WO2024000611A1 - 用于黑水虻成虫繁育的led光源及黑水虻成虫繁育方法 - Google Patents

用于黑水虻成虫繁育的led光源及黑水虻成虫繁育方法 Download PDF

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WO2024000611A1
WO2024000611A1 PCT/CN2022/104132 CN2022104132W WO2024000611A1 WO 2024000611 A1 WO2024000611 A1 WO 2024000611A1 CN 2022104132 W CN2022104132 W CN 2022104132W WO 2024000611 A1 WO2024000611 A1 WO 2024000611A1
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light
light source
led
breeding
black soldier
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PCT/CN2022/104132
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English (en)
French (fr)
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韩挺
叶小梅
王聪
杜静
韩晓坦
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江苏省农业科学院
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Publication of WO2024000611A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024000611A1/zh

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21K—NON-ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES USING LUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING CHARGES OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL; LIGHT SOURCES USING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AS LIGHT-GENERATING ELEMENTS; LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21K9/00—Light sources using semiconductor devices as light-generating elements, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] or lasers
    • F21K9/20—Light sources comprising attachment means
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
    • A01K67/033—Rearing or breeding invertebrates; New breeds of invertebrates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
    • F21Y2115/00—Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
    • F21Y2115/10—Light-emitting diodes [LED]

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of insect breeding, and relates to the breeding of dipteran insects, black soldier flies, and specifically relates to LED light sources used to promote mating and egg-laying of adult insects during factory farming of black soldier flies.
  • the scientific name of the black soldier fly is Hermetia illucens L., which belongs to the genus Hermetia illucens in the family Diptera. It is widely distributed between 45° north latitude and 40° south latitude. It is a saprovorous environmental resource. insect.
  • the black soldier fly can complete a metamorphosis generation in 30-40 days, going through five stages: egg, larvae, prepupa, pupa, and adult. Among them, only in the larval stage, it eats a lot to store nutrients and can transform food waste and food processing waste. , livestock and poultry manure and other organic solid waste.
  • the protein content of black soldier fly larvae is as high as 40%, and it is also rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as lauric acid. It is a highly potential source of feed and bait protein. It has been listed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as the most important protein feed substitute in the future. One of the insects.
  • Stable egg supply technology is the main difficulty in large-scale breeding of black soldier flies, and the light environment for adult breeding is the key factor for stable egg supply. After adults emerge, they will mate in 1-2 days under light, and the female will lay eggs in another 1-2 days after mating. If the adults do not receive appropriate light during the 5-day window after emergence, they will lose their reproductive ability.
  • the light environment factors that affect the mating and egg-laying of adult black soldier flies are mainly light quality (spectrum) and light intensity. Based on the species' adaptive genetics to the environment under the long-term natural evolution of the species, adult black soldier flies have the best breeding effect when exposed to sunlight.
  • factory farming can provide a stable and controllable breeding environment with a high degree of automation. It is the current mainstream development direction of the black soldier fly breeding industry. In factory farming, artificial light sources are used to completely replace natural light sources, which can overcome natural rhythm obstacles and achieve stable egg supply year-round.
  • iodine tungsten lamps and metal halide lamps have high energy consumption, high heat generation, and are not safe for phototactic insects, while fluorescent lamps have short lifespan, poor stability, and the stroboscopic effect is not conducive to insect breeding.
  • LED has low energy consumption, low heat generation, strong controllability, and customizable wavelength. It is an ideal lamp that can completely replace sunlight in the factory breeding of black soldier flies.
  • Patent CN107810927A only describes the combination of 530-560nm green light and 580-620nm yellow light in a 1:1 ratio to illuminate the black soldier fly.
  • the egg production and fertilization rate are better than the two alone, and does not involve other wavelength bands.
  • the patent CN108012996A mentions that except for 355-380nm ultraviolet, 420-470nm blue light, and 500-535nm green light, the rest of the light bands are ineffective light for black soldier flies, and the same does not apply to light.
  • the quality ratio is specially optimized; although the patent CN110199959A mentions using seven types of LED lamp beads including ultraviolet, blue light, green light, red light, yellow light, violet light, orange light, and cyan light to simulate the solar spectrum and gives the lamp bead ratio, it does not Various light sources have their own wavelength ranges, and light with a solar spectrum greater than 650nm is actually physiologically ineffective light for black soldier flies; patent CN108386731A introduces 390-435nm purple light, 492-577nm green light, 435-450nm blue light and 2700-3200k Warm white light combined with LED light has a better stimulating effect on mating and egg-laying of black soldier flies than sunlight and iodine-tungsten lamps, but the effect of ultraviolet light below 400nm is not mentioned, nor is the specific spectral range of the warm white light given.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide an LED light source for industrial breeding of black soldier fly adults and a factory breeding method of black soldier fly adults with stable egg laying and high egg laying rate.
  • the technical solution adopted by the present invention is:
  • the LED light source used for factory-based breeding of black soldier fly adults is characterized by: the LED light source includes four bands of light, and the wavelength and proportion of each band of light are:
  • the light quality ratio of each light in the LED light source of the present invention is calculated according to the percentage of the light intensity of this band to the total light intensity.
  • the total light intensity of the mixed light is 120 ⁇ mol/m 2 /s
  • the 440-460nm blue light intensity is 58 ⁇ mol/m. 2 /s
  • the blue light accounts for 48.33%.
  • the blue light accounts for 44-46%; the green light accounts for 34-36%.
  • the ratio of ultraviolet light, blue light, green light and red light is 1:5:4:1 or 1:10:8:3.
  • the total light intensity of the LED light source is 80-200 ⁇ mol/m 2 /s.
  • the total light intensity of the light source in the range of 80-200 ⁇ mol/m 2 /s has a better stimulating effect on the breeding of adult black soldier flies.
  • the light intensity below or exceeding this range will cause a significant decrease in the number of eggs laid by the black soldier flies.
  • the total light intensity can be appropriately increased to ensure that the average actual light intensity of the main habitat and flight space of the adult black soldier fly is within the above range.
  • the light of each band of the light source described in the present invention can be combined by using several independent LED lamp tubes evenly distributed in parallel or integrated into one lamp in the form of different chip lamp beads.
  • UV LED lamps can also be set up independently of the other three bands of light, but the spectrum and intensity of the UV lamp must meet the wavelength and ratio descriptions above.
  • the light source power supply is a single or multiple DC power supply, and the power supply power can match the sum of all lamp tubes (lamp beads).
  • the LED light source of the present invention consists of four kinds of light, namely ultraviolet, blue light, green light and red light, and the ratio of the four kinds of light is specific.
  • the composition and proportion of light are proposed by the inventor based on long-term research. Experimental studies have found that LEDs with different wavelengths and light quality ratios have greatly different stimulating effects on the breeding of adult black soldier flies.
  • the photosensitive pigments contained in the black soldier fly's pair of compound eyes and three monocular retinas have the ability to perceive light in the range of 300-650nm. Among them, the light induction peaks appear in the ultraviolet band, blue light band and green light band respectively.
  • the inventor selected LEDs of different wavelengths in the 300-650nm band and conducted a large number of experiments such as monochromatic light and combined light, and found that the light quality components and proportions of Changes will have a significant impact on the number of eggs laid by adult black soldier flies.
  • the four wavelength bands of 360-370nm ultraviolet, 440-460nm blue light, 510-520nm green light and 630-650nm red light exist at a specific ratio at the same time, they will have a significant impact on black soldier flies.
  • the mating and spawning stimulation effect of horseflies is the best, and if you want to achieve or exceed the effect of spawning under sunlight in factory farming and completely replace natural light, the above four bands of light are indispensable.
  • 360-370nm ultraviolet light accounts for 4-10%
  • 440-460nm blue light accounts for 41-50%
  • 510-520nm green light accounts for 32-39%
  • 630-650nm red light accounts for 8%-15 %, which greatly improves the mating and egg-laying effect of black soldier flies.
  • the brightness of the mixed blue light, green light and red light in the LED light source of the present invention can meet the perception needs of the human eye. Therefore, there is no need to install other manually operated lighting sources in the breeding room equipped with the light source of the present invention.
  • the proportion of 360-370nm ultraviolet rays in the LED light source of the present invention is only 4-10%, so the health hazards to operators are negligible, and operators can take appropriate sun protection measures to work in the breeding room.
  • the LED light source of the present invention can completely replace sunlight and be used for indoor factory breeding of black soldier flies. It can also be used as a supplementary light source in breeding settings with light transmission conditions for supplementation on rainy days or when sunlight is insufficient in winter.
  • the light source photoperiod ranges from 12L (bright)/12D (dark) to 16L/8D, which can significantly stimulate mating and spawning. For example, if it is turned on at 7 a.m. and turned off at 21 p.m., the photoperiod is 14L/10D.
  • a time controller can be configured at the DC power supply to realize self-control of the photoperiod.
  • the light source can be turned on after each batch of black soldier fly pupae emerge into adults in large numbers. After 1-2 days of exposure, strong mating behavior can be observed, and the daily mating occurrence time under the LED light source is compared with the natural rhythm. It is more relaxed. For example, the mating behavior of black soldier flies mostly occurs between 10 am and 15 pm under sunlight, while the mating behavior can be observed at 8 am or 17 pm under the LED light source of the present invention. If the production method of continuously casting pupae in batches with different growth cycles is adopted, the pupae need to be shielded from light to avoid interference from the light source on the pupa emergence process.
  • the energy consumption and calorific value of the light source of the present invention are much lower than artificial light sources such as iodine tungsten lamps and metal halide lamps. It can not only save breeding costs during the factory breeding process of black soldier flies, but also greatly reduce Risk of fire or adult insect burns from contact with light fixtures. Under the illumination of this light source, the black soldier fly's egg production, fertilization rate and other breeding indicators are significantly better than iodine tungsten lamps, metal halide lamps, monochromatic LEDs and sunlight, and can shorten the adult breeding cycle and greatly improve egg production. efficiency.
  • FIG 1 Black soldier fly adults lay eggs under different single-wavelength LED light sources
  • Figure 2 Adult black soldier flies lay eggs under LED light sources with different wavelength ratios.
  • Example 1 Effects of different single-wavelength LED light sources on the breeding of adult black soldier flies.
  • the test uses insect breeding cages of 320mm ⁇ 320mm ⁇ 320mm.
  • 50 male and 50 female adults of the black soldier fly that have pupated in the same batch and have just emerged within 24 hours in a dark environment are placed, and the corresponding wavelength LED is turned on immediately.
  • Light source the irradiation time is from 7:00 am to 9:00 pm every day, the photoperiod is 14L/10D, and the light intensity is set to 100 ⁇ mol/m 2 /s.
  • the light source illuminates the breeding cage at 90°, and the height of the light source from the top of the cage is 15cm.
  • the experiment examined the effects of 8 wavelength LED light sources in total, including 290nm, 330nm, and 365nm ultraviolet light, 450nm blue light, 515nm green light, and 650nm, 680nm, and 710nm red light, on the breeding of adult black soldier flies. Each group was designed with 3 Repeatedly, a total of 24 breeding cages.
  • the LED light source uses a single wavelength LED tube.
  • the temperature of the breeding environment is 28 ⁇ 1°C, and the relative humidity of the breeding environment is 70 ⁇ 5%. Further preferably, in addition to maintaining the relative humidity of the breeding environment, additionally spray water into the breeding cage 3-5 times a day to ensure sufficient water intake for the black soldier fly adults.
  • the three wavelengths of light are beyond the perception range of the black soldier fly's visual system and therefore cannot have a reproductive stimulation effect on the black soldier fly, so the cumulative egg laying amount is 0 mg.
  • This example proves that within the wavelength range of 300-650nm that can be sensed by the visual system of the adult black soldier fly, a single wavelength of ultraviolet light, blue light, green light, and red LED can individually stimulate the adult black soldier fly to mate and lay eggs, but different wavelengths
  • the stimulation effects of LED light sources vary.
  • the wavelengths of light of 290nm, 680nm, and 710nm are beyond the perception range of the black soldier fly's visual system, and therefore cannot promote mating and egg laying.
  • Example 2 Effects of different wavelength ratios of LED light sources on the breeding of adult black soldier flies.
  • the test uses insect breeding cages of 320mm ⁇ 320mm ⁇ 320mm.
  • 50 male and 50 female adults of the black soldier fly that have pupated in the same batch and have just emerged within 24 hours in a dark environment are placed, and the corresponding wavelength LED is turned on immediately.
  • Light source, irradiation time is from 7:00 am to 9:00 pm every day, and the photoperiod is 14L/10D.
  • the experiment investigated the effects of different ratios of LED light sources in four bands: 365nm ultraviolet light, 450nm blue light, 515nm green light and 650nm red light on the breeding of adult black soldier flies.
  • UV ultraviolet
  • blue (B): green (G) 1:1:3, 1:3:1, 3:1:1
  • 365nm ultraviolet light, 450nm blue light, 515nm green light , 650nm red light four kinds of light mixing, a total of 9 different ratios were investigated, namely ultraviolet (UV): blue (B): green
  • the light intensity of each band is adjusted separately through the sliding rheostat so that the total light intensity is unified to 100 ⁇ mol/m 2 /s.
  • the light source illuminates the breeding cage at 90°, and the height of the light source from the top of the cage is 15cm.
  • the LED light source uses single-wavelength LED tubes that are evenly distributed and combined in parallel according to the above ratio. There were 3 replicates for each ratio, and the above 13 wavelength ratios totaled 39 breeding cages.
  • the temperature of the breeding environment is 28 ⁇ 1°C, and the relative humidity of the breeding environment is 70 ⁇ 5%. Further preferably, in addition to maintaining the relative humidity of the breeding environment, additionally spray water into the breeding cage 3-5 times a day to ensure sufficient water intake for the black soldier fly adults.
  • Example 3 Promotional effects of different light sources on the breeding of adult black soldier flies.
  • the breeding room #1 has a glass transparent roof and the light source is sunlight.
  • the light source in the 2# breeding room is 4 500w iodine tungsten lamps
  • the 3# breeding room light source is 6 400w metal halide lamps (sodium lamps)
  • the 4# breeding room light source is a hybrid LED of the present invention, including 365nm ultraviolet light, 450nm blue light, 515nm green
  • Four kinds of lamp beads, namely light and 650nm red light are evenly mixed in a rectangular lamp panel in a ratio of 1:5:4:1, with a total of 6 lamp panels.
  • the lamps are evenly arranged so that the average light intensity in the 2-4# artificial light breeding room is 150 ⁇ mol/m 2 /s (measured with a photon flux density probe 50cm away from the light source).
  • the 1# sunlight breeding room is at 6:00 during the test period.
  • the average light intensity from am to 6:00 pm is 90-250 ⁇ mol/m 2 /s (measured with a light quantum flux density probe at a distance of 45cm from the top of the glass, and the average value is taken from multiple points).
  • the pre-spawning period (the time from turning on the light source to the first discovery of spawning) in the hybrid LED group is only 2 days, and the full breeding cycle is 9 days, which are shorter than the sunlight, iodine tungsten lamp and metal halide lamp groups.
  • the cumulative number of eggs laid is 169.18 g, which is 24.65%, 88.23% and 133.90% higher than the sunlight group, iodine tungsten lamp group and metal halide lamp group respectively.
  • the fertilized eggs in the mixed LED group reached 96%, which is also the highest value among the different light sources examined.
  • the hybrid LED group had the lowest energy consumption, only 137.38 kw ⁇ h, respectively 57.24% and 47.70% of the iodine tungsten lamp group and metal halide lamp group.
  • This example shows that the LED light source of the present invention is more effective in promoting the breeding of adult black soldier flies than sunlight and commercially available iodine tungsten lamps and metal halide lamps commonly used for the breeding of black soldier flies, and the energy consumption is much lower than that of iodine tungsten lamps and Metal halide lamp.
  • the number of eggs laid per unit pupa is 42.30 g/kg
  • the average egg laying amount per unit pupa day (based on the 7-day egg period) is 6.04 g/kg/d.
  • the highest average daily egg laying amount per unit pupa is 5.24 g/kg/d; in the embodiment of the LED light mixing device used for the breeding of black soldier flies described in the invention CN110199959A
  • the highest number of eggs laid per pupa per day is 3.89 g/kg; in the invention CN113785798A, the highest unit pupa egg laying amount in the embodiment of the LED lighting system for promoting the egg-laying of black soldier flies is 21.01 g/kg.
  • the LED light source of the present invention has better effects on promoting the breeding of black soldier flies than the above. current technology.
  • the LED light source of the present invention also has the effect of shortening the breeding period of black soldier fly adults and improving the production efficiency of stable egg supply. It can completely replace sunlight during the breeding process of black soldier flies, breaking through season, weather and other restrictions, making it possible to provide stable eggs year-round.
  • LED's low energy consumption, high customization, and easy self-control are more suitable for large-scale factory-based breeding of black soldier flies, and can significantly increase economic benefits for breeding enterprises.

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Abstract

一种用于黑水虻成虫繁育的LED光源及黑水虻成虫繁育方法，其中用于黑水虻成虫工厂化繁育的LED光源，包括四波段光，各波段光的波长及比例分别为：360-370nm紫外光，占比4-10％；440-460nm蓝光，占比41-50％；510-520nm绿光，占比32-39％；及，630-650nm红光，占比8％-15％。LED光源，可缩短成虫繁育周期，大为提升产卵生产效率。

Description

用于黑水虻成虫繁育的LED光源及黑水虻成虫繁育方法 技术领域
本发明属于昆虫养殖领域，涉及双翅目昆虫黑水虻的养殖，具体涉及黑水虻工厂化养殖时用于促进成虫交配产卵的LED光源。
 背景技术
黑水虻学名亮斑扁角水虻（ Hermetia illucens L.），属双翅目水虻科扁角水虻属，广泛分布于北纬45°至南纬40°间，是一种腐食性环境资源昆虫。黑水虻30-40天可完成一个变态发育世代，历经卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹、成虫5个阶段，其中，仅在幼虫期大量进食储存营养，可转化餐厨垃圾、食品加工废弃物、畜禽粪便等有机固废。黑水虻幼虫虫体蛋白含量高达40%以上，也富含月桂酸等不饱和脂肪酸，是一种极具潜力的饲料、饵料蛋白来源，已被联合国粮农组织列为未来最主要的蛋白饲料替代昆虫之一。
稳定供卵技术是黑水虻规模化养殖的最主要难点，而成虫繁育的光环境是稳定供卵的关键因素。成虫羽化后，在光照下1-2天即发生交配，雌虫交配后再经历1-2天便可产卵。若羽化后5天窗口期内成虫未接受适宜光照，将丧失繁育能力。影响黑水虻成虫交配产卵的光环境因素主要是光质（光谱）和光强，基于物种长期自然演化下对环境的适应遗传，黑水虻成虫在接收太阳光照射下繁育效果最好。目前常见的塑料大棚地养虽以室外太阳光为光源，但养殖模式粗放，光环境严重受限于季节、天气、地理位置等因素，产卵量极不稳定，商业化产值低。工厂化养殖可提供稳定、可控养殖环境，自动化程度高，是目前黑水虻养殖产业主流发展方向。在工厂化养殖中，以人工光源完全替代自然光源，可克服自然节律障碍，实现周年稳定供卵。
有研究尝试利用与太阳光全光谱或部分光谱接近的人工光源刺激黑水虻成虫交配产卵，并未取得理想效果，例如：Zhang等人（2010）采用500W碘钨灯照射黑水虻，仅取得太阳光下60%的繁育效果；Heusslur等（2018）采用单色LED、荧光灯和碘钨灯照射黑水虻，发现三者对黑水虻产卵量促进效果无明显差异，皆无法完全替代太阳光；Liu等人（2020）采用碘钨灯、金属卤素灯、白色-紫外LED与混色LED，发现前三者对黑水虻繁育刺激效果差于混色LED，但并未给出混色LED确切光质配比，亦未提及该种光源与太阳光比对效果。
上述人工光源中，碘钨灯、金属卤素灯能耗高、发热大，且对于具有趋光性昆虫来说安全性差，而荧光灯寿命短、稳定性差，且频闪效应不利于昆虫养殖。LED能耗低、发热小、可控性强、波长可定制，是黑水虻工厂化繁育中完全替代太阳光的理想灯具。
专利CN107810927A仅描述了530-560nm绿光与580-620nm黄光以1:1比例组合照射黑水虻，产卵量、受精率等优于两者单独照射黑水虻，并未涉及其他波段光，也未对光质比例作特别优化说明；专利CN108012996A提及除355-380nm紫外、420-470nm蓝光、500-535nm绿光外，其余波段光对黑水虻皆为无效光，同样未对光质比例作特别优化说明；专利CN110199959A虽提及采用紫外、蓝光、绿光、红光、黄光、紫光、橙光、青光七种LED灯珠模拟太阳光谱并给出灯珠比例，但未提及各种光源各自波段范围，而太阳光谱大于650nm的光对黑水虻实际上是生理无效光；专利CN108386731A介绍了390-435nm紫光、492-577nm绿光、435-450nm蓝光与2700-3200k暖白光组合LED光对黑水虻交配产卵刺激作用优于太阳光及碘钨灯，但未提及400nm以下紫外光的作用，也未给出其所述暖白光的具体光谱范围。
 技术问题
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种产卵稳定且产卵率高的用于黑水虻成虫工厂化繁育的LED光源及黑水虻成虫工厂化繁育方法。
 技术解决方案
为解决上述技术问题，本发明采用的技术方案是：
用于黑水虻成虫工厂化繁育的LED光源，其特征在于：LED光源包括四波段光，各波段光的波长及比例分别为：
360-370nm紫外光，占比4-10%；
440-460nm蓝光，占比41-50%；
510-520nm绿光，占比32-39%；
及，630-650nm红光，占比8%-15%。
本发明LED光源中各光的光质比例按照该波段光强所占总光强百分比计，如混合光总光强为120 μmol/m 2/s，440-460nm蓝光光强为58 μmol/m 2/s，则蓝光占比为48.33%。
所述蓝光占比44-46%；所述绿光，占比34-36%。
所述紫外光、蓝光、绿光及红光的比例为1:5:4:1或1:10:8:3。
LED光源的总光强在80-200 μmol/m 2/s。光源总光强在80-200 μmol/m 2/s范围内对黑水虻成虫繁育刺激效果较好，光强低于或超过该范围会引起黑水虻产卵量显著下降。根据实际繁育室光源布局，可适度增加照射总光强，以满足黑水虻成虫主要栖息、飞行空间的平均实际受光光强在上述范围内。
本发明所述光源各波段光可采用数根独立LED灯管均匀分布并联组合或以不同芯片灯珠形式整合在一个灯具内。为方便制作灯具，也可将紫外LED灯具独立于其他三种波段光之外设置，但紫外灯光谱及强度须满足上述波长及配比描述。所述光源电源为单个或多个直流电源，电源功率能够匹配所有灯管（灯珠）总和。
 有益效果
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果是：
本发明LED光源，由四种光构成，分别为紫外、蓝光、绿光及红光，且四种光的比例是特定的。光的构成及比例是发明人根据长期研究所提出的。试验研究发现不同波长、光质配比的LED对黑水虻成虫繁育刺激效果差异极大，黑水虻一对复眼与三个单眼视网膜所含光敏色素对300-650nm范围内光具有感知能力，其中光感应峰值分别出现在紫外波段、蓝光波段与绿光波段，因此，发明人在300-650nm波段内选取不同波长LED进行了单色光、组合光等大量试验，发现光质成分及比例的变动就对黑水虻成虫产卵量有显著影响，其中，360-370nm紫外、440-460nm蓝光、510-520nm绿光及630-650nm红光四个波段光以特定比例同时存在时对黑水虻交配产卵刺激效果最佳，且欲在工厂化养殖中达到或超过太阳光下产卵效果以完全替代自然光，上述四个波段的光缺一不可。本发明方案中360-370nm紫外光占比4-10%、440-460nm蓝光占比41-50%、510-520nm绿光占比32-39%及630-650nm红光占比8%-15%，极大的提高了黑水虻交配产卵效果。
本发明LED光源中蓝光、绿光与红光三者混合后亮度可满足人眼感知需要，因而在配置本发明所述光源的繁育间内无需再另设其他方面人工操作的照明光源。本发明LED光源中360-370nm紫外占比仅为4-10%，因而对操作人员健康危害可忽略不计，操作人员可作适当防晒措施进入繁育间工作。
本发明LED光源可完全替代太阳光，用于黑水虻室内工厂化养殖，也可在有透光条件的养殖设置作为补光光源，用于阴雨天或冬季阳光不足时的补充。
光源光周期在12L（亮）/12D（暗）至16L/8D范围内有显著刺激交配产卵效果，例如上午7点开启，晚上21点关闭，则光周期为14L/10D。优选地，可在直流电源处配置时控器以实现光周期自控。
光源在每批次黑水虻蛹大量羽化为成虫后便可开启照射，照射1-2天即可观察到强烈的抱对交配行为，且在LED光源下每日交配发生时刻与自然节律相比更为宽松，如太阳光下黑水虻交配抱对多发生在上午10点-下午15点间，而本发明LED光源下可在上午8点或下午17点观察到交配行为。若采用不同生长周期批次连续投蛹的生产方式，则需对蛹进行遮光处理，以避开光源对蛹羽化过程的干扰。
得益于LED的发光原理，本发明光源能耗及发热量远低于碘钨灯、金属卤素灯等人工光源，在黑水虻工厂化繁育过程中既可节约养殖成本，也能极大降低火灾或成虫被灯具接触烫伤的风险。在该光源照射下，黑水虻产卵量、受精率等繁育指标均显著优于碘钨灯、金属卤素灯、单色LED及太阳光，且可缩短成虫繁育周期，大为提升产卵生产效率。
 附图说明
图1：不同单一波长LED光源下黑水虻成虫产卵；
图2：不同波长配比LED光源下黑水虻成虫产卵。
 本发明的最佳实施方式
实施例1：不同单一波长LED光源对黑水虻成虫繁育的影响。
试验采用320mm×320mm×320mm的昆虫养殖笼，每个笼取同批次化蛹且在黑暗环境中刚羽化24小时内的黑水虻雄、雌成虫各50只放入，立即开启对应波长LED光源，照射时间为每日7:00 am至9:00 pm，光周期为14L/10D，光强设置为100 μmol/m 2/s。光源呈90°照射养殖笼，光源距笼顶高度为15cm。试验共考察290nm、330nm、365nm三种波段紫外光，450nm蓝光，515nm绿光以及650nm、680nm、710nm三种波段红光共计8种波长LED光源对黑水虻成虫繁育的影响，每组设3个重复，共24个养殖笼。LED光源采用单一波长LED灯管。
繁育环境温度为28±1℃，繁育环境相对湿度为70±5%。进一步优选地，除保持繁育环境相对湿度外，每日额外向养殖笼内额外喷水3-5次，以保证黑水虻成虫水分摄取充足。以50%腐熟麦麸+50%玉米粉（质量比）为产卵诱导信息物，将产卵板放置于信息物处，每日收集卵并称重，直到所有组不再产卵为止。本实施例中黑水虻全繁育周期为8天。
结果如图1所示，8种波长中，330nm、365nm、450nm、515nm、650nm五组波长LED光可对黑水虻成虫交配产卵产生刺激效果，在整个产卵周期内累计产卵量分别为100.00±11.10mg、292.33±21.58mg、422.67±18.95mg、346.00±21.28mg及263.67±21.05mg。而290nm、680nm和710nm三种波长光因超出黑水虻视觉系统感知范围，因而无法对黑水虻产生繁育刺激效果，故累计产卵量为0mg。
本实施例证明，在黑水虻成虫视觉系统可感知的300-650nm波长范围内，单一波长紫外光、蓝光、绿光、红光LED均可单独刺激黑水虻成虫交配产卵，但不同波长LED光源刺激效果有所差异。而290nm、680nm、710nm波长光超出黑水虻视觉系统感知范围，因而无法促进其交配产卵。
实施例2：不同波长配比LED光源对黑水虻成虫繁育的影响。
试验采用320mm×320mm×320mm的昆虫养殖笼，每个笼取同批次化蛹且在黑暗环境中刚羽化24小时内的黑水虻雄、雌成虫各50只放入，立即开启对应波长LED光源，照射时间为每日7:00 am至9:00 pm，光周期为14L/10D。
试验考察365nm紫外光、450nm蓝光、515nm绿光及650nm红光4种波段LED光源的不同配比对黑水虻成虫繁育的影响。其中，450nm蓝光、515nm绿光、650nm红光三种光混合共考察7种不同配比，分别为：蓝（B）:绿（G）:红（R）=1:1:1、5:4:1、1:2:1、2:2:1、4:3:3、1:1:3及3:2:5；365nm紫外、450nm蓝光、515nm绿光三种光混合共考察3种不同配比，分别为紫外（UV）: 蓝（B）:绿（G）=1:1:3、1:3:1、3:1:1；365nm紫外光、450nm蓝光、515nm绿光、650nm红光四种光混合共考察9种不同配比，分别为紫外（UV）: 蓝（B）:绿（G）:红（R）=1:1:1:1、1:10:10:10、1:10:8:3、1:5:10:5、1:5:4:1、1:5:5:10、1:5:5:5、2:1:1:1、3:1:1:1。通过滑动变阻器分别调整各波段光强使总光强统一为100 μmol/m 2/s。光源呈90°照射养殖笼，光源距笼顶高度为15cm。LED光源采用单一波长LED灯管按上述比例均匀分布并联组合。每种配比设3个重复，上述13种波长配比共计39个养殖笼。
繁育环境温度为28±1℃，繁育环境相对湿度为70±5%。进一步优选地，除保持繁育环境相对湿度外，每日额外向养殖笼内额外喷水3-5次，以保证黑水虻成虫水分摄取充足。以50%腐熟麦麸+50%玉米粉（质量比）为产卵诱导信息物，将产卵板放置于信息物处，每日收集卵并称重，直到所有组不再产卵为止。本实施例中黑水虻全繁育周期为7天。
结果如图2所示，19种波长配比均可刺激黑水虻成虫交配产卵，但促进效果有较大差异。其中，365nm紫外光、450nm蓝光、515nm绿光、650nm红光同时存在且以1:5:4:1或1:10:8:3比例混合时，也即蓝光和绿光的比例分别为45%和36%左右，对产卵促进效果最好，7天内累计产卵量分别可达到770.67±26.03mg和802.4±29.06mg，远高于其他波长配比，且这两组组间无显著性差异。
 本发明的实施方式
该实施例证明，处于黑水虻成虫视觉感知范围内（300-650nm）的紫外、蓝光、绿光、红光以不同比例混合对黑水虻交配产卵影响差异较大，四种光以适当比例同时存在时可保证较高的繁育促进效果，且红光在其中的作用不可忽视。
实施例3：不同光源对黑水虻成虫繁育的促进效果。
试验在4个长、宽、高相等，面积均为6㎡的繁育间（高3m）内进行，其中1#繁育间为玻璃透光顶，光源为太阳光。2#繁育间光源为4盏500w碘钨灯，3#繁育间光源为6盏400w金属卤素灯（钠灯），4#繁育间光源为本发明混合LED，包含365nm紫外光、450nm蓝光、515nm绿光及650nm红光四种灯珠，按比例1:5:4:1均匀混合在矩形灯盘内，灯盘共设6个。均匀布置灯具使得2-4#人工光源繁育间平均光强为150 μmol/m 2/s（距光源50cm处以光量子通量密度探头测得），1#太阳光繁育间在试验期内6:00 am至6:00 pm平均光强为90-250 μmol/m 2/s（距玻璃顶45cm处以光量子通量密度探头测得，多点取平均值）。
4间繁育间各放入同一批次、距羽化剩1-2d的黑水虻蛹（黑色，不活动）4kg，待羽化率达80%时开启光源或掀开避光遮盖物（1#太阳光组），2-4#人工光源繁育间每日6:00 am开灯，6:00 pm关灯，光周期为12L/12D。繁育环境温度为28±1℃，繁育环境相对湿度为70±5%。以50%腐熟麦麸+50%玉米粉（质量比）为产卵诱导信息物，每间繁育间地面均匀设置产卵板10块，将产卵板放置于信息物处，每日收集卵并称重，直到所有组不再产卵为止。将收集的卵放置于温度为32℃、相对湿度为80±5%的恒温恒湿箱内，待48h后每个处理组各取0.5g卵，置于显微镜下（放大倍数为40倍）观察孵化情况，记录不同处理孵化率。每间繁育间设置同样数量、长度、位置的绿色假树叶串，以供黑水虻成虫栖息，以自来水喷头每2h向假树叶均匀喷水1次，以供栖息成虫补充水分，结果如表1所示：
表1 不同光源对黑水虻成虫繁育的促进效果
光源类型 光强 (μmol/m 2/s) 产卵前期 (d) 产卵期 (d) 累计产卵量 (g) 受精率 (%) 功率 (w) 能耗（kw·h）
太阳光 90-250 3 8 135.72 92 - -
碘钨灯 150 3 7 89.88 88 500×4 240.00
金属卤素灯（钠灯） 150 4 6 72.33 85 400×6 288.00
混合LED 150 2 7 169.18 96 212×6 137.38
混合LED组产卵前期（开启光源至第一次发现产卵时间）仅为2天，全繁育周期为9天，均小于太阳光、碘钨灯及金属卤素灯组。累计产卵量为169.18 g，比太阳光组、碘钨灯组及金属卤素灯组分别高24.65%、88.23%、133.90%。同时，混合LED组受精卵达到96%，也为不同考察光源中的最高值。在全繁育期内，混合LED组能耗最低，仅为137.38 kw·h，分别为碘钨灯组、金属卤素灯组的57.24%和47.70%。
该实施例表明本发明LED光源在促进黑水虻成虫繁育方面效果优于太阳光及常用于黑水虻成虫繁育的市售碘钨灯、金属卤素灯，且能耗远低于碘钨灯和金属卤素灯。本实施例中单位蛹产卵量为42.30 g/kg，单位蛹日平均产卵量（按卵期7天计）为6.04 g/kg/d。发明CN108386731A所述用于促进黑水虻交配的LED光源实施例中最高单位蛹日平均产卵量为5.24 g/kg/d；发明CN110199959A所述用于黑水虻繁育的LED混光装置实施例中最高单位蛹日产卵量为3.89 g/kg；发明CN113785798A所述促进黑水虻成虫产卵的LED灯光系统实施例中最高单位蛹产卵量为21.01 g/kg，本发明LED光源对黑水虻繁育的促进效果均优于上述现有技术。
 工业实用性
本发明LED光源也具有缩短黑水虻成虫繁育期、提高稳定供卵生产效率的作用。在黑水虻饲养过程中可完全替代太阳光，突破季节、天气等限制，使周年稳定供卵成为可能。此外，LED低能耗、高定制化、便于自控的特点更契合大规模工厂化黑水虻繁育，能够为养殖企业显著增加经济收益。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种用于黑水虻成虫繁育的LED光源，其特征在于：LED光源包括四波段光，各波段光的波长及比例分别为：
    360-370nm紫外光，占比4-10%；
    440-460nm蓝光，占比41-50%；
    510-520nm绿光，占比32-39%；
    及，630-650nm红光，占比8%-15%。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的LED光源，其特征在于：所述蓝光占比44-46%；所述绿光占比34-36%。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的LED光源，其特征在于：所述紫外光、蓝光、绿光及红光的比例为1:5:4:1。
  4. 根据权利要求2所述的LED光源，其特征在于：所述紫外光、蓝光、绿光及红光的比例为1:10:8:3。
  5. 根据权利要求1-4任一所述的LED光源，其特征在于：LED光源的总光强在80-200 μmol/m 2/s。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的LED光源，其特征在于：所述LED光源各波段光采用数根独立LED灯管并联组合。
  7. 根据权利要求5所述的LED光源，其特征在于：所述LED光源各波段光采用不同芯片灯珠形式整合在一个灯具内。
  8. 根据权利要求5所述的LED光源，其特征在于：所述LED光源各波段光采用一个紫外LED灯具和具有其他三种波段光的混合LED灯具组合，紫外LED灯具独立于混合LED灯具之外。
  9. 一种黑水虻成虫繁育方法，其特征在于：采用权利要求1-5任一所述的LED光源进行照射。
  10. 根据权利要求6所述的黑水虻成虫繁育方法，其特征在于：所述照射方法为：
    照射时间为每日7:00 am至9:00 pm，光周期为14L/10D。
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