WO2024095163A1 - Oral composition comprising encapsulated ph adjusting agent - Google Patents

Abstract

The disclosure provides a composition configured for oral use, the composition including at least one filler; a nicotine component; and an encapsulated pH adjusting agent. The composition is typically formulated to have an initial pH in the acidic range to reduce initial throat burn associated with the product.

Description

AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) ORAL COMPOSITION COMPRISING ENCAPSULATED PH ADJUSTING AGENT FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates to compositions intended for human use. The compositions are adapted for oral use and deliver substances such as nicotine, flavors, and/or active ingredients during use. Such compositions may include tobacco or a product derived from tobacco, or may be tobacco-free alternatives. BACKGROUND There are many categories of products intended for oral use and enjoyment. For example, oral tobacco products containing nicotine, which is known to have both stimulant and anxiolytic properties, have been available for many years. Conventional formats for so-called “smokeless” tobacco products include moist snuff, snus, and chewing tobacco, which are typically formed almost entirely of particulate, granular, or shredded tobacco, and which are either portioned by the user or presented to the user in individual portions, such as in single-use pouches or sachets. See for example, the types of smokeless tobacco formulations, ingredients, and processing methodologies set forth in US Pat. Nos. 6,668,839 to Williams; 6,834,654 to Williams; 6,953,040 to Atchley et al.; 7,032,601 to Atchley et al.; and 7,694,686 to Atchley et al.; 7,810,507 to Dube et al.; 7,819,124 to Strickland et al.; 7,861,728 to Holton, Jr. et al.; 7,901,512 to Quinter et al.; 8,627,828 to Strickland et al.; 11,246,334 to Atchley, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, traditional tobacco materials and non-tobacco materials have been combined with other ingredients to form product formats distinct from traditional smokeless products, with example formats including lozenges, pastilles, gels, and the like. See, for example, the types of products described in US Patent App. Pub. Nos. 2008/0196730 to Engstrom et al.; 2008/0305216 to Crawford et al.; 2009/0293889 to Kumar et al.; 2010/0291245 to Gao et al; 2011/0139164 to Mua et al.; 2012/0037175 to Cantrell et al.; 2012/0055494 to Hunt et al.; 2012/0138073 to Cantrell et al.; 2012/0138074 to Cantrell et al.; 2013/0074855 to Holton, Jr.; 2013/0074856 to Holton, Jr.; 2013/0152953 to Mua et al.; 2013/0274296 to Jackson et al.; 2015/0068545 to Moldoveanu et al.; 2015/0101627 to Marshall et al.; and 2015/0230515 to Lampe et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference. There is continuing interest in the development of new types of oral products that deliver advantageous sensorial or biological activity. Such products typically contain flavorants and/or active ingredients such as nicotine, caffeine, botanicals, or cannabidiol. The format of such products can vary, and include pouched products containing a powdered or granular composition, lozenges, pastilles, liquids, gels, emulsions, meltable compositions, and the like. See, for example, the types of products described in US Patent App. Pub. Nos. 2022/0160675 to Gerardi et al.; 2022/0071984 to Poole et al.; 2021/0378948 to Gerardi et al.; 2021/0330590 to Hutchens et al.; 2021/0186081 to Gerardi et al.; 2021/0177754 to Keller et al; 2021/0177043 to Gerardi et al.; 2021/0177038 to Gerardi et al.; 2021/0169867 to Holton, Jr. et al.; AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) 2021/0169792 to Holton, Jr. et al.; 2021/0169132 to Holton, Jr. et al.; 2021/0169121 to St. Charles, and 2021/0169122 to St. Charles, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. BRIEF SUMMARY Oral products, such as those including a nicotine component, are generally used by placing the product between the cheek and the gum. An active ingredient in the oral product, such as nicotine, is then released from the product and absorbed through the oral mucosa, thereby entering the blood stream where it is circulated systemically. Positive sensory attributes are important elements to a consumer-acceptable oral product. Some consumers may prefer an oral product that closely 'mimics' the oral and throat sensations produced by tobacco-containing products, or may prefer an oral product providing a reduction in or an alternative to the oral and throat sensations produced by tobacco-containing products. For example, it may be desirable to provide oral products with varying sensorial attributes such as flavor, intensity/quality, impact, irritation, smoothness, and reward. It has been found according to the present disclosure that inclusion in an oral product of an encapsulated pH adjusting agent, as well as initial adjustment of the product pH into the acidic range, may favorably influence the user experience of an oral product, for example, by reducing the initial burning sensation or "harshness" sometimes associated with nicotine- containing oral products and/or delaying a certain level of burning sensation to a later time period during the user experience. The disclosure includes, without limitation, the following embodiments. Embodiment 1: A composition configured for oral use, the composition comprising: at least one filler; a nicotine component; and an encapsulated pH adjusting agent. Embodiment 2: The composition of Embodiment 1, wherein the pH adjusting agent is selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal hydroxide, alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, alkali metal acetate, alkali metal glycinate, alkali metal phosphate, alkali metal gluconate, alkali metal glycerophosphate, alkali metal citrate, alkali metal glutamate, alkali metal borate, alkali metal lactate, and mixtures thereof. Embodiment 3: The composition of Embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the pH adjusting agent is an alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, or a mixture thereof. Embodiment 4: The composition of Embodiments 1-3, wherein the pH adjusting agent has a pKa greater than 7. Embodiment 5: The composition of Embodiments 1-4, wherein the pH adjusting agent has a pKa of about 8 to about 11. Embodiment 6: The composition of Embodiments 1-5, wherein the initial pH of the composition is below about 5. Embodiment 7: The composition of Embodiments 1-6, wherein the initial pH of the composition is between about 4 and about 5. Embodiment 8: The composition of Embodiments 1-7, wherein the water content of the composition is about 20% by weight or less. AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) Embodiment 9: The composition of Embodiments 1-8, wherein the water content of the composition is about 15% by weight or less. Embodiment 10: The composition of Embodiments 1-9, wherein the encapsulated pH adjusting agent comprises an encapsulant selected from the group consisting of gelatin, acacia (gum arabic), polyvinyl acetate, potassium alginate, carob bean gum, potassium citrate, carrageenan, potassium polymetaphosphate, citric acid, potassium tripolyphosphate, dextrin, polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, dimethylpolysiloxane, mannitol, dimethyl silicone, refined paraffin wax, ethylcellulose, bleached shellac, modified food starch, sodium alginate, guar gum, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium citrate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium ferrocyanide, sodium polyphosphates, locust bean gum, methylcellulose, sodium trimetaphosphate, methyl ethyl cellulose, sodium tripolyphosphate, microcrystalline wax, tannic acid, petroleum wax, terpene resin, tragacanth, polyethylene, xanthan gum, and polyethylene glycol. Embodiment 11: The composition of Embodiments 1-10, wherein the encapsulated pH adjusting agent comprises an encapsulant selected from maltodextrin, gum arabic, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Embodiment 12: The composition of Embodiments 1-11, wherein the nicotine is present in an amount of from about 0.001 to about 10% by weight of the composition, calculated as the free base and based on the total weight of the composition. Embodiment 13: The composition of Embodiments 1-12, wherein the nicotine component is selected from nicotine free base, a nicotine salt, a nicotine-polymer complex, or combinations thereof. Embodiment 14: The composition of Embodiments 1-13, wherein the at least one filler comprises a cellulose material. Embodiment 15: The composition of Embodiments 1-14, wherein the cellulose material comprises microcrystalline cellulose. Embodiment 16: The composition of Embodiments 1-15, further comprising an additional active ingredient selected from the group consisting of botanical materials, stimulants, amino acids, vitamins, antioxidants, nutraceuticals, cannabinoids, cannabimimetics, terpenes, pharmaceutical agents, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 17: The composition of Embodiments 1-16, further comprising one or more flavoring agents, one or more salts, one or more sweeteners, one or more binding agents, one or more humectants, one or more gums, a tobacco material, or combinations thereof. Embodiment 18: The composition of Embodiments 1-17, wherein the composition is substantially free of tobacco material. Embodiment 19: The composition of Embodiments 1-18, comprising: the filler in an amount of at least 50% by weight, the nicotine component in an amount of about 0.1 to about 10% by weight, the encapsulated pH adjusting agent in an amount of about 0.1 to about 5% by weight, all based on the total weight of the composition. Embodiment 20: The composition of Embodiments 1-19, further comprising one or more of: sodium chloride in an amount of about 0.1 to about 10% by weight, a sugar alcohol in an amount of about 0.1 to AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) about 5% by weight, a sweetener in an amount of about 0.1 to about 5% by weight, and a humectant in an amount of about 0.1 to about 5% by weight, all based on the total weight of the composition. Embodiment 21: The composition of Embodiments 1-20, enclosed in a pouch to form a pouched product. Embodiment 22: The composition of Embodiments 1-21, in the form of a gel, pastille, gum, chew, melt, tablet, lozenge, granular material, or powder. Embodiment 23: A method for preparing a composition configured for oral use, the method comprising: mixing at least one filler with at least one additional powder component to form a dry powder mixture; mixing water with one or more water-miscible or water-soluble components to form an aqueous solution, wherein at least one of the dry powder mixture and the aqueous solution comprise a nicotine component; adding the aqueous solution to the dry powder mixture to form a wet powder mixture comprising the nicotine component; adjusting the pH of the wet powder mixture into an acidic pH range; adding an encapsulated pH adjusting agent to the wet powder mixture to form a composition configured for oral use. Embodiment 24: The method of Embodiment 23, further comprising drying the composition configured for oral use to a moisture content of about 20% by weight or less, based on the total weight of the composition. Embodiment 25: The method of Embodiments 23 or 24, further comprising enclosing the composition configured for oral use in a pouch to form a pouched product. Embodiment 26: The method of Embodiments 23-25, wherein the initial pH of the pouched product is about 4 to about 5. Embodiment 27: The method of Embodiments 23-26, wherein the at least one additional powder component comprises one or more salts, one or more nicotine components, or both. Embodiment 28: The method of Embodiments 23-27, wherein the one or more water-miscible or water- soluble components comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of humectants, sweeteners, flavorants, and combinations thereof. These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description together with the accompanying drawings, which are briefly described below. The invention includes any combination of two, three, four, or more of the above-noted embodiments as well as combinations of any two, three, four, or more features or elements set forth in this disclosure, regardless of whether such features or elements are expressly combined in a specific embodiment description herein. This disclosure is intended to be read holistically such that any separable features or elements of the disclosed invention, in any of its various aspects and embodiments, should be viewed as intended to be combinable unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING Having thus described aspects of the disclosure in the foregoing general terms, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawing, which is not necessarily drawn to scale. The drawing is exemplary only, and should not be construed as limiting the disclosure. FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a pouched product embodiment according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure, including a pouch or fleece at least partially filled with a composition configured for oral use. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to example embodiments thereof. These example embodiments are described so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Indeed, the disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. As used in this specification and the claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Reference to "dry weight percent" or "dry weight basis" refers to weight on the basis of dry ingredients (i.e., all ingredients except water). Reference to "wet weight" refers to the weight of the mixture including water. Unless otherwise indicated, reference to "weight percent" of a mixture reflects the total wet weight of the mixture (i.e., including water). The present disclosure relates to compositions configured for oral use that include at least one filler, a nicotine component, and an encapsulated pH adjusting agent. Such compositions containing a nicotine component can cause a sensory response commonly referred to as throat burn. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide oral compositions where throat burn can be controlled to improve enjoyment of such compositions. Although not bound by any theory of operation, it is believed that the intensity of throat burn associated with nicotine is inversely related to protonation of the nicotine, meaning nicotine in an environment that promotes protonation reduces throat burn. According to certain embodiments of the present disclosure, oral compositions are initially adjusted to an acidic pH range (e.g., a pH of about 4 to about 5) to enhance nicotine protonation and provided with an encapsulated pH adjusting agent adapted to increase the pH in the environment of the oral composition during use. In this manner, throat burn can be muted during initial use of the product. As the pH adjusting agent is released during use, pH will increase and throat burn associated with nicotine can be expected to increase as well. As used herein, reference to “initial pH” of the composition refers to the pH of the composition immediately after all components of the compositions are mixed together, dried, and ready for final packaging (e.g., pouching). See, for example, the pH measurement process set forth in the Experimental section. AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) Nicotine Component By "nicotine component" is meant any suitable form of nicotine (e.g., free base, salt, or ion pair) for providing oral absorption of at least a portion of the nicotine present. Nicotine is released from the composition and absorbed through the oral mucosa, thereby entering the blood stream, where it is circulated systemically. In some embodiments, the nicotine component can comprise two or more different nicotine components. The source of the nicotine may vary, and may be natural or synthetic. Nicotine may be tobacco- derived (e.g., a tobacco extract) or non-tobacco derived (e.g., synthetic or otherwise obtained). The nicotine, in some embodiments, is naturally occurring and obtained as an extract from a Nicotiana species (e.g., tobacco). The nicotine can be, for example, in the form of a highly purified tobacco extract. Various methods are known for the isolation and purification of nicotine from tobacco (including, but not limited to, extraction from tobacco with water; extraction from tobacco with organic solvents; steam distillation from tobacco; or pyrolytic degradation of tobacco and distillation of nicotine therefrom). For exemplary extraction methods, see for example, U.S. Patent Nos.2,822,306 and 4,153,063 to Roselius et al. and US Pat. App. Pub. No.2008/0302377 to Kauryzbaev et al., which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, nicotine may be obtained from another source (e.g., another type of plant). In some embodiments, nicotine may be synthetically made. The method by which synthetic nicotine used in some embodiments of the compositions and products described herein is synthesized can vary and is not particularly limited. Various methods for the preparation of nicotine are known. See, e.g., Florence L. Wagner et al., 63 Tetrahedron 8065 (2007); U.S. Patent No.10,913,962 to McCague et al.; and U.S. Patent App. Pub. No.2020/0331884 to Weber et al., which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The nicotine can have the enantiomeric form S(-)-nicotine, R(+)-nicotine, or a mixture of S(-)- nicotine and R(+)-nicotine. The nicotine can be in the form of S(-)-nicotine (e.g., in a form that is virtually all S(-)-nicotine) or a racemic mixture composed primarily or predominantly of S(-)-nicotine (e.g., a mixture composed of about 95 weight parts S(-)-nicotine and about 5 weight parts R(+)-nicotine). The nicotine is typically employed in virtually pure form or in an essentially pure form, such as nicotine having a purity of greater than about 95 percent, greater than about 98 percent, or greater than about 99 percent, on a weight basis. Typically, the nicotine component is selected from the group consisting of nicotine free base, nicotine as an ion pair, and a nicotine salt. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the nicotine is in its free base form. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the nicotine is present as a nicotine salt, or at least a portion of the nicotine is present as an ion pair with at least a portion of the organic acid or the conjugate base thereof, as described further herein below. Alternatively, all or a portion of the nicotine component is a nicotine-polymer complex. Such complexes, in certain embodiments, comprise a polymeric resin (e.g., a polymeric ion-exchange resin, e.g., a polymeric cation exchange resin) to which nicotine is bound. One example of such a resin is a polymethacrilic acid, such as Amberlite IRP64, Purolite C115HMR, or Doshion P551. See, for example, US AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) Pat. No.3,901,248 to Lichtneckert et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. Another example is a nicotine-polyacrylic carbomer complex, such as Carbopol 974P. In some embodiments, nicotine may be present in the form of a nicotine polyacrylic complex. One example of a suitable nicotine-polymer complex is nicotine polacrilex, which comprises nicotine bound to a resin prepared from methacrylic acid and divinyl benzene. Nicotine polacrilex is available in varying nicotine percentages, e.g., 18% to 20% nicotine; although not limited thereto, nicotine polacrilex generally comprises not less than 95% of the labeled amount of nicotine, calculated on an anhydrous basis. In some embodiments, inclusion of a nicotine component in the form of a nicotine-polymer complex can lead to improved shelf-life stability and slower release of the nicotine. In some embodiments, inclusion of a nicotine component in the form of a nicotine-polymer complex can lead to less burn in the oral cavity or throat during use. The amount of nicotine provided by the nicotine-polymer complex can vary from about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, or about 60% to about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, or 100%, based on the total weight of nicotine provided from all nicotine components within a given composition. Certain, non-limiting example amounts of nicotine-polymer complex (including resin and nicotine) incorporated within a given composition can range, e.g., from about 0.5% by weight to about 15% by weight, e.g., about 1% by weight to about 10% by weight, e.g., about 2% to about 8% by weight, based on the total weight of a composition/mixture to be included within a pouched product. Typically, the nicotine component (calculated as the free base) is present in a concentration of at least about 0.001% by weight of the composition, such as in a range from about 0.001% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the nicotine component is present in a concentration from about 0.1% w/w to about 10% by weight, such as, e.g., from about from about 0.1% w/w, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5% about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, or about 0.9%, to about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10% by weight, calculated as the free base and based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the nicotine component is present in a concentration from about 0.1% w/w to about 3% by weight, such as, e.g., from about from about 0.1% w/w to about 2.5%, from about 0.1% to about 2.0%, from about 0.1% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.1% to about 1% by weight, calculated as the free base and based on the total weight of the composition. Encapsulated pH Adjusting Agent The pH adjusting agent can be any acid, base, or buffering agent, which is understood to be a salt of a weak acid or a weak base. Examples include adipic acid, citric acid, citric acid monohydrate, lactic acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, propionic acid, tartaric acid, and combinations or salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the pH adjusting agent is a metal hydroxide (e.g., alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide), a metal carbonate (e.g., potassium carbonate or sodium carbonate), or a metal bicarbonate (e.g., sodium bicarbonate). Non-limiting examples of additional buffering agents include alkali metals acetates, glycinates, phosphates, gluconates, glycerophosphates, citrates, glutamates, AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, borates, lactates, and mixtures thereof. In many embodiments, it is desirable for the encapsulated pH adjusting agent to raise the pH in the environment of the oral product as the pH adjusting agent is released. For this reason, it is advantageous for the pKa of the pH adjusting agent to be in the basic pH range. For example, the pKa range for the pH adjusting agent can be greater than about 7, greater than about 8, greater than about 9, or greater than about 10, including a pKa range of about 7 to about 11 or about 8 to about 10. The pH adjusting agent is typically present in an amount less than about 5 percent based on the weight of the composition, for example, from about 0.1% to about 5%, such as, e.g., from about 0.2% to about 4%, from about 0.3% to about 3%, or from about 1% to about 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. The encapsulated pH adjusting agent will include at least one encapsulant, which is typically a polymeric material. The form of the encapsulated pH adjusting agent can vary, and will typically include embodiments such as core/shell capsules and encapsulants containing a polymer matrix with a dispersed phase including the pH adjusting agent. In certain embodiments, the encapsulated pH adjusting agent includes an outer shell or coating incorporating a material such as wax, gelatin, cyclodextrin, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose ("HPMC"), or alginate, and an inner payload incorporating the pH adjusting agent. In this manner, a plurality of encapsulated pH adjusting agent units may be incorporated within the oral product, and during use of the product, degradation of the outer shell or coating of the encapsulated pH adjusting agent units allows release of the pH adjusting agent contained therein to provide a change in pH in the environment of the oral composition. For example, the encapsulated pH adjusting agent can be designed to degrade when contacted with moisture through use of water-soluble polymers in the construction of the encapsulated pH adjusting agent. Alternatively, the encapsulated pH adjusting agent could be designed for physical destruction through mastication of the oral composition in the oral cavity. The encapsulated pH adjusting agent used in the oral product may be uniform or varied in size, weight, and shape, and such properties of the encapsulated pH adjusting agent will depend upon the desired properties of the oral product. A representative encapsulated pH adjusting agent is generally spherical in shape. However, suitable encapsulated pH adjusting agents may have other types of shapes, such as generally rectilinear, oblong, elliptical, or oval shapes. Example encapsulated pH adjusting agents may have diameters of less than about 1,000 microns, such as diameters in the range of about 1 to about 750 microns, or about 10 microns to about 500 microns. In some embodiments, larger encapsulated pH adjusting agents may be utilized. For example, encapsulated pH adjusting agent utilized in the product may have a size of about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm or about 0.6 mm to about 3 mm in diameter. The total weight of the encapsulated pH adjusting agent contained within the oral product may vary, but is typically greater than about 0.5 mg, often greater than about 1 mg, and can be greater than about 5 mg. The total weight of the encapsulated pH adjusting agent is typically less than about 50 mg, often less than about 250 mg, and can be less than about 10 mg. AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) The relative weight of the encapsulated pH adjusting agent in the oral product may vary. Example weight ranges are from about 0.1 percent to about 10 percent, often about 0.2 percent to about 5 percent, based on the total weight of the oral composition. The encapsulated pH adjusting agent can be formed using, for example, any encapsulating technology known in the art. For example, the capsules can be formed using any of various chemical encapsulation techniques such as solvent evaporation, solvent extraction, organic phase separation, interfacial polymerization, simple and complex coacervation, in-situ polymerization, liposome encapsulation, and nanoencapsulation. Alternatively, physical methods of encapsulation could be used, such as injection molding, spheronization, granulation, extrusion, microfluidics, spray coating, pan coating, fluid bed coating, annular jet coating, spinning disk atomization, spray cooling, spray drying, spray chilling, stationary nozzle coextrusion, centrifugal head coextrusion, or submerged nozzle coextrusion. Coacervation is a colloid phenomenon that begins with a solution of a colloid in an appropriate solvent. Depending on the nature of the colloid, various changes can bring about a reduction of the solubility of the colloid. As a result of this reduction, a significant portion of the colloid can be separated out into a new phase, thus forming a two-phase system, with one being rich and the other being poor in colloid concentration. The colloid-rich phase in a dispersed state appears as amorphous liquid droplets called coacervate droplets. Upon standing, these coalesce into one clear homogenous colloid-rich liquid layer, known as the coacervate layer, which can be deposited so as to produce the wall material of the resultant encapsulated pH adjusting agent. Simple coacervation can be effected either by mixing two colloidal dispersions, one having a high affinity for water, or it can be induced by adding a strongly hydrophilic substance such as alcohol or sodium sulfate. A water-soluble polymer is concentrated in water by the action of a water miscible, non-solvent for the emerging polymer (e.g., gelatin) phase. Ethanol, acetone, dioxane, isopropanol and propanol are exemplary solvents that can cause separation of a coacervate such as gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol, or methyl cellulose. Phase separation can be effected by the addition of an electrolyte such as an inorganic salt to an aqueous solution of a polymer such as gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol, or carboxymethylcellulose. Complex coacervation can be induced in systems having two dispersed hydrophilic colloids of opposite electric charges. Neutralization of the overall positive charges on one of the colloids by the negative charge on the other is used to bring about separation of the polymer-rich complex coacervate phase. The gelatin-gum arabic (gum acacia) system is one known complex coacervation system. Organic phase separation is sometimes more simply referred to as "water-in-oil" encapsulation. In this case, the polar core is dispersed into an oily or non-polar continuous medium. The wall material is then dissolved in this continuous medium. Regardless of the encapsulation methodology employed, the outer wall or matrix material and/or coating material and solvents used to form the encapsulated pH adjusting agent of the invention can vary. Classes of materials that are typically used as wall/shell or coating materials include proteins, polysaccharides, starches, waxes, fats, natural and synthetic polymers, and resins. Exemplary materials for AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) use in the encapsulation process used to form the encapsulated pH adjusting agent include gelatin, acacia (gum arabic), polyvinyl acetate, potassium alginate, carob bean gum, potassium citrate, carrageenan, potassium polymetaphosphate, citric acid, potassium tripolyphosphate, dextrin, polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, dimethylpolysiloxane, mannitol, dimethyl silicone, refined paraffin wax, ethylcellulose, bleached shellac, maltodextrin, modified food starch, sodium alginate, guar gum, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium citrate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium ferrocyanide, sodium polyphosphates, locust bean gum, methylcellulose, sodium trimetaphosphate, methyl ethyl cellulose, sodium tripolyphosphate, microcrystalline wax, tannic acid, petroleum wax, terpene resin, tragacanth, polyethylene, xanthan gum, and polyethylene glycol. Encapsulation methods are described, for example, in Gutcho, Microcapsules and Microencapsulation Techniques (1976); Gutcho, Microcapsules and Other Capsules Advances Since 1975 (1979); Kondo, Microcapsule Processing and Technology (1979); Iwamoto et al., AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech. 20023(3): article 25; U.S. Pat. Nos.3,550,598 to McGlumphy; 4,889,144 to Tateno et al.; 5,004,595 to Cherukuri et al.; 5,690,990 to Bonner; 5,759,599 to Wampler et al.; 6,039,901 to Soper et al.; 6,045,835 to Soper et al.; 6,056,992 to Lew; 6,106,875 to Soper et al.; 6,117,455 to Takada et al.; 6,325,859 to DeRoos et al.; 6,482,433 to DeRoos et al.; 6,612,429 to Dennen; and 6,929,814 to Bouwmeesters et al.; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. Nos.2006/0174901 to Karles et al. and 2007/0095357 to Besso et al.; and PCT WO2007/037962 to Holton et al.; each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Commercially available encapsulating techniques include those marketed under the trade names ULTRASEAL™ and PERMASEAL™ available from Givaudan headquartered in Vernier, Switzerland. Encapsulated pH adjusting agents are also commercially available, such as Sodium Bicarbonate 70% Fine from Glanbia Nutritionals Inc. Filler The composition as described herein comprises at least one filler. Fillers may fulfill multiple functions, such as enhancing certain organoleptic properties such as texture and mouthfeel, enhancing cohesiveness or compressibility of the product, and the like. Generally, fillers are porous particulate materials and are cellulose-based. For example, suitable fillers are any non-tobacco plant material or derivative thereof, including cellulose materials derived from such sources. Examples of cellulosic non-tobacco plant material include cereal grains (e.g., maize, corn, oat, barley, rye, buckwheat, and the like), sugar beet (e.g., FIBREX^® brand filler available from International Fiber Corporation), bran fiber, and mixtures thereof. Non-limiting examples of derivatives of non-tobacco plant material include starches (e.g., from potato, wheat, rice, corn), natural cellulose, and modified cellulosic materials. "Starch" as used herein may refer to pure starch from any source, modified starch, or starch derivatives. Starch is present, typically in granular form, in almost all green plants and in various types of plant tissues and organs (e.g., seeds, leaves, rhizomes, roots, tubers, shoots, fruits, grains, and stems). Starch AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) can vary in composition, as well as in granular shape and size. Often, starch from different sources has different chemical and physical characteristics. A specific starch can be selected for inclusion in the mixture based on the ability of the starch material to impart a specific organoleptic property to composition. Starches derived from various sources can be used. For example, major sources of starch include cereal grains (e.g., rice, wheat, and maize) and root vegetables (e.g., potatoes and cassava). Other examples of sources of starch include acorns, arrowroot, arracacha, bananas, barley, beans (e.g., favas, lentils, mung beans, peas, chickpeas), breadfruit, buckwheat, canna, chestnuts, colacasia, katakuri, kudzu, malanga, millet, oats, oca, Polynesian arrowroot, sago, sorghum, sweet potato, quinoa, rye, tapioca, taro, tobacco, water chestnuts, and yams. Certain starches are modified starches. A modified starch has undergone one or more structural modifications, often designed to alter its high heat properties. Some starches have been developed by genetic modifications, and are considered to be "modified" starches. Other starches are obtained and subsequently modified. For example, modified starches can be starches that have been subjected to chemical reactions, such as esterification, etherification, oxidation, depolymerization (thinning) by acid catalysis or oxidation in the presence of base, bleaching, transglycosylation and depolymerization (e.g., dextrinization in the presence of a catalyst), cross-linking, enzyme treatment, acetylation, hydroxypropylation, and/or partial hydrolysis. Other starches are modified by heat treatments, such as pregelatinization, dextrinization, and/or cold-water swelling processes. Certain modified starches include monostarch phosphate, distarch glycerol, distarch phosphate esterified with sodium trimetaphosphate, phosphate distarch phosphate, acetylated distarch phosphate, starch acetate esterified with acetic anhydride, starch acetate esterified with vinyl acetate, acetylated distarch adipate, acetylated distarch glycerol, hydroxypropyl starch, hydroxypropyl distarch glycerol, starch sodium octenyl succinate. Additional examples of potential fillers include maltodextrin, dextrose, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, lactose, and sugar alcohols. Combinations of fillers can also be used. In some embodiments, the filler comprises or is a mixture of glucose and starch-derived polysaccharides. One such suitable mixture of glucose and starch-derived polysaccharides is EMDEX^®, available from JRS PHARMA LP, USA, 2981 Route 22, Patterson, NY 12563-2359. In some embodiments, the particulate filler is a cellulose material or cellulose derivative. One particularly suitable particulate filler for use in the compositions described herein is microcrystalline cellulose ("mcc"). The mcc may be synthetic or semi-synthetic, or it may be obtained entirely from natural celluloses. The mcc may be selected from the group consisting of AVICEL^® grades PH-100, PH-102, PH- 103, PH-105, PH-112, PH-113, PH-200, PH-300, PH-302, VIVACEL^® grades 101, 102, 12, 20 and EMOCEL^® grades 50M and 90M, and the like, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the composition comprises mcc as the particulate filler. The quantity of mcc present may vary according to the desired properties. The amount of filler can vary, but is typically up to about 90 percent of the composition by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. A typical range of filler (e.g., mcc) within the composition can be from about 10 to about 85 percent by total weight of the composition, for example, from about 10, about AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) 15, about 20, about 25, or about 30, to about 45, about 50, about 65, or about 75 weight percent (e.g., about 20 to about 80 weight percent or about 25 to about 75 weight percent). In certain embodiments, the amount of filler is at least about 10 percent by weight, such as at least about 20 percent, or at least about 25 percent, or at least about 30 percent, or at least about 40 percent, or at least about 50 percent, based on the total weight of the composition. In one embodiment, the filler further comprises a cellulose derivative or a combination of such derivatives. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 10% of the cellulose derivative by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, with certain embodiments comprising about 1 to about 5% by weight of cellulose derivative. In certain embodiments, the cellulose derivative is a cellulose ether (including carboxyalkyl ethers), meaning a cellulose polymer with the hydrogen of one or more hydroxyl groups in the cellulose structure replaced with an alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or aryl group. Non- limiting examples of such cellulose derivatives include methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose ("HPC"), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose ("HPMC"), hydroxyethyl cellulose, and carboxymethylcellulose ("CMC"). In one embodiment, the cellulose derivative is one or more of methylcellulose, HPC, HPMC, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and CMC. In one embodiment, the cellulose derivative is HPC. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 3% HPC by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. Active ingredient The composition as disclosed herein may comprise other active ingredients in addition to nicotine. As used herein, an "active ingredient" refers to one or more substances belonging to any of the following categories: API (active pharmaceutical substances), food additives, natural medicaments, and naturally occurring substances that can have an effect on humans. Example active ingredients include any ingredient known to impact one or more biological functions within the body, such as ingredients that furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or which affect the structure or any function of the body of humans (e.g., provide a stimulating action on the central nervous system, have an energizing effect, an antipyretic or analgesic action, or an otherwise useful effect on the body). In some embodiments, the active ingredient may be of the type generally referred to as dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, "phytochemicals" or "functional foods". These types of additives are sometimes defined in the art as encompassing substances typically available from naturally-occurring sources (e.g., botanical materials) that provide one or more advantageous biological effects (e.g., health promotion, disease prevention, or other medicinal properties), but are not classified or regulated as drugs. Non-limiting examples of active ingredients include those falling in the categories of botanical ingredients, stimulants, amino acids, and/or pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and medicinal ingredients (e.g., vitamins, such as B6, B12, and C, and/or cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)). Each of these categories is further described herein below. The particular choice of active AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) ingredients will vary depending upon the desired flavor, texture, and desired characteristics of the particular product. The particular percentages of active ingredients present will vary depending upon the desired characteristics of the particular product. Typically, an active ingredient or combination thereof is present in a total concentration of at least about 0.001% by weight of the composition, such as in a range from about 0.001% to about 30%. In some embodiments, the active ingredient or combination of active ingredients is present in a concentration from about 0.1% w/w to about 10%, about 20%, or about 30% by weight, such as, e.g., from about 0.5% w/w to about 30%, from about 0.5% w/w to about 20%, from about 0.5% w/w to about 10%, from about 1% to about 10%, or from about 1% to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the active ingredient or combination of active ingredients is present in a concentration of from about 0.001%, about 0.01%, about 0.1% , or about 1%, up to about 20% by weight, such as, e.g., from about from about 0.001%, about 0.002%, about 0.003%, about 0.004%, about 0.005%, about 0.006%, about 0.007%, about 0.008%, about 0.009%, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5% about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, or about 0.9%, to about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, or about 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. Further suitable ranges for specific active ingredients are provided herein below. Botanical In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises a botanical ingredient. As used herein, the term "botanical ingredient" or "botanical" refers to any plant material or fungal-derived material, including plant material in its natural form and plant material derived from natural plant materials, such as extracts or isolates from plant materials or treated plant materials (e.g., plant materials subjected to heat treatment, fermentation, bleaching, or other treatment processes capable of altering the physical and/or chemical nature of the material). For the purposes of the present disclosure, a "botanical" includes, but is not limited to, "herbal materials," which refer to seed-producing plants that do not develop persistent woody tissue and are often valued for their medicinal or sensory characteristics (e.g., teas or tisanes). Reference to botanical material as "non-tobacco" is intended to exclude tobacco materials (i.e., does not include any Nicotiana species). When present, a botanical is typically at a concentration of from about 0.01% w/w to about 10% by weight, such as, e.g., from about from about 0.01% w/w, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, or about 0.5%, to about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, or about 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) The botanical materials useful in the present disclosure may comprise, without limitation, any of the compounds and sources set forth herein, including mixtures thereof. Certain botanical materials of this type are sometimes referred to as dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, "phytochemicals" or "functional foods." Certain botanicals, as the plant material or an extract thereof, have found use in traditional herbal medicine, and are described further herein. Non-limiting examples of non-tobacco botanical materials include without limitation acai berry (Euterpe oleracea martius), acerola (Malpighia glabra), alfalfa, allspice, Angelica root, anise (e.g., star anise), annatto seed, apple (Malus domestica), apricot oil, ashwagandha, Bacopa monniera, baobab, basil (Ocimum basilicum), bay, bee balm, beet root, bergamot, blackberry (Morus nigra), black cohosh, black pepper, black tea, blueberries, boldo (Peumus boldus), borage, bugleweed, cacao, calamus root, camu (Myrcaria dubia), cannabis/hemp, caraway seed, cardamom, cassis, catnip, catuaba, cayenne pepper, Centella asiatica, chaga mushroom, Chai-hu, chamomile, cherry, chervil, chive, chlorophyll, chocolate, cilantro, cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia), citron grass (Cymbopogon citratus), citrus, clary sage, cloves, coconut (Cocos nucifera), coffee, comfrey leaf and root, cordyceps, coriander seed, cranberry, cumin, curcumin, damiana, dandelion, Dorstenia arifolia, Dorstenia odorata, Echinacea, elderberry, elderflower, endro (Anethum graveolens), evening primrose, eucalyptus, fennel, feverfew, flax, Galphimia glauca, garlic, ginger (Zingiber officinale), gingko biloba, ginseng, goji berries, goldenseal, grape seed, grapefruit, grapefruit rosé (Citrus paradisi), graviola (Annona muricata), green tea, guarana, gutu kola, hawthorn, hazel, hemp, hibiscus flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa), honeybush, hops, jiaogulan, jambu (Spilanthes oleraceae), jasmine (Jasminum officinale), juniper berry (Juniperus communis), Kaempferia parviflora (Thai ginseng), kava, laurel, lavender, lemon (Citrus limon), lemon balm, lemongrass, licorice, lilac, Lion’s mane, lutein, maca (Lepidium meyenii), mace, marjoram, matcha, milk thistle, mints (menthe), mulberry, Nardostachys chinensis, nutmeg, olive, oolong tea, orange (Citrus sinensis), oregano, papaya, paprika, pennyroyal, peppermint (Mentha piperita), pimento, potato peel, primrose, quercetin, quince, red clover, resveratrol, Rhizoma gastrodiae, Rhodiola, rooibos (red or green), rosehip (Rosa canina), rosemary, saffron, sage, Saint John's Wort, sandalwood, salvia (Salvia officinalis), savory, saw palmetto, Sceletium tortuosum, Schisandra, silybum marianum, Skullcap, spearmint, Spikenard, spirulina, slippery elm bark, sorghum bran hi-tannin, sorghum grain hi-tannin, spearmint (Mentha spicata), spirulina, star anise, sumac bran, tarragon, thyme, tisanes, turmeric, Turnera aphrodisiaca, uva ursi, valerian, vanilla, Viola odorata, wild yam root, wintergreen, withania somnifera, yacon root, yellow dock, yerba mate, and yerba santa. Stimulants In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises one or more stimulants. As used herein, the term "stimulant" refers to a material that increases activity of the central nervous system and/or the body, for example, enhancing focus, cognition, vigor, mood, alertness, and the like. Non-limiting examples of stimulants include caffeine, theacrine, theobromine, and theophylline. Theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) is a purine alkaloid which is structurally related to caffeine, and possesses stimulant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Present stimulants may be natural, naturally derived, or wholly synthetic. For AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) example, certain botanical materials (guarana, tea, coffee, cocoa, and the like) may possess a stimulant effect by virtue of the presence of e.g., caffeine or related alkaloids, and accordingly are "natural" stimulants. By "naturally derived" is meant the stimulant (e.g., caffeine, theacrine) is in a purified form, outside its natural (e.g., botanical) matrix. For example, caffeine can be obtained by extraction and purification from botanical sources (e.g., tea). By "wholly synthetic", it is meant that the stimulant has been obtained by chemical synthesis. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises caffeine. In some embodiments, the active ingredient is caffeine. In some embodiments, the caffeine is present in an encapsulated form. On example of an encapsulated caffeine is Vitashure^®, available from Balchem Corp., 52 Sunrise Park Road, New Hampton, NY, 10958. When present, a stimulant or combination of stimulants (e.g., caffeine, theacrine, and combinations thereof) is typically at a concentration of from about 0.1% w/w to about 15% by weight, such as, e.g., from about from about 0.1% w/w, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5% about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, or about 0.9%, to about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, or about 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. Amino acids In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises an amino acid. As used herein, the term "amino acid" refers to an organic compound that contains amine (-NH₂) and carboxyl (-COOH) or sulfonic acid (SO₃H) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group), which is specific to each amino acid. Amino acids may be proteinogenic or non-proteinogenic. By "proteinogenic" is meant that the amino acid is one of the twenty naturally occurring amino acids found in proteins. The proteinogenic amino acids include alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine. By "non-proteinogenic" is meant that either the amino acid is not found naturally in protein, or is not directly produced by cellular machinery (e.g., is the product of post-translational modification). Non-limiting examples of non-proteinogenic amino acids include gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), taurine (2- aminoethanesulfonic acid), theanine (L-γ-glutamylethylamide), hydroxyproline, and beta-alanine. When present, an amino acid or combination of amino acids (e.g., taurine, theanine, and combinations thereof) is typically at a concentration of from about 0.1% w/w to about 15% by weight, such as, e.g., from about from about 0.1% w/w, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5% about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, or about 0.9%, to about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, or about 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. Vitamins and Minerals In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises a vitamin or combination of vitamins. As AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) used herein, the term "vitamin" refers to an organic molecule (or related set of molecules) that is an essential micronutrient needed for the proper functioning of metabolism in a mammal. There are thirteen vitamins required by human metabolism, which are: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as well as all-trans-beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic acid or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (quinones). In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises vitamin C. In some embodiments, the active ingredient is a combination of vitamin C, caffeine, and taurine. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises one or more of vitamin B6 and B12. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises theanine and one or more of vitamin B6 and B12. When present, a vitamin or combination of vitamins (e.g., vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin E, vitamin C, or a combination thereof) is typically at a concentration of from about 0.01% w/w to about 1% by weight, such as, e.g., from about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, or about 0.1% w/w, to about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5% about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, or about 1% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises vitamin A. In some embodiments, the vitamin A is encapsulated. In some embodiments, the vitamin is vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin E, vitamin C, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises a mineral. As used herein, the term "mineral" refers to an inorganic molecule (or related set of molecules) that is an essential micronutrient needed for the proper functioning of various systems in a mammal. Non-limiting examples of minerals include iron, zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, cobalt, manganese, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium, and the like. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises iron. Suitable sources of iron include, but are not limited to, ferrous salts such as ferrous sulfate and ferrous gluconate. In some embodiments, the iron is encapsulated. Cannabinoids In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises one or more cannabinoids. As used herein, the term "cannabinoid" refers to a class of diverse natural or synthetic chemical compounds that acts on cannabinoid receptors (i.e., CB1 and CB2) in cells that alter neurotransmitter release in the brain. Cannabinoids are cyclic molecules exhibiting particular properties such as the ability to easily cross the blood-brain barrier. Cannabinoids may be naturally occurring (Phytocannabinoids) from plants such as cannabis, (endocannabinoids) from animals, or artificially manufactured (synthetic cannabinoids). Cannabis species express at least 85 different phytocannabinoids, and these may be divided into subclasses, including cannabigerols, cannabichromenes, cannabidiols, tetrahydrocannabinols, cannabinols and cannabinodiols, AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) and other cannabinoids, such as cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabinodiol (CBDL), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabivarin (CBV), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabichromevarin (CBCV), cannabigerovarin (CBGV), cannabigerol monomethyl ether (CBGM), cannabinerolic acid, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabinol propyl variant (CBNV), cannabitriol (CBO), tetrahydrocannabmolic acid (THCA), and tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCV A). In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is selected from the group consisting of cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabinodiol (CBDL), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabivarin (CBV), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabichromevarin (CBCV), cannabigerovarin (CBGV), cannabigerol monomethyl ether (CBGM), cannabinerolic acid, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), Cannabinol propyl variant (CBNV), cannabitriol (CBO), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCV A), and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid comprises at least tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In some embodiments, the cannabinoid comprises at least cannabidiol (CBD). In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is cannabidiol (CBD). In some embodiments, the CBD is synthetic CBD. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid (e.g., CBD) is added to the composition in the form of an isolate. An isolate is an extract from a plant, such as cannabis, where the active material of interest (in this case the cannabinoid, such as CBD) is present in a high degree of purity, for example greater than 95%, greater than 96%, greater than 97%, greater than 98%, or around 99% purity. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is an isolate of CBD in a high degree of purity, and the amount of any other cannabinoid in the composition is no greater than about 1% by weight of the composition, such as no greater than about 0.5% by weight of the composition, such as no greater than about 0.1% by weight of the composition, such as no greater than about 0.01% by weight of the composition. The choice of cannabinoid and the particular percentages thereof which may be present within the disclosed composition will vary depending upon the desired flavor, texture, and other characteristics of the composition. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid (such as CBD) is present in the composition in a concentration of at least about 0.001% by weight of the composition, such as in a range from about 0.001% to about 2% by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid (such as CBD) is present in the composition in a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 1.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid (such as CBD) is present in a concentration from about 0.4% to about 1.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the oral composition. Alternatively, or in addition to the cannabinoid, the active ingredient may include a cannabimimetic, which is a class of compounds derived from plants other than cannabis that have biological effects on the endocannabinoid system similar to cannabinoids. Examples include yangonin, alpha-amyrin or beta-amyrin (also classified as terpenes), cyanidin, curcumin (tumeric), catechin, quercetin, salvinorin A, N- AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) acylethanolamines, and N-alkylamide lipids. Such compounds can be used in the same amounts and ratios noted herein for cannabinoids. Terpenes Active ingredients suitable for use in the present disclosure can also be classified as terpenes, many of which are associated with biological effects, such as calming effects. Terpenes are understood to have the general formula of (C₅H₈)_n and include monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes. Terpenes can be acyclic, monocyclic or bicyclic in structure. Some terpenes provide an entourage effect when used in combination with cannabinoids or cannabimimetics. Examples include beta-caryophyllene, linalool, limonene, beta-citronellol, linalyl acetate, pinene (alpha or beta), geraniol, carvone, eucalyptol, menthone, iso-menthone, piperitone, myrcene, beta-bourbonene, and germacrene, which may be used singly or in combination. In some embodiments, the terpene is a terpene derivable from a phytocannabinoid producing plant, such as a plant from the stain of the cannabis sativa species, such as hemp. Suitable terpenes in this regard include so-called “C10” terpenes, which are those terpenes comprising 10 carbon atoms, and so-called “C15” terpenes, which are those terpenes comprising 15 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises more than one terpene. For example, the active ingredient may comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more terpenes as defined herein. In some embodiments, the terpene is selected from pinene (alpha and beta), geraniol, linalool, limonene, carvone, eucalyptol, menthone, iso-menthone, piperitone, myrcene, beta-bourbonene, germacrene and mixtures thereof. Antioxidants In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises one or more antioxidants. As used herein, the term "antioxidant" refers to a substance which prevents or suppresses oxidation by terminating free radical reactions, and may delay or prevent some types of cellular damage. Antioxidants may be naturally occurring or synthetic. Naturally occurring antioxidants include those found in foods and botanical materials. Non-limiting examples of antioxidants include certain botanical materials, vitamins, polyphenols, and phenol derivatives. Examples of botanical materials which are associated with antioxidant characteristics include without limitation acai berry, alfalfa, allspice, annatto seed, apricot oil, basil, bee balm, wild bergamot, black pepper, blueberries, borage seed oil, bugleweed, cacao, calamus root, catnip, catuaba, cayenne pepper, chaga mushroom, chervil, cinnamon, dark chocolate, potato peel, grape seed, ginseng, gingko biloba, Saint John's Wort, saw palmetto, green tea, black tea, black cohosh, cayenne, chamomile, cloves, cocoa powder, cranberry, dandelion, grapefruit, honeybush, echinacea, garlic, evening primrose, feverfew, ginger, goldenseal, hawthorn, hibiscus flower, jiaogulan, kava, lavender, licorice, marjoram, milk thistle, mints (menthe), oolong tea, beet root, orange, oregano, papaya, pennyroyal, peppermint, red clover, rooibos (red or green), rosehip, rosemary, sage, clary sage, savory, spearmint, spirulina, slippery elm bark, sorghum bran hi- AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) tannin, sorghum grain hi-tannin, sumac bran, comfrey leaf and root, goji berries, gutu kola, thyme, turmeric, uva ursi, valerian, wild yam root, wintergreen, yacon root, yellow dock, yerba mate, yerba santa, bacopa monniera, withania somnifera, Lion’s mane, and silybum marianum. Such botanical materials may be provided in fresh or dry form, essential oils, or may be in the form of an extracts. The botanical materials (as well as their extracts) often include compounds from various classes known to provide antioxidant effects, such as minerals, vitamins, isoflavones, phytoesterols, allyl sulfides, dithiolthiones, isothiocyanates, indoles, lignans, flavonoids, polyphenols, and carotenoids. Examples of compounds found in botanical extracts or oils include ascorbic acid, peanut endocarb, resveratrol, sulforaphane, beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, co- enzyme Q, carnitine, quercetin, kaempferol, and the like. See, e.g., Santhosh et al., Phytomedicine, 12(2005) 216-220, which is incorporated herein by reference. Non-limiting examples of other suitable antioxidants include citric acid, Vitamin E or a derivative thereof, a tocopherol, epicatechol, epigallocatechol, epigallocatechol gallate, erythorbic acid, sodium erythorbate, 4-hexylresorcinol, theaflavin, theaflavin monogallate A or B, theaflavin digallate, phenolic acids, glycosides, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, polyphenols, catechols, resveratrols, oleuropein, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), and combinations thereof. When present, an antioxidant is typically at a concentration of from about 0.001% w/w to about 10% by weight, such as, e.g., from about from about 0.001%, about 0.005%, about 0.01% w/w, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, or about 0.5%, to about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10%, based on the total weight of the composition. Pharmaceutical ingredients In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The API can be any known agent adapted for therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic use. These can include, for example, synthetic organic compounds, proteins and peptides, polysaccharides and other sugars, lipids, phospholipids, inorganic compounds (e.g., magnesium, selenium, zinc, nitrate), neurotransmitters or precursors thereof (e.g., serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptophan, oxitriptan, acetylcholine, dopamine, melatonin), and nucleic acid sequences, having therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic activity. Non-limiting examples of APIs include analgesics and antipyretics (e.g., acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, 3-(4- isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid), phosphatidylserine, myoinositol, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, Omega-3), arachidonic acid (AA, Omega-6), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), citicoline (cytidine-5'-diphosphate-choline), and cotinine. When present, the amount of API may vary. For example, when present, an API is typically at a concentration of from about 0.001% w/w to about 10% by weight, such as, e.g., from about from about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1% w/w, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5% about 0.6%, about 0.7%, AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) about 0.8%, about 0.9%, or about 1%, to about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. Encapsulation and Stabilization of Active Ingredients In some embodiments, the active ingredient as described herein may be sensitive to degradation (e.g., oxidative, photolytic, thermal, evaporative) during processing or upon storage of the composition. In such embodiments, the active ingredient (such as caffeine, vitamin A, and iron (Fe)) may be encapsulated, or the composition otherwise modified with suitable components (such as fillers, binders, and the like), to provide enhanced stability to the active ingredient. For example, binders such as functional celluloses (e.g., cellulose ethers including, but not limited to, hydroxypropyl cellulose) or alginate-based materials (e.g., cross linked alginate) may be employed to enhance stability of such actives toward degradation, or to provide extended and/or separate delivery of active ingredients. Additionally, encapsulated actives may need to be paired with an excipient in the composition to increase their solubility and/or bioavailability. Non-limiting examples of suitable excipients include beta-carotene, lycopene, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Co- enzyme Q10, Vitamin K, and curcumin. In other embodiments, in order to provide a desired concentration of the active ingredient by weight, an initial quantity of the active ingredient may be increased to compensate for a gradual degradative loss. Accordingly, larger initial amounts than those disclosed herein are contemplated by the present disclosure. Water The water content of the composition, prior to use by a consumer of the composition, may vary according to the desired properties. Typically, the composition is less than about 60 percent by weight of water, and generally is from about 1 to about 60% by weight of water, for example, from about 5 to about 55, about 10 to about 50, about 20 to about 45, or about 25 to about 40 percent water by weight. In embodiments where the encapsulated pH adjusting agent is adapted for release in the presence of moisture, lower moisture levels may be desirable. In some embodiments, the composition contains less than about 20 percent by weight of water, such as about 15 weight percent or less, about 12 weight percent or less, about 10 weight percent or less (e.g., about 1 to about 20 weight percent or about 5 to about 15 weight percent water, based on the total weight of the composition). Organic acid In some embodiments, the composition as disclosed herein comprises one or more organic acids. For example, addition of an organic acid can be used to lower the initial pH of the composition and/or can be used as an ion pairing agent for nicotine. As used herein, the term "organic acid" refers to an organic (i.e., carbon-based) compound that is characterized by acidic properties. Typically, organic acids are relatively weak acids (i.e., they do not dissociate completely in the presence of water), such as carboxylic acids (- CO₂H) or sulfonic acids (-SO₂OH). As used herein, reference to organic acid means an organic acid that is AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) intentionally added. In this regard, an organic acid may be intentionally added as a specific composition ingredient as opposed to merely being inherently present as a component of another composition ingredient (e.g., the small amount of organic acid which may inherently be present in a composition ingredient, such as a tobacco material). Suitable organic acids will typically have a range of lipophilicities (i.e., a polarity giving an appropriate balance of water and organic solubility). Typically, lipophilicities of suitable organic acids, as indicated by logP, will vary between about 1 and about 12 (more soluble in octanol than in water). In some embodiments, the organic acid has a logP value from about 1 to about 12, e.g., from about 1.0. about 1.5, about 2.0, about 2.5, about 3.0, about 3.5, about 4.0, about 4.5, about 5.0, about 5.5, about 6.0, about 6.5, about 7.0, about 7.5, or about 8.0, to about 8.5, about 9.0, about 9.5, about 10.0, about 10.5, about 11.0, about 11.5, or about 12.0. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that moderately lipophilic organic acids (e.g., logP of from about 1.4 to about 4.5) produce ion pairs with nicotine which are of a polarity providing good octanol-water partitioning of the ion pair, and hence partitioning of nicotine, into octanol versus water. As discussed above, such partitioning into octanol is predictive of favorable oral availability. In specific embodiments, the organic acid has a logP value from about 3.0 to about 8.0, about 10.0, or even 12.0. In some embodiments, the presence of certain solvents or solubilizing agents (e.g., inclusion in the composition of glycerin or propylene glycol) may be beneficial in solubilizing organic acids and the corresponding salts or ion pairs thereof with the basic amine for highly lipophilic organic acids (e.g., higher than about 4.5). In some embodiments, the organic acid is a carboxylic acid or a sulfonic acid. The carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid functional group may be attached to any alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group having, for example, from one to twenty carbon atoms (C₁-C₂₀). In some embodiments, the organic acid is an alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl carboxylic or sulfonic acid. As used herein, "alkyl" refers to any straight chain or branched chain hydrocarbon. The alkyl group may be saturated (i.e., having all sp³ carbon atoms), or may be unsaturated (i.e., having at least one site of unsaturation). As used herein, the term "unsaturated" refers to the presence of a carbon-carbon, sp² double bond in one or more positions within the alkyl group. Unsaturated alkyl groups may be mono- or polyunsaturated. Representative straight chain alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-hexyl. Branched chain alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, isopropyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, and 2-methylbutyl. Representative unsaturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethylene or vinyl, allyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, isobutylenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, and the like. An alkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted. "Cycloalkyl" as used herein refers to a carbocyclic group, which may be mono- or bicyclic. Cycloalkyl groups include rings having 3 to 7 carbon atoms as a monocycle or 7 to 12 carbon atoms as a bicycle. Examples of monocyclic cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. A cycloalkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted, and may include one or more sites of unsaturation (e.g., cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl). The term "aryl" as used herein refers to a carbocyclic aromatic group. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl and naphthyl. An aryl group can be unsubstituted or substituted. "Heteroaryl" and "heterocycloalkyl" as used herein refer to an aromatic or non-aromatic ring system, respectively, in which one or more ring atoms is a heteroatom, e.g. nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group comprises up to 20 carbon atoms and from 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S. A heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl may be a monocycle having 3 to 7 ring members (for example, 2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S) or a bicycle having 7 to 10 ring members (for example, 4 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S), for example: a bicyclo[4,5], [5,5], [5,6], or [6,6] system. Examples of heteroaryl groups include by way of example and not limitation, pyridyl, thiazolyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuranyl, thianaphthalenyl, indolyl, indolenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, 1H- indazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbazolyl, phenanthridinyl, acridinyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, furazanyl, phenoxazinyl, isochromanyl, chromanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, and isatinoyl. Examples of heterocycloalkyls include by way of example and not limitation, dihydroypyridyl, tetrahydropyridyl (piperidyl), tetrahydrothiophenyl, piperidinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidonyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, bis-tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, piperazinyl, quinuclidinyl, and morpholinyl. Heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted. "Substituted" as used herein and as applied to any of the above alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, means that one or more hydrogen atoms are each independently replaced with a substituent. Typical substituents include, but are not limited to, -Cl, Br, F, alkyl, -OH, -OCH₃, NH₂, -NHCH₃, -N(CH₃)₂, -CN, -NC(=O)CH₃, -C(=O)-, -C(=O)NH₂, and -C(=O)N(CH₃)₂. Wherever a group is described as "optionally substituted," that group can be substituted with one or more of the above substituents, independently selected for each occasion. In some embodiments, the substituent may be one or more methyl groups or one or more hydroxyl groups. In some embodiments, the organic acid is an alkyl carboxylic acid. Non-limiting examples of alkyl carboxylic acids include formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and the like. In some embodiments, the organic acid is an alkyl sulfonic acid. Non-limiting examples of alkyl sulfonic acids include propanesulfonic acid, heptanesulfonic acid, and octanesulfonic acid. AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) In some embodiments, the alkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acid is substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups. Non-limiting examples include glycolic acid, 4-hydroxybutyric acid, and lactic acid. In some embodiments, an organic acid may include more than one carboxylic acid group or more than one sulfonic acid group (e.g., two, three, or more carboxylic acid groups). Non-limiting examples include oxalic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, and glutaric acid. In organic acids containing multiple carboxylic acids (e.g., from two to four carboxylic acid groups), one or more of the carboxylic acid groups may be esterified. Non-limiting examples include succinic acid monoethyl ester, monomethyl fumarate, monomethyl or dimethyl citrate, and the like. In some embodiments, the organic acid may include more than one carboxylic acid group and one or more hydroxyl groups. Non-limiting examples of such acids include tartaric acid, citric acid, and the like. In some embodiments, the organic acid is an aryl carboxylic acid or an aryl sulfonic acid. Non- limiting examples of aryl carboxylic and sulfonic acids include benzoic acid, toluic acids, salicylic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid. Further non-limiting examples of organic acids which may be useful in certain embodiments include 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, 2-oxoglutaric acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, adipic acid, ascorbic acid (L), aspartic acid (L), alpha- methylbutyric acid, camphoric acid (+), camphor-10-sulfonic acid (+), cinnamic acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, furoic acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glutamic acid, glycerophosphoric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, lactobionic acid, lauric acid, levulinic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, phenylacetic acid, pyroglutamic acid, pyruvic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, and undecylenic acid. Examples of suitable acids include, but are not limited to, the list of organic acids in Table 1. i

9-deceneoic acid 3.3 AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) Acid Name log(P)^* t t

*Values obtained from PubChem or calculated The selection of organic acid may further depend on additional properties in addition to consideration of the logP value. For example, an organic acid should be one recognized as safe for human consumption, and which has acceptable flavor, odor, volatility, stability, and the like. Determination of appropriate organic acids is within the purview of one of skill in the art. In some embodiments, the organic acid is a mono ester of a dicarboxylic acid or a poly-carboxylic acid. In some embodiments, the dicarboxylic acid is malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the dicarboxylic acid is succinic acid, glutaric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the dicarboxylic acid is succinic acid, glutaric acid, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the alcohol forming the mono ester of the dicarboxylic acid is a lipophilic alcohol. Examples of suitable lipophilic alcohols include, but are not limited to, octanol, menthol, and tocopherol. In some embodiments, the organic acid is an octyl mono ester of a dicarboxylic acid, such as monooctyl succinate, monooctyl fumarate, or the like. In some embodiments, the organic acid is a monomenthyl ester of a dicarboxylic acid. Certain menthyl esters may be desirable in oral compositions as described herein by virtue of the cooling sensation they may provide upon use of the product comprising the composition. In some embodiments, the organic acid is monomenthyl succinate, monomenthyl fumarate, monomenthyl glutarate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic acid is a monotocopheryl ester of a dicarboxylic acid. Certain tocopheryl esters may be desirable in oral compositions AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) as described herein by virtue of the antioxidant effects they may provide. In some embodiments, the organic acid is tocopheryl succinate, tocopheryl fumarate, tocopheryl glutarate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic acid is a carotenoid derivative having one or more carboxylic acids. Carotenoids are tetraterpenes, meaning that they are produced from 8 isoprene molecules and contain 40 carbon atoms. Accordingly, they are usually lipophilic due to the presence of long unsaturated aliphatic chains, and are generally yellow, orange, or red in color. Certain carotenoid derivatives can be advantageous in oral compositions by virtue of providing both ion pairing and serving as a colorant in the composition. In some embodiments, the organic acid is 2E,4E,6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16Z,18E)-20- methoxy- 4,8,13,17-tetramethyl-20-oxoicosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18-nonaenoic acid (bixin) or an isomer thereof. Bixin is an apocarotenoid found in annatto seeds from the achiote tree (Bixa orellana) and is the naturally occurring pigment providing the reddish orange color to annatto. Bixin is soluble in fats and alcohols but insoluble in water, and is chemically unstable when isolated, converting via isomerization into the double bond isomer, trans-bixin (β-bixin), having the structure:

. In some embodiments, the organic acid is (2E,4E,6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16E,18E)-4,8,13,17-tetramethylicosa- 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18-nonaenedioic acid (norbixin), a water-soluble hydrolysis product of bixin having the structure:

. In some embodiments, more than one organic acid may be present. For example, the composition may comprise two, or three, or four, or more organic acids. Accordingly, reference herein to "an organic acid" contemplates mixtures of two or more organic acids. The relative amounts of the multiple organic acids may vary. For example, a composition may comprise equal amounts of two, or three, or more organic acids, or may comprise different relative amounts. In this manner, it is possible to include certain organic acids (e.g., citric acid or myristic acid) which have a logP value outside the desired range, when combined with other organic acids to provide the desired average logP range for the combination. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to include organic acids in the composition which have logP values outside the desired range for purposes such as, but not limited to, providing desirable organoleptic properties, stability, as flavor components, and the like. Further, certain lipophilic organic acids have undesirable flavor and or aroma characteristics which would preclude their presence as the sole organic acid (e.g., in equimolar or greater quantities relative to nicotine). Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that a combination of different organic acids may provide the desired ion pairing while the AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) concentration of any single organic acid in the composition remains below the threshold which would be found objectionable from a sensory perspective. In some embodiments, the composition comprises an organic acid which is a monoester of a dicarboxylic acid or is a carotenoid derivative having one or more carboxylic acids as described herein above, and further comprises an additional organic acid or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the additional organic acid is benzoic acid, an alkali metal salt thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises an alkali metal salt of an organic acid. For example, at least a portion of the organic acid may be present in the composition in the form of an alkali metal salt. Suitable alkali metal salts include lithium, sodium, and potassium. In some embodiments, the alkali metal is sodium or potassium. In some embodiments, the alkali metal is sodium. In some embodiments, the composition comprises an organic acid and a sodium salt of the organic acid. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the organic acid to the sodium salt (or other alkali metal) of the organic acid is from about 0.1 to about 10, such as from about 0.1, about 0.25, about 0.3, about 0.5, about 0.75, or about 1, to about 2, about 5, or about 10. For example, in some embodiments, both an organic acid and the sodium salt thereof are added to the other components of the composition, wherein the organic acid is added in excess of the sodium salt, in equimolar quantities with the sodium salt, or as a fraction of the sodium salt. One of skill in the art will recognize that the relative amounts will be determined by the desired pH of the composition, as well as the desired ionic strength. For example, the organic acid may be added in a quantity to provide a desired pH level of the composition, while the alkali metal (e.g., sodium) salt is added in a quantity to provide the desired extent of ion pairing. As one of skill in the art will understand, the quantity of organic acid (i.e., the protonated form) present in the composition, relative to the alkali metal salt or conjugate base form present in the composition, will vary according to the pH of the composition and the pKa of the organic acid, as well as according to the actual relative quantities initially added to the composition. The amount of organic acid or alkali metal salt thereof present in the composition, relative to the basic amine (e.g., nicotine), may vary. Generally, as the concentration of the organic acid (or the conjugate base thereof) increases, the percent of basic amine (e.g., nicotine) that is ion paired with the organic acid increases. This typically increases the partitioning of the basic amine (e.g., nicotine), in the form of an ion pair, into octanol versus water as measured by the logP (the log₁₀ of the partitioning coefficient). In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 0.05, about 0.1, about 1, about 1.5, about 2, or about 5, to about 10, about 15, or about 20 molar equivalents of the organic acid, the alkali metal salt thereof, or the combination thereof, relative to the basic amine (e.g., nicotine), calculated as the free base of the basic amine. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 2 to about 10, or from about 2 to about 5 molar equivalents of the organic acid, the alkali metal salt thereof, or the combination thereof, relative to the basic amine (e.g., nicotine), on a free-base basis. In some embodiments, the organic acid, the alkali metal salt thereof, or the combination thereof, is present in a molar ratio with basic amine (e.g., AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) nicotine) from about 2, about 3, about 4, or about 5, to about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10. In embodiments wherein more than one organic acid, alkali metal salt thereof, or both, are present, it is to be understood that such molar ratios reflect the totality of the organic acids present. In certain embodiments the organic acid inclusion is sufficient to provide a composition pH of from about 4.0 to about 9.0, such as from about 4.5 to about 7.0, or from about 5.5 to about 7.0, from about 4.0 to about 5.5, or from about 7.0 to about 9.0. In some embodiments, the organic acid inclusion is sufficient to provide a composition pH of from about 4.5 to about 6.5, for example, from about 4.5, about 5.0, or about 5.5, to about 6.0, or about 6.5. In some embodiments, the organic acid is provided in a quantity sufficient to provide a pH of the composition of from about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example, from about 5.5, about 5.6, about 5.7, about 5.8, about 5.9, or about 6.0, to about 6.1, about 6.2, about 6.3, about 6.4, or about 6.5. In other embodiments, a mineral acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, or the like) is added to adjust the pH of the composition to the desired value. In some embodiments, the organic acid is added as the free acid, either neat (i.e., native solid or liquid form) or as a solution in, e.g., water, to the other composition components. In some embodiments, the alkali metal salt of the organic acid is added, either neat or as a solution in, e.g., water, to the other composition components. In some embodiments, the organic acid and the basic amine (e.g., nicotine) are combined to form a salt, either before addition to the composition, or the salt is formed within and is present in the composition as such. In other embodiments, the organic acid and basic amine (e.g., nicotine) are present as individual components in the composition and form an ion pair upon contact with moisture (e.g., saliva in the mouth of the consumer). In some embodiments, the organic acid is added as the free acid, either neat (i.e., native solid or liquid form) or as a solution in, e.g., water, to the other composition components. In some embodiments, the alkali metal salt of the organic acid is added, either neat or as a solution in, e.g., water, to the other composition components. In some embodiments, the organic acid and a basic amine-containing active ingredient (e.g., nicotine) are combined to form a salt, either before addition to the composition, or the salt is formed within and is present in the composition as such.

In some embodiments, the composition as described herein comprises a flavoring agent. As used herein, a "flavoring agent" or "flavorant" is any flavorful or aromatic substance capable of altering the sensory characteristics associated with the oral product. Examples of sensory characteristics that can be modified by the flavoring agent include taste, mouthfeel, moistness, and/or fragrance/aroma. For avoidance of doubt, such flavoring agents are different and distinct from the modulators (e.g., sensates) disclosed herein. Flavoring agents may be natural or synthetic, and the character of the flavors imparted thereby may be described, without limitation, as fresh, sweet, herbal, confectionary, floral, fruity, or spicy. Flavoring agents may be imitation, synthetic, or natural ingredients or blends thereof. Flavoring agents may include naturally occurring flavor materials, botanicals, extracts of botanicals, synthetically AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) obtained materials, or combinations thereof (e.g., tobacco, cannabis, licorice (liquorice), hydrangea, Japanese white bark magnolia leaf, chamomile, fenugreek, maple, matcha, Japanese mint, aniseed (anise), turmeric, Indian spices, Asian spices, herb, wintergreen, cherry, berry, red berry, cranberry, peach, apple, orange, mango, clementine, lemon, lime, tropical fruit, papaya, rhubarb, grape, durian, dragon fruit, cucumber, blueberry, mulberry, citrus fruits, Drambuie, bourbon, scotch, whiskey, gin, tequila, rum, spearmint, peppermint, lavender, aloe vera, cardamom, celery, cascarilla, nutmeg, sandalwood, bergamot, geranium, khat, naswar, betel, shisha, pine, honey essence, rose oil, vanilla, lemon oil, orange oil, orange blossom, cherry blossom, cassia, caraway, cognac, jasmine, ylang-ylang, sage, fennel, piment, ginger, coriander, coffee, hemp, a mint oil from any species of the genus Mentha, star anise, cocoa, lemongrass, rooibos, flax, ginkgo biloba, hazel, hibiscus, laurel, mate, orange skin, rose, tea such as green tea or black tea, thyme, juniper, elderflower, basil, bay leaves, cumin, oregano, paprika, rosemary, saffron, lemon peel, mint, beefsteak plant, curcuma, cilantro, myrtle, cassis, valerian, pimento, mace, damien, marjoram, olive, lemon balm, lemon basil, chive, carvi, verbena, tarragon, limonene), and other additives such as charcoal, chlorophyll, minerals, botanicals, or breath freshening agents. Flavoring agents may be in any suitable form, for example, liquid such as an oil, solid such as a powder, or gas. In some instances, the flavoring agent may be provided in a spray-dried form or a liquid form. In some embodiments, a liquid flavorant is disposed (i.e., adsorbed or absorbed in or on) a porous particulate carrier, for example microcrystalline cellulose, which is then combined with the other composition ingredients. The amount of flavoring agent utilized in the composition can vary, but is typically up to about 10% by weight, and certain embodiments are characterized by a flavoring agent content of at least about 0.1% by weight, such as about 0.5 to about 10%, about 1 to about 5%, or about 2 to about 4% weight, based on the total weight of the composition. Taste modifiers In order to improve the organoleptic properties of a composition as disclosed herein, the composition may include one or more taste modifying agents ("taste modifiers") which may serve to mask, alter, block, or improve e.g., the flavor of a composition as described herein. In some embodiments, the taste modifier modifies one or more of bitter, sweet, salty, or sour tastes. In some embodiments, the composition comprises an active ingredient having a bitter taste, and a taste modifier which masks or blocks the perception of the bitter taste. Suitable taste modifiers include, but are not limited to, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), lactisole, or a combination thereof. When present, a representative amount of taste modifier is about 0.01% by weight or more, about 0.1% by weight or more, or about 1.0% by weight or more, but will typically make up less than about 10% by weight of the total weight of the composition, (e.g., from about 0.01%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, or about 0.5%, to about 1%, about 5%, or about 10% by weight of the total weight of the composition). AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) Salts In some embodiments, the composition may further comprise a salt (e.g., alkali metal salts), typically employed in an amount sufficient to provide desired sensory attributes to the composition. Non- limiting examples of suitable salts include sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, flour salt, and the like. When present, a representative amount of salt is about 0.5 percent by weight or more, about 1.0 percent by weight or more, or at about 1.5 percent by weight or more, but will typically make up about 10 percent or less of the total weight of the composition, or about 7.5 percent or less or about 5 percent or less (e.g., about 0.5 to about 5 percent by weight). Sweeteners In order to improve the sensory properties of the composition according to the disclosure, one or more sweeteners may be added. The sweeteners can be any sweetener or combination of sweeteners, in natural or artificial form, or as a combination of natural and artificial sweeteners. Examples of natural sweeteners include fructose, sucrose, glucose, maltose, mannose, galactose, lactose, stevia, honey, and the like. Examples of artificial sweeteners include sucralose, isomaltulose, maltodextrin, saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame K, neotame, and the like. In some embodiments, the sweetener comprises one or more sugar alcohols. Sugar alcohols are polyols derived from monosaccharides or disaccharides that have a partially or fully hydrogenated form. Sugar alcohols have, for example, about 4 to about 20 carbon atoms and include erythritol, arabitol, ribitol, isomalt, maltitol, dulcitol, iditol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, sorbitol, and combinations thereof (e.g., hydrogenated starch hydrolysates). In some embodiments, the sweetener is sucralose, acesulfame K, or a combination thereof. When present, a sweetener or combination of sweeteners may make up from about 0.01 to about 20% or more of the of the composition by weight, for example, from about 0.01 to about 0.1, from about 0.1 to about 1%, from about 1 to about 5%, from about 5 to about 10%, or from about 10 to about 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, a combination of sweeteners is present at a concentration of from about 0.01% to about 0.1% by weight of the composition, such as about 0.01, about 0.02, about 0.03, about 0.04, about 0.05, about 0.06, about 0.07, about 0.08, about 0.09, or about 0.1% by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, a combination of sweeteners is present at a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 0.5% by weight of the composition, such as about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, or about 0.5% by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, a combination of sweeteners is present at a concentration of from about 1% to about 3% by weight of the composition. Tobacco Material In some embodiments, the compostioin can comprise a tobacco material. The tobacco material can vary in species, type, and form. Generally, the tobacco material is obtained from for a harvested plant of the Nicotiana species. Example Nicotiana species include N. tabacum, N. rustica, N. alata, N. arentsii, N. excelsior, N. forgetiana, N. glauca, N. glutinosa, N. gossei, N. kawakamii, N. knightiana, N. langsdorffi, N. otophora, N. setchelli, N. sylvestris, N. tomentosa, N. tomentosiformis, N. undulata, N. x sanderae, N. africana, N. AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) amplexicaulis, N. benavidesii, N. bonariensis, N. debneyi, N. longiflora, N. maritina, N. megalosiphon, N. occidentalis, N. paniculata, N. plumbaginifolia, N. raimondii, N. rosulata, N. simulans, N. stocktonii, N. suaveolens, N. umbratica, N. velutina, N. wigandioides, N. acaulis, N. acuminata, N. attenuata, N. benthamiana, N. cavicola, N. clevelandii, N. cordifolia, N. corymbosa, N. fragrans, N. goodspeedii, N. linearis, N. miersii, N. nudicaulis, N. obtusifolia, N. occidentalis subsp. Hersperis, N. pauciflora, N. petunioides, N. quadrivalvis, N. repanda, N. rotundifolia, N. solanifolia, and N. spegazzinii. Various representative other types of plants from the Nicotiana species are set forth in Goodspeed, The Genus Nicotiana, (Chonica Botanica) (1954); US Pat. Nos. 4,660,577 to Sensabaugh, Jr. et al.; 5,387,416 to White et al., 7,025,066 to Lawson et al.; 7,798,153 to Lawrence, Jr. and 8,186,360 to Marshall et al.; each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Descriptions of various types of tobaccos, growing practices and harvesting practices are set forth in Tobacco Production, Chemistry and Technology, Davis et al. (Eds.) (1999), which is incorporated herein by reference. Nicotiana species from which suitable tobacco materials can be obtained can be derived using genetic- modification or crossbreeding techniques (e.g., tobacco plants can be genetically engineered or crossbred to increase or decrease production of components, characteristics or attributes). See, for example, the types of genetic modifications of plants set forth in US Pat. Nos. 5,539,093 to Fitzmaurice et al.; 5,668,295 to Wahab et al.; 5,705,624 to Fitzmaurice et al.; 5,844,119 to Weigl; 6,730,832 to Dominguez et al.; 7,173,170 to Liu et al.; 7,208,659 to Colliver et al. and 7,230,160 to Benning et al.; US Patent Appl. Pub. No. 2006/0236434 to Conkling et al.; and PCT WO2008/103935 to Nielsen et al. See, also, the types of tobaccos that are set forth in US Pat. Nos. 4,660,577 to Sensabaugh, Jr. et al.; 5,387,416 to White et al.; and 6,730,832 to Dominguez et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference. The Nicotiana species can, in some embodiments, be selected for the content of various compounds that are present therein. For example, plants can be selected on the basis that those plants produce relatively high quantities of one or more of the compounds desired to be isolated therefrom. In certain embodiments, plants of the Nicotiana species (e.g., Galpao commun tobacco) are specifically grown for their abundance of leaf surface compounds. Tobacco plants can be grown in greenhouses, growth chambers, or outdoors in fields, or grown hydroponically. Various parts or portions of the plant of the Nicotiana species can be included within a composition disclosed herein. For example, virtually all of the plant (e.g., the whole plant) can be harvested, and employed as such. Alternatively, various parts or pieces of the plant can be harvested or separated for further use after harvest. For example, the flower, leaves, stem, stalk, roots, seeds, and various combinations thereof, can be isolated for further use or treatment. In some embodiments, the tobacco material comprises tobacco leaf (lamina). The composition can include processed tobacco parts or pieces, cured and aged tobacco in essentially natural lamina and/or stem form. In certain embodiments, the tobacco material comprises solid tobacco material selected from the group consisting of lamina and stems. The tobacco that is used for the composition most preferably includes tobacco lamina, or a tobacco lamina and stem mixture (of which at least a portion is smoke- treated). Portions of the tobacco may have processed forms, such as processed tobacco stems (e.g., cut-rolled stems, cut-rolled-expanded stems or cut-puffed stems), or volume expanded tobacco (e.g., puffed tobacco, such AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) as dry ice expanded tobacco (DIET)). See, for example, the tobacco expansion processes set forth in US Pat. Nos.4,340,073 to de la Burde et al.; 5,259,403 to Guy et al.; and 5,908,032 to Poindexter, et al.; and 7,556,047 to Poindexter, et al., all of which are incorporated by reference. In addition, the composition may incorporate tobacco that has been fermented. See, also, the types of tobacco processing techniques set forth in PCT WO2005/063060 to Atchley et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. The tobacco material is typically used in a form that can be described as particulate, for example, shredded, ground, granulated, pulp, or powder form. In some embodiments, the tobacco material is employed in the form of parts or pieces that have an average particle size between 1.4 millimeters and 250 microns. In some instances, the tobacco particles may be sized to pass through a screen mesh to obtain the particle size range required. If desired, air classification equipment may be used to ensure that small sized tobacco particles of the desired sizes, or range of sizes, may be collected. If desired, differently sized pieces of granulated tobacco may be mixed together. The manner by which the tobacco material is provided in a finely divided or powder type of form may vary. Preferably, plant parts or pieces are milled, comminuted, ground or pulverized into a particulate form using equipment and techniques for grinding, milling, or the like. The plant, or parts thereof, can be subjected to external forces or pressure (e.g., by being pressed or subjected to roll treatment). When carrying out such processing conditions, the plant or portion thereof can have a moisture content that approximates its natural moisture content (e.g., its moisture content immediately upon harvest), a moisture content achieved by adding moisture to the plant or portion thereof, or a moisture content that results from the drying of the plant or portion thereof. For example, powdered, pulverized, ground, pulped or milled pieces of plants or portions thereof can have moisture contents of less than about 25 weight percent, often less than about 20 weight percent, and frequently less than about 15 weight percent. Most preferably, the plant material is relatively dry in form during grinding or milling, using equipment such as hammer mills, cutter heads, air control mills, or the like. For example, tobacco parts or pieces may be ground or milled when the moisture content thereof is less than about 15 weight percent or less than about 5 weight percent. It is typical for a harvested plant of the Nicotiana species to be subjected to a curing process. The tobacco materials incorporated within the composition as disclosed herein are generally those that have been appropriately cured and/or aged. Descriptions of various types of curing processes for various types of tobaccos are set forth in Tobacco Production, Chemistry and Technology, Davis et al. (Eds.) (1999). Examples of techniques and conditions for curing flue-cured tobacco are set forth in Nestor et al., Beitrage Tabakforsch. Int., 20, 467-475 (2003) and US Pat. No. 6,895,974 to Peele, which are incorporated herein by reference. Representative techniques and conditions for air curing tobacco are set forth in US Pat. No.7,650,892 to Groves et al.; Roton et al., Beitrage Tabakforsch. Int., 21, 305-320 (2005) and Staaf et al., Beitrage Tabakforsch. Int., 21, 321-330 (2005), which are incorporated herein by reference. Certain types of tobaccos can be subjected to alternative types of curing processes, such as fire curing or sun curing. In certain embodiments, tobacco materials that can be employed include flue-cured or Virginia (e.g., K326), burley, sun-cured (e.g., Indian Kurnool and Oriental tobaccos, including Katerini, Prelip, Komotini, AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) Xanthi and Yambol tobaccos), Maryland, dark, dark-fired, dark air cured (e.g., Madole, Passanda, Cubano, Jatin and Bezuki tobaccos), light air cured (e.g., North Wisconsin and Galpao tobaccos), Indian air cured, Red Russian and Rustica tobaccos, as well as various other rare or specialty tobaccos and various blends of any of the foregoing tobaccos. The tobacco material may also have a so-called "blended" form. For example, the tobacco material may include a mixture of parts or pieces of flue-cured, burley (e.g., Malawi burley tobacco) and Oriental tobaccos (e.g., as tobacco composed of, or derived from, tobacco lamina, or a mixture of tobacco lamina and tobacco stem). For example, a representative blend may incorporate about 30 to about 70 parts burley tobacco (e.g., lamina, or lamina and stem), and about 30 to about 70 parts flue cured tobacco (e.g., stem, lamina, or lamina and stem) on a dry weight basis. Other example tobacco blends incorporate about 75 parts flue-cured tobacco, about 15 parts burley tobacco, and about 10 parts Oriental tobacco; or about 65 parts flue-cured tobacco, about 25 parts burley tobacco, and about 10 parts Oriental tobacco; or about 65 parts flue-cured tobacco, about 10 parts burley tobacco, and about 25 parts Oriental tobacco; on a dry weight basis. Other example tobacco blends incorporate about 20 to about 30 parts Oriental tobacco and about 70 to about 80 parts flue-cured tobacco on a dry weight basis. Tobacco materials used in the present disclosure can be subjected to, for example, fermentation, bleaching, and the like. If desired, the tobacco materials can be, for example, irradiated, pasteurized, or otherwise subjected to controlled heat treatment. Such treatment processes are detailed, for example, in US Pat. No. 8,061,362 to Mua et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, tobacco materials can be treated with water and an additive capable of inhibiting reaction of asparagine to form acrylamide upon heating of the tobacco material (e.g., an additive selected from the group consisting of lysine, glycine, histidine, alanine, methionine, cysteine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, phenylalanine, valine, arginine, compositions incorporating di- and trivalent cations, asparaginase, certain non-reducing saccharides, certain reducing agents, phenolic compounds, certain compounds having at least one free thiol group or functionality, oxidizing agents, oxidation catalysts, natural plant extracts (e.g., rosemary extract), and combinations thereof. See, for example, the types of treatment processes described in US Pat. Pub. Nos. 8,434,496, 8,944,072, and 8,991,403 to Chen et al., which are all incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, this type of treatment is useful where the original tobacco material is subjected to heat in the processes previously described. In some embodiments, the type of tobacco material is selected such that it is initially visually lighter in color than other tobacco materials to some degree (e.g., whitened or bleached). Tobacco pulp can be whitened in certain embodiments according to any means known in the art. For example, bleached tobacco material produced by various whitening methods using various bleaching or oxidizing agents and oxidation catalysts can be used. Example oxidizing agents include peroxides (e.g., hydrogen peroxide), chlorite salts, chlorate salts, perchlorate salts, hypochlorite salts, ozone, ammonia, potassium permanganate, and combinations thereof. Example oxidation catalysts are titanium dioxide, manganese dioxide, and combinations thereof. Processes for treating tobacco with bleaching agents are discussed, for example, in US Patent Nos. 787,611 to Daniels, Jr.; AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) 1,086,306 to Oelenheinz; 1,437,095 to Delling; 1,757,477 to Rosenhoch; 2,122,421 to Hawkinson; 2,148,147 to Baier; 2,170,107 to Baier; 2,274,649 to Baier; 2,770,239 to Prats et al.; 3,612,065 to Rosen; 3,851,653 to Rosen; 3,889,689 to Rosen; 3,943,940 to Minami; 3,943,945 to Rosen; 4,143,666 to Rainer; 4,194,514 to Campbell; 4,366,823, 4,366,824, and 4,388,933 to Rainer et al.; 4,641,667 to Schmekel et al.; 5,713,376 to Berger; 9,339,058 to Byrd Jr. et al.; 9,420,825 and 10,772,349 to Beeson et al.; and 9,950,858 to Byrd Jr. et al.; as well as in US Pat. App. Pub. Nos. 2012/0067361 to Bjorkholm et al.; 2016/0073686 to Crooks; 2017/0020183 to Bjorkholm; and 2017/0112183 to Bjorkholm, and in PCT Publ. Appl. Nos. WO1996/031255 to Giolvas; WO2020128971 and WO2021048769 to McClanahan et al; WO2013122948A1 to Beeson et al.; WO2018/083114 to Bjorkholm; and WO2021048768 and WO2021048770A1 to Zawadzki et al., all of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the whitened tobacco material can have an ISO brightness of at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, or at least about 80%. In some embodiments, the whitened tobacco material can have an ISO brightness in the range of about 50% to about 90%, about 55% to about 75%, or about 60% to about 70%. ISO brightness can be measured according to ISO 3688:1999 or ISO 2470-1:2016. In some embodiments, the whitened tobacco material can be characterized as lightened in color (e.g., "whitened") in comparison to an untreated tobacco material. White colors are often defined with reference to the International Commission on Illumination's (CIE's) chromaticity diagram. The whitened tobacco material can, in certain embodiments, be characterized as closer on the chromaticity diagram to pure white than an untreated tobacco material. The tobacco material may be processed to remove at least a portion of the nicotine present. Suitable methods of extracting nicotine from tobacco material are known in the art. In some embodiments, the tobacco material is substantially free of nicotine. By "substantially free" is meant that only trace amounts are present in the tobacco material. For example, in certain embodiments, the tobacco material can be characterized as having less than 0.001% by weight of nicotine, or less than 0.0001%, or even 0% by weight of nicotine, calculated as the free base, and based on the total weight of the tobacco material. The quantity of tobacco material present may vary, and is generally less than about 65% by weight of the composition, based on the total weight of the composition. For example, a tobacco material may be present in a quantity from about 0%, about 0.1%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, or about 35%, to about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, or about 65% by weight of the composition, based on the total dry weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition of the disclosure can be characterized as completely free or substantially free of any tobacco material (e.g., any embodiment as disclosed herein may be completely or substantially free of any tobacco material). By "substantially free" is meant that no tobacco material has been intentionally added, beyond trace amounts that may be naturally present in e.g., botanical or herbal material. For example, certain embodiments can be characterized as having less than 0.5% by weight tobacco material, less AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) than 0.1% by weight tobacco material, less than 0.01% by weight tobacco material, or less than 0.001%, or even 0% by weight tobacco material, based on the total wet weight of the composition. Compositional Binders In certain embodiments, the composition may comprise a binder or combination of binders to provide the desired physical attributes and physical integrity to the composition, such as a thickening or gelling agent. Typical binders can be organic or inorganic, or a combination thereof. Representative binders include povidone, sodium alginate, starch-based binders, pectin, carrageenan, pullulan, zein, and the like, and combinations thereof. A binder may be employed in amounts sufficient to provide the desired physical attributes and physical integrity to the composition. The amount of binder utilized in the composition can vary, but is typically up to about 30 weight percent, and certain embodiments are characterized by a binder content of at least about 0.1% by weight, such as about 1 to about 30% by weight, or about 5 to about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. Other suitable binders include a gum, for example, a natural gum. As used herein, a natural gum refers to polysaccharide materials of natural origin that have binding properties, and which are also useful as a thickening or gelling agents. Representative natural gums derived from plants, which are typically water soluble to some degree, include xanthan gum, guar gum, gum arabic, ghatti gum, gum tragacanth, karaya gum, locust bean gum, gellan gum, and combinations thereof. When present, natural gum binder materials are typically present in an amount of up to about 5% by weight, for example, from about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, or about 1%, to about 2, about 3, about 4, or about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. Humectants In certain embodiments, one or more humectants may be employed in the composition. Examples of humectants include, but are not limited to, polyols such as glycerin, propylene glycol, and the like. Where included, the humectant is typically provided in an amount sufficient to provide desired moisture attributes to the composition. Further, in some instances, the humectant may impart desirable flow characteristics to the composition for depositing in a mold. When present, a humectant will typically make up about 5% or less of the weight of the composition (e.g., from about 0.5 to about 5% by weight). When present, a representative amount of humectant is about 0.1% to about 1% by weight, or about 1% to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. Colorants A colorant may be employed in amounts sufficient to provide the desired physical attributes to the composition. Natural or synthetic colorants, such as natural or synthetic dyes, food-grade colorants and pharmaceutical-grade colorants may be used. Examples of colorants include various dyes and pigments, AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) such as caramel coloring and titanium dioxide. Natural colorants such as curcumin, beet juice extract, spirulina; also a variety of synthetic pigments may also be used. The amount of colorant utilized in the composition can vary, but when present is typically up to about 3% by weight, such as from about 0.1%, about 0.5%, or about 1%, to about 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. Oral care additives In some embodiments, the composition comprises an oral care ingredient (or mixture of such ingredients). Oral care ingredients provide the ability to inhibit tooth decay or loss, inhibit gum disease, relieve mouth pain, whiten teeth, or otherwise inhibit tooth staining, elicit salivary stimulation, inhibit breath malodor, freshen breath, or the like. For example, effective amounts of ingredients such as thyme oil, eucalyptus oil and zinc (e.g., such as the ingredients of formulations commercially available as ZYTEX® from Discus Dental) can be incorporated into the composition. Other examples of ingredients that can be incorporated in desired effective amounts within the present composition can include those that are incorporated within the types of oral care compositions set forth in Takahashi et al., Oral Microbiology and Immunology, 19(1), 61-64 (2004); U.S. Pat. No. 6,083,527 to Thistle; and US Pat. Appl. Pub. Nos. 2006/0210488 to Jakubowski and 2006/02228308 to Cummins et al. Other exemplary ingredients of tobacco containing-formulation include those contained in formulations marketed as MALTISORB® by Roquette and DENTIZYME® by NatraRx. When present, a representative amount of oral care additive is at least about 1%, often at least about 3%, and frequently at least about 5% of the total dry weight of the composition. The amount of oral care additive within the composition will not typically exceed about 30%, often will not exceed about 25%, and frequently will not exceed about 20%, of the total dry weight of the composition. Processing aids If necessary for downstream processing of the composition, such as granulation, mixing, or molding, a flow aid can also be added to the composition in order to enhance flowability of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., melt and chew forms) may be surface treated with anti-stick agents, such as oils, silicones, and the like. Exemplary flow aids include microcrystalline cellulose, silica, polyethylene glycol, stearic acid, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, canauba wax, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the flow aid is sodium stearyl fumarate. When present, a representative amount of flow aid may make up at least about 0.5 percent or at least about 1 percent, of the total dry weight of the composition. Preferably, the amount of flow aid within the composition will not exceed about 5 percent, and frequently will not exceed about 3 percent, of the total dry weight of the composition. Other additives AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) Other additives can be included in the disclosed composition. For example, the composition can be processed, blended, formulated, combined and/or mixed with other materials or ingredients. The additives can be artificial or can be obtained or derived from herbal or biological sources. Examples of further types of additives include thickening or gelling agents (e.g., fish gelatin), emulsifiers, preservatives (e.g., potassium sorbate and the like), disintegration aids, or combinations thereof. See, for example, those representative components, combination of components, relative amounts of those components, and manners and methods for employing those components, set forth in US Pat. No.9,237,769 to Mua et al., US Pat. No. 7,861,728 to Holton, Jr. et al., US Pat. App. Pub. No. 2010/0291245 to Gao et al., and US Pat. App. Pub. No.2007/0062549 to Holton, Jr. et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Typical inclusion ranges for such additional additives can vary depending on the nature and function of the additive and the intended effect on the final composition, with an example range of up to about 10% by weight, based on total weight of the composition (e.g., about 0.1 to about 5% by weight). The aforementioned additives can be employed together (e.g., as additive formulations) or separately (e.g., individual additive components can be added at different stages involved in the preparation of the final mixture). Furthermore, the aforementioned types of additives may be encapsulated as provided in the final product or composition. Example encapsulated additives are described, for example, in WO2010/132444 to Atchley, which has been previously incorporated by reference herein. Particulate In some embodiments, any one or more of the filler, tobacco material, other composition components, and the overall composition described herein can be described as a particulate material. As used herein, the term "particulate" refers to a material in the form of a plurality of individual particles, some of which can be in the form of an agglomerate of multiple particles, wherein the particles have an average length to width ratio less than 2:1, such as less than 1.5:1, such as about 1:1. In various embodiments, the particles of a particulate material can be described as substantially spherical or granular. The particle size of a particulate material may be measured by sieve analysis. As the skilled person will readily appreciate, sieve analysis (otherwise known as a gradation test) is a method used to measure the particle size distribution of a particulate material. Typically, sieve analysis involves a nested column of sieves which comprise screens, preferably in the form of wire mesh cloths. A pre-weighed sample may be introduced into the top or uppermost sieve in the column, which has the largest screen openings or mesh size (i.e., the largest pore diameter of the sieve). Each lower sieve in the column has progressively smaller screen openings or mesh sizes than the sieve above. Typically, at the base of the column of sieves is a receiver portion to collect any particles having a particle size smaller than the screen opening size or mesh size of the bottom or lowermost sieve in the column (which has the smallest screen opening or mesh size). In some embodiments, the column of sieves may be placed on or in a mechanical agitator. The agitator causes the vibration of each of the sieves in the column. The mechanical agitator may be activated for a pre-determined period of time in order to ensure that all particles are collected in the correct sieve. In AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) some embodiments, the column of sieves is agitated for a period of time from 0.5 minutes to 10 minutes, such as from 1 minute to 10 minutes, such as from 1 minute to 5 minutes, such as for approximately 3 minutes. Once the agitation of the sieves in the column is complete, the material collected on each sieve is weighed. The weight of each sample on each sieve may then be divided by the total weight in order to obtain a percentage of the mass retained on each sieve. As the skilled person will readily appreciate, the screen opening sizes or mesh sizes for each sieve in the column used for sieve analysis may be selected based on the granularity or known maximum/minimum particle sizes of the sample to be analysed. In some embodiments, a column of sieves may be used for sieve analysis, wherein the column comprises from 2 to 20 sieves, such as from 5 to 15 sieves. In some embodiments, a column of sieves may be used for sieve analysis, wherein the column comprises 10 sieves. In some embodiments, the largest screen opening or mesh sizes of the sieves used for sieve analysis may be 1000 µm, such as 500 µm, such as 400 µm, such as 300 µm. In some embodiments, any particulate material referenced herein (e.g., filler, tobacco material, and the overall composition) can be characterized as having at least 50% by weight of particles with a particle size as measured by sieve analysis of no greater than about 1000 µm, such as no greater than about 500 µm, such as no greater than about 400 µm, such as no greater than about 350 µm, such as no greater than about 300 µm. In some embodiments, at least 60% by weight of the particles of any particulate material referenced herein have a particle size as measured by sieve analysis of no greater than about 1000 µm, such as no greater than about 500 µm, such as no greater than about 400 µm, such as no greater than about 350 µm, such as no greater than about 300 µm. In some embodiments, at least 70% by weight of the particles of any particulate material referenced herein have a particle size as measured by sieve analysis of no greater than about 1000 µm, such as no greater than about 500 µm, such as no greater than about 400 µm, such as no greater than about 350 µm, such as no greater than about 300 µm. In some embodiments, at least 80% by weight of the particles of any particulate material referenced herein have a particle size as measured by sieve analysis of no greater than about 1000 µm, such as no greater than about 500 µm, such as no greater than about 400 µm, such as no greater than about 350 µm, such as no greater than about 300 µm. In some embodiments, at least 90% by weight of the particles of any particulate material referenced herein have a particle size as measured by sieve analysis of no greater than about 1000 µm, such as no greater than about 500 µm, such as no greater than about 400 µm, such as no greater than about 350 µm, such as no greater than about 300 µm. In some embodiments, at least 95% by weight of the particles of any particulate material referenced herein have a particle size as measured by sieve analysis of no greater than about 1000 µm, such as no greater than about 500 µm, such as no greater than about 400 µm, such as no greater than about 350 µm, such as no greater than about 300 µm. In some embodiments, at least 99% by weight of the particles of any particulate material referenced herein have a particle size as measured by sieve analysis of no greater than about 1000 µm, such as no greater than about 500 µm, such as no greater than about 400 µm, such as no greater than about 350 µm, such as no greater than about 300 µm. In some embodiments, approximately 100% by weight of the particles of any particulate material referenced herein have a particle size as AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) measured by sieve analysis of no greater than about 1000 µm, such as no greater than about 500 µm, such as no greater than about 400 µm, such as no greater than about 350 µm, such as no greater than about 300 µm. In some embodiments, at least 50% by weight, such as at least 60% by weight, such as at least 70% by weight, such as at least 80% by weight, such as at least 90% by weight, such as at least 95% by weight, such as at least 99% by weight of the particles of any particulate material referenced herein have a particle size as measured by sieve analysis of from about 0.01 µm to about 1000 µm, such as from about 0.05 µm to about 750 µm, such as from about 0.1 µm to about 500 µm, such as from about 0.25 µm to about 500 µm. In some embodiments, at least 50% by weight, such as at least 60% by weight, such as at least 70% by weight, such as at least 80% by weight, such as at least 90% by weight, such as at least 95% by weight, such as at least 99% by weight of the particles of any particulate material referenced herein have a particle size as measured by sieve analysis of from about 10 µm to about 400 µm, such as from about 50 µm to about 350 µm, such as from about 100 µm to about 350 µm, such as from about 200 µm to about 300 µm.

The manner by which the various components of the mixture are combined may vary. As such, the overall mixture of various components with e.g., powdered mixture components may be relatively uniform in nature. The components noted above, which may be in liquid or dry solid form, can be admixed in a pretreatment step prior to mixture with any remaining components of the mixture, or simply mixed together with all other liquid or dry ingredients. The various components of the mixture may be contacted, combined, or mixed together using any mixing technique or equipment known in the art. Any mixing method that brings the mixture ingredients into intimate contact can be used, such as a mixing apparatus featuring an impeller or other structure capable of agitation. Examples of mixing equipment include casing drums, conditioning cylinders or drums, liquid spray apparatus, conical-type blenders, ribbon blenders, mixers available as FKM130, FKM600, FKM1200, FKM2000 and FKM3000 from Littleford Day, Inc., Plough Share types of mixer cylinders, Hobart mixers, and the like. See also, for example, the types of methodologies set forth in US Pat. Nos. 4,148,325 to Solomon et al.; 6,510,855 to Korte et al.; and 6,834,654 to Williams, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Manners and methods for formulating mixtures will be apparent to those skilled in the art. See, for example, the types of methodologies set forth in US Pat. No. 4,148,325 to Solomon et al.; US Pat. No. 6,510,855 to Korte et al.; and US Pat. No. 6,834,654 to Williams, US Pat. Nos. 4,725,440 to Ridgway et al., and 6,077,524 to Bolder et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the disclosure are formed by first mixing any dry ingredients including any filler components, optional salts, and any solid forms of nicotine (e.g., a nicotine- polymer complex). Thereafter, liquid components of the composition are added to the dry mixture, such as by addition of an aqueous solution containing dissolved or miscible ingredients such as humectants, flavorants, and sweeteners. Thereafter, it can be advantageous to add an acid to reduce the pH of the AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) composition to the desired range, such as a pH of about 4 to about 5. Finally, the encapsulated pH adjusting agent can be added in a final step before drying and packaging (e.g., pouching) the composition. Configured for oral use Provided herein is a composition configured for oral use. The term "configured for oral use" as used herein means that the composition is provided in a form such that during use, saliva in the mouth of the user causes one or more of the components of the composition (e.g., basic amine, flavoring agents and/or active ingredients) to pass into the mouth of the user. In certain embodiments, the composition is adapted to deliver components to a user through mucous membranes in the user's mouth, the user's digestive system, or both, and, in some instances, said component is a nicotine component or an active ingredient (including, but not limited to, for example, nicotine, a stimulant, vitamin, amino acid, botanical, or a combination thereof) that can be absorbed through the mucous membranes in the mouth or absorbed through the digestive tract when the product is used. Compositions configured for oral use as described herein may take various forms, including gels, pastilles, gums, chews, melts, tablets, lozenges, granules, powders, and pouches. Gels can be soft or hard. Certain compositions of the disclosure are in the form of solids. Certain compositions can exhibit, for example, one or more of the following characteristics: crispy, granular, chewy, syrupy, pasty, fluffy, smooth, and/or creamy. In certain embodiments, the desired textural property can be selected from the group consisting of adhesiveness, cohesiveness, density, dryness, fracturability, graininess, gumminess, hardness, heaviness, moisture absorption, moisture release, mouthcoating, roughness, slipperiness, smoothness, viscosity, wetness, and combinations thereof. The compositions of the present disclosure may be dissolvable. As used herein, the terms "dissolve," "dissolving," and "dissolvable" refer to compositions having aqueous-soluble components that interact with moisture in the oral cavity and enter into solution, thereby causing gradual consumption of the composition. According to one aspect, the dissolvable composition is capable of lasting in the user’s mouth for a given period of time until it completely dissolves. Dissolution rates can vary over a wide range, from about 1 minute or less to about 60 minutes. For example, fast release compositions typically dissolve and/or release the desired component(s) (e.g., active ingredient, flavor, and the like) in about 2 minutes or less, often about 1 minute or less (e.g., about 50 seconds or less, about 40 seconds or less, about 30 seconds or less, or about 20 seconds or less). Dissolution can occur by any means, such as melting, mechanical disruption (e.g., chewing), enzymatic or other chemical degradation, or by disruption of the interaction between the components of the composition. In other embodiments, the products do not dissolve during the product’s residence in the user’s mouth. The compositions as disclosed herein can be formed into a variety of shapes, including pills, tablets, spheres, strips, films, sheets, coins, cubes, beads, ovoids, obloids, cylinders, bean-shaped, sticks, or rods. Cross-sectional shapes of the composition can vary, and example cross-sectional shapes include circles, AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) squares, ovals, rectangles, and the like. Such shapes can be formed in a variety of manners using equipment such as moving belts, nips, extruders, granulation devices, compaction devices, and the like. Certain compositions configured for oral use are in the form of pastilles. As used herein, the term "pastille" refers to a dissolvable oral composition made by solidifying a liquid or gel composition so that the final composition is a somewhat hardened solid gel. The rigidity of the gel is highly variable. A pastille product may alternatively be referred to as a soft lozenge. In certain embodiments, the pastille products of the disclosure are characterized by sufficient cohesiveness to withstand light chewing action in the oral cavity without rapidly disintegrating. The pastille products of the disclosure typically do not exhibit a highly deformable chewing quality as found in conventional chewing gum. In some embodiments, the products disclosed herein may be in the form of a dissolvable lozenge product configured for oral use. Example lozenge-type products of the invention have the form of a lozenge, tablet, microtab, or other tablet-type product. See, for example, the types of nicotine-containing lozenges, lozenge formulations, lozenge formats and configurations, lozenge characteristics and techniques for formulating or manufacturing lozenges set forth in US Pat. Nos. 4,967,773 to Shaw; 5,110,605 to Acharya; 5,733,574 to Dam; 6,280,761 to Santus; 6,676,959 to Andersson et al.; 6,248,760 to Wilhelmsen; and 7,374,779; US Pat. Pub. Nos. 2001/0016593 to Wilhelmsen; 2004/0101543 to Liu et al.; 2006/0120974 to Mcneight; 2008/0020050 to Chau et al.; 2009/0081291 to Gin et al.; and 2010/0004294 to Axelsson et al.; which are incorporated herein by reference. Lozenge products are generally described as "hard" and are distinguished in this manner from soft lozenges (i.e., pastilles). Hard lozenges are mixtures of sugars and/or carbohydrates in an amorphous state. Although they are made from aqueous syrups, the water, which is initially present, evaporates as the syrup is boiled during processing so that the moisture content in the finished product is very low, such as 0.5% to 1.5% by weight. To obtain lozenges that are hard and not tacky, the temperature of the melt generally must reach the hard crack stage, with an example temperature range of 149° to 154°C. In some embodiments, the composition can be chewable, meaning the composition has a mild resilience or "bounce" upon chewing, and possesses a desirable degree of malleability. A composition in chewable form may be entirely dissolving or may be in the form of a non-dissolving gum in which only certain components (e.g., active ingredients, flavor, sweetener) dissolve, leaving behind a non-dissolving matrix. Chewable embodiments generally include a binder, such as a natural gum or pectin. In some embodiments, the composition in chewable form comprises pectin and an organic acid, along with one or more sugar alcohols in an amount by weight of at least 50%, based on the total weight of the composition. Generally, the pectin is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition can be meltable as discussed, for example, in US Patent App. Pub. No. 2012/0037175 to Cantrell et al., incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. As used herein, “melt,” “melting,” and “meltable” refer to the ability of the composition to change from a solid state to a liquid state. That is, melting occurs when a substance (e.g., a composition as disclosed herein) changes AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) from solid to liquid, usually by the application of heat. The application of heat in regard to a composition as disclosed herein is provided by the internal temperature of a user's mouth. Thus, the term “meltable” refers to a composition that is capable of liquefying in the mouth of the user as the composition changes phase from solid to liquid and is intended to distinguish compositions that merely disintegrate in the oral cavity through loss of cohesiveness within the composition that merely dissolve in the oral cavity as aqueous- soluble components of the composition interact with moisture. Generally, meltable compositions comprise a lipid as described herein above. In some embodiments, the composition in meltable form comprises a lipid in an amount of from about 35 to about 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, and a sugar alcohol in an amount of from about 35 to about 55% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol is isomalt, erythritol, sorbitol, arabitol, ribitol, maltitol, dulcitol, iditol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol is isomalt. In certain embodiments, the composition is in the form of a compressed or molded pellet. Example pellet weights range from about 250 mg to about 1500 mg, such as about 250 mg to about 700 mg, or from about 700 mg to about 1500 mg. The pellet can have any of a variety of shapes, including traditional pill or tablet shapes. Generally, the composition in tablet form comprises a glucose-polysaccharide blend and a sugar alcohol. In some embodiments, the glucose-polysaccharide blend is present in an amount of from about 35 to about 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the sugar alcohol is present in an amount of from about 30 to about 45% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol is isomalt, erythritol, sorbitol, arabitol, ribitol, maltitol, dulcitol, iditol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol is isomalt. In one embodiment, the composition of the present disclosure is disposed within a moisture- permeable container (e.g., a water-permeable pouch). The composition enclosed in the pouch may be in any desired form. In certain embodiments, the composition is in particulate or granular form. Such compositions in the water-permeable pouch format are typically used by placing one pouch containing the composition in the mouth of a human subject/user. Generally, the pouch is placed somewhere in the oral cavity of the user, for example under the lips, in the same way as moist snuff products are generally used. The pouch preferably is not chewed or swallowed unless the pouch composition or materials are ingestible (e.g., dissolvable or dispersable) as described herein below. Exposure to saliva then causes some of the components of the composition therein (e.g., flavoring agents and/or nicotine) to pass through e.g., the water-permeable pouch and provide the user with flavor and satisfaction, and the user is not required to spit out any portion of the mixture. After about 10 minutes to about 60 minutes, typically about 15 minutes to about 45 minutes of use/enjoyment, substantial amounts of the mixture have been ingested by the human subject, and the pouch may be removed from the mouth of the human subject for disposal. See, for example, the pouched product 10 of FIG. 1. The pouched product 10 includes a moisture-permeable container in the form of a pouch 20, which contains a material 15 comprising a composition as described herein. AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) In some embodiments, the pouch is formed from a fleece material, e.g., fibrous nonwoven webs. As used herein, the term "fiber" is defined as a basic element of textiles. Fibers are often in the form of a rope- or string-like element. As used herein, the term "fiber" is intended to include fibers, filaments, continuous filaments, staple fibers, and the like. The term "multicomponent fibers" refers to fibers that comprise two or more components that are different by physical or chemical nature, including bicomponent fibers. Specifically, the term "multicomponent fibers" includes staple and continuous fibers prepared from two or more polymers present in discrete structured domains in the fiber, as opposed to blends where the domains tend to be dispersed, random or unstructured. A "fleece material" as used herein may be formed from various types of fibers, as described in more detail herein below, capable of being formed into a traditional fleece fabric or other traditional pouch material. For example, fleece materials may be provided in the form of a woven or nonwoven fabric. Suitable types of fleece materials are described in, for example, U.S. Patent No. 8,931,493 to Sebastian et al.; US Patent App. Pub. No. 2016/0000140 to Sebastian et al.; and US Patent App. Pub. No.2016/0073689 to Sebastian et al.; which are all incorporated herein by reference. The term "nonwoven" is used herein in reference to fibrous materials, webs, mats, batts, or sheets in which fibers are aligned in an undefined or random orientation. The nonwoven fibers are initially presented as unbound fibers or filaments. An important step in the manufacturing of nonwovens involves binding the various fibers or filaments together. The manner in which the fibers or filaments are bound can vary, and include thermal, mechanical and chemical techniques that are selected in part based on the desired characteristics of the final product, as discussed in more detail herein below. In some embodiments, the fleece material can comprise viscose fibers, including but not limited to, viscose fibers derived from tobacco. As is known in the art, viscose is a type of rayon fiber that is made from natural cellulose sources. In a typical rayon manufacturing process, cellulose is chemically converted into a soluble compound, dissolved, and then forced through a spinneret to produce filaments which are chemically solidified, resulting in fibers of regenerated cellulose. Regenerated cellulose fibers can be particularly advantageous as they can provide enhanced biodegradability and favorable sensory characteristics when used in a fleece material. Regenerated cellulose fibers are typically prepared by extracting non-cellulosic compounds from wood, contacting the extracted wood with caustic soda, followed by carbon disulfide and then by sodium hydroxide, giving a viscous solution. The solution is subsequently forced through spinneret heads to create viscous threads of regenerated fibers. Example methods for the preparation of regenerated cellulose are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,274 to Leoni et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,268,666 to Baldini et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,252,766 to Baldini et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,388,256 to Ishida et al.; U.S. Pat. No.4,535,028 to Yokogi et al.; U.S. Pat. No.5,441,689 to Laity; U.S. Pat. No.5,997,790 to Vos et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 8,177,938 to Sumnicht, which are incorporated herein by reference. The manner in which the regenerated cellulose is made is not limiting, and can include, for example, both the rayon and the TENCEL processes. Various suppliers of regenerated cellulose are known, including Lenzing (Austria), Cordenka (Germany), Aditya Birla (India), and Daicel (Japan). AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) In some embodiments, the fleece material can comprise at least about 10 wt. %, at least about 20 wt. %, at least about 25 wt. %, at least about 30 wt. %, at least about 40 wt. %, at least about 50 wt. %, at least about 60 wt. %, at least about 70 wt. %, at least about 80 wt. %, or at least about 90 wt. % viscose fibers, based on the total weight of the fibers within the fleece material. In some embodiments, the fleece material is 100% viscose. Non-limiting examples of suitable types of pouches are set forth in, for example, US Pat. Nos. 5,167,244 to Kjerstad and 8,931,493 to Sebastian et al.; as well as US Patent App. Pub. Nos. 2016/0000140 to Sebastian et al.; 2016/0073689 to Sebastian et al.; 2016/0157515 to Chapman et al.; and 2016/0192703 to Sebastian et al., each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Pouches can be provided as individual pouches, or a plurality of pouches (e.g., 2, 4, 5, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25 or 30 pouches) can be connected or linked together (e.g., in an end-to-end manner) such that a single pouch or individual portion can be readily removed for use from a one-piece strand or matrix of pouches. An example pouch may be manufactured from materials, and in such a manner, such that during use by the user, the pouch undergoes a controlled dispersion or dissolution. Such pouch materials may have the form of a mesh, screen, perforated paper, permeable fabric, or the like. For example, pouch material manufactured from a mesh-like form of rice paper, or perforated rice paper, may dissolve in the mouth of the user. As a result, the pouch and mixture each may undergo complete dispersion within the mouth of the user during normal conditions of use, and hence the pouch and mixture both may be ingested by the user. Other examples of pouch materials may be manufactured using water dispersible film forming materials (e.g., binding agents such as alginates, carboxymethylcellulose, xanthan gum, pullulan, and the like), as well as those materials in combination with materials such as ground cellulosics (e.g., fine particle size wood pulp). Preferred pouch materials, though water dispersible or dissolvable, may be designed and manufactured such that under conditions of normal use, a significant amount of the mixture contents permeate through the pouch material prior to the time that the pouch undergoes loss of its physical integrity. If desired, flavoring ingredients, disintegration aids, and other desired components, may be incorporated within, or applied to, the pouch material. The amount of material contained within each product unit, for example, a pouch, may vary. In some embodiments, the weight of the composition within each pouch is at least about 50 mg, for example, from about 50 mg to about 1 gram, from about 100 to 800 about mg, or from about 200 to about 700 mg. In some smaller embodiments, the weight of the composition within each pouch may be from about 100 to about 300 mg. For a larger embodiment, the weight of the composition within each pouch may be from about 300 mg to about 700 mg. If desired, other components can be contained within each pouch. For example, at least one flavored strip, piece or sheet of flavored water dispersible or water-soluble material (e.g., a breath-freshening edible film type of material) may be disposed within each pouch along with or without at least one capsule. Such strips or sheets may be folded or crumpled in order to be readily incorporated within the pouch. See, for example, the types of materials and technologies set forth in US Pat. AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) Nos. 6,887,307 to Scott et al. and 6,923,981 to Leung et al.; and The EFSA Journal (2004) 85, 1-32; which are incorporated herein by reference. Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which this invention pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing description. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. EXAMPLES Aspects of the present disclosure are more fully illustrated by the following examples, which are set forth to illustrate certain aspects of the disclosure and are not to be construed as limiting thereof. Example 1. Pouched product comprising nicotine and an

acid solution addition) An oral pouched product containing nicotine and an encapsulated pH adjusting agent is prepared. Dry ingredients including microcrystalline cellulose, nicotine polacrilex, and sodium chloride are combined as a powder mixture. Separately, an aqueous solution containing water, propylene glycol, xylitol, sucralose, and a flavorant is prepared. The aqueous solution is added to the powder mixture and the combined material is mixed thoroughly. Thereafter, a 10% solution of citric acid is added until the composition pH is reduced to 4.2-4.3. Thereafter, encapsulated sodium bicarbonate is added and mixed with the remaining components, resulting in a slight increase in pH to about 4.5 to about 4.6. The resulting composition is dried to a target moisture level of 10% by weight. The composition is transferred to a pouch filler, and the oral pouched product fabricated by adding the pouch filler contents into a non-woven fleece and heat sealing the fleece. The nicotine content of each pouch is about 6.0 mg on a free base nicotine basis. The initial pH of the pouched composition is between 4 and 5 and the moisture content is about 17-18% by weight. The final composition components are set forth in Table 2 below. Table 2 Com osition formulation

Sucralose 0.25-0.35 AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) % by weight

To determine the pH of a composition as disclosed herein, samples of pouches containing such compositions, or intermediate compositions, are extracted into a known volume of water and the pH of the resulting solution obtained with a pH meter. Specifically, an accurately weighed pouch sample of approximately 2 grams is placed in a beaker (pouch or pouches are cut in half or quarters) and 20 mL of purified water is added. The mixture is stirred with a glass stirring rod, and the resulting test solution allowed to equilibrate for 30 minutes and up to 3 hours. A calibrated meter probe is introduced into the solution, and the pH measured and recorded. Example 2. Pouched product comprising nicotine and an encapsulated pH adjusting agent (40% citric acid solution addition) An oral pouched product containing nicotine and an encapsulated pH adjusting agent is prepared. Dry ingredients including microcrystalline cellulose, nicotine polacrilex, and sodium chloride are combined as a powder mixture. Separately, an aqueous solution containing water, propylene glycol, xylitol, sucralose, and a flavorant is prepared. The aqueous solution is added to the powder mixture and the combined material is mixed thoroughly. Thereafter, a 40% solution of citric acid is added until the composition pH is reduced to 4.1-4.2. Thereafter, encapsulated sodium bicarbonate is added and mixed with the remaining components, resulting in a slight increase in pH to about 4.4. The resulting composition is dried to a target moisture level of 10% by weight. The composition is transferred to a pouch filler, and the oral pouched product fabricated by adding the pouch filler contents into a non-woven fleece and heat sealing the fleece. The nicotine content of each pouch is about 6.0 mg on a free base nicotine basis. The initial pH of the pouched composition is between 4 and 5 and the moisture content is about 17-18% by weight. The final composition components are set forth in Table 3 below. Table 3 Com osition formulation

Sucralose 0.25-0.35 AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) % by weight

Example 3. Sensory Comparison of Pouched Products of Examples 1 and 2 Compared to Control A pouched product containing nicotine without any encapsulated pH adjusting agent is prepared as a control. Dry ingredients including microcrystalline cellulose, nicotine polacrilex, and sodium chloride are combined as a powder mixture. Separately, an aqueous solution containing water, propylene glycol, xylitol, sucralose, and a flavorant is prepared. The aqueous solution is added to the powder mixture and the combined material is mixed thoroughly. The resulting composition is dried to a target moisture level of about 7% by weight. The control composition is transferred to a pouch filler, and the oral pouched product fabricated by adding the pouch filler contents into a non-woven fleece and heat sealing the fleece. The nicotine content of each pouch is about 6.0 mg on a free base nicotine basis. The initial pH of the pouched composition is between 8.6 and 9. The final composition components are set forth in Table 4 below. Table 4. Composition formulation

avorant . Products of Example 1, Example 2, and the control product were evaluated by a sensory panel for mouth burn, throat burn, and various sensory attributes including flavor release, flavor intensity, moisture, and mouth feel/tactile attributes. Products of both Example 1 and Example 2 were judged to have significantly less mouth burn and throat burn at each time point (initial, after five minutes, and after 15 minutes) as compared to the control product. The product of Example 1 was judged to have significantly less flavor release and moisture, and slightly lower flavor intensity and mouth feel as compared to control. The product of Example 2 was judged to have slightly lower flavor release, moisture, flavor intensity, and mouth feel as compared to control.

Claims

AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) CLAIMS What is claimed is: 1. A composition configured for oral use, the composition comprising: at least one filler; a nicotine component; and an encapsulated pH adjusting agent. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pH adjusting agent is selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal hydroxide, alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, alkali metal acetate, alkali metal glycinate, alkali metal phosphate, alkali metal gluconate, alkali metal glycerophosphate, alkali metal citrate, alkali metal glutamate, alkali metal borate, alkali metal lactate, and mixtures thereof. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pH adjusting agent is an alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, or a mixture thereof. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pH adjusting agent has a pKa greater than 7. 5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the pH adjusting agent has a pKa of about 8 to about 11. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the initial pH of the composition is below about 5. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the initial pH of the composition is between about 4 and about 5. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the water content of the composition is about 20% by weight or less. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the water content of the composition is about 15% by weight or less. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the encapsulated pH adjusting agent comprises an encapsulant selected from the group consisting of gelatin, acacia (gum arabic), polyvinyl acetate, potassium alginate, carob bean gum, potassium citrate, carrageenan, potassium polymetaphosphate, citric acid, potassium tripolyphosphate, dextrin, polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, dimethylpolysiloxane, mannitol, dimethyl silicone, refined paraffin wax, ethylcellulose, bleached shellac, modified food starch, sodium alginate, guar gum, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium citrate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium ferrocyanide, sodium polyphosphates, locust bean gum, methylcellulose, sodium trimetaphosphate, AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) methyl ethyl cellulose, sodium tripolyphosphate, microcrystalline wax, tannic acid, petroleum wax, terpene resin, tragacanth, polyethylene, xanthan gum, and polyethylene glycol. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the encapsulated pH adjusting agent comprises an encapsulant selected from maltodextrin, gum arabic, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the nicotine is present in an amount of from about 0.001 to about 10% by weight of the composition, calculated as the free base and based on the total weight of the composition. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the nicotine component is selected from nicotine free base, a nicotine salt, a nicotine-polymer complex, or combinations thereof. 14. The composition of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the at least one filler comprises a cellulose material. 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the cellulose material comprises microcrystalline cellulose. 16. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an additional active ingredient selected from the group consisting of botanical materials, stimulants, amino acids, vitamins, antioxidants, nutraceuticals, cannabinoids, cannabimimetics, terpenes, pharmaceutical agents, and combinations thereof. 17. The composition of any one of claims 1-13, further comprising one or more flavoring agents, one or more salts, one or more sweeteners, one or more binding agents, one or more humectants, one or more gums, a tobacco material, or combinations thereof. 18. The composition of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the composition is substantially free of tobacco material. 19. The composition of any one of claims 1-13, comprising: the filler in an amount of at least 50% by weight, the nicotine component in an amount of about 0.1 to about 10% by weight, the encapsulated pH adjusting agent in an amount of about 0.1 to about 5% by weight, all based on the total weight of the composition. 20. The composition of claim 19, further comprising one or more of: sodium chloride in an amount of about 0.1 to about 10% by weight, a sugar alcohol in an amount of about 0.1 to about 5% by weight, a sweetener in an amount of about 0.1 to about 5% by weight, and AttyDktNo. N10615316710WO (0746.5) a humectant in an amount of about 0.1 to about 5% by weight, all based on the total weight of the composition. 21. The composition of any one of claims 1-13, enclosed in a pouch to form a pouched product. 22. The composition of any one of claims 1-13, in the form of a gel, pastille, gum, chew, melt, tablet, lozenge, granular material, or powder. 23. A method for preparing a composition configured for oral use, the method comprising: mixing at least one filler with at least one additional powder component to form a dry powder mixture; mixing water with one or more water-miscible or water-soluble components to form an aqueous solution, wherein at least one of the dry powder mixture and the aqueous solution comprise a nicotine component; adding the aqueous solution to the dry powder mixture to form a wet powder mixture comprising the nicotine component; adjusting the pH of the wet powder mixture into an acidic pH range; and adding an encapsulated pH adjusting agent to the wet powder mixture to form a composition configured for oral use. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising drying the composition configured for oral use to a moisture content of about 20% by weight or less, based on the total weight of the composition. 25. The method of claim 23, further comprising enclosing the composition configured for oral use in a pouch to form a pouched product. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the initial pH of the pouched product is about 4 to about 5. 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the at least one additional powder component comprises one or more salts, one or more nicotine components, or both. 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the one or more water-miscible or water-soluble components comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of humectants, sweeteners, flavorants, and combinations thereof.