WO2024067103A1 - Procédé et appareil pour déterminer la qualité d'appel d'un service vidéo - Google Patents

Procédé et appareil pour déterminer la qualité d'appel d'un service vidéo Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024067103A1
WO2024067103A1 PCT/CN2023/118623 CN2023118623W WO2024067103A1 WO 2024067103 A1 WO2024067103 A1 WO 2024067103A1 CN 2023118623 W CN2023118623 W CN 2023118623W WO 2024067103 A1 WO2024067103 A1 WO 2024067103A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
video service
packet loss
uplink
downlink
call quality
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PCT/CN2023/118623
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English (en)
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
李腾飞
王蕾
Original Assignee
中兴通讯股份有限公司
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Publication of WO2024067103A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024067103A1/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N17/00—Diagnosis, testing or measuring for television systems or their details
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W24/00—Supervisory, monitoring or testing arrangements
    • H04W24/08—Testing, supervising or monitoring using real traffic

Definitions

  • the embodiments of the present application relate to the field of communications, and in particular, to a method and device for optimizing call quality of a video service.
  • video services contain both audio and video information
  • problems such as voice articulation, intermittent, single-channel, image freeze, mosaic, black screen, and audio and video asynchrony will affect the call experience of video users.
  • operators require the base station side to evaluate the quality of video services and switch users with poor call quality of video services to other cells that can provide better services.
  • the base station generally indirectly reflects the call experience of the video service by evaluating the channel quality of the service cell, but there is no absolute mapping relationship between the two, and there may be misjudgment problems.
  • both sound and picture information are transmitted in the unacknowledged mode (UM).
  • UM unacknowledged mode
  • the packet loss assessment can be as close to the call experience index of the video service as possible, but the base station cannot accurately assess the packet loss situation. There is currently no effective solution to this problem.
  • the embodiments of the present application provide a method and device for determining call quality of a video service, so as to at least solve the problem in the related art that the packet loss situation cannot be accurately evaluated on the base station side.
  • a method for determining the call quality of a video service comprising: obtaining the uplink Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) packet loss situation of the video service according to the uplink RTP packet status of the video service indicated by the core network, and obtaining the downlink Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PCDP) packet loss situation of the video service according to the downlink PCDP packet loss situation of the video service reported by the terminal indicated by the base station; determining the call quality of the video service based on the uplink RTP packet loss situation and the downlink PCDP packet loss situation.
  • RTP Real-time Transport Protocol
  • PCDP Packet Data Convergence Protocol
  • a device for determining call quality of a video service comprising: an acquisition module, configured to acquire the uplink RTP packet loss situation of the video service according to the uplink real-time transport protocol RTP data packet status of the video service indicated by the core network, and acquire the downlink packet data convergence protocol of the video service reported by the terminal according to the instruction of the base station.
  • the PDCP status report is used to obtain the downlink PCDP packet loss situation of the video service; and a determination module is configured to determine the call quality of the video service based on the uplink RTP packet loss situation and the downlink PCDP packet loss situation.
  • a computer-readable storage medium in which a computer program is stored, wherein the computer program is configured to execute the steps of any of the above method embodiments when running.
  • an electronic device including a memory and a processor, wherein the memory stores a computer program, and the processor is configured to run the computer program to execute the steps in any one of the above method embodiments.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a network architecture of a method for determining call quality for running a video service according to an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a method for determining call quality of a video service according to an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG. 3 is a structural block diagram of a device for determining call quality of a video service according to an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG. 4 is a structural block diagram of a device for determining call quality of a video service according to another embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 5 is a structural block diagram of a device for determining call quality of a video service according to another embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG6 is a flowchart of a method for evaluating a video user's call experience according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG1 is a schematic diagram of a network architecture for a method for optimizing call quality of a video service according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • the network architecture includes: a core network, a base station, and a terminal, wherein the terminal is in a service cell of the base station, and the core network is used to report the uplink RTP status of the video service performed by the terminal to the base station.
  • the call quality of the video service will be optimized to ensure the call experience of the video user.
  • FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a method for determining call quality of a video service according to an embodiment of the present application. As shown in FIG. 2 , the process includes the following steps:
  • Step S202 obtaining the uplink RTP packet loss situation of the video service according to the uplink Real-time Transport Protocol RTP data packet status of the video service indicated by the core network, and obtaining the downlink PCDP packet loss situation of the video service according to the downlink Packet Data Convergence Protocol PDCP status report of the video service reported by the terminal indicated by the base station;
  • Step S204 determining the call quality of the video service based on the uplink RTP packet loss situation and the downlink PCDP packet loss situation.
  • determining the call quality of the video service further includes: determining the call quality of the video service only according to the uplink RTP packet loss situation; or determining the call quality of the video service only according to the downlink PCDP packet loss situation.
  • step S202 of this embodiment it includes: when the core network indicates that the data packet state of the uplink RTP of the video service is in a normal transmission state, obtaining the uplink RTP packet loss of the video service; when the core network indicates that the uplink RTP of the video service is in an abnormal transmission state, stopping obtaining the uplink RTP packet loss of the video service Condition.
  • the abnormal transmission state includes: a transmission stop state and an unknown transmission state.
  • the uplink RTP packet loss situation can be obtained more accurately, thereby solving the problem of misjudgment of uplink RTP packet loss in scenarios such as call initiation and three-party calling.
  • step S202 of this embodiment it also includes: obtaining the uplink RTP packet loss situation according to the sequence number of the received uplink RTP data packet.
  • the content of the downlink PDCP status report includes at least one of the following: the downlink PDCP packet loss rate, the number of packet losses, and the maximum number of consecutive packet losses of the video service.
  • instructing the terminal to report the downlink PDCP status report of the video service includes one of the following: instructing the terminal to report the downlink PDCP status report once within a preset time interval; instructing the terminal to trigger the reporting of the downlink PDCP status report when the downlink PDCP packet loss situation of the video service meets a first preset condition.
  • the method further includes: optimizing the call quality of the video service when the call quality of the video service deteriorates to reach a second preset condition.
  • the second preset condition includes one of the following: the uplink RTP packet loss rate of the video service meets the first threshold value and the number of packet losses meets the second threshold value; the number of continuous uplink RTP packet losses of the video service meets the third threshold value; the duration of the uplink RTP packet not received by the video service meets the fourth threshold value; the downlink PDCP packet loss rate of the video service meets the fifth threshold value and the number of packet losses meets the sixth threshold value; the number of continuous downlink PDCP packet losses of the video service meets the seventh threshold value.
  • optimizing the call quality of the video service includes: switching users whose call quality of the video service has deteriorated from the current serving cell to a target cell whose call quality meets the conditions; or, scheduling and optimizing the call quality of the video service.
  • the target cell before switching a user whose call quality of the video service has deteriorated from the current serving cell to a target cell whose call quality meets the conditions, it also includes: determining whether the target cell meets the call quality conditions by evaluating the uplink and downlink channel conditions of the target cell or the uplink and downlink packet loss of historical users in the target cell.
  • the uplink RTP packet loss of the video service is obtained according to the uplink Real-time Transport Protocol RTP data packet status of the video service indicated by the core network
  • the downlink PCDP packet loss of the video service is obtained according to the downlink Packet Data Convergence Protocol PDCP status report of the video service reported by the terminal indicated by the base station.
  • the packet loss of the video service can be obtained more accurately on the base station side, which is conducive to the evaluation of the call quality of the video service.
  • the video call quality of the user can be guaranteed by triggering switching to other cells with better call quality, scheduling optimization and other strategies. It solves the problem that the packet loss situation cannot be accurately evaluated on the base station side when evaluating the quality of the video service in the related technology, and improves the call quality of the video service.
  • the technical solution of the embodiment of the present application can be embodied in the form of a software product, which is stored in a storage medium (such as a read-only memory/random access memory (ROM/RAM), magnetic A disk or optical disk) includes several instructions for enabling a terminal device (which may be a mobile phone, a computer, a server, or a network device, etc.) to execute the methods described in the various embodiments of the present application.
  • a storage medium such as a read-only memory/random access memory (ROM/RAM), magnetic A disk or optical disk
  • a terminal device which may be a mobile phone, a computer, a server, or a network device, etc.
  • a device for determining call quality of a video service is also provided, and the device is used to implement the above-mentioned embodiments and preferred implementation modes, and the descriptions that have been made are not repeated here.
  • the term "module” can be a combination of software and/or hardware that implements a predetermined function.
  • the devices described in the following embodiments are preferably implemented in software, the implementation of hardware, or a combination of software and hardware, is also possible and conceivable.
  • FIG3 is a structural block diagram of a device for determining call quality of a video service according to an embodiment of the present application. As shown in FIG3 , the device includes: an acquisition module 10 and a determination module 20 .
  • the acquisition module 10 is configured to acquire the uplink RTP packet loss of the video service according to the uplink real-time transport protocol RTP data packet status of the video service indicated by the core network, and acquire the downlink PCDP packet loss of the video service according to the downlink packet data convergence protocol PDCP status report of the video service reported by the terminal indicated by the base station;
  • the determination module 20 is configured to evaluate the call quality of the video service according to at least one of the following: the RTP packet loss situation, the downlink PCDP packet loss situation.
  • FIG. 4 is a structural block diagram of a device for determining call quality of a video service according to an embodiment of the present application. As shown in FIG. 4 , in addition to all the modules shown in FIG. 3 , the acquisition module 10 further includes:
  • the acquisition unit 11 is configured to acquire the uplink RTP packet loss status of the video service when the core network indicates that the data packet status of the uplink RTP of the video service is in a normal transmission state;
  • the stopping unit 12 is configured to stop obtaining the uplink RTP packet loss situation of the video service when the core network indicates that the uplink RTP of the video service is in an abnormal transmission state, wherein the abnormal transmission state includes: a stopped transmission state and an unknown transmission state.
  • FIG. 5 is a structural block diagram of a device for determining call quality of a video service according to an embodiment of the present application. As shown in FIG. 5 , the device includes, in addition to all the modules shown in FIG. 4 , further includes:
  • the optimization module 30 is configured to optimize the call quality of the video service when the call quality of the video service deteriorates to reach a second preset condition.
  • the above modules can be implemented by software or hardware. For the latter, it can be implemented in the following ways, but not limited to: the above modules are all located in the same processor; or the above modules are located in different processors in any combination.
  • the embodiment of the present application provides a method for evaluating the call experience of video users.
  • the core network indicates the status of the uplink RTP data packet of the corresponding video service to solve the problem of misjudgment of uplink RTP packet loss in scenarios such as call initiation and three-party call.
  • the base station instructs the terminal to report the downlink PDCP status report of the corresponding service to solve the problem of misjudgment of downlink PDCP packet loss in scenarios such as uplink sudden interference and insufficient uplink power.
  • the call experience of video users is evaluated based on the actual packet loss of uplink RTP and downlink PDCP. For users with poor call quality, strategies such as switching and scheduling optimization can be triggered to other cells with better call quality to ensure the call experience of video users.
  • FIG. 6 is a flow chart of a method for evaluating a video user's call experience according to an embodiment of the present application. As shown in FIG. 6 , the method The following steps are involved:
  • Step S602 The base station reflects the call quality of the video service according to the uplink RTP packet loss and the downlink PCDP packet loss.
  • RTP packet loss can reflect both packet abandonment and air interface packet loss. However, considering that some terminals may abandon RTP packets first and then assemble PDCP packets, RTP packet loss is more suitable for reflecting the uplink quality status than PDCP packet loss.
  • RTP packet loss can reflect transmission packet loss, base station packet abandonment and air interface packet loss at the same time.
  • transmission packet loss is not a problem of the current service cell. Even if other target neighboring cells are selected to trigger handover, the transmission packet loss problem may still exist.
  • PDCP packet loss can only reflect base station packet abandonment and air interface packet loss. Therefore, PDCP packet loss is more suitable for reflecting the downlink quality status than RTP packet loss.
  • the 5G Quality of Service Identifier 1 (5QI1) service of the 5G system is used as an example to illustrate:
  • the uplink RTP packet loss rate of 5QI1 service meets the threshold and the number of packet losses meets the threshold;
  • the packet loss rate can be calculated according to a certain conversion factor
  • the number of continuous uplink RTP packet losses of 5QI1 service meets the threshold
  • 5QI1 service does not receive the uplink RTP packet for a period that meets the threshold
  • the downlink PDCP packet loss rate of 5QI1 service meets the threshold and the number of packet losses meets the threshold;
  • the 5QI1 service sends activation packets downlink when the other end user is talking, and sends silent packets downlink when the other end user is not talking, the loss of silent packets has little impact on the call experience, and a certain conversion factor can be used in the calculation of packet loss rate;
  • this embodiment takes the 5QI2 service of the 5G system as an example to illustrate:
  • the uplink RTP packet loss rate of the 5QI2 service meets the threshold and the number of packet losses meets the threshold;
  • the number of consecutive uplink RTP packet losses of 5QI2 service meets the threshold
  • the duration of the uplink RTP packet received by the 5QI2 service does not meet the threshold.
  • the downlink PDCP packet loss rate of 5QI2 service meets the threshold and the number of packet losses meets the threshold;
  • the number of consecutive downlink PDCP packet losses for 5QI2 services meets the threshold.
  • Reflecting the call quality of the video service according to the uplink RTP packet loss including: indicating the uplink RTP data packet status of the corresponding service through the core network;
  • the base station side calculates the RTP packet loss situation based on the SN number of the received RTP packet, and for the 5QI1 service, the activation packet and silent packet loss situation is calculated based on the sending rules of the activation packet and silent packet. For example: the SN number of the uplink RTP packet received by the 5QI1 service last time is 502, and the SN number of the RTP packet received this time is 509. The time interval between the two uplink RTP packets is 400ms. With the activation packet sending period of 20ms and the silent packet sending period of 160ms, it is estimated that the 5QI1 service uplink loses 4 RTP activation packets and 2 RTP silent packets.
  • the base station detects that no uplink RTP packet has been received for a long time, it is generally caused by the poor uplink channel conditions of the serving cell.
  • the base station needs to select a target neighboring cell to trigger switching, except for some special scenarios. For example, in the call initiation scenario, the uplink RTP packet cannot be generated because the other end is not connected; in the three-party call scenario, the user call is held and the uplink RTP packet cannot be generated; in the camera-off scenario, the uplink RTP packet does not need to be generated.
  • the core network indicates the status of the corresponding service uplink RTP data packet, where the status attributes include but are not limited to: normal transmission, stop transmission, unknown, etc., which can solve the problem of misjudgment of uplink RTP packet loss in scenarios such as call initiation and three-party call.
  • the core network can indicate in the PDU session resource establishment request (PDU SESSION RESOURCE SETUP REQUEST) and PDU session resource modification request (PDU SESSION RESOURCE MODIFY REQUEST) messages; for service status attribute change scenarios, the core network can indicate in the PDU SESSION RESOURCE MODIFY REQUEST message, and the base station only performs uplink RTP packet loss assessment for services in normal transmission status.
  • the base station on the handover target side may not be able to obtain the latest status of the corresponding service from the core network.
  • the base station on the handover source side needs to indicate the latest status of the corresponding service to the base station on the target side in the handover request message.
  • reflecting the call quality of the video service according to the downlink PCDP packet loss situation includes: instructing the terminal to report a downlink PDCP status report of the corresponding service through the base station;
  • the base station side estimates the PDCP packet loss situation based on the feedback results of the received downlink PDCP packets. For example, if 20 downlink PDCP packets sent by the 5QI1 service within a period of time have 18 successful feedback results and 2 failed feedback results, it is considered that the downlink PDCP packet loss rate of the 5QI1 service within this period of time is 10%.
  • the feedback results of some downlink PDCP packets may not be parsed normally, resulting in misjudgment of packet loss.
  • the terminal By instructing the terminal to report the status of the downlink PDCP data packet of the corresponding service on the base station side, the misjudgment of downlink PDCP packet loss in scenarios such as uplink burst interference and insufficient uplink power can be solved; among them, the status report includes two modes: periodic type and event type.
  • the periodic type can consider reporting a status report every 2s, and the report content includes but is not limited to the corresponding service downlink PDCP packet loss rate, number of packet losses, maximum number of continuous packet losses, etc.; the event type can consider requiring the corresponding service downlink DPCP packet loss rate, number of packet losses, maximum number of continuous packet losses, etc. to trigger the status report when one or more conditions are met.
  • the periodic and event-type status reports can be used separately to save signaling overhead, or they can be used at the same time to improve detection efficiency. The specific selection can be made according to the actual network situation.
  • Step S604 Switch users with poor video service call quality to other cells with good video service quality, or perform scheduling optimization strategies to ensure the call experience of video users.
  • the base station only performs uplink RTP packet loss evaluation on the services in the normal transmission state, and performs downlink PDCP packet loss evaluation according to the PDCP status report reported by the terminal, so as to obtain the actual packet loss situation to evaluate the call experience of the video user.
  • the call experience of the video user can be guaranteed by triggering switching to other better cells, scheduling optimization and other strategies.
  • the switching target cell since it is impossible to predict the uplink/downlink packet loss situation of the user after the switching, it can be determined by judging the uplink/downlink channel of the target cell.
  • the system can infer the uplink/downlink packet loss of historical users based on the conditions, thereby reducing the probability that the call experience of video users will not improve or even deteriorate after switching.
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • NR New Radio
  • the core network indicates the status of the uplink RTP data packet of the corresponding service, so as to solve the problem of misjudgment of uplink RTP packet loss in scenarios such as voice call initiation and three-party call;
  • the base station instructs the terminal to report the downlink PDCP status report of the corresponding service, so as to solve the problem of misjudgment of downlink PDCP packet loss in scenarios such as uplink sudden interference and insufficient uplink power;
  • the call experience of video users is evaluated based on the actual packet loss of uplink RTP and downlink PDCP. For users with poor call quality of video services, strategies such as switching to other better cells and scheduling optimization can be triggered to ensure the call experience of video users.
  • the core network indicates through the PDU SESSION RESOURCE MODIFY REQUEST message that the uplink RTP of the corresponding service is in a stopped transmission state.
  • the base station side does not perform uplink RTP packet loss assessment on the relevant service to prevent the condition of not receiving the uplink RTP packet of the corresponding service for a long time from triggering switching.
  • the core network After the user at the other end answers the call, the core network indicates that the uplink RTP of the corresponding service is in normal transmission status through the PDU SESSION RESOURCE MODIFY REQUEST message, and the base station side starts to evaluate the uplink RTP packet loss of the relevant service. If the uplink RTP packet loss rate of the corresponding service within the evaluation period of 2s is greater than 6% and the number of packet losses is greater than 10, the video call experience is poor, and the target cell is selected to trigger the handover, otherwise the packet loss evaluation continues.
  • the core network indicates through the PDU SESSION RESOURCE MODIFY REQUEST message that the uplink RTP of the corresponding service is in a stopped transmission state.
  • the base station does not perform uplink RTP packet loss assessment for related services to prevent the condition of not receiving the uplink RTP packet of the corresponding service for a long time from triggering switching.
  • the core network indicates through the PDU SESSION RESOURCE MODIFY REQUEST message that the uplink RTP of the corresponding service is in normal transmission status, and the base station side starts to evaluate the uplink RTP packet loss of the relevant service; if the number of consecutive uplink RTP packet losses of the corresponding service is greater than 5, the condition of poor video call experience is met, and the target cell is selected to trigger switching, otherwise the packet loss evaluation continues.
  • the base station When the base station sends a downlink PDCP data packet to the user on the relevant service, the base station requires the UE to select the target cell to trigger the handover or improve the user's call experience through scheduling optimization if the downlink PDCP packet loss rate is greater than 6% and the number of packet losses is greater than 10 within the 2s evaluation period of the corresponding service through RRC reconfiguration message, and the poor video call experience condition is met. Otherwise, the packet loss evaluation continues.
  • the video user call experience is evaluated according to the actual packet loss of uplink RTP and downlink PDCP.
  • strategies such as switching to other better cells and scheduling optimization can be triggered to ensure the call experience of video users.
  • An embodiment of the present application further provides a computer-readable storage medium, in which a computer program is stored, wherein the computer program is configured to execute the steps of any of the above method embodiments when run.
  • the above-mentioned computer-readable storage medium may include, but is not limited to: a USB flash drive, a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a mobile hard disk, a magnetic disk or an optical disk, and other media that can store computer programs.
  • An embodiment of the present application further provides an electronic device, including a memory and a processor, wherein a computer program is stored in the memory, and the processor is configured to run the computer program to execute the steps in any one of the above method embodiments.
  • the electronic device may further include a transmission device and an input/output device, wherein the transmission device is connected to the processor, and the input/output device is connected to the processor.
  • modules or steps of the above-mentioned embodiments of the present application can be implemented by a general computing device, they can be concentrated on a single computing device, or distributed on a network composed of multiple computing devices, they can be implemented by a program code executable by a computing device, so that they can be stored in a storage device and executed by the computing device, and in some cases, the steps shown or described can be executed in a different order from that here, or they can be made into individual integrated circuit modules, or multiple modules or steps therein can be made into a single integrated circuit module for implementation. In this way, the present application is not limited to any specific combination of hardware and software.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
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Abstract

Les modes de réalisation de la présente demande concernent un procédé et un appareil pour déterminer la qualité d'appel d'un service vidéo. Le procédé consiste à : acquérir une condition de perte de paquet de protocole de transport en temps réel (RTP) de liaison montante d'un service vidéo selon un état de paquet de données RTP de liaison montante du service vidéo, lequel état est indiqué par un réseau central, et acquérir une condition de perte de paquet de protocole de convergence de données de paquet (PDCP) de liaison descendante du service vidéo selon un rapport d'état PDCP de liaison descendante du service vidéo d'après lequel une station de base ordonne le rapport à un terminal ; et déterminer la qualité d'appel du service vidéo sur la base de la condition de perte de paquet RTP de liaison montante et de la condition de perte de paquet PDCP de liaison descendante.
PCT/CN2023/118623 2022-09-29 2023-09-13 Procédé et appareil pour déterminer la qualité d'appel d'un service vidéo WO2024067103A1 (fr)

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Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105376750A (zh) * 2014-08-29 2016-03-02 成都鼎桥通信技术有限公司 语音质量评估方法及设备
WO2016049925A1 (fr) * 2014-09-30 2016-04-07 华为技术有限公司 Appareil, système, et procédé d'acquisition de paramètre de qualité de service d'un service voip
CN107277499A (zh) * 2016-04-08 2017-10-20 上海大唐移动通信设备有限公司 一种视频质量评估方法及装置
CN108401263A (zh) * 2017-02-07 2018-08-14 大唐移动通信设备有限公司 一种语音质量的评估方法及装置
WO2022052102A1 (fr) * 2020-09-14 2022-03-17 华为技术有限公司 Procédé et appareil de communication

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105376750A (zh) * 2014-08-29 2016-03-02 成都鼎桥通信技术有限公司 语音质量评估方法及设备
WO2016049925A1 (fr) * 2014-09-30 2016-04-07 华为技术有限公司 Appareil, système, et procédé d'acquisition de paramètre de qualité de service d'un service voip
CN107277499A (zh) * 2016-04-08 2017-10-20 上海大唐移动通信设备有限公司 一种视频质量评估方法及装置
CN108401263A (zh) * 2017-02-07 2018-08-14 大唐移动通信设备有限公司 一种语音质量的评估方法及装置
WO2022052102A1 (fr) * 2020-09-14 2022-03-17 华为技术有限公司 Procédé et appareil de communication

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