WO2024114902A1 - Système de réseau électrique ccht avec gestion améliorée des défaillances - Google Patents

Système de réseau électrique ccht avec gestion améliorée des défaillances Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024114902A1
WO2024114902A1 PCT/EP2022/083882 EP2022083882W WO2024114902A1 WO 2024114902 A1 WO2024114902 A1 WO 2024114902A1 EP 2022083882 W EP2022083882 W EP 2022083882W WO 2024114902 A1 WO2024114902 A1 WO 2024114902A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
hvdc
free
power grid
grid system
current limiting
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2022/083882
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Jim LILJEKVIST
Original Assignee
Hitachi Energy Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hitachi Energy Ltd filed Critical Hitachi Energy Ltd
Priority to PCT/EP2022/083882 priority Critical patent/WO2024114902A1/fr
Publication of WO2024114902A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024114902A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/02—Details
    • H02H3/025—Disconnection after limiting, e.g. when limiting is not sufficient or for facilitating disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02—Details
    • H01H33/59—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switch and not otherwise provided for, e.g. for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle
    • H01H33/596—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switch and not otherwise provided for, e.g. for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle for interrupting dc
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/08—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current
    • H02H3/087—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current for dc applications
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/02—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess current
    • H02H9/021—Current limitation using saturable reactors

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a HVDC power grid system and a method for controlling a HVDC power grid system. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a protective system for a HVDC breaker.
  • renewable sources of energy like solar energy and wind energy.
  • renewable sources require larger land space than the conventional power production plants, which results in renewable power plants being located far away from the end-users.
  • a wind power plant may be located far out in the forest or at the sea, which requires long powerlines to transport the electricity to the end-user.
  • High voltage direct current grids or ‘HVDC’ grids, are increasingly used to transmit electricity over long distances with advantageous as high power transmittal and low power losses.
  • HVDC circuit-breakers are typically provided.
  • current limiting reactors may be arranged on the DC line. During a fault, the excess energy needs to be dissipated as part of a circuitbreaking operation of a circuit breaker to allow it to clear the fault and allow the HVDC grid to enter normal operation again. The amount of energy that dissipated may be limited by the configuration of the HVDC circuit-breaker.
  • the current limiting reactor may store a significant amount of energy that may further need to be dissipated by the HVDC circuit breaker during current breaking events.
  • a free-wheeling path is provided across the current limiting reactor such that a majority of the energy dissipation from the current limiting reactor may happen outside of the HVDC main circuit-breaker.
  • a high-voltage direct current, HVDC, power grid system comprises a HVDC circuit-breaker arranged on a DC line of a HVDC power grid system.
  • the HVDC power grid system further comprises a current limiting reactor arranged on the DC line and configured to limit a rate of increase of a fault current in the HVDC circuit-breaker during a fault on the DC line, and a free-wheeling path arranged in parallel to the current limiting reactor, wherein the free-wheeling path is configured to dissipate energy in the current limiting reactor from the fault current.
  • the rating of the HVDC circuit-breaker may advantageously be decreased.
  • a HVDC circuit-breaker with a higher rating is often more expensive, therefore a more cost efficient HVDC power grid system and one containing simpler components is provided when the rating of the HVDC circuit-breaker is decreased.
  • a free-wheeling path across the current limiting reactor advantageously allows the HVDC power grid system to comprise larger inductors (e.g., on a DC lines between converter stations of a HVDC grid).
  • a large inductor arranged in such a way advantageously slows the rate of increase of current during a fault.
  • the size of the inductors is limited by the rating of the HVDC circuit-breaker, i.e. how much energy the HVDC circuit-breaker may dissipate during a circuit-breaking operation.
  • the introduction of a free-wheeling path advantageously allows for a further expansion of a HVDC power grid, wherein generators with higher rating are introduced. That is, by installing the free-wheeling path according to the presently described system, the HVDC circuit-breaker may be able to operate in the expanded HVDC power grid without adaptation thereof.
  • a current limiting reactor arranged on the DC line having the fault allows the HVDC circuit-breaker to break and stop the power flow by limiting the rate of increase of the fault current, in a manner understood by those skilled in the art.
  • the HVDC circuit-breaker may comprise a switching device and energy dissipating components.
  • MOSAs Metal Oxide Surge Arresters
  • the current limiting reactor may preferably be arranged close to the HVDC circuit-breaker such that a fault in-between the HVDC circuit breaker and the current limiting reactor may be avoided.
  • the free-wheeling path may comprise any suitable component for allowing the discharge of the current limiting reactor, while mitigating a current flow through the free-wheeling path during a normal operation of the HVDC system.
  • the free-wheeling path may comprise a diode arranged anti-parallel to the current limiting reactor configured to allow current flow in the free-wheeling path.
  • the diode being arranged in ‘anti-parallel’ with the current limiting reactor refers to the diode being connected with its polarities reversed to the polarities of the current limiting reactor.
  • the free-wheeling path may enforce a directional current flow opposite to the current flow through the current limiting reactor during normal operations of the HVDC system.
  • a diode arranged in anti-parallel to the current limiting reactor may advantageously allow normal current flow in the free-wheeling path while allowing a free-wheeling current to flow in the event of a circuitbreaking operation, which may involve a reverse current flow from the HVDC circuit-breaker.
  • the free-wheeling path may alternatively comprise a spark gap.
  • a spark gap may comprise a pair of conductors arranged at a distance from each other so as to have an air gap therebetween.
  • an electrical arc or ‘spark’
  • the spark gap may serve a similar purpose to the diode as described above.
  • the free-wheeling path may further comprise an energy dissipating component configured to dissipate energy in the current limiting reactor.
  • the energy dissipating component may be a single component or a combination of components, depending on the implementation.
  • the energy dissipating component may advantageously increase the rate of energy dissipation in the free-wheeling path, e.g., relative to only a spark gap or a diode. That is, energy may be dissipated in the free-wheeling path due to its internal impedance from the components or the path itself when there is no energy dissipating component. However, with the energy dissipating component, the impedance of the free-wheeling path may be increased and thereby energy may be dissipated in a quicker manner, allowing the HVDC power grid system to enter back into normal operation quicker. Put another way, the energy dissipating component may reduce the time taken for the circuit-breaking operation to be completed.
  • the energy dissipating component may comprise a resistor.
  • a resistor is a component that is advantageously easy to scale and adapt to the HVDC power grid system.
  • a resistor is furthermore a costefficient and easy-to-install component e.g., that can be added to the energy dissipating component when the impedance needs to be increased. It may be possible to tune the resistor such that most of the energy of the current limiting reactor is dissipated in the resistor during a circuit-breaking operation, while providing the free-wheeling path with a high enough impedance that current does not flow therethrough during normal operations.
  • the free-wheeling path may additionally or alternatively comprise at least one Metal Oxide Surge Arrestor, MOSA, configured to dissipate energy in the current limiting reactor (i.e., acting as an energy dissipating component).
  • MOSA Metal Oxide Surge Arrestor
  • MOSAs may be used as an alternative or in combination with the resistor for dissipating energy in the free-wheeling path.
  • the MOSAs may be advantageous for the same reasoning as for the resistor above.
  • the MOSAs are able to dissipate energy such that the current limiting reactor and the other components of the free-wheeling path may operate under a lower temperature and thereby the life expectancy may be increased of the components.
  • the free-wheeling path may further comprise a cooling element configured to cool the free-wheeling path.
  • the cooling element may comprise a fan, a heat sink, and/or a liquid cooling arrangement, and may be arranged in proximity to the components of the free-wheeling path most at risk of overheating.
  • the temperatures of the components in the free-wheeling path may rise when dissipating energy. It may be advantageous to provide the cooling element to cool the components of the free-wheeling path as a reduction in the operating temperature of the components of the free-wheeling path may increase the expected life span of the components of the free-wheeling path.
  • the amount of cooling may vary, depending on the implementation and on the components and of the power rating of the HVDC power grid system.
  • the power grid system further comprises at least one switch in the free-wheeling path and the method comprises closing the at least one switch in response to detecting the fault on the DC line.
  • the provision of a controllable switch in this way, and opening the switch in response to detecting the fault on the DC line may advantageously reduce stress and wear of the HVDC circuit-breaker by dissipating more of the energy in the free-wheeling path.
  • the risk of a failure in the HVDC circuitbreaker is low, but if a failure would occur it is expensive and may cause damage to other parts of the HVDC power grid system. Therefore, reduced stress and wear of the HVDC circuit-breaker may be advantageous.
  • the addition of a switch in this way may allow for greater versatility in respect of, e.g., an energy dissipating component arranged in the free-wheeling path. That is, the energy dissipating component may be configured with an optimal impedance without a requirement to select the impedance according to desired current flow during normal operations, as the free-wheeling path can be completely disconnected from current limiting reactor during normal operations.
  • the step of closing the at least one switch in response to detecting the fault on the DC line may comprise closing the switch in accordance with a tripping of the HVDC circuit-breaker.
  • the signal that causes the HVDC circuit-breaker to initiate the circuit breaking operation may also cause the switch to close, or a further signal may be generated by the opening of the HVDC circuit-breaker that may cause the switch to close.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates a circuit of a DC line with a HVDC power grid system at each side of the DC line.
  • Fig. 2a illustrates an example embodiment of the present disclosure, having HVDC circuit-breaker and a current limiting reactor having a free-wheeling path connected thereacross with a diode in the free-wheeling path.
  • Fig. 2b illustrates another example embodiment of the present disclosure, similar to fig. 2a but with a MOSA in the freewheeling path instead of a diode.
  • Fig. 2c illustrates another example embodiment of the present disclosure, similar to fig. 2a but with a spark gap in the free-wheeling path instead of a diode.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates an example embodiment of the present disclosure, similar to fig. 2a and further comprising an energy dissipating component and a cooling element.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates a method for operating a power grid system, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Fig. 1 shows an example embodiment of a DC line 10 connecting converter stations, which may be part of a HVDC power grid.
  • Each converter station may comprise a converter 300 and an HVDC power grid system 1 providing circuit-breaking capabilities, acting as an intermediary between the DC line 10 and the converter 300. That is, the HVDC power grid system 1 is arranged between the DC line 10 and the converter 300 such that the converter 300 is protected if a fault would occur at the DC line 10. That way, the HVDC power grid system 1 may be able to interrupt a fault current before it reaches such a high level as to risk damaging more sensitive components, such as those in the converter 300, and a fault can be isolated from the rest of the HVDC power grid.
  • Each HVDC power grid system 1 comprises a HVDC circuit-breaker 200 arranged on the DC line 10 and a current limiting reactor 110 arranged on the DC line 10, configured to limit a rate of increase of a fault current in the HVDC circuit-breaker 200 during a fault on the DC line 10.
  • the current limiting reactor 110 in other embodiments may be arranged on the other side of the HVDC circuit-breaker 200. In other words, between the HVDC circuit-breaker 200 and the converter 300.
  • the HVDC power grid system 1 advantageously further comprises a free-wheeling path 100 arranged in parallel to the current limiting reactor 110.
  • the free-wheeling path 100 is configured to dissipate energy in the current limiting reactor 110 from the fault current.
  • the HVDC circuit-breaker 200 comprises a main circuit-breaker 210 with at least one energy dissipating component 212 and switching devices 211 in parallel to each other. There may in some embodiments be a plurality of energy dissipating components 212 in series and a plurality of switching devices 211 in series. For example, Metal Oxide Surge Arresters, MOSAs, are often used as an energy dissipating component 212 in HVDC circuit- breakers 200. The energy dissipating component 212 of the HVDC circuitbreaker 200 is used to dissipate energy if there is a fault on the DC line 10.
  • MOSAs Metal Oxide Surge Arresters
  • the HVDC circuit-breaker 200 further comprises a disconnector 230 and a load commutation switch 220.
  • the disconnector 230 and the load commutation switch 220 are arranged in parallel to the main circuit-breaker 210 to provide a path for energy to flow during normal operation. If a fault occurs the disconnector 230 opens and interrupts current flow, thereby directing current flow to the main circuit-breaker 210 and through the energy dissipating components 212 where energy is dissipated therefrom as part of the circuit-breaking operation.
  • the amount of energy that the HVDC circuitbreaker 200 needs to be able to dissipate may determine which energy rating the HVDC circuit-breaker 200 needs, i.e., the maximum current which the components of the HVDC circuit-breaker 200 can be expected to withstand.
  • HVDC breaker 200 may have a different form to that shown, depending on the implementation. However, in any event, it will be further appreciated that no matter the particular configuration of the HVDC breaker 200, it is advantageous that the requirements for energy dissipation placed thereupon are reduced.
  • the fault current may rapidly rise to a higher value than a HVDC circuit-breaker 200 can reliably interrupt, due to the low impedance of, e.g., the DC line 10 during fault conditions.
  • the current limiting reactor 110 is therefore arranged between the HVDC circuit-breaker 200 and the DC line 10.
  • a current limiting reactor 110 arranged on the DC line 10, having the fault, allows the HVDC circuit-breaker 200 to break and stop the power flow by limiting the rate of increase of the fault current, in a manner understood by those skilled in the art.
  • the current limiting reactor 110 may preferably be arranged close to the HVDC circuit-breaker 200 such that the risk of a fault in-between the HVDC circuit breaker 200 and the current limiting reactor 110 may be reduced.
  • the current limiting reactor 110 may store a significant amount of energy, i.e., in the form of a magnetic field, that may further need to be dissipated by the HVDC circuit breaker 200 during circuit-breaking operations.
  • a majority of the energy dissipation from the current limiting reactor 110 may advantageously happen outside of the HVDC circuit-breaker 200.
  • the free-wheeling path 100 may simply comprise a parallel branch across the current limiting reactor 110, allowing for a current flow that encourages a self-discharge of the current limiting reactor 110.
  • the free-wheeling path 100 comprises a free-wheeling component 120 further encouraging the discharge of the current limiting reactor 110, while mitigating a current flow through the free-wheeling path 100 during a normal operation of the HVDC power grid system 1.
  • a free-wheeling path 100 across the current limiting reactor 110 advantageously allows the HVDC power grid system 1 to comprise larger inductors (e.g., on a DC lines 10 between converter stations of a HVDC grid).
  • a large inductor arranged in such a way advantageously further slows the rate of increase of current during a fault.
  • the size of the inductors is limited by the rating of the HVDC circuit-breaker 200, i.e. , how much energy the HVDC circuit-breaker 200 may dissipate during a circuit-breaking operation.
  • the free-wheeling path 100 may therefore allow for a further expansion of a HVDC power system.
  • Figs. 2a-2c the HVDC power grid system 1 with different types of components in the free-wheeling path 100 are shown.
  • the components of the HVDC power grid system 1 that already have been described in connection to Fig. 1 will for efficiency not be described again.
  • the free-wheeling path 100 comprises a diode 122 arranged anti-parallel to the current limiting reactor 110 configured to allow current flow in the free-wheeling path 100.
  • the diode 122 being arranged in ‘anti-parallel’ with the current limiting reactor 110 refers to the diode 122 being connected with its polarities reversed to the polarities of the current limiting reactor 110.
  • the free-wheeling path 100 may enforce a directional current flow opposite to the current flow through the current limiting reactor 110 during normal operations of the HVDC power grid system 1 .
  • a diode 122 arranged in anti-parallel to the current limiting reactor 110 may advantageously allow normal current flow in the free-wheeling path 100 while allowing a free-wheeling current to flow in the event of a circuit-breaking operation, which may involve a reverse current flow from the HVDC circuitbreaker 200.
  • the free-wheeling path 100 comprises at least one MOSA 124, configured to dissipate energy in the current limiting reactor 110 (i.e. , acting as an energy dissipating component).
  • the MOSAs 124 are able to dissipate energy such that the current limiting reactor 110 and the other components of the free-wheeling path 100 may operate under a lower temperature and thereby the life expectancy may be increased of the components.
  • the free-wheeling path 100 comprises a spark gap 126.
  • a spark gap 126 may comprise a pair of conductors arranged at a distance from each other so as to have an air gap therebetween.
  • an electrical arc or ‘spark’
  • the spark gap may serve a similar purpose to the diode 122 as described above.
  • Fig. 3 an example of the HVDC power grid system 1 where the freewheeling path 100 comprises a diode 122 and an energy dissipating component 128 configured to dissipate energy in the current limiting reactor 110 is illustrated.
  • the energy dissipating component 128 may be a single component or a combination of components, depending on the implementation. It may be a resistor or a MOSA 124 or any other component that is able to dissipate energy on the scale, and at the rate, required by the implementation.
  • the impedance of the free-wheeling path 100 is increased and thereby the energy dissipating component 128 increases the rate of energy dissipation in the free-wheeling path 110, e.g., relative to only a spark gap 126 or a diode 122.
  • the temperatures of the components in the free-wheeling path 100 may rise when dissipating energy. Therefore, it may be advantageous to provide a cooling element 129 to cool the components of the free-wheeling path 100 as a reduction in the operating temperature of the components of the free-wheeling path 100 may increase the expected life span of the components of the free-wheeling path 100.
  • the cooling element 129 is configured to cool the free-wheeling path 100, and in particular the energy dissipating component.
  • the cooling element may comprise a fan, a heat sink, and/or a liquid cooling arrangement, and may be arranged in proximity to the components of the free-wheeling path most at risk of overheating.
  • the amount of cooling may vary, depending on the implementation and on the components and of the power rating of the HVDC power grid system 1 .
  • Fig. 4 there is illustrated a method for operating the power grid system 1 such as that described above in connection with figs. 1 to 3, but further comprising at least one switch in the free-wheeling path 100.
  • the method 300 comprises closing 320 the at least one switch in response to detecting 310 the fault on the DC line 10.
  • the provision of a controllable switch in this way, and closing 320 the switch in response to detecting 310 the fault on the DC line 10 may advantageously reduce stress and wear of the HVDC circuit-breaker 200 by dissipating more of the energy in the free-wheeling path 100.
  • the addition of a switch in this way may allow for greater versatility in respect of, e.g., an energy dissipating component 128 arranged in the free-wheeling path 100. That is, the energy dissipating component 128 may be configured with an optimal impedance without a requirement to select the impedance according to desired current flow during normal operations, as the free-wheeling path 100 can be completely disconnected from current limiting reactor 110 during normal operations.
  • the step of closing 320 the at least one switch in response to detecting 310 the fault on the DC line 10 may comprise closing the switch in accordance with a tripping of the HVDC circuit-breaker 200.
  • the signal that causes the HVDC circuit-breaker 200 to initiate the circuit breaking operation may also cause the switch to close, or a further signal may be generated by the opening of the HVDC circuit-breaker 200 that may cause the switch to close.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un système de réseau électrique à courant continu haute tension (CCHT) (1), comprenant un disjoncteur CCHT (200) disposé sur une ligne CC (10) d'un système de réseau électrique CCHT (1), un réacteur limiteur de courant (110) disposé sur la ligne CC (10) et configuré pour limiter un taux d'augmentation d'un courant de défaut dans le disjoncteur CCHT (200) pendant un défaut sur la ligne CC (10) et un trajet en roue libre (100) disposé parallèlement au réacteur limiteur de courant (110) et configuré pour dissiper l'énergie dans le réacteur limiteur de courant (110) à partir du courant de défaut. L'invention concerne en outre un procédé (300) de fonctionnement du système de réseau électrique (1).
PCT/EP2022/083882 2022-11-30 2022-11-30 Système de réseau électrique ccht avec gestion améliorée des défaillances WO2024114902A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2022/083882 WO2024114902A1 (fr) 2022-11-30 2022-11-30 Système de réseau électrique ccht avec gestion améliorée des défaillances

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2022/083882 WO2024114902A1 (fr) 2022-11-30 2022-11-30 Système de réseau électrique ccht avec gestion améliorée des défaillances

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Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2790285A1 (fr) * 2013-04-12 2014-10-15 Alstom Technology Ltd Limiteur de courant
EP3051646A1 (fr) * 2015-01-30 2016-08-03 General Electric Company Système d'alimentation en courant continu
CN108418196A (zh) * 2018-01-17 2018-08-17 天津大学 适用于柔性直流电网的电流转移型故障限流器及其控制方法
CN110752581A (zh) * 2019-11-28 2020-02-04 深圳大学 直流固态断路器
CN112086943A (zh) * 2020-09-02 2020-12-15 东南大学 一种主动式故障限流电路及全固态直流断路器

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2790285A1 (fr) * 2013-04-12 2014-10-15 Alstom Technology Ltd Limiteur de courant
EP3051646A1 (fr) * 2015-01-30 2016-08-03 General Electric Company Système d'alimentation en courant continu
CN108418196A (zh) * 2018-01-17 2018-08-17 天津大学 适用于柔性直流电网的电流转移型故障限流器及其控制方法
CN110752581A (zh) * 2019-11-28 2020-02-04 深圳大学 直流固态断路器
CN112086943A (zh) * 2020-09-02 2020-12-15 东南大学 一种主动式故障限流电路及全固态直流断路器

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
ZHANG HANWEN ET AL: "A Dual-Bridge Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker", IECON 2021 - 47TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS SOCIETY, IEEE, 13 October 2021 (2021-10-13), pages 1 - 6, XP034014300, DOI: 10.1109/IECON48115.2021.9589059 *

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