 108 that forms the space.
- Example 1-2 (row-structured wells)
- the imaging element 100 described in Example 1-1 above is used so that the excitation light L1 is incident perpendicularly to the light receiving surface of the imaging element.
- the excitation light traveling in a direction horizontal to the light receiving surface may be irradiated onto the analyte held in the well.
- two or more wells may be connected to form a row structure.
- An example of an imaging element in which such excitation light irradiation is performed will be described with reference to FIG. 3.
- the figure is a schematic diagram of the structure of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- FIG. 1 On the left side of the figure, a schematic diagram of a cross section of a pixel unit 111 of the image sensor is shown. The cross section is taken along a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- (a) to (c) on the right side of the same figure are schematic diagrams showing a portion of the light receiving surface of the image sensor 110 in which pixel units 111 are arranged in a grid pattern, and more specifically, are schematic diagrams of cross sections as follows.
- the right side of the figure (a) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line A-A' in the figure (d), in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the right side of the figure (b) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line B-B' in the figure (d), in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- FIG. 1 On the right side of the figure is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line CC' in (d) of the figure, in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken on a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- (e) on the left side of the figure shows a schematic diagram of a cross section of a pixel unit 111 of the imaging element.
- the cross section is a cross section on a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the imaging element and along the traveling direction of the excitation light L1.
- the dashed line D-D' in (e) corresponds to the dashed line D-D' in (a) on the right side of the figure.
- the dashed line E-E' in (e) corresponds to the dashed line E-E' in (a) on the right side of the figure.
- the dashed line F-F' in (e) corresponds to the dashed line F-F' in (a) on the right side of the figure.
- the pixel unit 111 has a well 113.
- the well 113 may be covered with an insulating film 112 as shown in the figure.
- the wells 113 of the pixel unit 111 have a column shape.
- the wells 113 form one column together with the wells of two adjacent pixel units.
- the excitation light L1 is irradiated so as to travel along the direction of the column.
- the wells 113 (and the insulating film 112 covering the wells) may be configured to hold an analyte, i.e., correspond to an analyte holding portion.
- the excitation light L1 can travel parallel to the row. This makes it possible to prevent the excitation light L1 from entering the photodiode 114. This makes it possible to reduce noise caused by the excitation light L1.
- the sizes of the well 113 and the pixel unit 111 may be similar to those in Example 1-1 above, and the description thereof also applies to this example.
- the width of the row at the opening of well 113 corresponds to size D1 of the opening of well 103.
- the width of the row at the bottom of well 113 corresponds to size D2 of the bottom of well 103.
- Well 113 may be configured to hold an analyte, similar to well 103 described in Example 1-1 above. That is, the surface configuration of well 113 may be similar to the surface configuration of well 103.
- the pixel unit 111 has a photodiode 114.
- the photodiode may be, for example, a Si photodiode, and may have, for example, an N region 114N and a P region 115P of Si. As shown in the figure, the N region 114N may be surrounded by the P region 115P.
- the photodiode 114 is provided so as to cover the side surface of the well in addition to the bottom surface of the well, similar to the photodiode 104 described in Example 1-1 above.
- the photodiode may be configured to cover the bottom and side surfaces of the well, i.e., the photodiode also has a well shape. This allows the fluorescence generated by irradiating the sample S1 with the excitation light L1 to be detected not only in the direction toward the bottom surface of the well, but also in the direction toward the side surface of the well. This improves the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- the pixel unit 111 has polysilicon (Poly-Si) 115 (also called TG).
- the polysilicon functions as a gate electrode portion.
- the pixel unit 111 further has a floating diffusion FD to which electrons stored in the photodiode are transferred, and a contact CS connected to the floating diffusion.
- the TG, FD, and CS are also called an electron readout portion, as explained in Example 1-1 above.
- the electron readout portion and the TG, FD, and CS are as explained in Example 1-1 above, and the explanation also applies to this example.
- the pixel unit 111 is separated from other unit pixels by a partition portion 116.
- the partition portion 116 may be called a trench.
- the partition portion 116 may be configured in the same manner as the partition portion 106 described in Example 1-1 above.
- the image sensor 110 is of a back-illuminated type, that is, a wiring layer is provided on the side opposite to the fluorescent light incident side of the photodiode.
- a well 113 is provided on one side of the photodiode 114, and a wiring layer is provided on the opposite side of the photodiode 114. That is, the pixel unit 111 has a layered structure in which the wiring layer, the detection section (photodiode), and the analyte holding section (well) are arranged in this order.
- the imaging element of the present disclosure is configured in this way, so that it can acquire a larger fluorescent signal, which contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescent detection.
- the number of pixel units that the image sensor 110 has and the size of the image sensor 110 may be as described for the image sensor 100 in Example 1 above, and that description also applies to this example.
- a space may be formed to allow an analyte to reach and be held in the well. At least a part of the space may be formed by the shape of the well. Another part of the space may be formed by a transparent substrate 118 as shown in FIG. 3.
- the transparent substrate 118 is transparent, so that excitation light can reach the inside of the well.
- the material of the transparent substrate 118 may be, for example, glass, or may be a resin (e.g., an acrylic resin or a polycarbonate resin).
- the imaging element 110 may have a space for allowing the analyte to reach the well, and may further have a transparent substrate 118 that forms the space.
- an electrode pair may be provided in the imaging device according to the present disclosure.
- the electrode pair may be a pair of a first electrode and a second electrode.
- the first electrode and the second electrode constituting the electrode pair may both preferably be transparent electrode layers, or both may be metal electrode layers.
- the first electrode and/or the second electrode may preferably be a transparent electrode layer. By using a transparent electrode layer, attenuation of light (excitation light and/or fluorescence) can be prevented.
- an insulating film may be laminated on the transparent electrode layer or the metal electrode layer.
- the electrode layer and the insulating film may be configured to transmit an electric field to the analyte by capacitive coupling. In this manner, the position of the analyte (biological material) may be controlled.
- An example of the configuration of an image sensor provided with the electrode pair will be described with reference to Figures 4A to 4C. All of the image sensors shown in these figures have the same configuration as the image sensor described in Example 1-2 above, except that an electrode pair for holding the analyte at a predetermined position is added to the configuration of the image sensor described in Example 1-2 above. Therefore, the configuration of the electrode pair will be mainly described below.
- FIG. 4A shows an example of a configuration in which both the first electrode and the second electrode constituting the electrode pair are provided above a well.
- a schematic diagram of a cross section of a pixel unit 121 of the image sensor is shown. The cross section is taken along a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- (a) to (c) on the right side of the figure are schematic diagrams showing a portion of the light receiving surface of the image sensor 120 in which pixel units 121 are arranged in a grid pattern, and more specifically, are schematic diagrams of cross sections as follows.
- the right side of the figure (a) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line A-A' in the figure (d), in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the right side of the figure (b) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line B-B' in the figure (d), in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- FIG. 1 On the right side of the figure is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line CC' in (d) of the figure, in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken on a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- (e) on the left side of the figure shows a schematic diagram of a cross section of a pixel unit 121 of the imaging element.
- the cross section is a cross section on a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the imaging element and along the traveling direction of the excitation light L1.
- the dashed line D-D' in (e) corresponds to the dashed line D-D' in (a) on the right side of the figure.
- the dashed line E-E' in (e) corresponds to the dashed line E-E' in (b) on the right side of the figure.
- the dashed line F-F' in (e) corresponds to the dashed line F-F' in (c) on the right side of the figure.
- (f) on the left side of the figure shows a schematic diagram of a cross section of a pixel unit 121 of the imaging element.
- the cross section is a cross section on a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the imaging element and along the traveling direction of the excitation light L1.
- the dashed line G-G' in (f) corresponds to the dashed line G-G' in (a) on the right side of the figure.
- the dashed line H-H' in (f) corresponds to the dashed line H-H' in (b) on the right side of the figure.
- the dashed line I-I' in (f) corresponds to the dashed line I-I' in (c) on the right side of the figure.
- the pixel unit 121 has a first electrode 12EP and a second electrode 12EN.
- the first electrode 12EP and the second electrode 12EN form a complementary electrode pair.
- the first electrode 12EP is located directly below the position where the analyte S1 is to be retained, i.e., it is provided so as to pass through the center of the pixel unit.
- the first electrode 12EP may be provided so as to traverse the column structure.
- the second electrode 12EN is provided so as to pass between pixels, in particular, so as to pass through the boundaries between pixel units.
- the first electrode 12EP is positive
- the second electrode 12EN is negative
- the analyte is DNA. Since DNA has a negative charge, applying a voltage between these two electrodes exerts a force on the DNA to move it closer to the first electrode 12EP and away from the second electrode EN. This keeps the DNA in the center of the pixel unit.
- the first electrode 12EP may be a negative electrode and the second electrode 12EN may be a positive electrode.
- the positive and negative electrodes may be appropriately changed depending on the type of analyte or the control method.
- the voltage may be a DC voltage or an AC voltage.
- FIG. 4B shows an example of a configuration in which a first electrode constituting the electrode pair is provided in a well and two second electrodes are provided on the well and on a transparent substrate.
- the imaging element 130 and pixel unit 131 shown in the figure are the same as the imaging element 120 and pixel unit 121 described with reference to FIG. 4A, except that a second electrode 12EN2 is laminated on a transparent substrate 128.
- the first electrode 12EP is a positive electrode
- the second electrodes 12EN and 12EN2 are negative electrodes
- the analyte is DNA. Since the DNA has a negative charge, applying a voltage between the first electrode 12EP and the second electrode 12EN causes a force to act on the DNA to move towards the first electrode 12EP and away from the second electrode EN, thereby maintaining the DNA at the centre of the pixel unit. Furthermore, by applying a voltage between the first electrode 12EP and the second electrode 12EN2, a force acts on the DNA to move it closer to the first electrode 12EP and away from the second electrode EN2, thereby keeping the DNA pressed against the bottom surface of the well.
- the second electrode 12EN may be omitted, i.e., the imager 130 may be configured to have the first electrode 12EP and the second electrode 12EN2 without the second electrode 12EN. With such a configuration, the analyte can also be controlled.
- the second electrode 12EN is a negative electrode, but the second electrode 12EN may be configured as a positive electrode.
- the image sensor 130 may have two first electrodes 12EP and 12EN (also referred to as 12EP2) that are positive electrodes and one second electrode 12EN that is a negative electrode.
- the first electrode and the second electrode may be configured to control the position of the analyte by applying a voltage (DC voltage or AC voltage).
- the number of electrodes included in the first electrode may be one or two or more.
- the number of electrodes included in the second electrode may be one or two or more.
- the number, shape, and position of the first electrode and the second electrode may be appropriately changed by a person skilled in the art.
- FIG. 4C shows an example of a configuration in which a first electrode constituting the electrode pair is provided in a well and two second electrodes are provided on a transparent substrate.
- the imaging element 140 and pixel unit 141 shown in the same figure are the same as the imaging element 130 and pixel unit 131 described with reference to Figure 4B, except that a second electrode 12EN2 is laminated on a transparent substrate 128, but no second electrode is provided in the well.
- first electrode 12EP is the positive electrode
- 12EN2 is the negative electrode
- the analyte is DNA.
- DNA has a negative charge. Therefore, when a voltage is applied between the first electrode 12EP and the second electrode 12EN2, a force acts on the DNA to move it closer to the first electrode 12EP and away from the second electrode EN2. This keeps the DNA pressed against the bottom surface of the well. This keeps the DNA from moving away from the bottom surface of the well.
- Example 1-4 structure without trench
- the partition may be omitted. An example of a configuration in which the partition is omitted will be described with reference to FIG.
- FIG. 1D on the left side of the figure shows a schematic diagram of a cross section of a pixel unit 151 of the image sensor 150.
- This cross section is taken along a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the right side of the figure (a) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line A-A' in the figure (d), in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the right side of the figure (b) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line B-B' in the figure (d), in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- (c) on the right side of the figure is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line CC' in (d) of the figure, in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken on a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the pixel unit 151 is the same as the pixel unit 101 except that the pixel unit 151 does not have the partition portion 106 . That is, the insulating film 152, well 153, photodiode 154 (154N and 154P), gate electrode portion 155 (TG), floating diffusion FD, and contact CS that constitute the pixel unit 151 may all be similar to the insulating film 102, well 103, photodiode 104 (104N and 104P), gate electrode portion 105, floating diffusion FD, and contact CS described in Example 1-1 above, and the descriptions regarding these also apply to this example.
- the imaging element 150 without a partition can reduce manufacturing costs compared to the imaging element 100 described in Example 1-1 above.
- the fluorescent signals of adjacent pixels can be added.
- Example 1-5 (Use of a multilayer reflective filter)
- the well surface of the image sensor described in Example 1-1 above may be formed by a multilayer reflective filter.
- a configuration example of an image sensor having a multilayer reflective filter will be described with reference to FIG.
- FIG. 1D shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a pixel unit 161 of the image sensor 160. This cross-section is taken along a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the right side of the figure (a) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line A-A' in the figure (d), in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the right side of the figure (b) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line B-B' in the figure (d), in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- (c) on the right side of the figure is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line CC' in (d) of the figure, in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken on a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the pixel unit 161 is the same as the pixel unit 101 , except that a multilayer reflective filter 162 is used instead of the well 103 and the insulating film 102 .
- the photodiode 164 (164N and 164P), gate electrode portion 165 (TG), floating diffusion FD, contact CS, and transparent substrate 168 constituting the pixel unit 161 may all be similar to the photodiode 104 (104N and 104P), gate electrode portion 105 (TG), floating diffusion FD, contact CS, and transparent substrate 108 described in Example 1-1 above, and the descriptions relating to these also apply to this example.
- the well surface is formed by the multilayer reflective filter 162, which prevents the excitation light L1 from entering the photodiode 164. This reduces noise caused by the excitation light L1, improving the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- the multilayer reflective filter has a laminated structure in which layers H made of a high refractive index material (hereinafter also referred to as “high refractive index layers H”) and layers L made of a low refractive index material (hereinafter also referred to as “low refractive index layers H”) are alternately laminated.
- the two outermost layers of the multilayer reflective filter may each be a high refractive index material layer H having a thickness of, for example, t H.
- a low refractive index material layer L having a thickness of 2t L and a high refractive index material layer H having a thickness of 2t H may be alternately laminated.
- the thickness of each layer may be on the order of nm.
- the difference ⁇ T between "the average transmittance in the wavelength range of excitation light intended to be blocked by the multilayer reflection filter” and "the average transmittance in the wavelength range of fluorescence intended to be transmitted through the multilayer reflection filter” is represented by the following formula (I).
- the dielectric multilayer may be configured so that the difference ⁇ T is, for example, 99% or more, and is particularly configured to maximize the difference ⁇ T.
- the transmittance T in formula (I) can be calculated by a method known in the art, and the calculation method will be described later.
- the multilayer reflective filter is configured so that the difference ⁇ T between the average transmittance Ave[T( ⁇ )
- interface I(0) between multilayer film 162 and air there are interfaces I(1) to I(L-1) between each layer constituting multilayer film 162.
- the material of the multilayer film i.e., the complex refractive index
- the Fresnel coefficient of reflection at each interface the Fresnel coefficient of transmission at each interface, and the phase change and wave attenuation at each layer are determined.
- the transmittance T can be calculated using these values determined based on the material of the multilayer film according to the calculation method described on pages 99 to 103 of the document "Basic Theory of Optical Thin Films, Revised and Enlarged Edition" (published by Optronics Co., Ltd. on February 25, 2011). More specifically, in this calculation method, the transmittance T is calculated using the following formula (II).
- the above formula (II) is described on page 103 of the above document (particularly formula (4-50)).
- ⁇ 0 ' is the Fresnel coefficient of transmission at a virtual interface I(0)' described later, and is as described in formula (4-48) on page 101 of the aforementioned document.
- the method of calculating ⁇ 0 ' is described on pages 99 to 103 of the aforementioned document.
- the Fresnel coefficient of virtual interface I(L-1)' is calculated from the Fresnel coefficients of interface I(L) and interface I(L-1)
- the Fresnel coefficient of virtual interface I(L-2)' is calculated from the Fresnel coefficient of virtual interface I(L-1)' and the Fresnel coefficient of interface I(L-2).
- the calculation of the Fresnel coefficients of similar virtual interfaces is repeated to obtain the Fresnel coefficient of virtual interface I(0)'.
- Example 1-6 Multilayer Reflection Filter and Trench Extending to Part of the Filter
- the well surface of the imaging element described in Example 6 above is formed by a multilayer reflective filter.
- the multilayer reflective filter may be divided into pixels by partitions. That is, the partitions that define the pixel units may extend not only to the photodiode portion but also to the multilayer reflective filter portion. This configuration will be described with reference to FIG. 8.
- FIG. 1D on the left side of the figure shows a schematic diagram of a cross section of a pixel unit 171 of an image sensor 170.
- This cross section is taken along a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the right side of the figure (a) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line A-A' in the figure (d), in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the right side of the figure (b) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line B-B' in the figure (d), in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- (c) on the right side of the figure is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line CC' in (d) of the figure, in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken on a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the partition 166 extends up to the position of the photodiode 164, but in the pixel unit 171 in this example, the partition 176 extends up to the multilayer reflective filter 172. In this way, the partition 176 is formed to prevent the excitation light L1 from entering other pixels, which contributes to reducing noise caused by the excitation light. This further improves the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- Example 1-7 Multilayer Reflection Filter and Trench Variations
- the partitions extend all around the pixel unit (all four sides of the rectangle that defines the pixel unit) to the multilayer reflective filter.
- the partitions may extend to the multilayer reflective filter in a portion of the periphery of the pixel unit, and may not extend to the multilayer reflective filter in the remaining portion of the periphery of the pixel unit, but may extend to the photodiode for detecting fluorescence. This configuration will be described with reference to FIG. 9.
- FIG. 1D shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a pixel unit 181 of an image sensor 180.
- the cross-section is taken along a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the right side of the figure (a) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line A-A' in the figure (d), in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the right side of the figure (b) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line B-B' in the figure (d), in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- (c) on the right side of the figure is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line CC' in (d) of the figure, in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken on a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the partition 186 extends from the photodiode 184 to the multilayer reflective filter 182 .
- the partition 186 is provided up to the part of the photodiode 184, but is not provided in the part of the multilayer reflective filter 182. This makes it possible for the excitation light L1 in (a), (b), and (c) of the same figure to be irradiated so as to travel in the direction of the arrow. By irradiating the excitation light L1 so as to travel in this direction, it is possible to prevent the excitation light from traveling to the photodiode 184, and to reduce noise caused by the excitation light. This contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- an N region 183 for detecting the excitation light L1 may be provided on the side wall of the well, which makes it possible to read out the signal of the excitation light.
- the N region 183 may be connected to a trench 186. This allows carriers (electrons or holes) to be read out.
- the excitation light signal is also read out, and accordingly the pixel unit 181 may have two sets of electronic readouts, one for reading out the fluorescent signal and the other for reading out the excitation light signal.
- the pixel unit 181 has a gate electrode portion 105 (TG), a floating diffusion FD, and a contact CS, which constitute an electronic readout portion that reads out a fluorescent signal. These are as described in Example 1-1 above, and the description also applies to this embodiment. As shown in the figure, the pixel unit 181 may further include a gate electrode portion TG2, a floating diffusion FD2, and a contact CS2. These constitute an electronic readout portion that reads out an excitation light signal. These are also as described in Example 1-1 above, and the description also applies to this embodiment. In the figure, TG2 is not connected to the N region 183, but TG2 may be configured to be connected to the N region 183. In this case, FD2 is not necessary, and CS2 may be connected to TG2.
- the sidewall portion of the well may be transparent. Specifically, the sidewall portion may be transparent to the extent that it transmits excitation light. This configuration will be described with reference to FIG. 10.
- FIG. 1D shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a pixel unit 191 of an image sensor 190.
- the cross-section is taken along a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- (a) to (c) on the right side of the figure are schematic diagrams showing a portion of the light receiving surface of an image sensor 190 in which pixel units 191 are arranged in a grid pattern, and more specifically, are schematic diagrams of cross sections as follows.
- the right side of the figure (a) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line A-A' in the figure (d), in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the right side of the figure (b) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line B-B' in the figure (d), in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- (c) on the right side of the figure is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line CC' in (d) of the figure, in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken on a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the pixel unit 191 has a well 199 formed of a transparent material.
- the upper surface of the well 199 may be covered by a sheet 192 formed of a non-transparent material, as shown in the figure.
- the shape and size of well 199 may be as described in Example 1-1 above, and the description also applies to this example.
- well 199 may be configured to hold an analyte as described in Example 1-1 above.
- the pixel unit 191 has a photodiode 194.
- the photodiode may be, for example, a Si photodiode, and may have, for example, an N region 194N and a P region 195P of Si. As shown in the figure, the N region 194N may be surrounded by the P region 195P.
- the pixel unit 191 has a photodiode 194.
- the photodiode 194 may be provided only on the bottom side of the well.
- the pixel unit 101 also has polysilicon (Poly-Si) 195 (TG).
- the polysilicon functions as a gate electrode portion.
- the pixel unit 101 also has a floating diffusion FD and a contact CS. These are as described in Example 1-1 above.
- the pixel unit 191 is separated from other unit pixels by a partition portion 196.
- the partition portion 196 may be called a trench.
- the partition portion 196 is provided between a certain unit pixel and another unit pixel.
- the partition portion 196 may be made of an insulator or a metal.
- the partition portion 196 is provided so as to cover the photodiode 194 portion, but does not need to extend to the well 199 portion. This allows the excitation light L1 to travel parallel to the light receiving surface. Furthermore, by allowing the excitation light L1 to travel parallel to the light receiving surface, the excitation light can be prevented from entering the photodiode 194. This contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- the image sensor 190 is of a back-illuminated type, that is, a wiring layer is provided on the side opposite to the fluorescent light incident side of the photodiode.
- a well 193 is provided on one side of the photodiode 194, and a wiring layer (not shown) is provided on the opposite side of the photodiode 194. That is, the unit pixel 191 has a layered structure in which the wiring layer, the detection section (photodiode), and the analyte holding section (well) are arranged in this order.
- the imaging element of the present disclosure is configured in this way, so that it can acquire a larger fluorescent signal, which contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescent detection.
- a space may be formed to allow an analyte to reach and be held in the well.
- the space may be a flow path through which the analyte flows.
- a liquid sample containing an analyte may flow through the space, and the analyte may be captured at the bottom surface of the well.
- At least a part of the space may be formed by the well shape.
- Another part of the space may be formed by a transparent substrate 198 as shown in FIG. 10.
- the transparent substrate 198 is transparent, so that excitation light can reach the inside of the well.
- the material of the transparent substrate 198 may be, for example, glass, but may also be resin (e.g., acrylic resin or polycarbonate resin).
- the imaging element 190 may have a space for allowing the analyte to reach the well, and may further have a transparent substrate 198 that forms the space.
- Example 1-9 Transparent Wells and Trench
- the well sidewall of the pixel unit described in Example 8 above is entirely transparent.
- the part of the well sidewall through which the excitation light travels may be transparent, and the other part may be formed by a photodiode. This configuration will be described with reference to FIG. 11.
- FIG. 1D on the left side of the figure shows a schematic diagram of a cross section of a pixel unit 201 of the image sensor 200.
- This cross section is taken along a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- (a) to (c) on the right side of the figure are schematic diagrams showing a portion of the light receiving surface of an image sensor 200 in which pixel units 201 are arranged in a grid pattern, and more specifically, are schematic diagrams of cross sections as follows.
- the right side of the figure (a) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line A-A' in the figure (d), in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the right side of the figure (b) is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line B-B' in the figure (d), in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken along a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- FIG. 1 On the right side of the figure is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken along dashed line CC' in (d) of the figure, in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the cross section is taken on a plane parallel to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- dashed lines D-D', E-E', and F-F' in (a), (b), and (c) of the figure are shown, which are cross-sections taken along planes perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the pixel unit 201 has a well in which an analyte is held, as shown in (d) and (e) of the same figure.
- the portion of the sidewall of the well through which the excitation light L1 passes i.e., the sidewall perpendicular to the traveling direction of the excitation light L1 is transparent, so that the progression of the excitation light is not impeded.
- the transparent sidewall is not provided with a photodiode or a partition.
- the sidewall of the well that is parallel to the traveling direction of the excitation light L1 is formed by a photodiode and is provided with a partition.
- Example 2-1 (basic configuration example) In some examples of 1.1 above, a configuration in which a multilayer reflective filter is provided on the surface of a well has been described.
- the multilayer reflective filter prevents the excitation light from traveling to the detection unit (photodiode). That is, the multilayer reflective filter is used as an excitation light blocking section, and the excitation light blocking section is provided on the analyte holding section (well). That is, each pixel unit may be provided with an excitation light blocking section that prevents the excitation light from reaching a detection section. Also, the excitation light blocking section is configured to transmit the fluorescence. It is okay to do so.
- the excitation light blocking section may be provided between the analyte holding section (well) and the detection section (photodiode).
- a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure will be described with reference to Fig. 12.
- the figure shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a pixel unit of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure. The cross section is taken along a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the element.
- the pixel unit 301 has a well 303 and a photodiode 304.
- the pixel unit 301 has an insulating film 302 and a multilayer reflective filter 307 between the well 303 and the photodiode 304.
- the multilayer reflective filter 307 corresponds to the excitation light blocking section described above.
- the pixel unit 301 may be configured to have a layered structure in which the photodiode 304, the multilayer reflective filter 307, the insulating film 302, and the well 303 are arranged in this order.
- An imaging element according to the present disclosure may have a plurality of pixel units 301 arranged in a grid pattern, as described in Example 1-1 above.
- the wells 303 may be configured to hold an analyte, ie, represent an analyte holder.
- the shape of the well 303 in a plane parallel to the light receiving surface is rectangular as described in Example 1-1 above, but may be another polygonal shape, or may be circular or elliptical.
- Well 303 may be configured to hold an analyte, ie, corresponds to an analyte holder, as described in Example 1-1 above.
- the sizes of the well 303 and the pixel unit 301 may be as described for the well 103 and the pixel unit 101 in the above example 1-1, and the description also applies to this example.
- Well 303 may be configured to hold an analyte.
- a compound that holds an analyte may be immobilized on the surface (particularly the bottom surface) of well 303, as described in Example 1-1 above.
- the photodiode 304 may be, for example, a Si photodiode, and may have, for example, an N region 304N and a P region 304P of Si. As shown in the figure, the N region 304N may be surrounded by the P region 304P. A photodiode 304 is provided at the bottom side of the well as shown in the figure.
- the pixel unit 301 has a gate electrode portion 305.
- the gate electrode portion 305 may be configured as a vertical transfer gate (VG). Alternatively, the gate electrode portion 305 may be configured as a transfer gate (TG).
- the gate electrode portion may have polysilicon (Poly-Si).
- a signal charge accumulated in the photodiode 304 is read out through the gate electrode portion.
- the pixel unit 301 may further have a floating diffusion FD to which electrons accumulated in the photodiode are transferred and a contact CS connected to the floating diffusion.
- the photodiode 304 may have a buried photodiode structure.
- a gate electrode portion 305 is connected to the photodiode 304 having this structure, and electrons stored in the photodiode 304 are transferred from the gate electrode portion 305 to a floating diffusion FD and then read out from a contact CS.
- a component provided for reading out electrons from a photodiode is also referred to as an electron readout section.
- the electron readout section may have a gate electrode section 305 (VG), a floating diffusion FD, and a contact CS.
- the FD and VG may or may not be in contact with each other, and the presence or absence of these contacts may vary depending on the ON voltage of the gate electrode section.
- the floating diffusion is provided for each pixel unit, and the electron readout section has a so-called FD non-shared structure, but the electron readout section may have a FD non-shared structure as described in Example 1-1 above.
- the insulating film 302 may be, for example, a silicon oxide film, a nitrogen-containing silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, an oxygen-containing silicon nitride film, or a metal oxide film.
- the insulating film may be an insulating film that has been treated with high density plasma.
- the multilayer reflective filter 307 has a laminated structure in which layers H made of a high refractive index material (hereinafter also referred to as “high refractive index layers H”) and layers L made of a low refractive index material (hereinafter also referred to as “low refractive index layers H”) are alternately laminated.
- the multilayer reflection filter may be configured so as to maximize the difference ⁇ T expressed by the above formula (I).
- the multilayer reflective filter may be provided between the well (analyte holding section) and the photodiode (detection section).
- the multilayer reflective filter blocks the excitation light irradiated onto the well (and analyte) and transmits the fluorescence generated by the analyte. This makes it possible to reduce noise caused by the excitation light, which contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- the thickness T5 of the multilayer reflective filter 307 may be, for example, 100 nm to 30 ⁇ m, preferably 150 nm to 20 ⁇ m, and more preferably 200 nm to 15 ⁇ m.
- the pixel unit 301 is separated from other unit pixels by a partition portion 306.
- the partition portion 306 may be called a trench.
- the partition 306 is provided between a certain unit pixel and another unit pixel.
- the partition 306 may be made of an insulator or a metal.
- the partition 306 prevents the excitation light that has entered the unit pixel 301 and the fluorescence generated from the analyte S1 in the pixel unit 301 from entering another unit pixel.
- the partition 306 also prevents electrons in the photodiode 304 from entering the photodiode of another unit pixel.
- the imaging element of the present disclosure having a plurality of pixel units 301 is of a back-illuminated type, that is, a wiring layer is provided on the side opposite to the fluorescent light incidence side of the photodiode.
- a well 303 is provided on one side of the photodiode 304, and a wiring layer is provided on the opposite side of the photodiode 304. That is, the pixel unit 201 has a layered structure in which the wiring layer, the detection section (photodiode), and the analyte holding section (well) are arranged in this order.
- the imaging element of the present disclosure is configured in this way, so that it can acquire a larger fluorescent signal, which contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescent detection.
- the imaging element of the present disclosure having a plurality of pixel units 301 may have a configuration in which the plurality of pixel units 301 are arranged in a grid pattern, as described in 1.1 above.
- the number of pixel units 301 in one imaging element and the size and shape of the imaging element are as described in 1.1 above, and this description also applies to this example.
- a space may be formed to allow an analyte to reach and be held in the well.
- the space may be a flow path through which the analyte flows.
- a liquid sample containing an analyte may flow through the space, and the analyte may be captured at the bottom surface of the well.
- At least a part of the space may be formed by the well shape.
- Another part of the space may be formed by a transparent substrate 308 as shown in FIG. 12. Since the transparent substrate 308 is transparent, it is possible for excitation light to reach the inside of the well.
- the material of the transparent substrate 308 may be, for example, glass, or may be resin (e.g., acrylic resin or polycarbonate resin).
- the imaging element of the present disclosure may have a space for allowing the analyte to reach the well, and may further have a transparent substrate 308 that defines the space.
- each pixel unit may further include an excitation light detection unit that detects the excitation light.
- the back-illuminated image sensor of the present disclosure may be configured to process the signal acquired by the fluorescence detection unit using the signal acquired by the excitation light detection unit.
- An example of the configuration of a pixel unit to which the photodiode is added will be described below with reference to Fig. 13.
- the figure shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a pixel unit of a back-illuminated image sensor according to the present disclosure. The cross-section is taken along a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the pixel unit 311 has a well 313 and a fluorescence detection photodiode 314. Between the well 313 and the photodiode 314, the pixel unit 311 has an insulating film 312, a photodiode 319 for detecting excitation light, and a multilayer reflective filter 317.
- the multilayer reflective filter 317 corresponds to the excitation light blocking section described above.
- the pixel unit 311 may be configured to have a layered structure in which the fluorescence detection photodiode 314, the multilayer reflective filter 317, the excitation light detection photodiode 319, the insulating film 312, and the well 313 are arranged in this order.
- An imaging element according to the present disclosure may have a plurality of pixel units 311 arranged in a grid pattern, as described in Example 1-1 above.
- the fluorescence detection photodiode 314, gate electrode portion 315 (VG), floating diffusion FD, contact CS, multilayer reflective filter 317, insulating film 312, and well 313 may be the same as the fluorescence detection photodiode 304, multilayer reflective filter 307, insulating film 302, and well 303 described in Example 2-1 above, and the description in 2-1 above also applies to this example.
- the excitation light detecting photodiode 319 may be, for example, a Si photodiode, and may have, for example, an N region 319N and a P region 319P of Si. As shown in the figure, the N region 319N may be surrounded by the P region 319P. As shown in the figure, the photodiode 319 for detecting excitation light may be provided between the well 313 and the multilayer reflective filter 317 .
- the excitation light detection photodiode 319 may be provided with a gate electrode section 320.
- the signal charge accumulated in the excitation light detection photodiode 319 is read out via the gate electrode section.
- the gate electrode section 320 (VG2) is configured to read out electrons from the excitation light detection photodiode 319.
- the gate electrode section 320 (VG2) has a portion that reads out electrons and a portion that passes through the multilayer film reflection filter 317 and the fluorescence detection photodiode 314.
- the former portion may have polysilicon (Poly-Si).
- the latter portion may be, for example, a metal electrode covered with an insulating film, and the metal electrode may be connected to a wiring layer.
- the pixel unit 311 may further include a floating diffusion FD to which electrons accumulated in the photodiode for detecting excitation light are transferred, and a contact CS connected to the floating diffusion.
- the photodiode 319 may have a buried photodiode structure.
- a gate electrode portion 320 (VG2) is connected to the photodiode 319 having this structure, and electrons stored in the photodiode 319 are transferred from the gate electrode portion 320 to the floating diffusion FD and then read out from the contact CS.
- the excitation light detection photodiode can detect the excitation light signal. Based on the excitation light signal, it is possible to reduce or eliminate excitation light noise that may be contained in the fluorescence signal. This contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- Example 2-3 (Two-tiered photodiode and absorption filter)
- the pixel unit described in Example 1-1 above has a multilayer reflective filter provided between two photodiodes.
- an absorption filter having optical properties of absorbing excitation light may be provided between the two photodiodes instead of the multilayer reflective filter.
- the absorption filter has optical properties of transmitting fluorescence.
- FIG. 14 shows a schematic diagram of a cross section of a pixel unit of a back-illuminated image sensor according to the present disclosure.
- the cross section is a cross section in a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the image sensor.
- the pixel unit 321 has a well 323 and a fluorescence detection photodiode 324.
- the pixel unit 321 has an insulating film 322-1, an excitation light detection photodiode 327, an absorption filter 326, and an insulating film 322-2 between the well 323 and the photodiode 324.
- the absorption filter 326 corresponds to the excitation light blocking section described above.
- the pixel unit 321 may be configured to have a layered structure in which the fluorescence detection photodiode 324, the absorption filter 326, the excitation light detection photodiode 327, and the well 323 are arranged in this order.
- An imaging element according to the present disclosure may have a plurality of pixel units 321 arranged in a grid pattern, as described in Example 1-1 above.
- the fluorescence detection photodiode 324, gate electrode portion 325, floating diffusion FD, contact CS, insulating films 322-1 and 322-2, and well 323 may be the same as the fluorescence detection photodiode 304, gate electrode portion 305, floating diffusion FD, contact CS, insulating film 302, and well 303 described in Example 2-1 above, and the description in Example 2-1 above also applies to this example.
- the photodiode 327 for detecting excitation light, the gate electrode portion 329, the floating diffusion FD2, and the contact CS2 may be the same as the photodiode 319 for detecting excitation light, the gate electrode portion 320, the floating diffusion FD2, and the contact CS2 described in Example 2-2 above, and the description in Example 2-2 above also applies to this example.
- the absorption filter 326 may be a filter having an optical property of selectively transmitting light in a specific wavelength range and absorbing light in other wavelength ranges.
- the absorption filter 326 may be a filter having an optical property of selectively transmitting fluorescent light and absorbing at least excitation light.
- such an absorption filter is provided between the excitation light detection photodiode and the fluorescence detection photodiode.
- the absorption filter can prevent the excitation light from proceeding to the fluorescence detection photodiode, which contributes to improving the fluorescence detection accuracy.
- the absorption filter since the absorption filter is disposed in front of the excitation light detection photodiode on the optical path of the excitation light, the absorption filter does not adversely affect the excitation light detection accuracy by the excitation light detection photodiode.
- an N region 344N-1 for detecting fluorescence and an N region 344N-2 for detecting excitation light may be provided in one P region 344P.
- the P region 344P and the N region 344N-1 function as a photodiode for detecting fluorescence. Electrons stored in the photodiode for detecting fluorescence are read out by an electron readout unit (including a gate electrode unit 345-1, a floating diffusion FD, and a contact CS).
- the P region 344P and the N region 344N-2 function as a photodiode for detecting excitation light.
- Electrons stored in the photodiode for detecting excitation light are read out by an electron readout section (including a gate electrode section 345-2, a floating diffusion FD2, and a contact CS2).
- each pixel unit may be configured to have such a two-tiered photodiode structure. This configuration will be described in more detail in Example 4-1 onwards.
- Example 2-4 (Use of photoelectric conversion film)
- the pixel unit described in Example 2-3 above has a photodiode for detecting excitation light.
- a photoelectric conversion film may be provided instead of the photodiode for detecting excitation light.
- the photoelectric conversion film may be a photoelectric conversion film having wavelength selectivity, and in particular may be a photoelectric conversion film that selectively photoelectrically converts excitation light. In this manner, the excitation light may be detected by the photoelectric conversion film.
- An example of the configuration of a pixel unit having the photoelectric conversion film will be described below with reference to FIG. 15. This figure shows a schematic diagram of a cross section of a pixel unit of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- the cross section is a cross section in a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the imaging element.
- the pixel unit 331 has a well 333 and a fluorescence detection photodiode 334.
- the pixel unit 331 has an insulating film 332-1, a photoelectric conversion film 337, an absorption filter 336, and an insulating film 322-2 between the well 333 and the photodiode 334.
- the absorption filter 336 corresponds to the excitation light blocking section described above.
- the pixel unit 331 may be configured to have a layered structure in which the fluorescence detection photodiode 334, the absorption filter 336, the photoelectric conversion film 337, and the well 333 are arranged in this order.
- An imaging element according to the present disclosure may have a plurality of pixel units 331 arranged in a grid pattern, as described in Example 1-1 above.
- the fluorescence detection photodiode 334, the gate electrode portion 335, the floating diffusion FD, the contact CS, the insulating films 332-1 and 332-2, and the well 333 may be the same as the fluorescence detection photodiode 304, the gate electrode portion 305, the floating diffusion FD, the contact CS, the insulating film 302, and the well 303 described in Example 2-1 above, and the description in Example 2-1 above also applies to this example.
- the absorption filter 336 may be the same as the absorption filter 326 described in Example 2-3 above, and the description in Example 2-3 above also applies to this example.
- the photoelectric conversion film 337 may be a photoelectric conversion film having wavelength selectivity, and in particular is a photoelectric conversion film that selectively photoelectrically converts the excitation light irradiated onto the analyte.
- the photoelectric conversion film 337 does not have to photoelectrically convert the fluorescence generated by irradiating the analyte with the excitation light.
- the photoelectric conversion film may be made of, for example, an inorganic material or an organic material.
- the inorganic material may be, for example, an inorganic semiconductor material.
- the inorganic semiconductor material may be a III-V semiconductor material, such as a gallium arsenide-based semiconductor and an indium phosphide-based semiconductor. More specifically, such materials may include InGaAs, GaAs, InP, and GaN, and in particular, the material may be InGaAs.
- the inorganic material may be a two-dimensional semiconductor material, and the material may be MoS2 , or WS2 .
- the inorganic material may be GaO3 .
- the organic material may be, for example, an organic semiconductor material.
- the photoelectric conversion film may have, for example, one or more layers selected from a p-type organic semiconductor layer, an n-type organic semiconductor layer, and a mixed layer of a p-type organic semiconductor and an n-type organic semiconductor.
- the photoelectric conversion film may have a single layer structure of a p-type organic semiconductor, or may have a single layer structure of an n-type organic semiconductor, or may have a single layer structure of a mixed layer of a p-type organic semiconductor and an n-type organic semiconductor.
- the photoelectric conversion film may have a laminated structure of a p-type organic semiconductor layer and an n-type organic semiconductor layer, that is, a laminated structure of "p-type organic semiconductor layer/n-type organic semiconductor layer".
- the photoelectric conversion film may have a structure in which a p-type organic semiconductor layer and/or an n-type organic semiconductor layer and the mixed layer are laminated.
- the photoelectric conversion film may have a laminated structure of "p-type organic semiconductor layer/mixed layer of p-type organic semiconductor and n-type organic semiconductor/n-type organic semiconductor layer", a laminated structure of "p-type organic semiconductor layer/mixed layer of p-type organic semiconductor and n-type organic semiconductor", or a laminated structure of "n-type organic semiconductor layer/mixed layer of p-type organic semiconductor and n-type organic semiconductor".
- the p-type organic semiconductor may be one or more of these.
- the p-type organic semiconductor may be one or more of these.
- the p-type organic semiconductor may be one or more of these.
- the p-type organic semiconductor may be one or more of these.
- the n-type organic semiconductor may be fullerene or fullerene derivative (e.g., fullerenes such as C60, C70, C74 (higher fullerenes, endohedral fullerenes, etc.) or fullerene derivatives (e.g., fullerene fluorides, PCBM fullerene compounds, fullerene polymers, etc.)), organic semiconductors with larger (deeper) HOMO and LUMO than p-type organic semiconductors, or transparent inorganic metal oxides.
- the n-type organic semiconductor may be one or more of these.
- n-type organic semiconductor include organic molecules having heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, or sulfur atoms as part of their molecular skeletons, such as pyridine derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, triazine derivatives, quinoline derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, isoquinoline derivatives, acridine derivatives, phenazine derivatives, phenanthroline derivatives, tetrazole derivatives, pyrazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, thiazole derivatives, oxazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, benzimidazole derivatives, benzotriazole derivatives, benzoxazole derivatives, benzoxazole derivatives, benzoxazole derivatives, carbazole derivatives, benzofuran derivatives, dibenzofuran derivatives, subporphyrazine derivatives, polyphenylenevinylene derivatives, polybenzothiadiazole derivatives, and
- the groups contained in the fullerene derivative include halogen atoms; linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl groups or phenyl groups; groups having linear or condensed aromatic compounds; groups having halides; partial fluoroalkyl groups; perfluoroalkyl groups; silylalkyl groups; silylalkoxy groups; arylsilyl groups; arylsulfanyl groups; alkylsulfanyl groups; arylsulfonyl groups; alkylsulfonyl groups; arylsulfide groups; alkylsulfide groups; amino groups; alkylamino groups; arylamino groups; hydroxy groups; alkoxy groups; acylamino groups; acyloxy groups; carbonyl groups; carboxy groups; carboxamido groups; carboalkoxy groups; acyl groups; sulfonyl groups; cyano groups; nitro groups; groups having chalcogenides; phosphin
- the thickness of the photoelectric conversion film may be, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 m (meters) to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 m, preferably 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 m to 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 m, more preferably 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 m to 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 m, or even 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 m to 1.8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 m.
- Organic semiconductors are often classified as p-type and n-type, but p-type means that they easily transport holes and n-type means that they easily transport electrons, and are not limited to the interpretation that they have holes or electrons as thermally excited majority carriers like inorganic semiconductors.
- Examples of materials constituting the photoelectric conversion film that photoelectrically converts light of a green wavelength include rhodamine-based dyes, melacyanine-based dyes, quinacridone derivatives, and subphthalocyanine-based dyes (subphthalocyanine derivatives).
- Examples of materials constituting the photoelectric conversion film that converts blue light into electricity include coumaric acid dyes, tris-8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum (Alq3), and melacyanine dyes.
- examples of materials constituting the photoelectric conversion film that converts red light into electricity include phthalocyanine dyes and subphthalocyanine dyes (subphthalocyanine derivatives).
- the photoelectric conversion film it is also possible to use a panchromatic photosensitive organic photoelectric conversion film that is sensitive to almost all visible light from the ultraviolet region to the red region.
- a signal charge generated by photoelectric conversion by the photoelectric conversion film 337 may be read out, for example, by a gate electrode portion 339 provided on the photoelectric conversion film 337. Furthermore, a floating diffusion FD2 and a contact CS2 may be provided on the photoelectric conversion film 337.
- the gate electrode portion 339, the floating diffusion FD2, and the contact CS2 may be the same as the gate electrode portion 320, the floating diffusion FD2, and the contact CS2 described in Example 2-2 above, and the description in Example 2-2 above also applies to this example.
- noise reduction processing can be performed on the fluorescent light signal detected by the fluorescent light detection photodiode 334. In this way, the accuracy of fluorescent light detection can be improved.
- Example 2-5 (Another configuration example of a two-tiered photodiode and an absorption filter)
- the pixel units described in the above examples 2-1 to 2-4 have a photodiode for detecting fluorescence.
- a quantum dot photoelectric conversion film may be used instead of the photodiode for detecting fluorescence, and for example, a multilayer film in which a plurality of quantum dot photoelectric conversion films are stacked may be used.
- An example of a pixel unit configured in this manner will be described below with reference to FIG. 17.
- the figure shows a schematic diagram of a cross section of a pixel unit of a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- the cross section is a cross section in a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface of the imaging element.
- the pixel unit 351 has a multilayer film in which quantum dot photoelectric conversion films 354-1 to 354-5 are stacked in addition to the well 353.
- An insulating film 352 is provided between the well 353 and the multilayer film.
- Each quantum dot photoelectric conversion film converts light of a specific wavelength into an electric current. That is, the multilayer film has a plurality of quantum dot photoelectric conversion films that convert light (particularly fluorescent light) of different wavelengths into an electric current. This makes it possible to detect fluorescent light of various wavelengths. Furthermore, one or more of the plurality of quantum dot photoelectric conversion films may perform photoelectric conversion of excitation light, thereby allowing the excitation light to be detected.
- Each quantum dot photoelectric conversion film may be connected to an electronic readout unit 355-1 to 355-5. A signal in the quantum dot photoelectric conversion film connected to each electronic readout unit is read out from each electronic readout unit. Each electronic readout unit may have a gate electrode unit (TG or VG) as described above.
- Each electronic readout unit may also have a floating diffusion FD and/or a contact CS.
- the pixel unit in the figure has a multilayer film in which five quantum dot photoelectric conversion films are stacked, but the number of quantum dot photoelectric conversion films that the pixel unit has is not limited to 5.
- the pixel unit may have one quantum dot photoelectric conversion film, or may have two or more quantum dot film photoelectric conversion films.
- the wavelength of light that quantum dots convert photoelectrically changes depending on their particle size. Therefore, by changing the particle size of the quantum dots, it is possible to accommodate a variety of fluorescent lights.
- Example 2-6 (Lamination of an absorption filter onto a transparent substrate)
- the imaging element of the present disclosure is used in combination with a transparent substrate to form a flow path. That is, the present disclosure also provides a flow path unit including the imaging element and the transparent substrate, in which the imaging element and the transparent substrate form a flow path.
- an absorption filter may be laminated on the transparent substrate. A configuration example of a transparent substrate on which an absorption filter is laminated will be described with reference to FIG.
- a pixel unit 311 is shown in each of A to D in the figure.
- the pixel unit 311 is as explained with reference to FIG. 13 in Example 2-2 above, and that explanation also applies to this example.
- an absorption filter 361 may be laminated on one of the two main surfaces of the transparent substrate 318, the surface opposite the well side.
- an absorption filter 362 may be laminated on one of the two main surfaces of the transparent substrate 318 opposite the well side, and the absorption filter 362 may be divided into pixels by partitions 363.
- two absorption filters 364 and 365 may be laminated on the surface opposite to the well side of the two main surfaces of the transparent substrate 318. These two absorption filters 364 and 365 may be configured to absorb light of different wavelengths.
- the number of absorption filters laminated on one main surface of the transparent substrate is not limited to one or two, but may be three or more.
- an absorption filter 366 may be laminated on the well-side surface of the transparent substrate 318 .
- one layer of an absorption filter is stacked on the surface, but two or more absorption filters may be stacked on the surface, and these two or more absorption filters may be configured to absorb light of different wavelengths.
- an absorption filter As described above, by laminating an absorption filter on a transparent substrate, it is possible to absorb unnecessary light and allow only the necessary excitation light to reach the analyte. It is also possible to prevent unnecessary light from reaching the photodiode for detecting fluorescence. This contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescence detection. Furthermore, by using an absorption filter, a biological sample analysis system can be constructed without using expensive narrow-band light sources such as LEDs or lasers.
- Example 2-7 Modification of Well
- the bottom surface of the well i.e., the surface on which the analyte is retained
- partitions may be provided around the wells to define pixel units.
- the pixel unit 311-1 of the imaging element shown in A of the same figure is the same as the pixel unit 311 of the imaging element described with reference to Figure 13 in Example 2-2 above, except that an uneven shape is provided on the well bottom surface 371 of the well 313.
- the surface of the bottom of the well may be provided with an uneven shape.
- the surface may be provided with a convex structure having a cone shape, a cylinder shape, a cube shape, a rectangular parallelepiped shape, or a pyramid shape (e.g., a triangular pyramid, a quadrangular pyramid, or a pentagonal pyramid shape) in a regular or irregular manner.
- a concave structure having a cone shape, a cylinder shape, a cube shape, a rectangular parallelepiped shape, or a pyramid shape may be provided in a regular or irregular manner.
- a surface can prevent the fluorescence from being reflected on the bottom of the well, and therefore can generate more fluorescence, which contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- the dimensions of these convex or concave structures may preferably be smaller than the wavelength of the fluorescence to be detected: structures with such small dimensions are particularly suitable for preventing reflection of the fluorescence.
- the pixel unit 311-2 of the imaging element shown in B of the figure is the same as the pixel unit 311 of the imaging element described in Example 2-2 above with reference to Figure 13, except that a partition portion 372 is provided around the periphery of the well 313 so as to surround the well. That is, the pixel unit 311-2 has a partition portion 372 in a portion surrounded by a dashed line, but the pixel unit 311 does not have a partition portion in that portion. The pixel units are divided by the partition portion 372 even in the well portion.
- the partition portion 372 may be formed of an insulator or a metal.
- the well may be provided such that the bottom surface of the well is inclined with respect to the stacking surface of the fluorescence detection photodiode and the multilayer reflective filter.
- an incline may be provided in the insulating film supporting the well.
- a lens may be provided in the insulating film.
- the lens may have optical properties that allow at least a portion of the fluorescence to be focused on a fluorescence detection photodiode.
- the lens may have optical properties that allow at least a portion of the excitation light to be focused onto a photodiode for detecting the excitation light.
- the pixel unit 381-1 of the image sensor shown in A in the figure has a fluorescence detection photodiode 384, a gate electrode portion 385 connected to the fluorescence detection photodiode, a floating diffusion FD, a contact CS, a partition portion 386, a multilayer reflective filter 387, an excitation light detection photodiode 389, a gate electrode portion 390 connected to the excitation light detection photodiode, a floating diffusion FD2, and a contact CS2.
- the transparent substrate 388 is also the same as the transparent substrate 318 described with reference to FIG. 13 in Example 2-2 above.
- Pixel unit 381-1 has a well 383.
- the well is provided so as to be inclined with respect to the incident surface (i.e., the layered surface of the fluorescence detection photodiode 384 and the multilayer reflective filter 387) through which the fluorescence enters the fluorescence detection photodiode 384.
- the bottom surface of the well on which the analyte is held is inclined with respect to the incident surface (i.e., the layered surface).
- the pixel unit 381-1 is configured so that the insulating film 382 provided between the well 383 and the excitation light detection photodiode 389 has a tilt. That is, the two main surfaces of the insulating film are not parallel to each other but are arranged to intersect (i.e., to form an angle of more than 0 degrees). Alternatively, the upper surface (incident surface of the excitation light) of the excitation light photodiode may be inclined, and in this case, the two main surfaces of the insulating film may be parallel to each other.
- tilting the well in this way can reduce the amount of excitation light that enters the fluorescence detection photodiode. This reduces noise caused by the excitation light, contributing to improved fluorescence detection accuracy.
- An image sensor 381-2 shown in FIG. 2B is the same as the pixel unit 381-1 of the image sensor shown in FIG. 2A, except that a lens 391 is provided inside an insulating film 382.
- the lens 391 may be configured to focus at least a portion of the fluorescence generated by irradiation of the analyte S1 with excitation light onto the fluorescence detection photodiode 384.
- the shape of the lens 391 is not limited to a convex lens as shown in the figure, but may be a diffractive lens or the like.
- the imaging element of the present disclosure may be configured so that the position of the well can be shifted relative to the position of the photodiode for detecting fluorescence.
- An example of an imaging element configured in this manner will be described below with reference to FIG.
- a in the figure shows an image sensor 400 in which a number of pixel units 401a, 401b, and 401c are arranged. These pixel units are the same as the pixel unit 311 described with reference to FIG. 13 in the insulating film example 2-2 above, except that the position of the well BR>S03 can be moved relative to the position of the fluorescence detection photodiode and that a color filter 404 is provided.
- the color filter 404 has color filter regions 404a, 404b, and 404c.
- the color filter region 404a provided in the pixel unit 401a, the color filter region 404b provided in the pixel unit 402b, and the color filter region 404c provided in the pixel unit 401c transmit light of different wavelengths. Note that the term "color filter region” may be simply referred to as "color filter” without the word "region” in view of focusing on each pixel unit.
- FIG. 5A shows the state of the well 403 before it is moved.
- FIG. 5B shows the state of the well 403 during its movement
- FIG. 5C shows the state of the well 403 after it is moved.
- the well 403 can move relative to the position of the photodiode for detecting fluorescence.
- the photodiode for detecting excitation light and the multilayer reflective filter are fixed so as not to move relative to the position of the photodiode for detecting fluorescence.
- the transparent substrate 408 may also be movable in conjunction with this movement.
- the three types of pixel units 401a, 401b, and 401c shown in these figures are provided with color filters 404a, 404b, and 404c that transmit light of different wavelengths, respectively.
- These color filters may be fixed so as not to move relative to the position of the fluorescence detection photodiode, similar to the excitation light detection photodiode and the multilayer film reflection filter. The position at which the color filter is provided may be appropriately selected.
- the color filter may be provided on the insulating film 402 as shown in the figure, or may be provided between the insulating film and the excitation light detection photodiode, or may be provided between the excitation light detection photodiode and the multilayer film reflection filter, or may be provided between the multilayer film reflection filter and the fluorescence detection photodiode.
- a of the figure before the well 403 is moved, the analyte Sb is held in the well of the central n-th pixel unit 401b.
- the analyte Sb and the well holding the analyte Sb move onto the pixel unit 401c on the right.
- the wavelength of light transmitted by the color filter 404b present on the pixel unit 401b is different from the wavelength of light transmitted by the color filter 404c present on the pixel unit 401c on the right.
- light generated from the analyte may be detected by the central pixel unit 401b but not by the pixel unit 401c on the right after the movement.
- light of two wavelengths can be confirmed in one sequence of light detection before and after the movement, thereby improving the analysis speed.
- the color filter may be configured to transmit light of two different wavelengths depending on the position.
- the color filter may be configured to transmit three or more different wavelengths of light depending on the position of the well, and further, by controlling the position of the well, three or more different wavelengths of light may be detected in one sequence.
- the advantage of having such shiftable wells is that light generated from an analyte can be detected at multiple pixels.
- the three color filters 404a, 404b, and 404c have optical properties that transmit light of different wavelengths, but the configuration of the color filters is not limited to this.
- the color filters 404a and 404c may transmit light of the same wavelength, and the wavelength of light transmitted by the color filter 404b may be different from that of the color filters 404a and 404c.
- the color filters 404a and 404b may transmit light of the same wavelength, and the wavelength of light transmitted by the color filter 404c may be different from that of the color filters 404a and 404b.
- three types of color filter regions 404a, 404b, and 404c that transmit different wavelengths of light are shown, that is, three types of color filters having different optical properties are shown.
- the number of types of optical properties of the color filter regions is not limited to three.
- the color filter may have two or more types of color filter regions that transmit light of different wavelengths, for example, two to ten types, particularly two, three, or four types of color filter regions.
- Example 2-10 (Use of waveguides, absorptive filters, plasmonic filters, metamaterials, or polarizers)
- the imaging element of the present disclosure may include one or more of a waveguide, an absorption filter, a plasmon filter, a metamaterial, and a polarizer between the fluorescence detection photodiode and the well. Examples of imaging elements configured in this manner are described below with reference to FIGS. 22 to 29.
- the pixel unit 411-1 shown in FIG. 22 has a well 413, a fluorescence detection photodiode 414, a gate electrode portion 415 connected to the fluorescence detection photodiode, a floating diffusion FD, a contact CS, a partition portion 416, a multilayer reflective filter 417, an excitation light detection photodiode 419, a gate electrode portion 420 connected to the excitation light detection photodiode, a floating diffusion FD2, and a contact CS2.
- the transparent substrate 418 is also the same as the transparent substrate 318 described with reference to FIG. 13 in the above example 2-2.
- the pixel unit 411-1 has an absorption filter 412 and a waveguide 421 between the fluorescence detection photodiode 414 and the well 413. More specifically, it has a layered structure in which the fluorescence detection photodiode 414, the multilayer film reflection filter 417, the waveguide 421, the absorption filter 412, the excitation light detection photodiode 419, and the well 413 are arranged in this order.
- the absorption filter 412 may have optical properties, for example, that absorb excitation light. Furthermore, the absorption filter 412 may have optical properties that transmit fluorescence. The absorption filter 412 can prevent unnecessary light other than fluorescence from reaching the fluorescence detection photodiode 414. This contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- the presence of the waveguide 421 between the absorption filter 412 and the multilayer reflective filter 417 allows the fluorescence to reach the fluorescence detection photodiode more reliably. This contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- the pixel unit 411-2 shown in FIG. 23 has a waveguide. Instead of a waveguide, it may have a lens 422 or a diffraction grating as shown in the same figure.
- the lens or the diffraction grating may be configured to collect the fluorescence, and in particular, may be configured to collect the fluorescence on a photodiode for detecting fluorescence. This improves the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- the lens or the grating may also be wavelength dependent, more specifically configured to focus light of a particular wavelength at a particular location and light of another particular wavelength at another particular location, i.e., the focusing point can be changed depending on the wavelength.
- two or more N regions may be formed in one P region, i.e., two or more photodiodes may be formed.
- the light collecting points differ according to the wavelength, and two or more photodiodes are formed, so that light can be separated.
- the pixel unit 411-3 shown in FIG. 24 has waveguides 424 arranged in an array.
- the pixel unit 411-3 is the same as the pixel unit 411-1 described above in FIG. 22, except that the waveguides are arranged in an array.
- the waveguides may be formed in the insulating film 425.
- the pixel unit 411-4 shown in FIG. 25 is the same as the pixel unit 411-3 described above in FIG. 24, except that it does not have an absorption filter 412.
- the imaging element of the present disclosure does not need to have an absorption filter in this way, and may have a waveguide and a multilayer reflection filter.
- a lens structure is formed between the multilayer reflective filter 417 and the photodiode for detecting excitation light.
- the lens structure may be a lens structure configured to function as a lens by adjusting the shape of the absorption filter 426, for example.
- a recess is formed in the absorption filter 426, and this recess structure is configured to function as a lens.
- Such a concave lens shape can prevent color mixing.
- the pixel unit 411-7 shown in Fig. 28 has a plasmon filter 427 between the multilayer reflective filter 417 and the photodiode for detecting excitation light.
- the plasmon filter has an optical property of transmitting only light of a specific wavelength. Therefore, the plasmon filter may be configured to transmit, for example, only fluorescent light.
- the plasmon filter may contain metal particles (particularly nanoparticles), for example, gold (Au) particles.
- the pixel unit may have a metamaterial instead of the plasmon filter 427. More particularly, the pixel unit may have a layer (also referred to as a "metamaterial layer") formed from a metamaterial between the multilayer reflective filter 417 and the excitation light detection photodiode.
- the metamaterial layer may have optical properties that transmit only light of a specific wavelength, and may be configured to selectively transmit fluorescence to be detected by the fluorescence detection photodiode in particular.
- the pixel unit 411-8 shown in FIG. 29 has a polarizer 428 between the multilayer reflective filter 417 and the photodiode for detecting excitation light.
- the excitation light is preferably polarized light.
- the polarizer may have optical properties that extinguish the polarized light that is the excitation light and transmit the fluorescence. An embodiment using a polarizer will be described in more detail later.
- the above configuration can also improve the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- Example 2-11 (Fluorescence Reflecting Material Placed Over Wells)
- a material that reflects fluorescence generated by irradiation of the analyte with excitation light may be disposed on top of the well.
- the material may in particular be transparent to the excitation light.
- the material may be, for example, a laminated film. This configuration will be described below with reference to FIG. 30.
- the pixel unit 431 shown in the figure has a well 433, a fluorescence detection photodiode 434, a gate electrode portion 435 connected to the fluorescence detection photodiode, a floating diffusion FD, a contact CS, a partition portion 436, a multilayer reflective filter 437, an excitation light detection photodiode 439, a gate electrode portion 440 connected to the excitation light detection photodiode, a floating diffusion FD2, and a contact CS2.
- a laminated film 441 is provided so as to be disposed immediately above the well, in particular immediately above the analyte. That is, the laminated film is provided so as to sandwich the analyte S1 between the laminated film 441 and the well 433.
- the laminated film may be laminated, for example, on the transparent substrate described above.
- the laminated film reflects fluorescence (dashed arrow) generated by irradiation of the analyte with excitation light, and also transmits the excitation light.
- the irradiation of the excitation light generates fluorescence that travels toward the fluorescence detection photodiode, but fluorescence that travels in the opposite direction from the fluorescence detection photodiode (i.e., the well opening side) may also be generated.
- the fluorescence traveling in the opposite direction is reflected by the laminated film and detected by the fluorescence detection photodiode. This contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- Example 2-12 (Pinhole structure)
- a pinhole structure or a MEMS shutter may be provided above the well to reflect fluorescence generated by irradiation of the analyte with excitation light. This configuration will be described below with reference to FIG.
- the pixel unit 451 shown in the figure has a well 453, a fluorescence detection photodiode 454, a gate electrode portion 455 connected to the fluorescence detection photodiode, a floating diffusion FD, a contact CS, a multilayer reflective filter 457, an excitation light detection photodiode 459, a gate electrode portion 460 connected to the excitation light detection photodiode, a floating diffusion FD2, and a contact CS2.
- the opening of the well 453 is provided with a lid 461 having a pinhole H1.
- a pinhole H1 is provided in the lid 461, so that excitation light (solid arrow in the figure) can be irradiated toward the analyte S1.
- the inner surface (the surface facing the well) of the lid portion 461 may be formed, for example, from a material that reflects fluorescence (metal, for example, Al). This allows the fluorescence (dashed arrow in the same figure) generated by irradiation of the analyte S1 with excitation light to not exit the well, but to be reflected by the lid portion 461 as shown in the same figure and to proceed toward the fluorescence detection photodiode 454.
- the partition 456 is extended to reach the lid.
- the partition 456 may be configured, for example, as a light-guiding wall that guides the fluorescence to the fluorescence detection photodiode 454.
- the partition 456 may be formed of a cladding material or metal with a low refractive index (e.g., a light-reflective material that is easy to embed, such as Cu, W, or Ti).
- the partition 456 may be an air gap.
- the lid and partition sections described above can increase the amount of fluorescence that reaches the fluorescence detection photodiode, which contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- the lid portion 461 may also be a MEMS shutter.
- a MEMS shutter An example of the case where a MEMS shutter is used will be described with reference to FIG. 32.
- the pixel unit 371 of the image sensor has a configuration in which a MEMS shutter 372 is added to the lid portion of the pixel unit 361 of the image sensor shown in FIG. 31.
- the opening and closing of the pinhole is controlled by the MEMS shutter 372 moving in the direction of the arrow D1 in the figure.
- Example 2-13 (Excitation light blocking section provided on Si first-layer structure)
- the pixel unit described with reference to Figures 22 to 27 in Example 2-11 above has a photodiode for detecting fluorescence and a photodiode for detecting excitation light, i.e., has a two-story Si structure, and further has an excitation light blocking section such as a multilayer reflection filter, an absorption filter, and a waveguide in addition to the two-story Si structure.
- the pixel unit may be configured to have a photodiode for detecting fluorescence and an excitation light blocking portion, without having a photodiode for detecting excitation light, as will be described below with reference to Figures 33A and 33B.
- the pixel units 471-1 to 471-6 shown in FIGS. 33A and 33B are similar to the pixel units 411-1 to 411-6 shown in FIGS. 22 to 27, except that they do not have a photodiode for detecting excitation light and a gate electrode portion connected thereto.
- the pixel unit of the present disclosure may have a laminated structure of a fluorescence detection photodiode and an excitation light blocking section (including a multilayer reflective filter and an absorption filter, a waveguide, or a lens).
- Example 2-14 (Excitation light blocking section provided on Si two-layer structure)
- the pixel unit described in Example 2-11 above with reference to Figures 22 to 27 has an excitation light blocking section between the fluorescence detection photodiode and the excitation light detection photodiode.
- the pixel unit may have some of the components of the excitation light blocking section provided between the fluorescence detection photodiode and the excitation light detection photodiode, and another part of the components of the excitation light blocking section provided between the excitation light detection photodiode and the well. This configuration will be described below with reference to Figures 34A and 34B.
- the pixel units 481-1 to 481-6 shown in Figures 34A and 34B are similar to the pixel units 411-1 to 411-6 shown in Figures 22 to 27, except that some of the components of the excitation light blocking section are between the well and the excitation light detection photodiode, and the remaining components of the excitation light blocking section are between the well and the excitation light detection photodiode.
- the pixel units of the present disclosure may be configured in this manner.
- Example 2-15 (Trench Shape)
- the multilayer reflective filters of two adjacent pixel units are separated by a partition portion as shown in region 490 on the left in Fig. 35.
- the trench shape of the partition portion may have any one of the shapes shown in (a) to (c) on the right in the figure, for example. These shapes are described below.
- the trench shape may have a shape in which a substantially rectangular parallelepiped shape in the high refractive index layer H and a substantially trapezoid shape in the low refractive index layer L are alternately stacked. That is, in the high refractive index layer H, the multilayer reflective filter may be dug vertically, and in the low refractive index layer L, the multilayer reflective filter may be dug to have a taper angle. Alternatively, the multilayer reflective filter may be dug to have a taper angle in both the high refractive index layer H and the low refractive index layer L.
- the trench shape may have a shape in which the width becomes narrower from the shallow part to the deep part of the multilayer reflective filter, as shown in FIG.
- the multilayer reflective filter may be trenched so as to have no taper angle in both the high refractive index layer H and the low refractive index layer L. This allows the trench shape to have a constant width at any depth in the multilayer reflective filter, as shown in FIG.
- the back-illuminated image sensor according to the present disclosure may have an excitation light blocking portion as described in 1.2 above.
- the excitation light blocking portion may include a polarizer.
- the excitation light may be, for example, polarized light.
- a high excitation light cutoff rate high S/N ratio
- miniaturized pixel size high throughput
- the pixel unit 301 described in Example 1.2 above is shown in Fig. 36A.
- the pixel unit has a multilayer reflective filter 307 as a component for blocking excitation light.
- it is necessary to increase the thickness of the multilayer reflective filter but as a trade-off, the thickness of the pixel structure increases, and the more miniaturized the structure is, the more likely optical crosstalk occurs.
- the thickness T1 of the multilayer reflective filter 307 of the pixel unit 301 may be, for example, about several ⁇ m (particularly, about 3 ⁇ m to 4 ⁇ m).
- a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure having a polarizer instead of the multilayer reflective filter may have a configuration as shown in FIG. 36B, for example, and the thickness T2 of the polarizer may be, for example, 1 ⁇ m or less (particularly, about 0.2 ⁇ m to 0.3 ⁇ m).
- a polarizer as an excitation light blocking portion in the present disclosure, it is possible to reduce the height of the pixel, which is extremely advantageous for miniaturizing the pixel.
- the use of a polarizer instead of a multilayer reflection filter can improve the S/N ratio, which contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- the polarizer transmits either S-polarized or P-polarized light incident in the direction of the arrangement, and extinguishes the other.
- the polarized light extinguished by the polarizer may be irradiated as excitation light to the analyte. This irradiation generates fluorescence.
- the excitation light that has passed through the analyte holding portion (particularly the nanowell) is extinguished by the polarizer, and only the fluorescence passes through the polarizer.
- the transmitted fluorescence is detected by a fluorescence detection photodiode.
- the thickness of the polarizer is significantly smaller than the thickness of the multilayer reflective filter, it is possible to reduce the height of the pixels. Reducing the height of the pixels is also useful for suppressing optical crosstalk. Reducing the height of the pixels also makes it possible to form a structure that is advantageous for miniaturizing the pixels.
- a back-illuminated imager having a polarizer according to the present disclosure will now be described with reference to Figures 36B and 36C.
- a pixel unit 501 shown on the right side of the figure has a well 503 and a photodiode 504 for detecting fluorescence.
- the pixel unit 501 has an insulating film 502-1, a polarizer 507, and an insulating film 502-2 between the well 503 and the photodiode 504.
- the polarizer 507 corresponds to the excitation light blocking portion described above.
- the pixel unit 501 may be configured to have a layered structure in which the photodiode 504, the polarizer 507, and the well 503 are arranged in this order.
- the imaging element according to the present disclosure may have a plurality of pixel units 501 arranged in a grid pattern. That is, as shown in the plan view on the left of the figure, a back-illuminated imaging element 500 may be composed of a plurality of pixel units 501 arranged in a grid pattern.
- the well 503, photodiode 504 (N region 504N and P region 504P), gate electrode portion 505, partition portion 506, and transparent substrate 508 may be the same as the well 303, photodiode 304 (N region 304N and P region 304P), gate electrode portion 305, partition portion 306, and transparent substrate 308 described in Example 2-1 above, and the description also applies to this example.
- the pixel unit 501 has a polarizer 507 between a well 503 and a fluorescence detection photodiode 504.
- the polarizer 507 may be laminated with the well 503 via an insulating film 502-1.
- the polarizer 507 may be laminated with the fluorescence detection photodiode 504 via an insulating film 502-2.
- These insulating films may be, for example, SiO2 .
- excitation light L1 (solid arrow), which is polarized light, is irradiated onto an analyte S1.
- a portion of the irradiated excitation light passes through the analyte S1, travels through the well 503, and reaches the polarizer 507.
- the excitation light L1, which is polarized light is quenched by the polarizer 507.
- Fluorescence L2 (dashed arrow) is generated by irradiating the analyte S1 with the excitation light L1.
- the fluorescence L2 passes through the polarizer 507 and reaches the fluorescence detection photodiode 504.
- the polarizer allows the fluorescent light to selectively reach the photodiode. This contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescence detection.
- the polarizer is not used to obtain polarization information. Therefore, one polarizer may be stacked in one pixel unit, or one polarizer may be stacked across multiple pixel units. That is, one polarizer may be provided so as to cover the detection units of two or more pixel units. In addition, the orientation of the polarizer with respect to the photodiode may be any orientation.
- one polarizer for four photodiodes PD1 to PD4 may be arranged diagonally with respect to the pixel array direction, or as shown in (b) of the same figure, one polarizer for four photodiodes PD1 to PD4 may be arranged horizontally or vertically with respect to the pixel array direction. Furthermore, as shown in (c) and (d) of the same figure, one polarizer for each photodiode may be arranged in a diagonal direction, or in a horizontal or vertical direction with respect to the pixel array direction.
- Example 3-3 (Example when unpolarized light is used)
- the light emitted from the light source may be unpolarized light.
- a polarizer that converts the unpolarized light into polarized light may be disposed on the optical path from the light source to the analysis unit. A configuration example in this case will be described with reference to FIG.
- a polarizer may be laminated on a transparent substrate.
- a polarizer 509 may be provided between transparent substrates 508-1 and 508-2, that is, a laminated structure of a transparent substrate, a polarizer, and a transparent substrate may be formed.
- Unpolarized light L10 is normally irradiated from a light source and reaches the laminated structure.
- light L11 is polarized light.
- the polarized light L11 is irradiated to an analyte.
- a polarizer may be laminated on one transparent substrate.
- the pixel unit 511 shown in the figure is the same as the pixel unit 501 described in Example 3-1 above.
- the polarizer 507 stacked on the photodiode 504 of the pixel unit 501 has the optical property of extinguishing the polarized light L11. This makes it possible to block the excitation light as described in Example 3-1 above.
- a polarizer is mounted on the cover glass serving as the transparent substrate.
- the polarizer laminated on the photodiode is configured so that its transmission/extinction characteristics are opposite to the transmission/extinction characteristics of the polarizer on the cover glass for polarized light. In other words, the polarized light transmitted by the polarizer on the cover glass is extinguished by the polarizer laminated on the photodiode.
- a polarizer that transmits a specific polarized light is placed on the optical path between the light source and the well, and a polarizer that extinguishes the specific polarized light is placed on the optical path between the well and the fluorescence detection photodiode, making it possible to use a light source that emits unpolarized light.
- Example 3-4 Combination of polarizer and excitation light absorbing filter
- the pixel unit of the image sensor of the present disclosure may have an excitation light absorbing filter in addition to a polarizer. This combination can more reliably block the excitation light.
- a configuration example of the pixel unit of the image sensor having such a combination will be described with reference to FIG.
- the pixel unit 521 has an insulating film 522-1, an absorption filter (e.g., a multilayer reflective filter) 529, a polarizer 527, and an insulating film 522-2 between the well 523 and the photodiode 524.
- the absorption filter 529 and the polarizer 527 correspond to the excitation light blocking section described above.
- the pixel unit 521 may be configured to have a layered structure in which the photodiode 523, the polarizer 527, the absorption filter 529, and the well 523 are arranged in this order.
- the well 523, photodiode 524 (N region 524N and P region 524P), gate electrode portion 525, partition portion 526, and transparent substrate 528 in the figure may be the same as the well 303, photodiode 304 (N region 304N and P region 304P), gate electrode portion 305, partition portion 306, and transparent substrate 308 described in Example 2-1 above, and the description also applies to this example.
- the pixel unit 521 further includes an absorption filter 529 in addition to the polarizer 527. This allows the excitation light blocking rate to be further increased.
- a pixel unit 521 may have a layered structure in which a photodiode 523, an absorption filter 529, a polarizer 527, and a well 523 are arranged in this order.
- the pixel unit of the imaging element of the present disclosure has an analyte holding portion, and in particular has a well in which the analyte is held.
- the analyte holding portion may be laminated on the excitation light blocking portion, for example, via an insulating film.
- the material of the analyte holding portion and the insulating film may be any material that does not adversely affect the light to be analyzed, and may be appropriately selected by a person skilled in the art. Preferably, the material does not interfere with polarized light and is weather resistant to reagents.
- the well 503 shown in FIG. 36B may be formed from a material such as SiO 2 , SiN, or a resin material.
- the material of the bottom portion 543-2 of the well may be different from the material of the sidewall portion 543-1 of the well.
- the material of the bottom portion 543-2 of the well may be SiN or glass.
- the bottom portion 543-2 may be laminated to a polarizer 547 (or an absorption filter). That is, the bottom portion 543-2 may be used as an interlayer film between the well 543 (particularly the well sidewall) and the polarizer 547.
- the photodiode 544 (N region 544N and P region 544P), gate electrode portion 545, partition portion 546, and transparent substrate 548 in the figure may be the same as the photodiode 304 (N region 304N and P region 304P), gate electrode portion 305, partition portion 306, and transparent substrate 308 described in Example 2-1 above, and the description also applies to this example.
- the entire well 553 may be made of SiN or glass.
- the components other than the well of the pixel unit 551 shown in FIG. 2B may be made of SiN or glass.
- the pixel unit of the imaging element of the present disclosure may have a plasmon filter as an excitation light blocking unit.
- the wavelength selectivity of the plasmon filter may be utilized to selectively block the excitation light and allow the fluorescence to reach the photodiode. A configuration example in which the plasmon filter is used will be described with reference to FIG.
- the pixel unit 561 has an insulating film 562-1, a plasmon filter 567, and insulating films 562-2 to 562-4 between the well 563 and the photodiode 564.
- the plasmon filter 567 corresponds to the excitation light blocking section described above.
- the pixel unit 561 may be configured to have a layered structure in which the photodiode 564, the plasmon filter 567, and the well 563 are arranged in this order.
- the well 563, photodiode 564 (N region 564N and P region 564P), gate electrode portion 565, partition portion 566, and transparent substrate 568 in the figure may be the same as the well 303, photodiode 304 (N region 304N and P region 304P), gate electrode portion 305, partition portion 306, and transparent substrate 308 described in Example 2-1 above, and the description also applies to this example.
- the plasmon filter 567 is a filter that selectively blocks excitation light by the surface plasmon resonance effect and transmits fluorescence.
- the filter may be made of, for example, a metal, such as, but not limited to, Al or Cu.
- the filter may have holes (also called a hole array) arranged in an array, as shown in the cross-sectional schematic diagram shown in B of the same figure.
- the wavelength of light to be blocked can be adjusted by adjusting the pitch and/or diameter of the holes.
- the pitch and diameter may be the dimensions shown in B in the figure.
- the pitch means the interval at which the unit structure of the holes appears. By adjusting these, it is possible to adjust the transmission characteristics for light in the wavelength range from visible light to near infrared light, for example.
- the materials for the insulating films 562-1 to 562-4 may be appropriately selected by those skilled in the art.
- three insulating layers are present between the well and the plasmon filter, but the number of insulating layers does not have to be 3.
- the number of insulating layers provided between them may be one or more, for example, one, two, three, four, or five.
- one insulating layer is present between the photodiode and the plasmon filter, but the number of insulating layers does not have to be 1.
- the number of insulating layers provided between them may be one or more, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 layers.
- each insulating film may be, for example, a silicon oxide film, a nitrogen-containing silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, an oxygen-containing silicon nitride film, or a metal oxide film.
- Each insulating film may be an insulating film that has been subjected to a high-density plasma treatment.
- the pixel unit of the imaging element of the present disclosure may have a film having a Fabry-Perot structure (hereinafter also referred to as an FP structure) as an excitation light blocking portion.
- a film having an FP structure is used as an excitation light blocking portion.
- the film 577 having the FP structure selectively blocks the excitation light by wavelength separation using a Fabry-Perot resonator.
- a film having a high refractive index material multilayer structure such as a TiO 2 /SiO 2 multilayer film and a PolySi/SiO 2 multilayer film may be used.
- the film having the FP structure can selectively cut only the excitation light with a thickness thinner than that of a multilayer reflection filter.
- optical properties of a film having an FP structure can be adjusted by adjusting the thickness and material of each layer that composes the film, as well as the number of layers. This will be explained below with reference to Figure 43.
- a graph showing the transmittance of a TiO2 / SiO2 multilayer film at each wavelength (top) and a schematic cross-sectional view of the multilayer film (bottom) are shown in Fig. 1.
- the horizontal axis ⁇ (nm) indicates the wavelength ⁇ of light incident on the multilayer film
- the vertical axis T indicates the proportion of light transmitted through the multilayer film out of the light incident on the multilayer film (i.e., transmittance T).
- the multilayer film is a film of 18 layers, and the thickness of each layer is shown to the right of each layer. The total thickness of the multilayer film is 1168 nm.
- the transmittance of light traveling in the direction indicated by the arrow in the figure through a film having a laminated structure in the figure is plotted in the graph.
- the transmittance of the multilayer film has a peak at about 550 nm, with a half-width of about 10 nm.
- the transmittance of the multilayer film for excitation light of 530 nm is 1/60 or less of the transmittance of fluorescent light of 550 nm.
- an analyte is irradiated with excitation light having a wavelength of 532 nm (half width: about 30 nm) to generate fluorescence having a wavelength of 553 nm.
- the multilayer film can selectively transmit the fluorescence generated by irradiation of the analyte with the excitation light and selectively block the excitation light.
- Fig. 1B a graph showing the transmittance of the PolySi/ SiO2 multilayer film at each wavelength (top) and a schematic cross-sectional view of the multilayer film (bottom) are shown.
- the horizontal axis ⁇ (nm) indicates the wavelength ⁇ of light incident on the multilayer film
- the vertical axis T indicates the ratio of light transmitted through the multilayer film to the light incident on the multilayer film (i.e., transmittance T).
- the multilayer film is a nine-layer film, and the thickness of each layer is shown to the right of each layer. The total thickness of the multilayer film is 650 nm.
- the transmittance of light traveling in the direction indicated by the arrow in the figure through a film having a laminated structure in the figure is plotted in the graph.
- the transmittance of the multilayer film has a peak at about 550 nm, with a half-width of about 20 nm.
- the transmittance of the multilayer film for excitation light of 530 nm is 1/10 or less of the transmittance of fluorescent light of 550 nm.
- an analyte is irradiated with excitation light having a wavelength of 532 nm (half width: about 30 nm) to generate fluorescence having a wavelength of 553 nm.
- the multilayer film can selectively transmit the fluorescence generated by irradiation of the analyte with the excitation light and selectively block the excitation light.
- a film having an FP structure can selectively transmit fluorescence and selectively block excitation light. Furthermore, by adjusting the configuration of the film, it is possible to selectively transmit or block light of desired wavelengths.
- the back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure includes a fluorescence detection unit that detects fluorescence generated by irradiating an analyte with excitation light.
- the fluorescence detection unit includes: The two or more photodiodes may be arranged to form a vertical stack structure between the analyte holder and a wiring layer.
- two-color chemistry using two types of fluorescent substances or four-color chemistry using four types of fluorescent substances provides higher throughput than one-color chemistry using one type of fluorescent substance. This is because one-color chemistry requires washing away the fluorescent substances and blocking agents when using fluorescent substances that identify each base, necessitating more staining and image readings, whereas two-color or four-color chemistry can reduce these steps.
- the fluorescence detection section of the back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure has two or more photodiodes, making it possible to simultaneously detect light of two or more different wavelengths. This makes it possible to improve the throughput in biological sample analysis in which two or more fluorescent substances are used. For example, it is possible to determine the base sequence of nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) with fewer staining cycles, improving the throughput of base sequence determination.
- nucleic acid e.g., DNA or RNA
- the two or more photodiodes are arranged to form a vertically stacked structure between the analyte holding portion and the wiring layer.
- This is particularly suitable for nucleic acid sequencing, for example.
- nucleic acid sequencing the extension of DNA fixed at a specific position within the surface is detected by fluorescence, so by vertically stacking the photodiodes at the same position within the light-receiving surface (by stacking the photodiodes in the depth direction), it is easy to obtain fluorescent information indicating the extension of the DNA.
- the vertically stacked structure makes it possible to reduce the size of the light-receiving surface per pixel.
- the back-illuminated imaging element will be described below with reference to FIG. 44.
- the figure shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an example of the back-illuminated imaging element.
- the pixel unit 701 has a well 703.
- the well 703 may be covered with an insulating film 702 as shown in the figure.
- the well 703 is rectangular in this figure, but may be another polygonal shape, or may be circular or elliptical, etc.
- the wells 703 (and the insulating film 702 covering the wells) may be configured to hold an analyte, i.e., correspond to an analyte holding portion.
- the description regarding the well 103 and the insulating film 102 in the above section 1.1 also applies to the well 703 and the insulating film 702.
- the pixel unit 701 has two photodiodes 704-1 and 704-2.
- the photodiodes may be, for example, Si photodiodes.
- the photodiode 704-1 is composed of an N region 704N1 and a P region 704P.
- the photodiode 704-2 is composed of an N region 704N2 and a P region 704P.
- the N region 704N1 of the photodiode 704-1 and the N region 704N2 of the photodiode 704-2 are in contact with each other, but these regions may be separated. In the latter case, these two N regions may be separated by a P region.
- N regions 704N1 and 704N2 may be surrounded by a P region 704P.
- the number of photodiodes in one pixel unit is not limited to two, and may be three or more, as described below.
- the two photodiodes 704-1 and 704-2 are aligned in a direction perpendicular to the light receiving surface, i.e., stacked vertically. As described above, this stacked structure is particularly suitable for DNA sequencing, for example.
- the pixel unit 701 may have an insulating film 707.
- the well 703 and the photodiode 704 may be stacked with the insulating film 707 interposed therebetween.
- a pixel unit may be separated from other unit pixels by a partition.
- the explanation regarding the partition 106 in 1.1 above also applies to the partition in this example.
- the pixel unit has a gate electrode portion connected to each of the photodiodes 704-1 and 704-2.
- the gate electrode portion may be polysilicon as described in 1.1 above. An example of the configuration of the gate electrode portion will be described below in 4.2.
- the pixel units 701 may be arranged in an array to form an image sensor.
- the image sensor is of a back-illuminated type, that is, a wiring layer (not shown) is provided on the side opposite to the fluorescent light incident side of the photodiode.
- a well 703 is provided on one side of the photodiode 704, and a wiring layer is provided on the opposite side of the photodiode 704. That is, the unit pixel 701 has a layered structure in which the wiring layer, the detection section (photodiode), and the analyte holding section (well) are arranged in this order.
- the imaging element of the present disclosure is configured in this way, so that it can acquire a larger fluorescent signal, which contributes to improving the accuracy of fluorescent detection.
- the top of the figure shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an image sensor pixel unit having two layers of photodiodes.
- the cross-sectional view is a schematic cross-sectional view of a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface.
- the pixel unit 711 has a well 713 and insulating films 712 and 717. These are the same as the well 703 and insulating films 702 and 707 described in Example 4-1 above, and the description there also applies to this example.
- a well 713 appears in the cross section taken along line AA'.
- the cross-sectional view taken along line BB' shows a P region 714P and an N region 714N1 that constitute the photodiode 714-1.
- the N region 714N1 appears in the cross section taken along line CC'.
- the area of the N region 714N2 of the photodiode 714-2 is smaller than the area of the N region 714N1 of the photodiode 714-1. Taking advantage of this difference in area, the gate electrode portion 715-1 connected to the photodiode 714-1 is disposed, thereby preventing the size of the pixel unit from becoming large.
- the gate electrode portion can be provided so that the pixel unit does not become large, which contributes to the miniaturization of the image sensor.
- Example 4-3 Example of the configuration of an image sensor having three layers of photodiodes
- the imaging elements described in Examples 4-1 and 4-2 above have two layers of photodiodes, which constitute a fluorescence detection unit.
- the fluorescence detection unit of the pixel unit of the imaging element of the present disclosure may have three or more layers of photodiodes.
- An imaging element pixel unit having a fluorescence detection unit with three layers of photodiodes will be described below with reference to FIG. 46.
- the top of the figure shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an image sensor pixel unit having three layers of photodiodes.
- This cross-sectional view is a schematic cross-sectional view of a plane perpendicular to the light receiving surface. Note that in this cross-sectional view, three gate electrode sections are shown, but these are shown for the sake of convenience to allow a better understanding of this example, and do not completely match the cross-sectional view shown below the figure.
- the pixel unit 721 has a well 723 and insulating films 722 and 727. These are the same as the well 703 and insulating films 702 and 707 described in Example 4-1 above, and the description there also applies to this example.
- the pixel unit has two photodiodes 724-1, 724-2, and 724-3, which may be, for example, Si photodiodes.
- the photodiode 724-1 is composed of an N region 724N1 and a P region 724P.
- the photodiode 724-2 is composed of an N region 724N2 and a P region 724P.
- the photodiode 724-3 is composed of an N region 724N3 and a P region 724P.
- N region 724N1 and N region 724N2 are adjacent to each other, or N region 724N2 and N region 724N3 are adjacent to each other. In the present disclosure, these N regions may be separated. When two N regions are separated, these N regions may be separated by a P region.
- N regions 724N1, 724N2, and 724N3 may be surrounded by a P region 724P.
- the three photodiodes 724-1 (particularly N region 724N1), 724-2 (particularly N region 714N2), and 724-3 (particularly N region 714N3) are arranged in a direction perpendicular to the light receiving surface, i.e., stacked vertically, as shown in the figure.
- This stacked structure is particularly suitable for DNA sequencing, as described above.
- Photodiode 724-1 is connected to gate electrode portion 725-1.
- Photodiode 724-2 is connected to gate electrode portion 725-2.
- Photodiode 724-3 is connected to gate electrode portion 725-3.
- These gate electrode portions may be made of polysilicon as described in 1.1 above. These gate electrode portions are connected to a wiring layer.
- the imaging element is a back-illuminated type, and the wiring layer is disposed at the bottom in the figure. In other words, the imaging element has a layered structure in which a well, a photodiode, and a wiring layer are arranged in this order.
- a well 723 appears in a cross-sectional view taken along line AA'.
- the cross-sectional view taken along line BB' shows a P region 724P and an N region 724N1 that constitute the photodiode 724-1.
- an N region 724N1 appears in the cross section taken along line CC'.
- N region 724N1 and an N region 724N2 appear.
- the area of N region 724N2 of photodiode 724-2 is smaller than the area of N region 724N1 of photodiode 724-1.
- the area of N region 724N3 of photodiode 724-3 is smaller than the area of N region 724N2 of photodiode 724-2. Utilizing this difference in area, gate electrode portions 725-1 and 725-2 are arranged, thereby preventing the size of the pixel unit from becoming large.
- the gate electrode portion can be provided so that the pixel unit does not become large, which contributes to the miniaturization of the image sensor.
- Example 4-4 sensitivity verification when having two layers of photodiodes
- the sensitivity of each photodiode was verified for the pixel unit 711 described in Example 4-2 above.
- the sensitivity verification was performed based on the integral value of the light intensity of light (red light (668 nm) and green light (545 nm)) in the fluorescent wavelength region of a commonly used fluorescent material up to a depth of 3 ⁇ m in Si.
- the upper end of the upper layer photodiode PD1 (N region) is designated PD1s and the lower end is designated PD1e.
- the upper end of the lower layer photodiode PD2 (N region) is designated PD2s and the lower end is designated PD2e.
- Fig. 48 the light intensity of red light and the light intensity of green light are plotted against the Si depth.
- the plot also shows the absorption of these lights.
- the integral value of the light intensity at positions PD1s to PD1e of PD1 is obtained.
- the integral value of the light intensity at positions PD2s to PD2e of PD2 is obtained.
- the G/R rate was calculated when the position of PD1 was fixed and PD2 was moved to various positions.
- the G/R rate was also calculated when the position of PD2 was fixed and PD1 was moved to various positions.
- the calculated G/R ratio is shown in Fig. 49. From these results, when the position of PD1 is fixed, the deeper the position of PD2s, the higher the G/R ratio. Also, when the position of PD2 is fixed, the shallower the position of PD1e, the higher the G/R ratio. Therefore, it is considered desirable to separate the positions of the two PDs in the depth direction (direction perpendicular to the light receiving surface) within the Si in order to increase sensitivity.
- the photodiode closer to the wiring layer may be configured to detect fluorescence with a longer wavelength.
- Example 1 of Manufacturing Method (Image Sensor Including PD with Well Structure)
- the imaging element according to the present disclosure can be manufactured, for example, by applying a technique known in the technical field related to imaging elements.
- An example of a manufacturing method of an imaging element according to the present disclosure will be described below with reference to Figures 50A-B.
- an example of a manufacturing flow of an imaging element 1100 having a structure similar to that of the imaging element 100 described in Example 1-1 above is shown.
- 50A and 50B are schematic diagrams for explaining a manufacturing flow diagram of a back-illuminated image sensor according to the present disclosure.
- a Si wafer 1104P for forming a photodiode is prepared, and a photoresist PR is applied to a surface S1 of the wafer so as to draw a predetermined pattern.
- the photoresist PR may be applied to areas other than the area for forming the sidewall portion of the well.
- the N region 1104N of the photodiode is embedded by photolithography.
- the shape of the N region 1104N to be formed may be appropriately designed by a person skilled in the art depending on, for example, the structure of the well to be formed or the position or shape of the FD or gate electrode portion 1105 described below.
- Poly-Si is filled into the area where the partition portion is to be formed.
- the filling may be performed by, for example, dry etching.
- an FD is formed in a part of the P region 1104P, as shown in (e) of the same figure.
- a Poly-Si layer is formed on the surface S1, and a photoresist PR is laminated on the Poly-Si layer.
- the photoresist PR may be applied so as to draw a predetermined pattern.
- the photoresist PR may be laminated in an area other than the gate electrode portion.
- tungsten is embedded in the poly-Si in the portion on the surface S2 of the wafer where the partition is to be formed, to form the partition 1106.
- the embedding may be performed by, for example, wet etching.
- photoresist PR is laminated on surface S2 so as to draw a predetermined pattern.
- the photoresist may be laminated, for example, in areas other than the areas where the wells are to be formed.
- a color filter (or a multilayer reflective filter) 1103 that forms the well surface is deposited, and then an insulating film 1102 is deposited on the color filter 1103. In this manner, the image sensor 1100 is manufactured.
- the imaging element 1100 is combined with various components that form a flow path unit, such as a transparent substrate 1108, to form a flow path unit 1110 for analyzing biological samples.
- a flow path unit such as a transparent substrate 1108, to form a flow path unit 1110 for analyzing biological samples.
- FIG. 50C A schematic cross-sectional view of an example of a flow path unit 1110 for biological sample analysis is shown in FIG. 50C.
- the flow path unit 1110 for biological sample analysis has a back-illuminated imaging element 1100 and a transparent substrate 1108 according to the present disclosure, and the imaging element 1100 and the transparent substrate 1108 are arranged to form a flow path C.
- the back-illuminated imaging element 1100 and the transparent substrate 1108 may be connected via a wall portion 1111.
- Flow path C is a flow path through which a biological sample containing an analyte flows.
- the analyte is captured in the well of the image sensor 1100 (particularly on the bottom of the well).
- the analyte is then irradiated with excitation light, and the fluorescence generated by the irradiation of the excitation light is detected by the image sensor 1100.
- Example 2 of Manufacturing Method (Image Sensor Having Multilayer Reflection Filter) An example of a method for manufacturing an image sensor according to the present disclosure will be described below with reference to Figures 51A to 51C.
- the pixel unit 311 has a fluorescence detection photodiode 314 and an excitation light detection photodiode 319. Therefore, in order to form the pixel unit 311, these two photodiodes are manufactured using separate Si wafers. Then, after the structure of each photodiode is formed, the two photodiodes are stacked.
- FIG. 51A and 51B a flow diagram for forming a fluorescence detection photodiode is shown in the Si1L row, and a flow diagram for forming an excitation light detection photodiode is shown in the Si2L row.
- Figure 51C a flow diagram after these two photodiodes are bonded together is shown. Details of these flows will be described below.
- a Si wafer 1314P for forming a photodiode for detecting fluorescence and a Si wafer 1319P for forming a photodiode for detecting excitation light are prepared.
- a photoresist PR is applied to the surface S11 of the Si wafer 1314P so as to draw a predetermined pattern.
- the photoresist PR may be applied to areas other than the areas where the N regions are to be formed.
- Photoresist PR is also applied to the surface S21 of the Si wafer 1319P so as to draw a predetermined pattern.
- the photoresist PR may be applied to areas other than the areas where the N regions are to be formed.
- an N region 1314N is embedded by photolithography in a Si wafer 1314P for forming a photodiode for detecting fluorescence.
- an N region 1319N is embedded in the Si wafer 1319P by photolithography.
- a hard mask layer HM is formed so as to draw a predetermined pattern.
- the hard mask layer HM is formed so as to cover the area other than the area where Poly-Si is to be embedded.
- Poly-Si is embedded in both wafers.
- the embedding may be performed by a dry etching process.
- the hard mask is removed, and then, as shown in (d1) of the same figure, a photoresist PR for forming an FD is formed on each of the surfaces S11 and S21 of the wafer so as to draw a predetermined pattern.
- the photoresist PR is laminated in an area other than the area where the FD (Si1L row) or FD2 (Si2L row) is formed.
- an ion implantation process is performed.
- an FD (Si1L row) is formed in an area of the Si wafer 1314P where the photoresist is not laminated.
- an FD2 Si2L row
- the photoresist PR is removed.
- the photoresist PR is laminated in the region other than the region where the gate electrode portion is to be embedded.
- a dry etching process is performed to remove the region where the gate electrode portion is to be embedded. After that, the photoresist PR is removed.
- photoresist PR for forming the gate electrode portion is formed on the wafer surfaces S11 and S21 so as to draw a predetermined pattern.
- the photoresist PR is laminated in areas other than the area where the gate electrode portion is to be embedded.
- a dry etching process is performed to remove the area where the gate electrode portion is to be embedded.
- the photoresist PR is then removed.
- the photoresist PR is then removed, and the entire exposed Si surface is oxidized in the removal. Due to this oxidation, a thermal oxide film is formed in the area where the gate electrode portion is to be embedded. In this way, the inner surface of the trench is covered with a thermal oxide film.
- a Poly-Si layer is formed on the surface S11 and the surface S21, and Poly-Si is also buried in the trench. Then, a photoresist is formed on the Poly-Si layer of each wafer, in the area where the gate electrode portion is to be formed.
- the Poly-Si layer in the areas where the photoresist is not formed is removed by photolithography and dry etching processes, forming gate electrode portions 1315-1 and 1320-1, as shown in (g) of the same figure.
- a contact CS and a wiring layer 1329 are formed on the surface S11 of the wafer of the fluorescence detection photodiode, thereby connecting the wiring layer 1329 and the gate electrode portion 1315-1.
- An adhesive material to be used for bonding which will be described later, is applied to the surface S21 of the wafer of the photodiode for detecting excitation light.
- the wafer of the fluorescence detection photodiode is turned over as shown in FIG.
- the wafer may be turned over and the bonding process described below may be carried out in this state.
- the Poly-Si embedded in the wafer is dry etched to embed tungsten. This forms the partition section 1316, and also forms a gate electrode section 1320-2 in the P region of the fluorescence detection photodiode.
- a multilayer reflective filter 1317 is formed on surface S12 of the fluorescence detection photodiode (the surface opposite to the surface on which the wiring layer is formed).
- a multilayer reflective filter two types of insulating films with different refractive indices may be alternately formed.
- a hard mask HM is formed on the multilayer reflective filter, as shown in (l) of the same figure.
- the hard mask HM is formed in areas other than the areas where the partition and gate electrode parts are to be formed.
- dry etching is performed, and then tungsten is embedded.
- the partition 1316 and the gate electrode part 1320-2 are formed in the multilayer reflective filter.
- a contact CS2 that will be connected to FD2 in a later stage is also formed.
- a photodiode for detecting excitation light is laminated on the multilayer reflective filter via the adhesive. This lamination connects gate electrode section 1320-1 and gate electrode section 1320-2. In addition, FD2 is connected to CS2.
- an insulating film 1312 is formed on the excitation light detection photodiode.
- a material 1313 for forming the well is layered on the insulating film 1312, and photoresist is layered on the material to form a predetermined pattern.
- the photoresist is layered in areas other than the area where the well is to be formed.
- the material 1313 is excavated by, for example, a dry etching process to form a well. In this way, an image sensor in which pixel units 1311 are arranged is manufactured.
- the imaging element is combined with various components that form a flow path unit, such as a transparent substrate 1318, to form a flow path unit 1300 for analyzing biological samples.
- a flow path unit such as a transparent substrate 1318
- FIG. 51D A schematic cross-sectional view of an example of a flow path unit 1300 for analyzing biological samples is shown in FIG. 51D.
- the flow path unit 1300 for analyzing biological samples has a back-illuminated image sensor 1331 and a transparent substrate 1318 according to the present disclosure, and the image sensor 13313 and the transparent substrate 1318 are arranged to form a flow path C.
- the back-illuminated image sensor 1331 and the transparent substrate 1318 may be connected via a wall portion 1332.
- the flow path C is a flow path through which a biological sample containing an analyte flows.
- the analyte is captured in the well (particularly on the bottom surface of the well) of the image sensor 1331. Then, the analyte is irradiated with excitation light, and fluorescence generated by the irradiation of the excitation light is detected by the image sensor 1331.
- Example 3 of Manufacturing Method (Image Sensor Having Multilayer Reflection Filter) An example of a method for manufacturing an image sensor according to the present disclosure will be described below with reference to Figures 52A to 52C. In this example, an example of a manufacturing flow of an image sensor 1341 having a plurality of pixel units 301 described in Example 2-1 above is shown. Details of these flows will be described below.
- a Si wafer 1304P for forming a photodiode for detecting fluorescence is prepared.
- a photoresist PR is applied to the surface S1 of the Si wafer 1304P so as to draw a predetermined pattern.
- the photoresist PR may be applied to areas other than the areas where the N regions are to be formed.
- an N region 1314N is embedded by photolithography in a Si wafer 1314P for forming a photodiode for detecting fluorescence.
- a hard mask layer HM is formed so as to draw a predetermined pattern.
- the hard mask layer HM is formed so as to cover the area other than the area where Poly-Si is to be embedded.
- Poly-Si is embedded in both wafers.
- the embedding may be performed by a dry etching process.
- the hard mask is removed, and then, as shown in (d1) of the figure, a photoresist PR for forming an FD is formed on the surface S11 of the wafer to draw a predetermined pattern.
- the photoresist PR is layered in areas other than the area where the FD is to be formed.
- an ion implantation process is performed. By the ion implantation process, an FD is formed in the area of the Si wafer 1304P where the photoresist is not layered, as shown in (d2) of the figure.
- the photoresist PR is then removed.
- a Poly-Si layer is formed on the surface S1, and Poly-Si is also buried in the trench. Then, a photoresist is formed on the Poly-Si layer in a portion where a gate electrode portion is to be formed.
- the Poly-Si layer in the areas where the photoresist is not formed is removed by photolithography and dry etching processes, forming the gate electrode portion 1305, as shown in (g) of the same figure.
- a wiring layer 1339 is formed on the surface S1 of the wafer of the fluorescence detection photodiode. This results in the formation of the wiring layer 1339, and also the formation of the contact CS connected to the FD.
- the wafer containing the fluorescence detection photodiodes is flipped over, as shown in (i) of the same figure.
- the Poly-Si embedded in the wafer is dry etched to embed tungsten.
- a multilayer reflective filter 1307 is formed on surface S2 of the fluorescence detection photodiode (the surface opposite to the surface on which the wiring layer is formed).
- a multilayer reflective filter two types of insulating films with different refractive indices may be alternately formed.
- a hard mask HM is formed on the multilayer reflective filter, as shown in (l) of the same figure.
- the hard mask HM is formed in areas other than the area where the partition is to be formed. Then, after the hard mask is formed, dry etching is performed, and then tungsten is embedded. As a result, the partition 1306 is formed in the multilayer reflective filter.
- the insulating film 1302 on the multilayer reflective filter is formed, as shown in (n) of Figure 52C.
- a material 1303 for forming a well is layered on the insulating film 1302, and photoresist is layered on the material to form a predetermined pattern.
- the photoresist is layered in areas other than the area where the well is to be formed.
- the material 1303 is excavated by, for example, a dry etching process to form a well. In this way, an image sensor in which pixel units 1301 are arranged is manufactured.
- the imaging element is combined with various components that form a flow path unit, such as a transparent substrate 1308, to form a flow path unit 1400 for analyzing biological samples.
- a flow path unit such as a transparent substrate 1308, to form a flow path unit 1400 for analyzing biological samples.
- FIG. 52D A schematic cross-sectional view of an example of a flow path unit 1400 for biological sample analysis is shown in FIG. 52D.
- the flow path unit 1200 for biological sample analysis has a back-illuminated image sensor 1341 and a transparent substrate 1308 according to the present disclosure, and the image sensor 1341 and the transparent substrate 1308 are arranged to form a flow path C.
- the back-illuminated image sensor 1341 and the transparent substrate 1308 may be connected via a wall portion 1342.
- Flow path C is a flow path through which a biological sample containing an analyte flows.
- the analyte is captured in the well of the image sensor 1341 (particularly on the bottom of the well).
- the analyte is then irradiated with excitation light, and the fluorescence generated by the irradiation of the excitation light is detected by the image sensor 1341.
- the present disclosure provides a flow path unit having a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure.
- the flow path unit may be used, for example, for biological sample analysis, but may also be used for other purposes.
- the biological sample may be a sample containing an analyte.
- the analyte may be one that generates fluorescence when irradiated with the excitation light described above.
- the analyte may be, for example, a nucleic acid, and more specifically, DNA or RNA.
- the flow path unit of the present disclosure may be a flow path unit for nucleic acid analysis.
- the nucleic acid analysis may be a nucleic acid sequence analysis. That is, the flow path unit of the present disclosure may be a flow path unit for nucleic acid sequence analysis. The flow path unit is particularly suitable for determining the base sequence of a nucleic acid.
- the analyte may be a biological material other than a nucleic acid, such as a protein, lipid, peptide, or sugar.
- the analyte may be an antibody or an antigen.
- the analyte may be a bioparticle, such as a cell or a non-cellular bioparticle.
- the cell may be, for example, a blood cell, but may also be other cells.
- the non-cellular bioparticle may also be an extracellular vesicle, in particular an exosome or a microvesicle.
- the analyte may be a bacterium or a virus.
- the flow path unit 2000 shown in the figure has a back-illuminated image sensor 100 according to the present disclosure, a sample supply flow path section 2001 that supplies a sample (particularly a liquid sample) to the image sensor 100, and a sample discharge flow path section 2002 that discharges the sample from the image sensor. These three elements are fluidly connected to form a flow path C.
- the sample supply channel section 2001 may be fluidly connected to, for example, a container that contains a sample to be analyzed.
- the sample discharge flow path section 2002 may be fluidly connected to, for example, a container for collecting waste liquid.
- the sample flows through flow channel C, and the analyte (e.g., nucleic acid) contained in the sample is captured in the well of the image sensor 100.
- analyte e.g., nucleic acid
- a chemical or biological reaction utilizing the analyte may occur in the well.
- a nucleic acid extension reaction may occur in the well.
- the nucleic acid extension reaction may be a reaction for base sequence sequencing.
- the sequencing may be Sanger sequencing or next generation sequencing.
- the next generation sequencing may be pyrosequencing, sequencing by synthesis, or sequencing by ligation.
- the flow channel C is configured to allow the biological sample S to flow.
- the flow channel C may be formed in a flow channel structure such as a microchip (a chip having a flow channel on the order of micrometers) or a flow cell.
- the width of the flow channel C may be, for example, 1 mm or less, particularly 10 ⁇ m or more and 1 mm or less, for example, 20 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less.
- the flow channel C and the flow channel structure including the flow channel C may be formed from a material such as plastic or glass.
- At least a part of the flow channel may be transparent so that the excitation light can be irradiated onto the analyte in the well of the image sensor, and in particular, the flow channel portion through which L1 in the figure passes may be transparent.
- the flow channel unit and image sensor according to the present disclosure may have transparent portions through which the excitation light and the fluorescence pass.
- the present disclosure also provides a biological sample analysis system including a back-illuminated imaging element according to the present disclosure or a flow path unit according to the present disclosure.
- the back-illuminated imaging element or flow path unit according to the present disclosure may be replaceably incorporated into the system.
- the back-illuminated imaging element or flow path unit according to the present disclosure may be used as a disposable element in the system.
- the biological sample analysis system 3000 shown in the figure includes a flow path unit 2000 according to the present disclosure (or a back-illuminated image sensor according to the present disclosure), as well as an information processing unit 3100, a process control system 3200, an optical system control system 3300, a fluid control system 3300, and a fluid storage system 3400.
- the flow path unit 2000 according to the present disclosure and the imaging element included therein are as described in 1. and 2. above.
- the information processing unit 3100 includes, for example, a processing unit that processes various data (e.g., fluorescence data) and a storage unit that stores various data.
- the processing unit can perform analysis processing based on the fluorescence data acquired by the imaging element of the flow path unit.
- the analysis processing may be, for example, a base sequence determination process, but may also be other processing.
- the information processing unit 3100 may be configured to be able to output various data (e.g., optical data or images). For example, the information processing unit 3100 may output various data (e.g., base sequence data or analyte identification data) generated based on the fluorescence data. The information processing unit 3100 may also be configured to be able to accept input of various data, for example, analysis instruction data from a user.
- the information processing unit 3100 may include an output unit (e.g., a display) or an input unit (e.g., a keyboard) for executing the output or input.
- the information processing unit 3100 may be configured as a general-purpose computer, for example as an information processing device equipped with a CPU (or GPU), RAM, and ROM.
- the information processing unit 3100 may be included in a housing that houses one or more of the process control system 3200, the optical system control system 3300, the fluid control system 3400, and the fluid storage system 3500, or may be located outside the housing.
- various processes or functions by the information processing unit 3100 may be realized by a server computer or a cloud connected via a network.
- the process control system 3200 may be a system that controls a process (particularly a biological or chemical process) performed in the flow path unit.
- the system performs, for example, temperature control in the flow path unit and/or control of the supply or discharge of samples or reagents into the flow path unit.
- the process control system 3200 may include a temperature regulation system.
- the process control system 3200 may also control other elements 3300, 3400, or 3500.
- the optical system control system 3300 may be configured to control the irradiation of the excitation light to the analyte and the acquisition of fluorescence data generated by the irradiation of the excitation light.
- the optical system control system 3300 may include, for example, a light irradiation unit.
- the light irradiation unit may include a light source unit that emits light and a light guiding optical system that guides the light to an irradiation position (for example, an analyte in a well provided in an image sensor).
- the light source unit includes one or more light sources.
- the type of light source may be, for example, a laser light source or an LED.
- the light source unit emits excitation light.
- the light source unit may also emit non-polarized light or may emit polarized light.
- the wavelength of the light emitted from each light source may be appropriately selected so as to generate the desired fluorescence.
- the light may be, for example, any of ultraviolet light, visible light, or infrared light.
- the light guiding optical system includes optical components such as, for example, a beam splitter group, a mirror group, or an optical fiber.
- the light guiding optical system may also include a lens group for collecting light, for example, an objective lens.
- the fluid control system 3400 controls the supply of fluid to the flow path unit 2000 and/or the discharge of fluid from the flow path unit 2000.
- the fluid control system 3400 may include, for example, one or more pump units.
- the fluid control system 3400 may include a pump unit that controls the supply of fluid to the flow path unit 2000 and/or a pump unit that controls the discharge of fluid from the flow path unit 2000.
- the fluid storage system 3500 may include containers for containing samples, containers for containing reagents, and containers for containing waste fluids, and may be further configured to control these containers, for example a temperature control device for detecting and/or controlling the temperature within these containers.
- the detection unit 6102 includes at least one photodetector that detects light generated by irradiating the bioparticles with light.
- the light to be detected is, for example, fluorescence or scattered light (for example, one or more of forward scattered light, back scattered light, and side scattered light).
- Each photodetector includes one or more light receiving elements, and has, for example, a light receiving element array.
- Each photodetector may include, as a light receiving element, one or more PMTs (photomultiplier tubes) and/or photodiodes such as APDs and MPPCs.
- the photodetector includes, for example, a PMT array in which a plurality of PMTs are arranged in a one-dimensional direction.
- the detection unit 6102 may also include an imaging element such as a CCD or CMOS.
- the detection unit 6102 may acquire an image of the bioparticle (for example, a bright field image, a dark field image, and a fluorescent image) using the imaging
- the detection unit 6102 includes a detection optical system that allows light of a specific detection wavelength to reach a corresponding photodetector.
- the detection optical system includes a spectroscopic section such as a prism or a diffraction grating, or a wavelength separation section such as a dichroic mirror or an optical filter.
- the detection optical system is configured to disperse light generated by irradiating a bioparticle with light, for example, and detect the dispersed light by a number of photodetectors greater than the number of fluorescent dyes with which the bioparticles are labeled.
- a flow cytometer that includes such a detection optical system is called a spectral flow cytometer.
- the detection optical system is also configured to separate light corresponding to the fluorescent wavelength range of a specific fluorescent dye from the light generated by irradiating a bioparticle with light, for example, and detect the separated light by a corresponding photodetector.
- the detection unit 6102 may also include a signal processing unit that converts the electrical signal obtained by the photodetector into a digital signal.
- the signal processing unit may include an A/D converter as a device that performs the conversion.
- the digital signal obtained by the conversion by the signal processing unit may be transmitted to the information processing unit 6103.
- the digital signal may be handled by the information processing unit 6103 as data related to light (hereinafter also referred to as "light data").
- the light data may be light data including, for example, fluorescent light data. More specifically, the light data may be light intensity data, and the light intensity may be light intensity data of light including fluorescent light (which may include feature quantities such as Area, Height, Width, etc.).
- the present disclosure may also be configured as follows. [1] an analyte holder configured to hold an analyte; a fluorescence detection unit that detects fluorescence generated by irradiating the analyte with excitation light; A back-illuminated imaging element having a plurality of pixel units each including at least one of the above. [2] the analyte holder has the shape of a well; The detection unit is provided so as to cover the side surface of the well in addition to the bottom surface of the well. The back-illuminated imaging element according to [1]. [3] The back-illuminated imaging element according to [1] or [2], wherein a trench is provided between pixel units in the back-illuminated imaging element.
- the excitation light blocking unit includes a multilayer reflective filter; The back-illuminated imaging element according to [6].
- each pixel unit further includes an excitation light detection unit that detects the excitation light.
- each pixel unit further includes an excitation light detection unit that detects the excitation light.
- the excitation light blocking portion includes a polarizer, a plasmon filter, a metamaterial, or a multilayer film having a Fabry-Perot structure.
- the back-illuminated imaging element is a semiconductor laser.
- the excitation light blocking unit includes a polarizer, The excitation light is polarized light. [6] to [12].
- the excitation light blocking unit includes a polarizer, One polarizer is provided to cover two or more pixel unit detection units. [6] to [12].
- a back-illuminated imaging element having a plurality of pixel units, each pixel unit including at least an analyte holding unit configured to hold an analyte and a fluorescence detection unit that detects fluorescence generated by irradiating the analyte with excitation light; and a flow path for supplying a biological sample to the analyte holder;
- a flow path unit for biological sample analysis comprising: [20] A back-illuminated imaging element having a plurality of pixel units, each pixel unit including at least an analyte holding unit configured to hold an analyte and a fluorescence detection unit that detects fluorescence generated by irradiating the analyte with excitation light; and a flow path for supplying a biological sample to the analyte
- Image sensor 101 Pixel unit 102: Insulating film 103: Well 104: Photodiode 105: Gate electrode portion 106: Partition portion 108: Transparent substrate
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Abstract
Description
また、励起光カットするためのフィルタ膜厚が厚いことも、光学的クロストークに起因する蛍光検出精度低下をもたらしうる。例えば、フィルタ膜厚が厚い場合は検出部と蛍光体との間の距離が離れることになり、これにより、斜め方向へ拡散する蛍光が隣接画素に入りノイズとなる。このような光学的クロストークによって、S/N比が悪化する。
また、蛍光を発生させるための励起光も、蛍光検出精度の低下をもたらしうる。例えば、励起光の主光線がセンサへ直接入射することによって、励起光成分はノイズとなり、これも蛍光検出精度の低下をもたらしうる。
分析物を保持するように構成された分析物保持部と、
前記分析物への励起光照射により生じた蛍光を検出する蛍光検出部と、
を少なくとも備えている画素単位を複数有する
裏面照射型撮像素子を提供する。
前記分析物保持部は、ウェルの形状を有しており、
前記検出部が、前記ウェルの底部に加え前記ウェルの側面を覆うように設けられてよい。
前記裏面照射型撮像素子は、画素単位の間にトレンチが設けられてよい。
前記撮像素子において、2以上のウェルが、列状構造を形成するように連結されてよい。
各画素単位に、分析物の位置を調整するように電圧が印加される電極対が設けられてよい。
各画素単位には、前記励起光が検出部へ到達することを防ぐ励起光遮断部が設けられてよい。
前記励起光遮断部は、多層膜反射フィルタを含んでよい。
前記多層膜反射フィルタは、前記分析物保持部と前記検出部との間に配置されてよい。 各画素単位は、前記励起光を検出する励起光検出部をさらに備えてよい。
前記裏面照射型撮像素子は、前記励起光検出部が取得した信号を用いて、前記蛍光検出部が取得した信号の処理が行われるように構成されてよい。
前記励起光遮断部は、偏光子、プラズモンフィルタ、メタマテリアル、又は、ファブリーペロー構造の多層膜を含んでよい。
前記励起光遮断部は、前記蛍光を透過させるように構成されてよい。
前記励起光遮断部は、偏光子を含んでよく、
前記励起光は、偏光光であってよい。
前記励起光遮断部は、偏光子を含み、
1つの偏光子が、2以上の画素単位の検出部をカバーするように設けられてよい。
前記蛍光検出部は、2以上のフォトダイオードを有してよい。
前記2以上のフォトダイオードは、前記分析物保持部と配線層との間に、縦積み構造を形成するように配置されてよい。
前記2以上のフォトダイオードのうち、前記配線層により近いフォトダイオードが、より長い波長の蛍光を検出するように構成されてよい。
前記2以上のフォトダイオードは、2層構造又は3層構造を形成していてよい。
また、本開示は、
分析物を保持するように構成された分析物保持部と、前記分析物への励起光照射により生じた蛍光を検出する蛍光検出部と、を少なくとも備えている画素単位を複数有する裏面照射型撮像素子、及び、
前記分析物保持部へ生体試料を供給する流路、
を有する生体試料分析用流路ユニットも提供する。
また、本開示は、
分析物を保持するように構成された分析物保持部と、前記分析物への励起光照射により生じた蛍光を検出する蛍光検出部と、を少なくとも備えている画素単位を複数有する裏面照射型撮像素子、及び、
前記分析物保持部へ生体試料を供給する流路、
を有する生体試料分析用流路ユニットを用いて生体試料を分析する生体試料分析システムも提供する。
1.第1の実施形態(裏面照射型撮像素子)
1.1 PDのウェル構造に関する構成例
1.2 励起光遮断部に関する構成例
1.3 偏光子を有する励起光遮断部に関する構成例
1.4 PD縦積み構造に関する構成例
2.第2の実施形態(生体試料分析用流路ユニット)
3.第3の実施形態(生体試料分析システム)
本発明者らは、特定の構成を有する撮像素子が蛍光検出精度の向上のために有用であることを見出した。すなわち、本開示は、特定の構成をする画素単位を複数有する特定のタイプの撮像素子を提供する。一実施態様において、当該画素単位は、分析物を保持するように構成された分析物保持部と、前記分析物への励起光照射により生じた蛍光を検出する蛍光検出部と、を少なくとも備えており、且つ、当該撮像素子は、裏面照射型である。 各画素が前記分析物保持部と前記蛍光検出部とを有していること及び前記撮像素子が裏面照射型であることが、蛍光検出精度の向上に貢献する。例えば、各画素が、前記分析物保持部と前記蛍光検出部とを有していることにより、微小な生体分子由来の蛍光を精度よく検出できる。
また、例えば、表面照射型の撮像素子は、配線層がフォトダイオードの直上にあるため、蛍光が配線層によって散乱し、フォトダイオードに入射しないので、信号が失われうる。本開示の撮像素子は、裏面照射型として構成されているので、配線層による蛍光の散乱を防ぐことができる。
一実施態様において、前記分析物保持部は、ウェルの形状を有しており、前記検出部が、前記ウェルの底部に加え前記ウェルの側面を覆うように設けられてよい。この実施態様における裏面照射型撮像素子の構成例を、以下で図1を参照しながら説明する。同図は、本開示に従う裏面照射型撮像素子の構造の模式図である。
同図の左側の(d)には、当該撮像素子の画素単位101の断面の模式図が示されている。当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に垂直な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(a)~(c)は、画素単位101が格子状に配列されている撮像素子100の受光面の一部を示す模式図であり、より具体的には、以下のとおりの断面の模式図である。
同図の右側の(a)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線A-A’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(b)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線B-B’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(c)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線C-C’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
ウェル103の開口部の形状(特には受光面と平行な面における形状)は、同図(a)においては、矩形であるが、他の多角形であってよく、又は、円形又は楕円形などであってもよい。
ウェル103(及びウェルを被覆する絶縁膜102)は、分析物を保持するように構成されてよく、すなわち分析物保持部に相当する。
同図に示されるとおり、ウェル103の開口部のサイズD1は、例えば50nm以上、好ましくは100nm以上、200nm以上、又は300nm以上であってよい。サイズD1は、例えば200μm以下、好ましくは150μm以下、120μm以下、又は100μm以下であってよい。サイズD1は、例えば分析物のサイズに応じて当業者により適宜設定されてよい。前記分析物が細胞(サイズは数十μm程度)である場合などにおいて、サイズD1は、例えば1μm~200μm、特には10μm~100μmであってよい。前記分析物が核酸又はタンパク質などの細胞構成成分である場合などにおいて、サイズD1は、例えば50nm~1000nm、特には100nm~900nmであってよい。サイズD1は、例えば当該ウェルの開口部形状が正方形である場合は一辺の長さ、開口部形状が長方形である場合は長辺の長さ、開口部形状が他の矩形である場合は最大の辺の長さ、開口部形状が5角形以上の多角形である場合は最大の対角距離、開口部形状が円形である場合は直径、開口部形状が楕円形である場合は長径を意味してよい。
ウェル103の底部のサイズD2は、例えば50nm以上、好ましくは100nm以上、200nm以上、又は300nm以上であってよい。サイズD2は、例えば200μm以下、好ましくは150μm以下、120μm以下、又は100μm以下であってよい。サイズD2は、例えば分析物のサイズに応じて当業者により適宜設定されてよい。前記分析物が細胞である場合などにおいて、サイズD2は、例えば1μm~200μm、特には10μm~100μmであってよい。前記分析物が核酸又はタンパク質などの細胞構成成分である場合などにおいて、サイズD2は、例えば50nm~1000nm、特には100nm~900nmであってよい。サイズD2は、例えば当該ウェルの底部形状が正方形である場合は一辺の長さ、底部形状が長方形である場合は長辺の長さ、底部形状が他の矩形である場合は最大の辺の長さ、底部形状が5角形以上の多角形である場合は最大の対角距離、底部形状が円形である場合は直径、底部形状が楕円形である場合は長径を意味してよい。サイズD2は、サイズD1と異なっていてよく、又は、同じであってもよい。異なっている場合、好ましくは、同図に示されるように開口部のサイズD1が底部のD2より大きくてよいが、サイズD1がサイズD2より小さくてもよい。
ウェル103の深さのサイズD3は、例えば50nm以上、好ましくは100nm以上、200nm以上、又は300nm以上であってよい。サイズD3は、例えば200μm以下、好ましくは150μm以下、120μm以下、又は100μm以下であってよい。サイズD3は、例えば分析物のサイズに応じて当業者により適宜設定されてよい。前記分析物が細胞である場合などにおいて、サイズD3は、例えば1μm~200μm、特には10μm~100μmであってよい。前記分析物が核酸又はタンパク質などの細胞構成成分である場合などにおいて、サイズD3は、例えば50nm~1000nm、特には100nm~900nmであってよい。サイズD3は、開口部と底部との間の距離を意味してよい。
また、画素単位101のサイズD4(セルサイズともいう)は、ウェルのサイズD1より大きくてよく、例えば100nm以上、好ましくは200nm以上、300nm以上、又は400nm以上であってよい。サイズD4は、例えば300μm以下、好ましくは200μm以下、150μm以下、又は100μm以下であってよい。サイズD4は、例えば分析物のサイズに応じて当業者により適宜設定されてよい。前記分析物が細胞である場合などにおいて、サイズD4は、例えば2μm~400μm、特には10μm~200μmであってよい。前記分析物が核酸又はタンパク質などの細胞構成成分である場合などにおいて、サイズD4は、例えば100nm~5000nm、特には200nm~3000nmであってよい。サイズD4は、画素単位の形状が正方形である場合は一辺の長さ、画素単位の形状が長方形である場合は長辺の長さ、画素単位の形状が他の矩形である場合は最大の辺の長さ、5角形以上の多角形画素単位の場合は最大の対角距離を意味してよい。
当該分析物がDNA又はRNAなどの核酸である場合は、当該化合物も、DNA又はRNAなどの核酸であってよいがこれに限定されず、例えばタンパク質、ペプチド、糖、又は脂質であってもよい。
当該分析物は、核酸以外の化合物又は生体粒子(例えば細胞又は小胞体など)であってもよい。このような場合において、当該化合物は、核酸、タンパク質、ペプチド、糖、又は脂質であってよいがこれらに限定されない。
前記固定化される化合物は、例えばバイオレセプターをウェル内(特にはウェル底面)に捕捉するための化合物であってもよく、例えばSAM試薬、二価性試薬、活性化試薬(例えばカルボン酸活性化試薬)、又はビオチン化試薬であってもよい。
本開示において、このように、フォトダイオードは、ウェルの底面及び側面を覆うように構成されていてよく、すなわちフォトダイオードもウェル形状を有している。これにより、試料S1へ励起光L1が照射されてことによって生じる蛍光のうち、ウェル底面方向へ進行した蛍光に加え、ウェル側面方向へ進行した蛍光も検出される。これにより、蛍光検出精度が向上する。
同図に示されるとおり、フォトダイオード104は、埋め込み型フォトダイオード構造を有してよい。当該構造を有するフォトダイオード104に、ゲート電極部105が接続されてよい。フォトダイオード104に蓄積された電子は、ゲート電極部105からフローティングディフュージョンFDへ転送され、そして、コンタクトCSから読みだされる。
本開示において、フォトダイオードから電子を読み出すために設けられる構成要素を電子読み出し部ともいう。当該電子読み出し部は、上記のとおり、ゲート電極部105(TG)、フローティングディフュージョンFD、及びコンタクトCSを有してよい。同図においては、フローティングディフュージョンは、画素単位のそれぞれに設けられており、当該電子読み出し部は、いわゆるFD非共有方式の構造を有する。
本開示において、電子読み出し部は、フローティングディフュージョンが複数の画素単位で共有されている構造を有してもよく、いわゆるFD共有方式の構造を有してもよい。1つのFDを共有する画素単位の数は例えば4つであってよい。
FD非共有方式の電子読み出し部の構成例、及び、FD共有方式の電子読み出し部の構成例が、図2Cに示されている。
同図の(a)は、FD共有方式の電子読み出し部251の例の模式的な構成例を示している(破線で囲まれた部分)。当該構成例は、図2Aのものと同じである。図2Cの(b)及び(c)に、FD非共有方式の電子読み出し部の構成例が示されている(破線で囲まれた部分)。(b)に示される電子読み出し部251は、(a)に示される電子読み出し部250と同様に、ゲート電極部TG、フローティングディフュージョンFD、及びコンタクトCSを有するが、FD及びCSが隣の画素単位と共有される位置に設けられている。FD及びCSは、例えば4つの画素単位によって共有されてよい。また、(c)に示される電子読み出し部252のように、FD共有方式の電子読み出し部において、Poly-Siコンタクトが利用されてもよい。
なお、本開示において、フォトダイオード及び電子読み出し部の形状及び寸法及び配置は、当業者により適宜変更されてよく、これらの図面に記載されたものに限定されない。
仕切り部106は、或る単位画素と他の単位画素との間に設けられている。仕切り部106は、絶縁体又は金属によって構成されてよい。仕切り部106によって、画素単位101に進入した励起光L1及び画素単位101内の分析物S1から生じた蛍光が、他の単位画素へ進入することを防ぐ。また、仕切り部106は、フォトダイオード104内の電子が、他の単位画素のフォトダイオードへ進入することを防ぐ。
フォトダイオード104の一方の側にウェル103が設けられており、フォトダイオード104の反対側に配線層が設けられている。すなわち、画素単位101は、配線層、検出部(フォトダイオード)、及び分析物保持部(ウェル)がこの順に並んでいる積層構造を有する。本開示の撮像素子は、このように構成されていることで、より大きな蛍光信号を取得することができ、これは蛍光検出精度の向上に貢献する。
撮像素子100のサイズは、その下限値に関しては、例えば3mm以上であってよく、特には5mm以上、7mm以上、又は10mm以上であってよい。前記サイズは、その上限値に関しては、例えば80mm以下であってよく、特には70mm以下又は60mm以下であってよい。一実施態様において、前記撮像素子は、例えば3mm~80mm(矩形の一方の辺のサイズ)×3mm~80mm(矩形の他方の辺のサイズ)のサイズを有してよく、特には10mm~60mm×10mm~60mmのサイズを有してよい。撮像素子のサイズは、画素単位が配列されている受光面のサイズを意味してよい。
前記撮像素子の形状は、例えば矩形であってよく、より具体的には長方形又は正方形であってよい。撮像素子の受光面の形状が長方形である場合は、撮像素子のサイズは、当該受光面の長辺を意味してよい(短辺は、当該サイズよりも短くてよい)。撮像素子の受光面の形状が正方形である場合は、撮像素子のサイズは、当該受光面の一辺を意味してよい。
前記撮像素子が生体試料分析システムに組み込まれる場合において、当該撮像素子は1つだけが組み込まれてよく、又は、2つ以上の当該撮像素子が組み込まれてもよい。例えば、2つ以上の当該撮像素子が用いられる場合において、これら撮像素子は、例えばタイル状に配列されてよい。例えば、前記生体試料分析システムは、本開示に従う撮像素子を複数有してよく、当該複数の撮像素子は、タイリングにより繋ぎ合わされてよい。当該繋ぎ合わされた複数の撮像素子が、1つのセンサとして用いられてよく、特には1つの撮像面を形成してよい。当該複数の撮像素子は、1種の撮像素子から構成されてよく、又は、2種以上の撮像素子から構成されてもよい。
このように、撮像素子100は、分析物をウェル内へ到達させるための空間を有してよく、さらに、当該空間を形成する透明基板108を有してよい。
上記例1-1において説明した撮像素子100は、撮像素子の受光面に垂直に励起光L1が入射するように用いられる。本開示において、受光面と水平方向に進行する励起光が、ウェル中に保持された分析物に照射されてもよい。当該照射のために、2以上のウェルが、列状構造を形成するように連結されていてよい。このような励起光照射が行われる撮像素子の例を、図3を参照しながら説明する。同図は、本開示に従う裏面照射型撮像素子の構造の模式図である。
同図の左側の(d)には、当該撮像素子の画素単位111の断面の模式図が示されている。当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に垂直な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(a)~(c)は、画素単位111が格子状に配列されている撮像素子110の受光面の一部を示す模式図であり、より具体的には、以下のとおりの断面の模式図である。
同図の右側の(a)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線A-A’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(b)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線B-B’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(c)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線C-C’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の左側の(e)には、当該撮像素子の画素単位111の断面の模式図が示されている。当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に垂直であり且つ励起光L1の進行方向に沿った面における断面である。(e)における破線D-D’は、同図の右側の(a)における破線D-D’に相当する。(e)における破線E-E’は、同図の右側の(a)における破線E-E’に相当する。(e)における破線F-F’は、同図の右側の(a)における破線F-F’に相当する。
画素単位111のウェル113は、列形状を有する。ウェル113は、隣の2つの画素単位のウェルと一緒になって1つの列を形成する。励起光L1は、この列の方向に沿って進行するように照射される。
ウェル113(及びウェルを被覆する絶縁膜112)は、分析物を保持するように構成されてよく、すなわち分析物保持部に相当する。
なお、ウェル113の開口部における列の幅が、ウェル103の開口部のサイズD1に相当する。また、ウェル113の底面における列の幅が、ウェル103の底部のサイズD2に相当する。
本開示において、このように、フォトダイオードは、ウェルの底面及び側面を覆うように構成されていてよく、すなわちフォトダイオードもウェル形状を有している。これにより、試料S1へ励起光L1が照射されてことによって生じる蛍光のう
ち、ウェル底面方向へ進行した蛍光に加え、ウェル側面方向へ進行した蛍光も検出される。これにより、蛍光検出精度が向上する。
フォトダイオード114の一方の側にウェル113が設けられており、フォトダイオード114の反対側に配線層が設けられている。すなわち、画素単位111は、配線層、検出部(フォトダイオード)、及び分析物保持部(ウェル)がこの順に並んでいる積層構造を有する。本開示の撮像素子は、このように構成されていることで、より大きな蛍光信号を取得することができ、これは蛍光検出精度の向上に貢献する。
このように、撮像素子110は、分析物をウェル内へ到達させるための空間を有してよく、さらに、当該空間を形成する透明基板118を有してよい。
上記例1-2において説明した列状構造において分析物が保持される位置を制御するために、本開示に従う撮像素子には電極対が設けられてもよい。当該電極対は、第一電極及び第二電極の対であってよい。当該電極対を構成する第一電極及び第二電極は、好ましくは、いずれも透明電極層であってよく、又は、いずれも金属電極層であってもよい。
前記第一電極及び/又は前記第二電極は、好ましくは透明電極層であってよい。透明電極層であることによって、光(励起光及び/又は蛍光)の減少を防ぐことができる。
一実施態様において、前記透明電極層又は前記金属電極層には、絶縁膜が積層されてよい。この実施態様において、前記電極層及び前記絶縁膜は、静電容量のカップリングにより電場を分析物へ伝えるように構成されてよい。このようにして、分析物(生体由来物質)の位置が制御されてよい。
当該電極対が設けられた撮像素子の構成例を、図4A~図4Cを参照しながら説明する。これら図に示される撮像素子はいずれも、上記例1-2において説明した撮像素子の構成に分析物を所定の位置へ保持するための電極対が追加されていること以外は、上記例1-2において説明した撮像素子と同様の構成を有する。そのため、以下では、主に当該電極対の構成について説明する。
同図の左側の(d)には、当該撮像素子の画素単位121の断面の模式図が示されている。当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に垂直な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(a)~(c)は、画素単位121が格子状に配列されている撮像素子120の受光面の一部を示す模式図であり、より具体的には、以下のとおりの断面の模式図である。
同図の右側の(a)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線A-A’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(b)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線B-B’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(c)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線C-C’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の左側の(e)には、当該撮像素子の画素単位121の断面の模式図が示されている。当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に垂直であり且つ励起光L1の進行方向に沿った面における断面である。(e)における破線D-D’は、同図の右側の(a)における破線D-D’に相当する。(e)における破線E-E’は、同図の右側の(b)における破線E-E’に相当する。(e)における破線F-F’は、同図の右側の(c)における破線F-F’に相当する。
同図の左側の(f)には、当該撮像素子の画素単位121の断面の模式図が示されている。当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に垂直であり且つ励起光L1の進行方向に沿った面における断面である。(f)における破線G-G’は、同図の右側の(a)における破線G-G’に相当する。(f)における破線H-H’は、同図の右側の(b)における破線H-H’に相当する。(f)における破線I-I’は、同図の右側の(c)における破線I-I’に相当する。
第一電極12EPは、分析物S1が保持されるべき位置の直下に存在しており、すなわち、画素単位の中心を通過するように設けられている。第一電極12EPは、列状構造を横切るように設けられていてよい。
第二電極12ENは、画素と画素との間を通過するように、特には画素単位の境目を通過するように設けられている。
なお、第一電極12EPが負極であり、且つ、第二電極12ENが正極であってもよい。これら電極の正負は、分析物の種類又は制御手法に応じて、適宜変更されてよい。
また、前記電圧は、直流電圧であってよく、又は、交流電圧であってもよい。
同図に示される撮像素子130及び画素単位131は、透明基板128に第二電極12EN2が積層されていること以外は、図4Aを参照して説明した撮像素子120及び画素単位121と同じである。
DNAは負の電荷を有するので、第一電極12EP及び第二電極12ENの間に電圧を印加することによって、DNAに対して、第一電極12EPに近づくように且つ第二電極ENから離れるように力が作用する。これにより、当該DNAは、画素単位の中心に維持される。
さらに、第一電極12EP及び第二電極12EN2の間に電圧が印可されることによって、DNAに対して、第一電極12EPに近づくように且つ第二電極EN2から離れるように力が作用する。これにより、当該DNAは、ウェル底面に押し付けられるように維持される。
以上のとおり、DNAに対して画素単位の中心に維持する力及びウェル底面に押し付ける力が作用するので、DNAがより確実に所望の位置に維持される。
一実施態様において、第二電極12ENは省略されてもよく、すなわち、撮像素子130は、第二電極12ENを有さず、且つ、第一電極12EP及び第二電極12EN2を有するように構成されてもよい。このような構成によっても、分析物を制御することができる。
また、上記構成例において、第二電極12ENは負極であるが、当該第二電極12ENが、正極として構成されてもよい。すなわち、撮像素子130は、正極である2つの第一電極12EP及び12EN(12EP2ともいう)及び負極である1つの第二電極12ENを有してもよい。
このように、本開示において、前記第一電極及び前記第二電極は、電圧(直流電圧又は交流電圧)が印可されることによって、分析物の位置を制御することができるように構成されてよい。前記第一電極に含まれる電極の数は、1つであってよく又は2つ以上であってよい。また、前記第二電極に含まれる電極の数は、1つであってよく又は2つ以上であってよい。前記第一電極及び前記第二電極の数、形状、及び位置は、当業者により適宜変更されてよい。
同図に示される撮像素子140及び画素単位141は、透明基板128に第二電極12EN2が積層されているがウェルには第二電極が設けられていないこと以外は、図4Bを参照して説明した撮像素子130及び画素単位131と同じである。
DNAは負の電荷を有する。そのため、第一電極12EP及び第二電極12EN2の間に電圧が印可されることによって、DNAに対して、第一電極12EPに近づくように且つ第二電極EN2から離れるように力が作用する。これにより、当該DNAは、ウェル底面に押し付けられるように維持される。これにより、DNAがウェル底面から離れないように維持される。
上記例1-1において説明した撮像素子の構成要素のうち、仕切り部は省略されてもよい。仕切り部が省略された構成の例を、図5を参照しながら説明する。
同図の右側の(a)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線A-A’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(b)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線B-B’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(c)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線C-C’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
すなわち、画素単位151を構成する絶縁膜152、ウェル153、フォトダイオード154(154N及び154P)、ゲート電極部155(TG)、フローティングディフュージョンFD、及び、コンタクトCSは、いずれも上記例1-1において説明した絶縁膜102、ウェル103、フォトダイオード104(104N及び104P)、ゲート電極部105、フローティングディフュージョンFD、及び、コンタクトCSと同様であってよく、これらに関する説明が、本例においても当てはまる。
上記例1-1において説明した撮像素子のウェル表面が、多層膜反射フィルタによって形成されてもよい。多層膜反射フィルタを有する撮像素子の構成例を、図6を参照しながら説明する。
同図の右側の(a)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線A-A’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(b)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線B-B’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(c)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線C-C’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
すなわち、画素単位161を構成するフォトダイオード164(164N及び164P)、ゲート電極部165(TG)、フローティングディフュージョンFD、コンタクトCS、及び透明基板168は、いずれも上記例1-1において説明したフォトダイオード104(104N及び104P)、ゲート電極部105(TG)、フローティングディフュージョンFD、コンタクトCS、及び透明基板108と同様であってよく、これらに関する説明が、本例においても当てはまる。
同図に示されるように、当該多層膜反射フィルタの2つの最外層はいずれも、例えば厚みtHの高屈折材料層Hであってよい。これら2つの間に、同図に示されるように、厚み2tLの低屈折率材料層L及び厚み2tHの高屈折率材料層Hが交互に積層されていてよい。各層の厚みはnmオーダーであってよい。
励起光:Xnm(考慮範囲:X-X’<λ<X-X”)
(当該考慮範囲は、遮断することが意図される励起光の波長範囲に相当する。)
蛍光:Ynm(考慮範囲:Y-Y’<λ<Y+Y”)
(当該考慮範囲は、透過することが意図される蛍光の波長範囲に相当する。)
高屈折率材料:屈折率NH、膜厚tH
低屈折率材料:屈折率NL、膜厚tL
繰り返し数:N(Nは1超の整数である)
当該多層膜反射フィルタが有する層の総数:L=2N+1層(Lは3超の整数である)当該多層膜反射フィルタの総厚:2N(tH+tL)nm
図55Aに、前記多層膜反射フィルタを光が透過する状況の模式図が示されている。同図に示されるように、当該状況において、空気(Air、屈折率n0=1)から多層膜162の面内方向に対して垂直に入射した光が、L層の多層膜(第j層の複素屈折率:Nj=nj+ikj)を通過し、フォトダイオード164(Si、複素屈折率:Nm=nm+ikm)へ射出する。
多層膜162と空気との間の界面I(0)、及び、多層膜162と空気との間のフォトダイオード164との界面I(L)に加え、多層膜162を構成する各層の間の界面I(1)~界面I(L-1)が存在する。
多層膜の材料(すなわち複素屈折率)が決まれば、各界面の反射のフレネル係数、各界面の透過のフレネル係数、及び各層での位相変化と波の減衰が決定される。透過率Tは、多層膜の材料に基づき決定されたこれらの値を使って、文献「光学薄膜の基礎理論 増補改訂版」(オプトロニクス社、2011年2月25日発行)の第99~103頁に記載された算出方法に従い求めることができる。当該算出方法において、より具体的には以下の式(II)を用いて、透過率Tが得られる。
上記式(II)は、前記文献の第103頁(特には数式(4-50))に記載されている。
上記式(II)中の各要素は以下のとおりである。
Re(Nm)は、上記のとおり、Siの複素屈折率の実部(=nm)である。
n0は、上記のとおり、空気の屈折率(=1)である。
τ0’は、後述する仮想界面I(0)’における透過のフレネル係数であり、前記文献第101頁の数式(4-48)に記載されたとおりである。τ0’の算出方法は、前記文献の第99~103頁に記載されている。
当該算出方法においては、図55Bに示されるように、界面I(L)及び界面I(L-1)のフレネル係数から仮想界面I(L-1)’のフレネル係数を求め、さらに、図55Cに示されるように、仮想界面I(L-1)’のフレネル係数及び界面I(L-2)のフレネル係数から仮想界面I(L-2)’のフレネル係数を求め、さらに、図55Dに示されるように、同様の仮想界面のフレネル係数の算出を繰り返して、仮想界面I(0)’のフレネル係数が得られる。
上記例6において説明した撮像素子のウェル表面は、多層膜反射フィルタによって形成されている。本開示おいて、多層膜反射フィルタが、仕切り部によって画素毎に区分けされていてもよい。すなわち、画素単位を規定する仕切り部が、フォトダイオード部分だけでなく、多層膜反射フィルタ部分に延長されていてもよい。この構成について、図8を参照しながら説明する。
同図の右側の(a)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線A-A’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(b)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線B-B’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(c)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線C-C’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
上記例6において説明した撮像素子は、画素単位の周囲の全て(画素単位を規定する矩形の4辺の全て)にわたって仕切り部が多層膜反射フィルタの部分まで延長されている。本開示において、仕切り部は、画素単位の周囲のうちの一部においては仕切り部が多層膜反射フィルタの部分まで延長され、画素単位の周囲のうちの残りにおいては仕切り部が多層膜反射フィルタの部分まで延長されず、蛍光検出用のフォトダイオードの部分まで存在していてよい。この構成について、図9を参照しながら説明する。
同図の右側の(a)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線A-A’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(b)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線B-B’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(c)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線C-C’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の左側の(e)には、同図の(a)、(b)、及び(c)における破線D-D’、破線E-E’ 、及び破線F-F’における断面の模式図が示されている。当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に垂直な面における断面である。
一方で、同図の(e)に示される断面においては、仕切り部186は、フォトダイオード184の部分まで設けられているが、多層膜反射フィルタ182の部分には設けられていない。これにより、同図の(a)、(b)、及び(c)の励起光L1が、その矢印の方向に進行するように照射されることが可能となる。この方向に進行するように励起光L1が照射されることで、励起光がフォトダイオード184に進行することを防ぐことができ、励起光に起因するノイズを低減することができる。これは、蛍光検出精度の向上に貢献する。
また、同図に示されるように、N領域183は、トレンチ186と接続されていてよい。これにより、キャリア(電子またはホール)の読み出しが可能となる。
この実施態様において、蛍光シグナルに加え、励起光シグナルも読み出される。これに伴い、画素単位181は、2セットの電子読み出し部を有してよく、その一方が、蛍光シグナルを読み出すものであり、他方が励起光シグナルを読み出すものである。
同図に示されるように、画素単位181は、ゲート電極部105(TG)、フローティングディフュージョンFD、及び、コンタクトCSを有し、これらが蛍光シグナルを読み出す電子読み出し部を構成する。これらは、上記例1-1において説明したとおりであり、その説明が本実施態様においても当てはまる。
また、同図に示されるように、画素単位181は、さらに、ゲート電極部TG2、フローティングディフュージョンFD2、及びコンタクトCS2が設けられてよい。これらは、励起光シグナルを読み出す電子読み出し部を構成する。これらも、上記例1-1において説明したとおりであり、その説明が本実施態様においても当てはまる。なお、同図においては、TG2はN領域183と接続されていないが、TG2はN領域183と接続するように構成されてもよい。この場合は、FD2は不要であり、CS2がTG2へ接続されてもよい。
本開示において、ウェルの側壁部分は、透明であってよい。具体的には、当該側壁部分は、励起光を透過させる程度に透明であってよい。この構成について、図10を参照しながら説明する。
同図の右側の(a)~(c)は、画素単位191が格子状に配列されている撮像素子190の受光面の一部を示す模式図であり、より具体的には、以下のとおりの断面の模式図である。
同図の右側の(a)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線A-A’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(b)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線B-B’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(c)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線C-C’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
ウェル199の形状及びサイズは、上記例1-1において説明したとおりであってよく、その説明が本例についても当てはまる。また、ウェル199は、上記例1-1において説明したとおり、分析物が保持されるように構成されてよい。
また、画素単位101は、ポリシリコン(Poly-Si)195(TG)を有する。当該ポリシリコンは、ゲート電極部として機能する。さらに、画素単位101は、フローティングディフュージョンFD及びコンタクトCSを有する。これらは、上記例1-1において説明したとおりである。
仕切り部196は、或る単位画素と他の単位画素との間に設けられている。仕切り部196は、絶縁体又は金属によって構成されてよい。仕切り部196は、フォトダイオード194の部分をカバーするように設けられているが、ウェル199の部分へは延長されていなくてよい。これにより、励起光L1を、受光面と平行に進行させることができる。また、励起光L1が受光面と平行に進行させることで、励起光が、フォトダイオード194へ進入することを防ぐことができる。これは、蛍光検出精度の向上に貢献する。
フォトダイオード194の一方の側にウェル193が設けられており、フォトダイオード194の反対側に配線層(図示されていない)が設けられている。すなわち、単位画素191は、配線層、検出部(フォトダイオード)、及び分析物保持部(ウェル)がこの順に並んでいる積層構造を有する。本開示の撮像素子は、このように構成されていることで、より大きな蛍光信号を取得することができ、これは蛍光検出精度の向上に貢献する。
このように、撮像素子190は、分析物をウェル内へ到達させるための空間を有してよく、さらに、当該空間を形成する透明基板198を有してよい。
上記例8において説明した画素単位のウェル側壁は、その全体が透明であるものである。本開示において、ウェル側壁のうち、励起光が進行する部分は透明であってよく、その他の部分はフォトダイオードによって形成されていてよい。この構成について、図11を参照しながら説明する。
同図の右側の(a)~(c)は、画素単位201が格子状に配列されている撮像素子200の受光面の一部を示す模式図であり、より具体的には、以下のとおりの断面の模式図である。
同図の右側の(a)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線A-A’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(b)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線B-B’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の右側の(c)には、同図の(d)のうち、破線C-C’の位置における断面の模式図であり、この模式図では、複数の画素単位が、格子状に配列されている状態が示されている。また、当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に平行な面における断面である。
同図の左側の(e)には、同図の(a)、(b)、及び(c)における破線D-D’、破線E-E’ 、及び破線F-F’における断面の模式図が示されている。当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に垂直な面における断面である。
同図の(e)に示されるように、当該ウェルの側壁のうち励起光L1が通過する部分(すなわち励起光L1の進行方向と直行する側壁)は、透明であり、これにより励起光の進行が妨げられない。当該透明側壁は、フォトダイオードが設けられておらず、また、仕切り部も設けられていない。
一方で、同図の(d)に示されるように、当該ウェルの側壁のうち励起光L1の進行方向と平行な側壁は、フォトダイオードによって形成され、且つ、仕切り部が設けられている。
このように、本開示の撮像素子の画素単位が有するウェルは、その一部が透明であり、残りが透明でなくてよい。そして、透明でない部分は、例えばフォトダイオードによって形成されてよい。これにより、励起光を受光面と平行に進行させることができ、且つ、励起光照射により生じた蛍光をより多く受光することができる。これは、蛍光検出精度の向上に貢献する。
上記1.1のいくつかの例において、多層膜反射フィルタをウェルの表面に設ける構成を説明した。これらの例では、多層膜反射フィルタは、励起光が検出部(フォトダイオード)へ進行することを防ぐための構成要素として用いられている。すなわち、当該多層膜反射フィルタは、励起光遮断部として用いられており、当該励起光遮断部は、分析物保持部(ウェル)上に設けられている。すなわち、各画素単位には、前記励起光が検出部へ到達することを防ぐ励起光遮断部が設けられていてよい。また、前記励起光遮断部は、前記蛍光を透過させるように構成されてよい。
本開示において、励起光遮断部は、分析物保持部(ウェル)と検出部(フォトダイオード)との間に設けられてもよい。以下で、このように設けられた励起光遮断部を有する本開示に従う裏面照射型撮像素子の構成例を、図12を参照しながら説明する。同図は、本開示に従う裏面照射型撮像素子の画素単位の断面の模式図を示す。当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に垂直な面における断面である。
本開示に従う撮像素子は、上記例1-1において説明したように、格子状に配列された複数の画素単位301を有してよい。
ウェル303の受光面と平行な面における形状は、上記例1-1において説明したように、矩形であっておいが、他の多角形であってもよく、又は、円形又は楕円形などであってもよい。
ウェル303は、上記例1-1において説明したように、分析物を保持するように構成されてよく、すなわち分析物保持部に相当する。
ウェル303及び画素単位301のサイズは、上記例1-1においてウェル103及び画素単位101について説明したとりであってよく、その説明が本例においても当てはまる。
フォトダイオード304は、同図に示されるように、前記ウェルの底部側に設けられている。
同図に示されるとおり、フォトダイオード304は、埋め込み型フォトダイオード構造を有してよい。当該構造を有するフォトダイオード304に、ゲート電極部305が接続されており、フォトダイオード304に蓄積された電子は、ゲート電極部305からフローティングディフュージョンFDへ転送され、そして、コンタクトCSから読みだされる。
本開示において、フォトダイオードから電子を読み出すために設けられる構成要素を電子読み出し部ともいう。当該電子読み出し部は、上記のとおり、ゲート電極部305(VG)、フローティングディフュージョンFD、及びコンタクトCSを有してよい。FD及びVGは、互いに接触していてよく又は互いと接触していなくてもよく、これらの接触の有無はゲート電極部のON電圧により変わりうる。同図においては、フローティングディフュージョンは、画素単位のそれぞれに設けられており、当該電子読み出し部は、いわゆるFD非共有方式の構造を有するが、当該電子読み出し部は、上記例1-1において説明したように、FD非共有方式の構造を有してもよい。
当該多層膜反射フィルタは、上記式(I)で表される差ΔTが最大化されるように構成されてよい。
仕切り部306は、或る単位画素と他の単位画素との間に設けられている。仕切り部306は、絶縁体又は金属によって構成されてよい。仕切り部306によって、単位画素301に進入した励起光及び画素単位301内の分析物S1から生じた蛍光が、他の単位画素へ進入することを防ぐ。また、仕切り部306は、フォトダイオード304内の電子が、他の単位画素のフォトダイオードへ進入することを防ぐ。
フォトダイオード304の一方の側にウェル303が設けられており、フォトダイオード304の反対側に配線層が設けられている。すなわち、画素単位201は、配線層、検出部(フォトダイオード)、及び分析物保持部(ウェル)がこの順に並んでいる積層構造を有する。本開示の撮像素子は、このように構成されていることで、より大きな蛍光信号を取得することができ、これは蛍光検出精度の向上に貢献する。
このように、本開示の撮像素子は、分析物をウェル内へ到達させるための空間を有してよく、さらに、当該空間を規定する透明基板308を有してよい。
上記例1-1において説明した画素単位に、さらに励起光を検出するためのフォトダイオードが追加されてもよい。すなわち、本開示において、各画素単位は、前記励起光を検出する励起光検出部をさらに備えていてよい。そして、本開示の裏面照射型撮像素子は、前記励起光検出部が取得した信号を用いて、前記蛍光検出部が取得した信号の処理が行われるように構成されていてよい。
当該フォトダイオードが追加された画素単位の構成例について、以下で、図13を参照しながら説明する。同図は、本開示に従う裏面照射型撮像素子の画素単位の断面の模式図を示す。当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に垂直な面における断面である。
本開示に従う撮像素子は、上記例1-1において説明したように、格子状に配列された複数の画素単位311を有してよい。
励起光検出用フォトダイオード319は、同図に示されるように、ウェル313と多層膜反射フィルタ317との間に設けられてよい。
ゲート電極部320(VG2)は、励起光検出用フォトダイオード319の電子を読み出すように構成されている。ゲート電極部320(VG2)は、電子を読み出す部分と、多層膜反射フィルタ317及び蛍光検出用フォトダイオード314を通過する部分とを有する。前者の部分は、ポリシリコン(Poly-Si)を有するものであってよい。後者の部分は、例えば絶縁膜に覆われた金属電極であってよく、当該金属電極が配線層と接続されうる。
また、画素単位311はさらに、励起光検出用フォトダイオードに蓄積された電子が転送されるフローティングディフュージョンFD及び該フローティングディフュージョンに接続されたコンタクトCSを有してよい。
同図に示されるとおり、フォトダイオード319は、埋め込み型フォトダイオード構造を有してよい。当該構造を有するフォトダイオード319に、ゲート電極部320(VG2)が接続されており、フォトダイオード319に蓄積された電子は、ゲート電極部320からフローティングディフュージョンFDへ転送され、そして、コンタクトCSから読みだされる。
上記例1-1において説明した画素単位は、2つのフォトダイオードの間に多層膜反射フィルタが設けられている。本開示において、2つのフォトダイオードの間に、多層膜反射フィルタの代わりに、励起光を吸収する光学特性を有する吸収フィルタが設けられてもよい。当該吸収フィルタは、蛍光を透過させる光学特性を有する。当該吸収フィルタを有する画素単位の構成例について、以下で、図14を参照しながら説明する。同図は、本開示に従う裏面照射型撮像素子の画素単位の断面の模式図を示す。当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に垂直な面における断面である。
本開示に従う撮像素子は、上記例1-1において説明したように、格子状に配列された複数の画素単位321を有してよい。
励起光検出用フォトダイオー327、ゲート電極部329、フローティングディフュージョンFD2、及びコンタクトCS2は、上記例2-2において説明した励起光検出用フォトダイオード319、ゲート電極部320、フローティングディフュージョンFD2、及びコンタクトCS2と同じであってよく、上記例2-2における当該説明が本例においてもあてはまる。
本開示において、このような吸収フィルタが、励起光検出用フォトダイオードと蛍光検出用フォトダイオードのとの間に設けられる。前記吸収フィルタにより、蛍光検出用フォトダイオードへ励起光が進行することを防ぐことができ、これは蛍光検出精度の向上に貢献する。また、励起光の光路上において、前記吸収フィルタは励起光検出用フォトダイオードの前に配置されているので、前記吸収フィルタは、励起光検出用フォトダイオードによる励起光検出精度に悪影響を及ぼさない。
P領域344PとN領域344N-2とが励起光検出用フォトダイオードとして機能する。当該励起光検出用フォトダイオードに蓄積した電子は、電子読み出し部(ゲート電極部345-2、フローティングディフュージョンFD2、及びコンタクトCS2を含む)によって読み出される。
本開示において、各画素単位は、このような2階構造のフォトダイオードを有するように構成されてよい。当該構成に関して、後段の例4-1以降においてより詳細に説明する。
上記例2-3において説明した画素単位は、励起光検出用フォトダイオードを有している。本開示において、励起光検出用フォトダイオードの代わりに、光電変換膜が設けられてもよい。当該光電変換膜は、波長選択性を有する光電変換膜であってよく、特には励起光を選択的に光電変換する光電変換膜であってよい。このように、励起光は、光電変換膜によって検出されてもよい。当該光電変換膜を有する画素単位の構成例について、以下で、図15を参照しながら説明する。同図は、本開示に従う裏面照射型撮像素子の画素単位の断面の模式図を示す。当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に垂直な面における断面である。
本開示に従う撮像素子は、上記例1-1において説明したように、格子状に配列された複数の画素単位331を有してよい。
吸収フィルタ336は、上記例2-3において説明した吸収フィルタ326と同じであってよく、上記例2-3における当該説明が本例においてもあてはまる。
例えば、前記光電変換膜は、p型有機半導体の単層構造を有してよく、又は、n型有機半導体の単層構造を有してよく、又は、p型有機半導体とn型有機半導体との混合層の単層構造を有してよい。
また、前記光電変換膜は、p型有機半導体層とn型有機半導体層との積層構造を有してよく、すなわち「p型有機半導体層/n型有機半導体層」という積層構造を有してよい。 また、前記光電変換膜は、p型有機半導体層及び/又はn型有機半導体層と前記混合層とが積層された構造を有してもよい。例えば、前記光電変換膜は、「p型有機半導体層/p型有機半導体とn型有機半導体との混合層/n型有機半導体層」という積層構造、「p型有機半導体層/p型有機半導体とn型有機半導体との混合層」という積層構造、または、「n型有機半導体層/p型有機半導体とn型有機半導体との混合層」の積層構造を有してもよい。
また、青色の光を光電変換する光電変換膜を構成する材料としては、例えば、クマリン酸色素、トリス-8-ヒドリキシキノリアルミニウム(Alq3)、メラシアニン系色素等を挙げることができる。
さらに、赤色の光を光電変換する光電変換膜を構成する材料としては、例えば、フタロシアニン系色素、サブフタロシアニン系色素(サブフタロシアニン誘導体)を挙げることができる。
さらにまた、前記光電変換膜としては、紫外域から赤色域にかけて略全ての可視光に対して感光するパンクロマチックな感光性有機光電変換膜を用いることも可能である。
読み出された信号電荷に基づき、蛍光検出用フォトダイオード334によって検出された蛍光信号のノイズ低減処理が行われうる。このようにして、蛍光検出精度が向上されうる。
上記例2-1~2-4において説明した画素単位は、蛍光検出用フォトダイオードを有している。本開示において、蛍光検出用フォトダイオードの代わりに、量子ドット光電変換膜が用いられてよく、例えば複数の量子ドット光電変換膜が積層された多層膜が用いられてもよい。以下でこのように構成された画素単位の例を、図17を参照しながら説明する。同図は、本開示に従う裏面照射型撮像素子の画素単位の断面の模式図を示す。当該断面は、当該撮像素子の受光面に垂直な面における断面である。
また、前記複数の量子ドット光電変換膜の一つ以上が、励起光を光電変換するものであってもよい。これにより、励起光が検出されてもよい。
各量子ドット光電変換膜は、それぞれ電子読み出し部355-1~355-5と接続されてよい。各電子読み出し部から、各電子読み出し部に接続された量子ドット光電変換膜における信号が読み出される。各電子読み出し部は、上記で説明したように、ゲート電極部(TG又はVG)を有してよい。また、各電子読み出し部は、フローティングディフュージョンFD及び/又はコンタクトCSを有するものであってもよい。
なお、同図の画素単位は、5つの量子ドット光電変換膜が積層された多層膜を有するが、画素単位が有する量子ドット光電変換膜の数は5つに限定されない。本開示において、画素単位は、量子ドット光電変換膜を1つ有してもよく、又は、2以上の量子ドット膜光電変換膜を有してよい。
量子ドットは、その粒径に応じて、光電変換する光の波長が変わる。そこで、量子ドットの粒径を変更することで、種々の蛍光に対応することができる。
本開示の撮像素子は、上記で説明したとおり、透明基板と組み合わされて流路を形成するために用いられる。すなわち、本開示は、当該撮像素子と当該透明基板とを備えており、当該撮像素子と当該透明基板とが流路を形成している流路ユニットも提供する。
本開示において、当該透明基板に、吸収フィルタが積層されてもよい。吸収フィルタが積層された透明基板に関する構成例を、図18を参照しながら説明する。
なお、透明基板の1つの主面に積層される吸収フィルタの数は、1又は2に限定されず、3以上であってもよい。
なお、同図のDでは1層の吸収フィルタが当該面に積層されているが、当該面に、2以上の吸収フィルタが積層されてもよく、これら2以上の吸収フィルタは、互いに異なる波長の光を吸収するように構成されてよい。
さらに、吸収フィルタを利用することで、LEDやレーザなどの高価且つナローバンドな光源を使わずとも、生体試料分析システムを構築できる
本開示において、ウェルの底面(すなわち分析物が保持される面)に、凹凸形状が設けられてよい。
また、本開示において、ウェルの周囲に、画素単位を規定するように仕切り部が設けられていてもよい。
これらの構成例について、図19を参照しながら説明する。
本開示において、撮像素子の画素単位311-1のように、ウェルの底の表面に凹凸形状が設けられてよい。例えば、当該表面に、例えば円錐形状、円柱形状、立方体形状、直方体形状、角錐形状(例えば三角錐、四角錘、又は五角錘形状)の凸状構造が規則的に又は不規則的に設けられてよい。代替的には、円錐形状、円柱形状、立方体形状、直方体形状、角錐形状(例えば三角錐、四角錘、又は五角錘形状)の凹状構造が規則的に又は不規則的に設けられてよい。
このような表面によって、ウェル底面での、蛍光の表面反射を防ぐことができる。そのため、このような表面は、より多くの蛍光を生じさせることができ、これは蛍光検出精度の向上に貢献する。
これら凸状構造又は凹状構造の寸法は、好ましくは検出されるべき蛍光の波長よりも小さくてよい。このように小さい寸法を有する構造体は、蛍光の反射を防ぐために特に適している。
本開示において、仕切り部がウェルの周囲に設けられていることによって、ウェル内の分析物から生じた蛍光やウェルに照射された励起光が、他の画素単位のフォトダイオードへと進行することを防ぐことができる。これにより、他の画素単位における光に起因するノイズを低減することができ、これは、蛍光検出精度の向上に貢献する。
本開示において、蛍光検出用フォトダイオードと多層膜反射フィルタとの積層面に対してウェルの底面が傾斜されているように、ウェルが設けられていてよい。このように傾斜させてウェルを設けるために、例えばウェルを支持する絶縁膜に傾斜が設けられていてよい。
また、このように傾斜させてウェルを設ける場合に、絶縁膜中にレンズが設けられてよい。当該レンズは、蛍光の少なくとも一部を、蛍光検出用フォトダイオードにおいて集光させる光学特性を有するレンズであってよい。
なお、当該レンズは、励起光の少なくとも一部を、励起光検出用フォトダイオードに集光させる光学特性を有してもよい。
以下で、ウェルが傾斜されているところの構成例について、図20を参照しながら説明する。
なお、代替的に、励起光フォトダイオードの上面(励起光の入射面)が傾斜されていてもよく、この場合は、絶縁膜の2つの主面が、互いに平行であってよい。
レンズ391は、分析物S1への励起光照射により生じた蛍光の少なくとも一部を、蛍光検出用フォトダイオード384に集光させるように構成されてよい。
なお、レンズ391の形状は、同図に示されるような凸レンズに限られず、回折レンズなどであってもよい。
本開示の撮像素子は、蛍光検出用フォトダイオードの位置に対して、ウェルの位置がシフトできるように構成されてよい。以下で、このように構成された撮像素子の例について、図21を参照しながら説明する。
これらの図に示される3種の画素単位401a、401b、及び401cには、互いに異なる波長の光を透過させるカラーフィルタ404a、404b、及び404cがそれぞれ設けられている。これらカラーフィルタは、前記励起光検出用フォトダイオード及び前記多層膜反射フィルタと同じく、前記蛍光検出用フォトダイオードの位置に対して移動できないように固定されてよい。
また、当該カラーフィルタが設けられる位置は適宜選択されてよい。当該カラーフィルタは、例えば同図に示されるように絶縁膜402上に設けられてよく、又は、前記絶縁膜と前記励起光検出用フォトダイオードとの間に設けられてよく、又は、前記励起光検出用フォトダイオードと前記多層膜反射フィルタとの間に設けられてよく、又は、前記多層膜反射フィルタと前記蛍光検出用フォトダイオードとの間に設けられてもよい。
同図のAに示されるように、ウェル403の移動前においては、分析物Sbは、中央おn画素単位401b状のウェルに保持されている。同図のCに示されるように、ウェル403の移動後においては、分析物Sb及び分析物Sbを保持するウェルは、右側の画素単位401c上に移動する。ここで、画素単位401b上に存在するカラーフィルタ404bが透過させる光の波長は、右側の画素単位401c上に存在するカラーフィルタ404cが透過させる光の波長と異なる。これにより、当該分析物Sbから生じた光が、例えば前記中央の画素単位401bによっては検出されないが、当該移動後の前記右側の画素単位401cによっては検出されてよい。反対に、当該分析物から生じた光が、前記中央の画素単位401bによっては検出されるが、当該移動後の前記右側の画素単位401cによっては検出されなくてよい。これにより、分析物がどの波長帯の光を生成しているかを区別することができる。また、移動前の状態での光検出及び移動後の状態での光検出という1シーケンスにおいて、2つの波長の光を確認することができる。これにより分析速度が向上される。
以上の説明における実施態様では、1つのウェルが、前記移動によって2つの画素上を移動する。この場合、カラーフィルタは、位置に応じて異なる2つの波長の光を透過させるように構成されてよい。
また、カラーフィルタは、ウェルの位置に応じて異なる3つ以上の波長の光を透過させるように構成されてよく、さらに、ウェルの位置を制御することによって、1シーケンスで異なる3以上の波長の光が検出されてもよい。
このようにウェルがシフト可能であることによって、分析物から生じる光を、複数の画素で検出することができるという効果が発揮される。
なお、上記で説明した図においては、3つのカラーフィルタ404a、404b、及び404cは、互いに異なる波長の光を透過させる光学特性を有するものであるが、カラーフィルタの構成はこれに限定されない。例えばカラーフィルタ404a及びカラーフィルタ404cは同じ波長の光を透過させるものであり、且つ、カラーフィルタ404bが透過させる光の波長が、カラーフィルタ404a及びカラーフィルタ404cと異なってもよい。また、カラーフィルタ404a及びカラーフィルタ404bは同じ波長の光を透過させるものであり、且つ、カラーフィルタ404cが透過させる光の波長が、カラーフィルタ404a及びカラーフィルタ404bと異なってもよい。
また、上記で説明した図においては、透過させる光の波長が異なる3種のカラーフィルタ領域404a、404b、及び404cが示されており、すなわち互いに異なる光学特性を有する3種のカラーフィルタが示されている。本開示において、カラーフィルタ領域の光学特性の種類の数は、3種に限定されない。例えば、カラーフィルタは、互いに異なる波長の光を透過させる2種以上のカラーフィルタ領域を有してよく、例えば2種~10種、特には2種、3種、又は4種のカラーフィルタ領域を有してよい。
本開示の撮像素子は、蛍光検出用フォトダイオードとウェルとの間に、導波路、吸収フィルタ、プラズモンフィルタ、メタマテリアル、及び偏光子のうちの1つ以上を備えられていてもよい。以下で、このように構成された撮像素子の例について、図22~図29を参照しながら説明する。
また、同図に示されるように、1つのP領域中に2以上のN領域が形成されてよく、すなわち2以上のフォトダイオードが形成されてよい。そして、波長に応じて集光ポイントが異なり、且つ、2以上のフォトダイオードが形成されることで、分光することができる。
代替的には、当該画素単位は、プラズモンフィルタ427の代わりに、メタマテリアルを有してもよい。より特には、当該画素単位は、多層膜反射フィルタ417と励起光検出用フォトダイオードとの間に、メタマテリアルから形成された層(「メタマテリアル層」ともいう)を有してもよい。当該メタマテリアル層は、特定の波長の光だけを透過させる光学特性を有してよく、特には蛍光検出用フォトダイオードによって検出されるべき蛍光を選択的に透過させるように構成されてよい。
本開示において、ウェルの上部に、分析物への励起光照射によって生じた蛍光を反射する材料が配置されてよい。当該材料は、特には、当該励起光を透過させるものであってよい。当該材料は、例えば積層膜であってよい。この構成について、以下で図30を参照しながら説明する。
当該積層膜は、分析物への励起光照射によって生じた蛍光(破線矢印)を反射し、且つ、励起光を透過させる。当該励起光照射によって、蛍光検出用フォトダイオードへ向かって進行する蛍光が生じるが、蛍光検出用フォトダイオードと反対側(すなわちウェル開口部側)へと進行する蛍光も生じうる。当該積層膜によって、当該反対側へ進行する蛍光が反射されて、蛍光検出用フォトダイオードによって検出される。これは、蛍光検出精度の向上に貢献する。
本開示において、ウェルの上部に、分析物への励起光照射によって生じた蛍光を反射するためのピンホール構造又はMEMSシャッターが設けられてもよい。この構成について、以下で図31を参照しながら説明する。
蓋部461にピンホールH1が設けられていることで、励起光(同図の実線矢印)を分析物S1に向けて照射することができる。
蓋部461は、例えば蛍光を反射させる材料(金属、例えばAlによって、その内面(ウェル側の面)が形成されてよい。これにより、分析物S1への励起光照射によって生じた蛍光(同図の破線矢印)が、ウェル外へ出ることなく、同図に示されるように蓋部461によって反射されて、蛍光検出用フォトダイオード454へ向かって進行する。
上記例2-11において図22~27を参照して説明した画素単位は、蛍光検出用フォトダイオード及び励起光検出用フォトダイオードを有し、すなわちSi2階構造を有し、さらにして、当該Si2階構造に加えて、多層膜反射フィルタ及び吸収フィルタや導波路などの励起光遮断部を有する。
本開示において、画素単位は、励起光検出用フォトダイオードを有さず、蛍光検出用フォトダイオードと励起光遮断部を有するように構成されてもよい。この構成について、以下で図33A及びBを参照しながら説明する。
このように、本開示の画素単位は、蛍光検出用フォトダイオードと励起光遮断部(多層膜反射フィルタと吸収フィルタ、導波路、又はレンズとを含む)との積層構造を有してもよい。
上記例2-11において図22~27を参照して説明した画素単位は、蛍光検出用フォトダイオード及び励起光検出用フォトダイオードの間に、励起光遮断部を有している。 本開示において、画素単位は、蛍光検出用フォトダイオードと励起光検出用フォトダイオードとの間に、励起光遮断部の構成要素の一部が設けられており、且つ、励起光検出用フォトダイオードとウェルとの間に励起光遮断部の構成要素の他の一部が設けられてもよい。この構成について、以下で図34A及びBを参照しながら説明する。
上記例2-1において説明した画素単位が複数配列された撮像素子において、隣り合う2つの画素単位の多層膜反射フィルタは、図35の左の領域490において示されるように、仕切り部によって区切られる。当該仕切り部のトレンチ形状は、例えば同図の右の(a)~(c)のいずれかの形状を有してよい。これらの形状について以下で説明する。
代替的には、高屈折率層H及び艇屈折率層Lの両方において、テーパー角を有するように多層膜反射フィルタが掘られてよい。これにより、当該トレンチ形状は、同図(b)に示されるように、多層膜反射フィルタの浅い部分から深い部分に向かうにつれ幅が狭くなるような形状を有してよい。
代替的には、高屈折率層H及び艇屈折率層Lの両方において、テーパー角を有さないように多層膜反射フィルタが掘られてよい。これにより、当該トレンチ形状は、同図(c)に示されるように、多層膜反射フィルタのいずれの深さにおいても一定の幅を有する形状であってよい。
本開示に従う裏面照射型撮像素子は、上記1.2において述べたように励起光遮断部を有してよい。一実施態様において、当該励起光遮断部は偏光子を含んでよい。この場合において、前記励起光は、例えば偏光光であってよい。
以下で、偏光子を有する本開示の裏面照射型撮像素子の構成例について、以下で図面を参照しながら説明する。
上記例1.2において説明した画素単位301が、図36Aに示されている。当該画素単位は、励起光を遮断するための構成要素として、多層膜反射フィルタ307を有する。高い励起光カット率を得るためには多層膜反射フィルタの膜厚を高くすることが必要であるが、トレードオフとして画素構造の厚さが増し、微細化を進めるほど光学的クロストークが発生しやすくなる。
このように、本開示において励起光遮断部として偏光子を用いることで、画素の低背化が可能である。これは、画素の微細化のために非常に有利である。
また、偏光子は高い励起光カット率を有するので、多層膜反射フィルタの代わりに偏光子を用いることによって、S/N比の向上を実現することができる。これは、蛍光検出精度の向上に貢献する。
同図の右に示される画素単位501は、ウェル503及び蛍光検出用フォトダイオード504を有する。
画素単位501は、ウェル503及びフォトダイオード504の間に、絶縁膜502-1、偏光子507、及び絶縁膜502-2を有している。偏光子507は、上記で述べた励起光遮断部に相当する。このように、画素単位501は、フォトダイオード504、偏光子507、及びウェル503がこの順に並んでいる積層構造を有するように構成されてよい。
本開示に従う撮像素子は、上記例1-1において説明したように、格子状に配列された複数の画素単位501を有してよい。すなわち、同図の左の平面図に示されるように、裏面照射型撮像素子500が、格子状に配列された複数の画素単位501から構成されてよい。
当該照射された励起光のうち、一部は、分析物S1を通過して、ウェル503内を進行し、偏光子507へ到達する。偏光光である励起光L1は、偏光子507によって消光される。これにより、励起光L1は、蛍光検出用フォトダイオード504へ到達しない。 励起光L1の分析物S1への照射によって、蛍光L2(破線矢印)が生じる。蛍光L2は、偏光子507を透過して、蛍光検出用フォトダイオード504へ到達する。
本開示において、偏光子は偏光情報を取得するために用いられるものでない。そのため、1つの画素単位に1つの偏光子が積層されていてもよいが、複数の画素単位にわたって1つの偏光子が積層されていてもよい。すなわち、1つの偏光子が、2以上の画素単位の検出部をカバーするように設けられてよい。また、フォトダイオードに対する偏光子の向きは、いずれの向きであってもよい。
また、同図の(c)及び(d)に示されるように、各フォトダイオードに対して1つの偏光子が、画素配列方向に対して斜め方向に又は水平若しくは垂直方向に配置されてもよい。
本開示において、光源から出射される光は、非偏光光であってもよい。この場合において、光源から分析部まで光路上に、当該非偏光光を偏光光とする偏光子が配置されてよい。この場合の構成例を、図38を参照しながら説明する。
なお、1つの透明基板に偏光子が積層されてもよい。
本開示の撮像素子の画素単位は、偏光子に加え、励起光吸収フィルタを有してもよい。これらの組合せにより、励起光をより確実に遮断することができる。このような組合せを有する撮像素子画素単位の構成例を、図39を参照しながら説明する。
画素単位521は、ウェル523及びフォトダイオード524の間に、絶縁膜522-1、吸収フィルタ(例えば多層膜反射フィルタ)529、偏光子527、及び絶縁膜522-2を有している。吸収フィルタ529及び偏光子527は、上記で述べた励起光遮断部に相当する。このように、画素単位521は、フォトダイオード523、偏光子527、吸収フィルタ529、及びウェル523がこの順に並んでいる積層構造を有するように構成されてよい。
例えば同図のBに示される撮像素子531のように、画素単位521は、フォトダイオード523、吸収フィルタ529、偏光子527、及びウェル523がこの順に並んでいる積層構造を有してもよい。
本開示の撮像素子の画素単位は、上記のとおり分析物保持部を有し、特には分析物が保持されるウェルを有する。当該分析物保持部は、励起光遮断部に積層されてよく、例えば絶縁膜を介して積層される。分析物保持部及び絶縁膜の材料は、分析対象となる光に悪影響を及ぼさない材料であればよく、当業者により適宜選択されうる。好ましくは、当該材料は、偏光に干渉せず、且つ、試薬に対する耐候性を有する材料である。
また、図40のAに示される画素単位541のように、ウェルの底面部分543-2の材料は、ウェルの側壁部分543-1の材料と異なるものであってよい。例えばウェルの底面部分543-2の材料、SiN又はガラスであってよい。
また、同図に示されるように、底面部分543-2が、偏光子547(又は吸収フィルタ)に積層されてもよい。すなわち、底面部分543-2がウェル543(特にはウェル側壁)と変更子547との間の層間膜として用いられてもよい。
なお、同図のBに示される画素単位551のウェル以外の構成要素は、同図のAと同じである。
本開示の撮像素子の画素単位は、励起光遮断部としてプラズモンフィルタを有してもよい。本開示において、プラズモンフィルタの波長選択性を利用して、励起光を選択的に遮断し、蛍光をフォトダイオードに到達させてもよい。プラズモンフィルタが用いられる構成例を、図41を参照しながら説明する。
画素単位561は、ウェル563及びフォトダイオード564の間に、絶縁膜562-1、プラズモンフィルタ567、及び絶縁膜562-2~562-4を有している。プラズモンフィルタ567は、上記で述べた励起光遮断部に相当する。このように、画素単位561は、フォトダイオード564、プラズモンフィルタ567、及びウェル563がこの順に並んでいる積層構造を有するように構成されてよい。
遮断される光の波長は、ホールのピッチ及び/又は直径を調整することによって調整することができる。ピッチおよび直径は、同図のBに示される寸法であってよい。ピッチは、ホールの単位構造が表れる間隔を意味する。これらの調整によって、例えば可視光~近赤外光の波長範囲の光についての透過特性を調整することができる。
同図において、ウェルとプラズモンフィルタとの間に3層の絶縁膜が存在するが、絶縁膜の数は、3層でなくてもよい。これらの間に設けられる絶縁膜の層の数は、1層以上であってよく、例えば1層、2層、3層、4層、又は5層であってよい。
同図において、フォトダイオードとプラズモンフィルタとの間に1層の絶縁膜が存在するが、絶縁膜の数は、1層でなくてもよい。これらの間に設けられる絶縁膜の層の数は、1層以上であってよく、例えば1層、2層、3層、4層、又は5層であってよい。
各絶縁膜の材料に関して、上記で述べたように、各絶縁膜は、例えば酸化珪素膜、窒素含有酸化珪素膜、窒化珪素膜、酸素含有窒化珪素膜、又は金属酸化物膜であってよい。各絶縁膜は、高密度プラズマ処理された絶縁膜であってもよい。
本開示の撮像素子の画素単位は、励起光遮断部としてFabry-Perot構造(以下FP構造ともいう)を有する膜を有してもよい。本開示において、FP構造を有する膜の波長選択性を利用して、励起光を選択的に遮断し、蛍光をフォトダイオードに到達させてもよい。FP構造を有する膜が用いられる構成例を、図4
2を参照しながら説明する。
画素単位571は、ウェル573及びフォトダイオード574の間に、FP構造を有する膜577を有する。FP構造を有する膜577は、上記で述べた励起光遮断部に相当する。このように、画素単位571は、フォトダイオード574、FP構造を有する膜577、及びウェル573がこの順に並んでいる積層構造を有するように構成されてよい。
当該多層膜は、同図に示されるように、18層の膜であり、各層の厚みは各層の右に示されている。当該多層膜の全厚は1168nmである。
同図の積層構造を有する膜へ、同図中の矢印に示される方向へ進行する光の透過率(Siへ到達する光の割合)が、当該グラフにプロットされている。
当該多層膜の透過率は、550nm付近にピークを有する。当該ピークにおける半値幅は約10nmである。
当該多層膜の530nmの励起光の透過率は、550nmの蛍光の透過率に対して1/60以下である。
波長532nmの励起光(半値幅約30nm)の分析物への照射により波長553nmの蛍光が生じる場合を想定する。この場合に関して、当該多層膜は、当該分析物への励起光照射により生じる蛍光を選択的に透過させ、当該励起光を選択的に遮断することができる。
当該多層膜は、同図に示されるように、9層の膜であり、各層の厚みは各層の右に示されている。当該多層膜の全厚は650nmである。
同図の積層構造を有する膜へ、同図中の矢印に示される方向へ進行する光の透過率(Siへ到達する光の割合)が、当該グラフにプロットされている。
当該多層膜の透過率は、550nm付近にピークを有する。当該ピークにおける半値幅は約20nmである。
当該多層膜の530nmの励起光の透過率は、550nmの蛍光の透過率に対して1/10以下である。
波長532nmの励起光(半値幅約30nm)の分析物への照射により波長553nmの蛍光が生じる場合を想定する。この場合に関して、当該多層膜は、当該分析物への励起光照射により生じる蛍光を選択的に透過させ、当該励起光を選択的に遮断することができる。
本開示に従う裏面照射型撮像素子は、上記1.において述べたように、分析物への励起光照射により生じた蛍光を検出する蛍光検出部を有する。一実施態様において、当該蛍光検出部は、2以上のフォトダイオードを含んでよい。前記2以上のフォトダイオードは、前記分析物保持部と配線層との間に、縦積み構造を形成するように配置されてよい。
当該2以上のフォトダイオードを有する蛍光検出部を含む本開示の裏面照射型撮像素子の構成例について、以下で図面を参照しながら説明する。
ウェル703は、同図においては、矩形であるが、他の多角形であってよく、又は、円形又は楕円形などであってもよい。
ウェル703(及びウェルを被覆する絶縁膜702)は、分析物を保持するように構成されてよく、すなわち分析物保持部に相当する。
上記1.1において説明したウェル103及び絶縁膜102に関する説明が、ウェル703及び絶縁膜702についてもあてはまる。
フォトダイオード704-1は、N領域704N1及びP領域704Pから構成される。
フォトダイオード704-2は、N領域704N2及びP領域704Pから構成される。
同図において、フォトダイオード704-1のN領域704N1及びフォトダイオード704-2のN領域704N2は接しているが、これら領域は分離されていてもよい。後者の場合、これら2つのN領域は、P領域によって分離されていてよい。
同図に示されるとおり、N領域704N1及び704N2は、その周囲を、P領域704Pによって囲まれていてよい。
本開示において、1つの画素単位が有するフォトダイオードの数は2つに限定されず、後述のとおり3つ又はそれ以上であってもよい。
フォトダイオード704の一方の側にウェル703が設けられており、フォトダイオード704の反対側に配線層が設けられている。すなわち、単位画素701は、配線層、検出部(フォトダイオード)、及び分析物保持部(ウェル)がこの順に並んでいる積層構造を有する。本開示の撮像素子は、このように構成されていることで、より大きな蛍光信号を取得することができ、これは蛍光検出精度の向上に貢献する。
上記例4-1において説明した撮像素子は、2層のフォトダイオードそれぞれに接続されたゲート電極部を有する。当該2層のフォトダイオードが縦積み構造を形成している場合、ウェルからより遠いフォトダイオード(下層のフォトダイオード)の受光面積は、ウェルにより近いフォトダイオード(上層のフォトダイオード)の受光面積よりも小さい。これにより、これら2つのフォトダイオードにそれぞれ割り当てられるゲート電極を形成しやすく、特には画素単位の面積(受光面に平行な面の面積)を小さくすることができる。これに関して、以下で図45を参照しながら説明する。
フォトダイオード714-1は、N領域714N1及びP領域714Pから構成される。
フォトダイオード714-2は、N領域714N2及びP領域714Pから構成される。
同図において、N領域714N1及びN領域714N2は接しているが、これら領域は分離されていてもよい。後者の場合、これら2つのN領域は、P領域によって分離されていてよい。
同図に示されるとおり、N領域714N1及び714N2は、その周囲を、P領域714Pによって囲まれていてよい。
B図に示されるように、B-B’線における断面図には、フォトダイオード714-1を構成するP領域714P及びN領域714N1が表れる。
C図に示されるように、C-C’線における断面図には、フォトダイオード714-2を構成するP領域714P及びN領域714N2に加え、N領域714N1が表れる。 また、B図及びC図から分かるとおり、フォトダイオード714-2のN領域714N2の面積は、フォトダイオード714-1のN領域714N1の面積よりも小さい。この面積の差を利用して、フォトダイオード714-1に接続されたゲート電極部715-1が配置されており、これにより、画素単位のサイズが大きくならないように構成されている。
また、当該縦積み構造において、下層に位置するフォトダイオードの受光面積を上層に位置するフォトダイオードよりも小さくすることによって、画素単位が大きくならないようにゲート電極部を設けることができる。これは、撮像素子の小型化に貢献する。
上記例4-1及び4-2において説明した撮像素子は、2層のフォトダイオードを有し、これらが蛍光検出部を構成している。本開示の撮像素子の画素単位の蛍光検出部は、3層又はそれより多いフォトダイオードを有してもよい。3層のフォトダイオードを有する蛍光検出部を有する撮像素子画素単位に関して、以下で図46を参照しながら説明する。
フォトダイオード724-1は、N領域724N1及びP領域724Pから構成される。
フォトダイオード724-2は、N領域724N2及びP領域724Pから構成される。
フォトダイオード724-3は、N領域724N3及びP領域724Pから構成される。
同図において、N領域724N1及びN領域724N2は接しており、またはN領域724N2及びN領域724N3は接している。本開示において、これらN領域は分離されていてもよい。2つのN領域が分離されている場合、これらN領域は、P領域によって分離されていてよい。
同図に示されるとおり、N領域724N1、724N2、及び724N3は、その周囲を、P領域724Pによって囲まれていてよい。
B図に示されるように、B-B’線における断面図には、フォトダイオード724-1を構成するP領域724P及びN領域724N1が表れる。
C図に示されるように、C-C’線における断面図には、フォトダイオード724-2を構成するP領域724P及びN領域724N2に加え、N領域724N1が表れる。 D図に示されるように、D-D’線における断面図には、フォトダイオード724-3を構成するP領域724P及びN領域724N3に加え、N領域724N1及びN領域724N2が表れる。
また、B図、C図、及びD図から分かるとおり、フォトダイオード724-2のN領域724N2の面積は、フォトダイオード724-1のN領域724N1の面積よりも小さい。また、フォトダイオード724-3のN領域724N3の面積は、フォトダイオード724-2のN領域724N2の面積よりも小さい。この面積の差を利用して、ゲート電極部725-1及び725-2が配置されており、これにより、画素単位のサイズが大きくならないように構成されている。
また、当該縦積み構造において、下層に位置するフォトダイオードの受光面積を上層に位置するフォトダイオードよりも小さくすることによって、画素単位が大きくならないようにゲート電極部を設けることができる。これは、撮像素子の小型化に貢献する。
上記例4-2において説明した画素単位711について、各フォトダイオードの感度の検証を行った。当該感度検証は、一般的に用いられる蛍光物質の蛍光波長領域の光(赤色光(668nm)及び緑色光(545nm))の、Siの深さ3μmまでの光強度の積分値に基づき行われた。
当該プロットから、PD1のPD1s~PD1eまでの位置における光強度の積分値が得られる。同様に、当該プロットから、PD2のPD2s~PD2eまでの位置における光強度の積分値が得られる。本検証においては、PD1が緑色光の検出のために用いられ且つPD2が赤色光の検出のために用いられると想定された。
算出されたG/R比が、図49に示されている。これらの結果より、PD1の位置を固定した場合において、PD2sの位置がより深くなるほど、G/R比が高い。また、PD2の位置を固定した場合いおいて、PD1eの位置をより浅くなるほど、G/R比が高い。そんため、2つのPDの位置をSi内で深さ方向(受光面と垂直な方向)において離すことが、感度を高めるために望ましいと考えられる。
また、Siの深さ3μmに関する本ケースにおいて、感度比1.32が達成されることも分かる。
また、これらの結果に基づき、本開示において、前記2以上のフォトダイオードのうち、前記配線層により近いフォトダイオードが、より長い波長の蛍光を検出するように構成されてよい。
本開示に従う撮像素子は、例えば撮像素子に関する技術分野において知られている技術を適用することによって製造することができる。本開示に従う撮像素子の製造方法の例を以下で、図50A~Bを参照しながら説明する。当該例においては、上記例1-1において説明した撮像素子100と同様の構造を有する撮像素子1100の製造フローの一例が示されている。
図50Aの(a)に示されるように、フォトダイオードを形成するSiウェハー1104Pが用意され、そして、当該ウェハーの面S1に、フォトレジストPRが所定のパターンを描くように塗布される。例えば同図に示されるように、ウェルの側壁部分を形成する領域以外にフォトレジストPRが塗布されてよい。
本開示に従う撮像素子の製造方法の例を以下で、図51A~Cを参照しながら説明する。当該例においては、上記例2-2において説明した画素単位311を複数有する撮像素子の製造フローの一例が示されている。
画素単位311は、蛍光検出用フォトダイオード314及び励起光検出用フォトダイオード319を有する。そこで、画素単位311を形成するために、これら2つのフォトダイオードはそれぞれ別のSiウェハーを用いて製造される。そして、各フォトダイオードの構造が形成された後に、2つのフォトダイオードが積層される。以下の図51A及びBにおいて、蛍光検出用フォトダイオードを形成するためのフロー図がSi1Lの行に示されており、励起光検出用フォトダイオードを形成するためのフロー図がSi2Lの行に示されている。図51Cにおいては、これら2つのフォトダイオードが貼り合わせられた後のフロー図が示されている。以下で、これらのフローの詳細を説明する。
Siウェハー1314Pの面S11に、フォトレジストPRが所定のパターンを描くように塗布される。例えば同図に示されるように、N領域を形成する領域以外にフォトレジストPRが塗布されてよい。
Siウェハー1319Pの面S21にも、フォトレジストPRが所定のパターンを描くように塗布される。例えば同図に示されるように、N領域を形成する領域以外にフォトレジストPRが塗布されてよい。
同様に、Siウェハー1319Pにも、フォトリソグラフィーによって、N領域1319Nの埋め込みが行われる。
N領域の形成後、所定のパターンを描くように、ハードマスク層HMの形成が行われる。当該ハードマスク層HMは、Poly-Siの埋め込みが行われる領域以外を覆うように形成される。
ゲート電極部の埋め込みが行われる領域以外の領域に積層される。そして次に、同図の(d2)に示されるように、ドライエッチング処理が行われて、ゲート電極部の埋め込みが行われる領域が削られる。その後、前記フォトレジストPRは除去される。
その後、各ウェハーのPoly-Si層上にフォトレジストが形成される。当該フォトレジストは、ゲート電極部が形成される部分に形成される。
また、励起光検出用フォトダイオードのウェハーの面S21には、後述の貼り合わせのために用いられる接着材料が施与される。
励起光検出用フォトダイオードについても、ウェハーがひっくり返されてよく、この状態で、後述の貼り合わせが行われてよい。
にはウェル底面)に、分析物が捕捉される。そして、当該分析物に励起光が照射され、当該励起光照射によって生じた蛍光が、撮像素子1331によって検出される。
本開示に従う撮像素子の製造方法の例を以下で、図52A~Cを参照しながら説明する。当該例においては、上記例2-1において説明した画素単位301を複数有する撮像素子1341の製造フローの一例が示されている。以下で、これらのフローの詳細を説明する。
Siウェハー1304Pの面S1に、フォトレジストPRが所定のパターンを描くように塗布される。例えば同図に示されるように、N領域を形成する領域以外にフォトレジストPRが塗布されてよい。
N領域の形成後、所定のパターンを描くように、ハードマスク層HMの形成が行われる。当該ハードマスク層HMは、Poly-Siの埋め込みが行われる領域以外を覆うように形成される。
その後、Poly-Si層上にフォトレジストが形成される。当該フォトレジストは、ゲート電極部が形成される部分に形成される。
当該分析物は、細菌又はウィルスであってもよい。
試料排出流路部2002は、例えば廃液を回収する容器と流体的に接続されていてよい。
撮像素子のウェル内の分析物に、励起光が照射されるように、前記流路はその少なくとも一部が透明であってよく、特には、同図のL1が通過する流路部分は透明であってよい。このように、本開示に従う流路ユニット及び撮像素子は、励起光及び蛍光が通過する部分は透明であってよい。
検出部6102は、生体粒子への光照射により生じた光を検出する少なくとも一つの光検出器を備えている。検出する光は、例えば蛍光又は散乱光(例えば前方散乱光、後方散乱光、及び側方散乱光のいずれか1つ以上)である。各光検出器は、1以上の受光素子を含み、例えば受光素子アレイを有する。各光検出器は、受光素子として、1又は複数のPMT(光電子増倍管)及び/又はAPD及びMPPC等のフォトダイオードを含んでよい。当該光検出器は、例えば複数のPMTを一次元方向に配列したPMTアレイを含む。また、検出部6102は、CCD又はCMOSなどの撮像素子を含んでもよい。検出部6102は、当該撮像素子により、生体粒子の画像(例えば明視野画像、暗視野画像、及び蛍光画像など)を取得しうる。
〔1〕
分析物を保持するように構成された分析物保持部と、
前記分析物への励起光照射により生じた蛍光を検出する蛍光検出部と、
を少なくとも備えている画素単位を複数有する
裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔2〕
前記分析物保持部は、ウェルの形状を有しており、
前記検出部が、前記ウェルの底部に加え前記ウェルの側面を覆うように設けられている、
〔1〕に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔3〕
前記裏面照射型撮像素子は、画素単位の間にトレンチが設けられている、〔1〕又は〔2〕に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔4〕
2以上のウェルが、列状構造を形成するように連結されている、〔1〕~〔3〕のいずれか一つに記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔5〕
各画素単位に、分析物の位置を調整するように電圧が印加される電極対が設けられている、〔1〕~〔4〕のいずれか一つに記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔6〕
各画素単位には、前記励起光が検出部へ到達することを防ぐ励起光遮断部が設けられている、〔1〕~〔5〕のいずれか一つに記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔7〕
前記励起光遮断部は、多層膜反射フィルタを含む、
〔6〕に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔8〕
前記多層膜反射フィルタは、前記分析物保持部と前記検出部との間に配置されている、 〔7〕に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔9〕
各画素単位は、前記励起光を検出する励起光検出部をさらに備えている、〔1〕~〔8〕のいずれか一つに記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔10〕
前記裏面照射型撮像素子は、前記励起光検出部が取得した信号を用いて、前記蛍光検出部が取得した信号の処理が行われるように構成されている、〔9〕に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔11〕
前記励起光遮断部は、偏光子、プラズモンフィルタ、メタマテリアル、又は、ファブリーペロー構造の多層膜を含む、
〔6〕~〔10〕のいずれか一つに記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔12〕
前記励起光遮断部は、前記蛍光を透過させるように構成されている、〔6〕~〔11〕のいずれか一つに記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔13〕
前記励起光遮断部は、偏光子を含み、
前記励起光は、偏光光である、
〔6〕~〔12〕のいずれか一つに記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔14〕
前記励起光遮断部は、偏光子を含み、
1つの偏光子が、2以上の画素単位の検出部をカバーするように設けられている、
〔6〕~〔12〕のいずれか一つに記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔15〕
前記蛍光検出部は、2以上のフォトダイオードを有する、〔1〕~〔14〕のいずれか一つに記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔16〕
前記2以上のフォトダイオードは、前記分析物保持部と配線層との間に、縦積み構造を形成するように配置されている、〔15〕に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔17〕
前記2以上のフォトダイオードのうち、前記配線層により近いフォトダイオードが、より長い波長の蛍光を検出するように構成されている、〔15〕又は〔16〕に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔18〕
前記2以上のフォトダイオードは、2層構造又は3層構造を形成している、〔15〕~〔17〕のいずれか一つに記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
〔19〕
分析物を保持するように構成された分析物保持部と、前記分析物への励起光照射により生じた蛍光を検出する蛍光検出部と、を少なくとも備えている画素単位を複数有する裏面照射型撮像素子、及び、
前記分析物保持部へ生体試料を供給する流路、
を有する生体試料分析用流路ユニット。
〔20〕
分析物を保持するように構成された分析物保持部と、前記分析物への励起光照射により生じた蛍光を検出する蛍光検出部と、を少なくとも備えている画素単位を複数有する裏面照射型撮像素子、及び、
前記分析物保持部へ生体試料を供給する流路、
を有する生体試料分析用流路ユニットを用いて生体試料を分析する生体試料分析システム。
101 画素単位
102 絶縁膜
103 ウェル
104 フォトダイオード
105 ゲート電極部
106 仕切り部
108 透明基板
Claims (20)
- 分析物を保持するように構成された分析物保持部と、
前記分析物への励起光照射により生じた蛍光を検出する蛍光検出部と、
を少なくとも備えている画素単位を複数有する
裏面照射型撮像素子。 - 前記分析物保持部は、ウェルの形状を有しており、
前記検出部が、前記ウェルの底部に加え前記ウェルの側面を覆うように設けられている、
請求項1に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。 - 前記裏面照射型撮像素子は、画素単位の間にトレンチが設けられている、請求項2に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
- 2以上のウェルが、列状構造を形成するように連結されている、請求項2に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
- 各画素単位に、分析物の位置を調整するように電圧が印加される電極対が設けられている、請求項2に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
- 各画素単位には、前記励起光が検出部へ到達することを防ぐ励起光遮断部が設けられている、請求項1に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
- 前記励起光遮断部は、多層膜反射フィルタを含む、
請求項6に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。 - 前記多層膜反射フィルタは、前記分析物保持部と前記検出部との間に配置されている、 請求項7に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
- 各画素単位は、前記励起光を検出する励起光検出部をさらに備えている、請求項1に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
- 前記裏面照射型撮像素子は、前記励起光検出部が取得した信号を用いて、前記蛍光検出部が取得した信号の処理が行われるように構成されている、請求項9に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
- 前記励起光遮断部は、偏光子、プラズモンフィルタ、メタマテリアル、又は、ファブリーペロー構造の多層膜を含む、
請求項6に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。 - 前記励起光遮断部は、前記蛍光を透過させるように構成されている、請求項11に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
- 前記励起光遮断部は、偏光子を含み、
前記励起光は、偏光光である、
請求項6に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。 - 前記励起光遮断部は、偏光子を含み、
1つの偏光子が、2以上の画素単位の検出部をカバーするように設けられている、
請求項6に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。 - 前記蛍光検出部は、2以上のフォトダイオードを有する、請求項1に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
- 前記2以上のフォトダイオードは、前記分析物保持部と配線層との間に、縦積み構造を形成するように配置されている、請求項15に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
- 前記2以上のフォトダイオードのうち、前記配線層により近いフォトダイオードが、より長い波長の蛍光を検出するように構成されている、請求項16に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
- 前記2以上のフォトダイオードは、2層構造又は3層構造を形成している、請求項15に記載の裏面照射型撮像素子。
- 分析物を保持するように構成された分析物保持部と、前記分析物への励起光照射により生じた蛍光を検出する蛍光検出部と、を少なくとも備えている画素単位を複数有する裏面照射型撮像素子、及び、
前記分析物保持部へ生体試料を供給する流路、
を有する生体試料分析用流路ユニット。 - 分析物を保持するように構成された分析物保持部と、前記分析物への励起光照射により生じた蛍光を検出する蛍光検出部と、を少なくとも備えている画素単位を複数有する裏面照射型撮像素子、及び、
前記分析物保持部へ生体試料を供給する流路、
を有する生体試料分析用流路ユニットを用いて生体試料を分析する生体試料分析システム。
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2008197088A (ja) * | 2007-01-19 | 2008-08-28 | Shimadzu Corp | 蛍光検出器 |
| JP2017156310A (ja) * | 2016-03-04 | 2017-09-07 | パナソニックヘルスケアホールディングス株式会社 | 蛍光測定装置 |
| WO2017199651A1 (ja) * | 2016-05-18 | 2017-11-23 | ソニー株式会社 | 生体物質分析装置、生体物質分析システム、生体物質選別方法、生体物質分析用プログラム及び細胞培養容器 |
| JP2018048994A (ja) * | 2016-09-20 | 2018-03-29 | 株式会社東芝 | 検体液の計測装置及び計測方法 |
| JP2020514761A (ja) * | 2017-03-20 | 2020-05-21 | エムジーアイ テック カンパニー リミテッドMGI Tech Co., Ltd. | 生物学的または化学的分析のためのバイオセンサーおよびその製造方法 |
| JP2020085666A (ja) * | 2018-11-26 | 2020-06-04 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 生体由来物質検出用チップ、生体由来物質検出装置及び生体由来物質検出システム |
| WO2021140958A1 (ja) * | 2020-01-10 | 2021-07-15 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 撮像素子、製造方法、並びに電子機器 |
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- 2023-12-25 WO PCT/JP2023/046365 patent/WO2024150653A1/ja not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2008197088A (ja) * | 2007-01-19 | 2008-08-28 | Shimadzu Corp | 蛍光検出器 |
| JP2017156310A (ja) * | 2016-03-04 | 2017-09-07 | パナソニックヘルスケアホールディングス株式会社 | 蛍光測定装置 |
| WO2017199651A1 (ja) * | 2016-05-18 | 2017-11-23 | ソニー株式会社 | 生体物質分析装置、生体物質分析システム、生体物質選別方法、生体物質分析用プログラム及び細胞培養容器 |
| JP2018048994A (ja) * | 2016-09-20 | 2018-03-29 | 株式会社東芝 | 検体液の計測装置及び計測方法 |
| JP2020514761A (ja) * | 2017-03-20 | 2020-05-21 | エムジーアイ テック カンパニー リミテッドMGI Tech Co., Ltd. | 生物学的または化学的分析のためのバイオセンサーおよびその製造方法 |
| JP2020085666A (ja) * | 2018-11-26 | 2020-06-04 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 生体由来物質検出用チップ、生体由来物質検出装置及び生体由来物質検出システム |
| WO2021140958A1 (ja) * | 2020-01-10 | 2021-07-15 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 撮像素子、製造方法、並びに電子機器 |
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